风起浪(lang)(lang)涌(yong),海(hai)(hai)洋波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)便(bian)孕育在(zai)这海(hai)(hai)水的(de)起依运(yun)(yun)动中(zhong)(zhong)。当(dang)(dang)然,没有(you)水自(zi)身的(de)重(zhong)力(li),浪(lang)(lang)亦难涌(yong)。波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)属于势(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)与动能(neng)(neng)(neng)共(gong)同形成的(de)“综合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)”。海(hai)(hai)浪(lang)(lang)的(de)水质点相对于静水面位移具有(you)势(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng),而(er)动能(neng)(neng)(neng)则来于水质点运(yun)(yun)动。在(zai)深(shen)水中(zhong)(zhong)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)传播(bo)受到限制(zhi),只有(you)占能(neng)(neng)(neng)量总和50%的(de)势(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)可随波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)浪(lang)(lang)传播(bo)。波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量密度(du)虽较(jiao)低,但(dan)总能(neng)(neng)(neng)量很大(da),据估计全世界的(de)海(hai)(hai)洋波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)相当(dang)(dang)约(yue)(yue)30亿千瓦(wa)电(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng),其中(zhong)(zhong)可利用的(de)约(yue)(yue)占三(san)分之一(yi)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)半(ban)球海(hai)(hai)洋的(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)浪(lang)(lang)比(bi)北半(ban)球大(da),在(zai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)美(mei)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)非和澳大(da)利亚等(deng)地区(qu)海(hai)(hai)域的(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)也因之较(jiao)大(da)。中(zhong)(zhong)国沿海(hai)(hai)的(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)分布也是南(nan)(nan)(nan)大(da)于北。南(nan)(nan)(nan)海(hai)(hai)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)浪(lang)(lang)比(bi)东南(nan)(nan)(nan)沿海(hai)(hai)大(da),平均(jun)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)高在(zai)1.5米以(yi)上;我国海(hai)(hai)洋波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)可开发量相当(dang)(dang)约(yue)(yue)7000万千瓦(wa)电(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。
长期以来,人们总(zong)想利用(yong)(yong)这一巨大(da)(da)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)。现今,淡化海(hai)水(shui)的(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)搅拌站(zhan)、波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)发动(dong)(dong)机(ji)和大(da)(da)型防波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)堤电站(zhan)等已经(jing)问世(shi)。利用(yong)(yong)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng),必须有(you)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)式(shi)不(bu)一,但(dan)都(dou)没有(you)本质区别。波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)三级(ji)(ji)合装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):第一级(ji)(ji)受波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)体(ti)是(shi)(shi)将(jiang)(jiang)海(hai)浪转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)为(wei)(wei)装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实体(ti)持有(you)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)。装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实体(ti)中(zhong)的(de)受能(neng)(neng)体(ti)直(zhi)接和海(hai)浪接触,将(jiang)(jiang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)浪转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)为(wei)(wei)机(ji)械运动(dong)(dong);而(er)相(xiang)对(dui)(dui)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)固定(ding)(ding)体(ti)与受能(neng)(neng)体(ti)形(xing)成(cheng)相(xiang)对(dui)(dui)运动(dong)(dong)。第二级(ji)(ji)中(zhong)间(jian)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)器(qi),其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)将(jiang)(jiang)第一级(ji)(ji)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)与最终(zhong)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)沟通;因为(wei)(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)经(jing)过第一级(ji)(ji)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)往(wang)往(wang)达不(bu)到(dao)(dao)最终(zhong)推动(dong)(dong)机(ji)械运动(dong)(dong)的(de)要求,不(bu)仅(jin)是(shi)(shi)因为(wei)(wei)其(qi)水(shui)头(tou)低、速度低,而(er)且稳定(ding)(ding)性也(ye)较(jiao)差。不(bu)管哪种(zhong)类型的(de)中(zhong)间(jian)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)器(qi)都(dou)要起到(dao)(dao)传输(shu)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)和稳定(ding)(ding)输(shu)出的(de)作用(yong)(yong),水(shui)动(dong)(dong)式(shi)是(shi)(shi)通过液压泵将(jiang)(jiang)机(ji)械能(neng)(neng)变为(wei)(wei)水(shui)能(neng)(neng),经(jing)水(shui)轮机(ji)再将(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)能(neng)(neng)变为(wei)(wei)机(ji)械能(neng)(neng)。它(ta)在增速、传输(shu)、调节上(shang)都(dou)比直(zhi)接机(ji)械式(shi)方(fang)便。气(qi)动(dong)(dong)式(shi)则以空气(qi)为(wei)(wei)介质完(wan)成(cheng)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)。它(ta)可以减少(shao)海(hai)水(shui)对(dui)(dui)设施的(de)腐蚀,它(ta)是(shi)(shi)目(mu)前世(shi)界上(shang)广泛采用(yong)(yong)的(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)能(neng)(neng)中(zhong)间(jian)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。最终(zhong)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)是(shi)(shi)应用(yong)(yong)设备,它(ta)依用(yong)(yong)户(hu)需要来设计(ji)。
有(you)趣的是,波(bo)(bo)浪(lang)能产生于海(hai)洋,但是波(bo)(bo)力(li)电(dian)(dian)站不一定(ding)要(yao)建在(zai)(zai)海(hai)上。岸式波(bo)(bo)力(li)电(dian)(dian)站就是建在(zai)(zai)常年(nian)风急(ji)浪(lang)大的海(hai)边,只有(you)利用坚固的岸基与钢(gang)筋混凝土构件建成(cheng)的受波(bo)(bo)通(tong)道(dao)伸入(ru)海(hai)水(shui)。这种发(fa)电(dian)(dian)站是利用经(jing)过两(liang)级转(zhuan)换装(zhuang)置的海(hai)洋波(bo)(bo)能能量压缩空气以(yi)推动涡轮机(ji)工(gong)作,使振荡(dang)水(shui)柱往复运(yun)动而(er)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)的。波(bo)(bo)力(li)电(dian)(dian)站可(ke)与常规(gui)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)站并网(wang)运(yun)行。
7.对“海洋波(bo)能”的(de)科学解释,最准确的(de)一项(xiang)是
A.风使海洋(yang)产生的起(qi)伏运(yun)动孕育了势能(neng)与(yu)动能(neng)形成的综合能(neng),即“海洋(yang)波能(neng)”。
B.海洋波能(neng)是海浪(lang)水(shui)质点(dian)相对于静水(shui)面(mian)位移的势能(neng)与水(shui)质点(dian)运(yun)动的动能(neng)的总和。
C.海(hai)洋波(bo)能(neng)(neng)是势(shi)能(neng)(neng)与动(dong)能(neng)(neng)形成的(de)一种(zhong)综合能(neng)(neng),其源来自于风浪和水自身的(de)重(zhong)力。
D.海洋波能(neng)(neng)属(shu)于(yu)“综合能(neng)(neng)”,它是由水质点(dian)具(ju)有的(de)势能(neng)(neng)与动能(neng)(neng)综合生成的(de)能(neng)(neng)量。
8.下面的叙述,不符合原文意(yi)思的一项是(shi)
A.海面上的滚滚波涛是海洋在风力和海水自身重力共同(tong)作用下(xia)产生的物理(li)现(xian)象。
B.中(zhong)国(guo)东海沿海到南海都孕育着海洋(yang)波能(neng),全国(guo)海洋(yang)波能(neng)的(de)可开发量相当可观(guan)。
C.波能须经转(zhuan)换(huan)装(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)两级转(zhuan)换(huan),才能与最(zui)终转(zhuan)换(huan)设备(bei)沟通从而达到应用要求。
D.波能中间(jian)转换器的类(lei)型共有两种:水动(dong)式(shi)和气动(dong)式(shi),后者更(geng)先进(jin),被广泛(fan)应用。
9.对“波能转换(huan)装置形式不(bu)一,但都(dou)没(mei)有本质区别”的理(li)解,正确的一项(xiang)是(shi)
A.任(ren)何形式的(de)波能(neng)转(zhuan)换装置都(dou)必(bi)须包(bao)括“受波体(ti)、中(zhong)间转(zhuan)换器(qi)和(he)最终转(zhuan)换应(ying)用设备(bei)”
三级能量转换装置。
B.波能转(zhuan)换装置的(de)外观(guan)可(ke)以根(gen)据不同需要来设计,但受(shou)波体、中(zhong)间(jian)转(zhuan)换器和最终转(zhuan)换应用设备(bei)必须(xu)统一(yi)。
C.波能(neng)搅拌站、波能(neng)发(fa)动机和大型防波堤电(dian)站属于(yu)不同形式的波能(neng)转(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)装(zhuang)置,但它们均(jun)具(ju)有多级能(neng)量转(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)功(gong)能(neng)。
D.气动式装置虽然(ran)是以(yi)空气为(wei)介质完成能(neng)量(liang)转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换,但它与水动式装置的本(ben)质一样,都(dou)能(neng)将第一级转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换与最(zui)终转(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)换沟通。
10.根据文意,下列(lie)推断不合理的一(yi)项是
A.在深水中,由水质点运动(dong)产生的动(dong)能不能随(sui)波浪(lang)传播。
B.波(bo)浪大(da)(da)(da)小与波(bo)能大(da)(da)(da)小“正相(xiang)关”,南半(ban)球(qiu)波(bo)能分(fen)布(bu)大(da)(da)(da)于北(bei)半(ban)球(qiu)。
C.海洋波能(neng)经过多(duo)级转换最终均(jun)以电能(neng)的形(xing)式付诸应用。
D.岸(an)式波力电(dian)站的(de)涡轮机(ji)是安置在陆地上的(de)发(fa)电(dian)设备免遭海水腐蚀。
参考答案:
7.B(A、C两项,对“势能与动能”的性质均未涉及,因此对“海洋波能”的解释就不够科学;且A项,对“海洋产生的起伏运动”的原因解说片面。D项,“由水质点具有的势能与动能”,表述含混。)…点此进入高中说明文阅读训练参考答案100则查看完整参考答案(本文答案在第9页)…10.C(根据需要,波(bo)能最终转换形式不一定都是电能,波(bo)能搅拌站直接利用机(ji)械能。)