晋书--志第十六
食货
昔者(zhe)先王(wang)量地以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)邑,度地以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)居(ju)民(min)(min)(min),因三(san)才(cai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)务(wu),敬(jing)四序以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)业(ye)(ye),观其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)谣俗而(er)(er)正其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)纪纲。勖农桑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),通(tong)鱼盐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li),登良山而(er)(er)采符玉,泛瀛(ying)海而(er)(er)罩珠玑。日中(zhong)为(wei)市(shi),总(zong)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隶,先诸布帛,继以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)货(huo)泉,贸迁有(you)(you)无,各(ge)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)。《周(zhou)礼》,正月(yue)(yue)始(shi)和,乃布教于(yu)(yu)象(xiang)(xiang)魏。若(ruo)(ruo)乃一夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi),十亩(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宅,三(san)日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徭,九(jiu)均之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赋,施(shi)阳礼以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兴其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)让,命(ming)春(chun)(chun)社以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)勖其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)耕(geng)。天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)贵(gui)者(zhe)人(ren)也,明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)求者(zhe)学也,治《经》入(ru)官,则君子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道焉。《诗》曰(yue):“三(san)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日于(yu)(yu),四之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日举趾。”是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)农官泽虞,各(ge)有(you)(you)攸(you)次,父(fu)兄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)习(xi),不玩而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng),十五从务(wu),始(shi)胜衣(yi)服,乡(xiang)无游(you)手(shou),邑不废时,所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓厥初(chu)生(sheng)民(min)(min)(min),各(ge)从其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事者(zhe)也。是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)太(tai)公通(tong)市(shi)井之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)货(huo),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致齐(qi)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)强;鸱(chi)夷(yi)善发敛(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居(ju),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)盛中(zhong)陶(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业(ye)(ye)。昔在金(jin)天,勤于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)事,命(ming)春(chun)(chun)鳸(hu)(hu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)耕(geng)稼,召(zhao)夏鳸(hu)(hu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)耘锄,秋鳸(hu)(hu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)收敛(lian),冬鳸(hu)(hu)于(yu)(yu)焉盖藏(zang)。《书》曰(yue):“历(li)象(xiang)(xiang)日月(yue)(yue)星辰,敬(jing)授(shou)民(min)(min)(min)时。”传曰(yue):“禹稷躬(gong)稼而(er)(er)有(you)(you)天下。”若(ruo)(ruo)乃九(jiu)土既敷,四民(min)(min)(min)承范(fan)(fan),东吴有(you)(you)齿(chi)角之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饶,西(xi)蜀(shu)有(you)(you)丹沙(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu),兗豫漆丝(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)BW,燕齐(qi)怪石之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu),秦邠(bin)旄羽(yu),迥带琅(lang)玕,荆郢桂林,旁通(tong)竹(zhu)箭,江(jiang)干橘柚,河外舟车(che),辽西(xi)旃(zhan)罽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乡(xiang),葱右蒲梢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骏,殖(zhi)物怪错,于(yu)(yu)何不有(you)(you)。若(ruo)(ruo)乃上法星象(xiang)(xiang),下料无外,因天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li),而(er)(er)总(zong)山海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饶,百(bai)(bai)亩(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田,十一而(er)(er)税,九(jiu)年(nian)躬(gong)稼,而(er)(er)有(you)(you)三(san)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蓄,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)长(zhang)孺齿(chi),可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)养(yang)耆年(nian)。因乎(hu)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min),用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邦国,宫室有(you)(you)度,旗章有(you)(you)序。朝聘自(zi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)仪,宴(yan)飨由其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi),家(jia)殷国阜,远至(zhi)迩安。救(jiu)水旱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)灾,恤寰瀛(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,然(ran)后(hou)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常膳,乃间(jian)笙镛。商周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兴,用此道也。辛纣暴(bao)虐,玩其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)经费,金(jin)镂倾宫,广延百(bai)(bai)里,玉饰鹿台(tai),崇高(gao)千仞,宫中(zhong)九(jiu)市(shi),各(ge)有(you)(you)女司(si)。厚(hou)赋以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)实鹿台(tai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)钱,大敛(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)增钜桥(qiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粟,多发妖冶以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)充倾宫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丽,广收珍玩以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)备(bei)沙(sha)丘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)游(you)。悬肉成(cheng)(cheng)林,积醪为(wei)沼,使男女裸体相(xiang)逐于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)间(jian),伏诣酒池中(zhong)牛(niu)饮者(zhe)三(san)千余人(ren),宫中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)锦绮为(wei)席,绫纨为(wei)荐。及(ji)(ji)周(zhou)王(wang)诛纣,肃(su)拜(bai)殷墟,乃尽振(zhen)鹿财,并颁桥(qiao)粟,上天降休,殷人(ren)大喜(xi)。王(wang)赧云季,徙都西(xi)周(zhou),九(jiu)鼎沦(lun)没,二南堙尽,贷于(yu)(yu)百(bai)(bai)姓,无以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)偿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃上层台(tai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)避其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)责,周(zhou)人(ren)谓王(wang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)居(ju)为(wei)逃责台(tai)者(zhe)也。昔周(zhou)姬公制(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)六典,职(zhi)方陈(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)九(jiu)贡,颁财内府(fu)(fu),永为(wei)不刊。及(ji)(ji)刑政陵夷(yi),菁茅罕(han)至(zhi),鲁侯初(chu)践亩(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)税,秦君收太(tai)半(ban)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入(ru),前王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)范(fan)(fan),靡有(you)(you)孑遗。史臣曰(yue):班(ban)固为(wei)《殖(zhi)货(huo)志》,自(zi)三(san)代至(zhi)王(wang)莽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛,网罗(luo)前载,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文详悉。
光(guang)(guang)武(wu)宽仁,龚行天讨(tao),王莽之(zhi)后,赤眉新败,虽复(fu)三(san)晖乃眷,而(er)九(jiu)服萧条(tiao),及得(de)陇望(wang)蜀,黎(li)民(min)安(an)堵,自(zi)此始(shi)行五(wu)铢之(zhi)钱(qian)(qian),田租三(san)十(shi)(shi)税一,民(min)有(you)产子(zi)者复(fu)以(yi)(yi)三(san)年之(zhi)算。显宗(zong)即(ji)位,天下安(an)宁,民(min)无横徭,岁比登稔。永(yong)(yong)平五(wu)年作常满仓,立(li)粟市于(yu)城(cheng)东,粟斛直钱(qian)(qian)二(er)十(shi)(shi)。草树殷阜(fu),牛羊弥(mi)望(wang),作贡尤(you)轻(qing),府廪还积,奸回(hui)不(bu)(bu)用(yong),礼义专行。于(yu)时(shi)东方既明,百(bai)(bai)官(guan)诣阙,戚(qi)里侯(hou)家(jia),自(zi)相驰(chi)骛,车如流水,马若飞(fei)龙,照映轩庑,光(guang)(guang)华(hua)前载。传曰(yue)(yue):“三(san)统(tong)之(zhi)元(yuan),有(you)阴阳之(zhi)九(jiu)焉”,盖天地(di)之(zhi)恆数也。安(an)帝(di)(di)永(yong)(yong)初(chu)三(san)年,天下水旱,人(ren)民(min)相食。帝(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)鸿陂(po)之(zhi)地(di)假与贫民(min)。以(yi)(yi)用(yong)度不(bu)(bu)足,三(san)公(gong)又(you)奏请令吏民(min)入钱(qian)(qian)谷得(de)为关内侯(hou)云。桓(huan)帝(di)(di)永(yong)(yong)兴元(yuan)年,郡国少半遭(zao)蝗(huang),河(he)泛数千里,流人(ren)十(shi)(shi)余(yu)万(wan)户(hu),所在廪给。迨(dai)建宁永(yong)(yong)和之(zhi)初(chu),西(xi)羌反叛,二(er)十(shi)(shi)余(yu)年兵连师老,军旅之(zhi)费三(san)百(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)余(yu)亿,府帑空虚,延(yan)及内郡。冲质短祚,桓(huan)灵(ling)不(bu)(bu)轨。中平二(er)年,南宫(gong)灾,延(yan)及北阙。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)复(fu)收(shou)天下田亩十(shi)(shi)钱(qian)(qian),用(yong)营宫(gong)宇。帝(di)(di)出自(zi)侯(hou)门(men),居(ju)贫即(ji)位,常曰(yue)(yue):“桓(huan)帝(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)能作家(jia),曾无私蓄。”故(gu)于(yu)西(xi)园造万(wan)金堂,以(yi)(yi)为私藏。复(fu)寄小黄门(men)私钱(qian)(qian),家(jia)至巨亿。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)悬(xuan)鸿都之(zhi),开卖官(guan)之(zhi)路,公(gong)卿以(yi)(yi)降,悉(xi)有(you)等差。廷尉崔(cui)烈入钱(qian)(qian)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)万(wan)以(yi)(yi)买司(si)徒,刺史(shi)二(er)千石迁除,皆责助治宫(gong)室钱(qian)(qian),大郡至二(er)千万(wan)钱(qian)(qian),不(bu)(bu)毕者或至自(zi)杀。献帝(di)(di)作五(wu)铢钱(qian)(qian),而(er)有(you)四道连于(yu)边(bian)缘。有(you)识者尤(you)之(zhi)曰(yue)(yue):“岂京师破(po)坏(huai),此钱(qian)(qian)四出也。”
及董卓寻戈,火焚宫室,乃劫(jie)鸾(luan)驾(jia)(jia),西幸长(zhang)安(an),悉坏五铢钱(qian),更(geng)铸小钱(qian),尽收(shou)长(zhang)安(an)及洛(luo)(luo)阳铜人(ren)飞(fei)廉之属,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)充鼓铸。又(you)钱(qian)无轮郭,文(wen)章不便。时(shi)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为秦始(shi)皇见长(zhang)人(ren)于(yu)(yu)临洮,乃铸铜人(ren)。卓,临洮人(ren)也,兴(xing)毁(hui)不同,凶(xiong)讹相类(lei)。及卓诛死(si),李傕(jue)、郭汜自(zi)相攻伐(fa),于(yu)(yu)长(zhang)安(an)城中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为战地(di)。是(shi)时(shi)谷一斛五十万,豆麦二十万,人(ren)相食(shi)啖,白骨盈(ying)积,残骸余(yu)肉,臭秽道路(lu)。帝使侍御史(shi)侯(hou)汶出(chu)太仓米豆,为饥民(min)作(zuo)糜,经日颁(ban)布而死(si)者愈多。帝于(yu)(yu)是(shi)始(shi)疑有司(si)盗其(qi)粮(liang)廪,乃亲于(yu)(yu)御前(qian)自(zi)加临给,饥者人(ren)皆(jie)(jie)泣(qi)曰:“今(jin)始(shi)得耳!”帝东归也,李傕(jue)、郭汜等追败乘舆于(yu)(yu)曹阳,夜潜渡河,六宫皆(jie)(jie)步。初出(chu)营栏(lan),后手持(chi)缣数匹,董承使符节令孙徽以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)刃胁夺(duo)之,杀旁侍者,血溅后服。既至(zhi)安(an)邑,御衣穿败,唯以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)野枣园菜以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为糇粮(liang)。自(zi)此长(zhang)安(an)城中(zhong)尽空,并皆(jie)(jie)四(si)散,二三年间,关中(zhong)无复行人(ren)。建安(an)元年,车驾(jia)(jia)至(zhi)洛(luo)(luo)阳,宫闱荡涤,百官披(pi)荆棘而居焉。州郡各(ge)拥强(qiang)兵,而委输不至(zhi),尚书(shu)郎(lang)官自(zi)出(chu)采稆,或(huo)不能自(zi)反,死(si)于(yu)(yu)墟巷。
魏(wei)武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)初(chu),九(jiu)州(zhou)云扰,攻(gong)(gong)城掠(lve)地,保(bao)此(ci)(ci)怀民,军旅(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)资(zi),权(quan)时(shi)调(diao)给(ji)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)时(shi)袁(yuan)绍军人(ren)皆资(zi)椹(shen)枣,袁(yuan)术战士取给(ji)蠃(luo)蒲。魏(wei)武(wu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)乃募良民屯田许下,又于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)郡列置田官,岁有(you)数千万斛(hu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)充(chong)兵戎(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)。及初(chu)平袁(yuan)氏(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定鄴都,令收田租亩(mu)粟四升,户(hu)绢二(er)(er)匹(pi)而(er)绵(mian)二(er)(er)斤(jin),余皆不(bu)得擅兴(xing),藏强(qiang)赋弱。文帝黄(huang)初(chu)二(er)(er)年,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)谷贵(gui),始罢五铢钱。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)时(shi)天(tian)下未并,戎(rong)车(che)岁动,孔子(zi)曰(yue),“加之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)师旅(lv),因之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饥(ji)馑”,此(ci)(ci)言兵凶之(zhi)(zhi)谋而(er)沴气(qi)应之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)时(shi)三方之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),志相吞(tun)灭,战胜攻(gong)(gong)取,耕夫释耒,江淮(huai)之(zhi)(zhi)乡(xiang),尤(you)缺储(chu)峙。吴上大将军陆(lu)逊抗疏,请令诸将各广其田。权(quan)报曰(yue):“甚善。今孤父(fu)子(zi)亲自受田,车(che)中(zhong)八牛,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为四耦。虽未及古人(ren),亦欲(yu)与众(zhong)均其劳也(ye)。”有(you)吴之(zhi)(zhi)务农(nong)重谷,始于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)焉。魏(wei)明帝不(bu)恭,淫于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)宫(gong)籞(yu),百僚编于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)手役(yi),天(tian)下失其躬稼。此(ci)(ci)后(hou)关东遇水,民亡(wang)产业(ye),而(er)兴(xing)师辽阳,坐甲江甸,皆以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)国(guo)乏(fa)经(jing)用(yong)(yong),胡可胜言。
世祖武皇(huang)帝(di)太康元年,既(ji)平孙皓,纳(na)百(bai)万而(er)罄三吴之资(zi),接千(qian)年而(er)总西(xi)蜀(shu)之用,韬干戈于(yu)府(fu)库,破舟(zhou)船于(yu)江(jiang)壑(he),河滨海(hai)岸,三丘八薮,耒(lei)耨之所不至者(zhe),人(ren)皆受焉。农祥晨正,平秩东作,荷锸赢粮(liang),有(you)同(tong)云(yun)布(bu)。若夫(fu)因(yin)天而(er)资(zi)五纬,因(yin)地而(er)兴五材,世属升平,物流仓府(fu),宫闱增饰,服(fu)玩相(xiang)辉(hui)。于(yu)是王君夫(fu)、武子、石(shi)崇等(deng)更相(xiang)夸尚,舆服(fu)鼎俎(zu)之盛,连衡帝(di)室,布(bu)金埒之泉,粉珊(shan)瑚之树(shu),物盛则衰,固其宜也(ye)。永(yong)宁之初,洛中(zhong)(zhong)尚有(you)锦(jin)帛四百(bai)万,珠宝金银百(bai)余斛。惠后北征(zheng),荡阴反(fan)驾,寒桃在御(yu),只鸡以给,其布(bu)衾两幅(fu),囊钱(qian)三千(qian),以为车驾之资(zi)焉。怀(huai)帝(di)为刘(liu)曜(yao)所围,王师累(lei)败,府(fu)帑既(ji)竭,百(bai)官饥甚,比屋不见火烟,饥人(ren)自相(xiang)啖食。愍皇(huang)西(xi)宅(zhai),馁馑弘多(duo),斗米二金,死者(zhe)太半。刘(liu)曜(yao)陈兵,内(nei)外断(duan)绝,十之曲(qu),屑(xie)而(er)供帝(di),君臣相(xiang)顾,莫不挥涕。元后渡江(jiang),军事草创,蛮陬赕(dan)布(bu),不有(you)恆准(zhun),中(zhong)(zhong)府(fu)所储,数(shu)四千(qian)匹(pi)。于(yu)时石(shi)勒(le)勇锐(rui),挻乱淮南,帝(di)惧其侵逼,甚患之,乃(nai)诏方镇云(yun),有(you)斩石(shi)勒(le)首者(zhe),赏布(bu)千(qian)匹(pi)云(yun)。
汉自董卓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱,百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)流(liu)离,谷石至五十余(yu)(yu)万(wan),人多相食。魏(wei)武既破黄巾,欲经略四(si)方,而苦军(jun)食不足(zu),羽林监颍川枣祗建(jian)置(zhi)屯田(tian)(tian)(tian)议。魏(wei)武乃(nai)令曰:“夫(fu)定国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)术在于强兵足(zu)食,秦人以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)急农兼天下(xia),孝(xiao)武以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)屯田(tian)(tian)(tian)定西(xi)域,此先世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良式也。”于是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)任峻为(wei)(wei)典农中郎将(jiang),募(mu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)屯田(tian)(tian)(tian)许下(xia),得(de)谷百(bai)(bai)(bai)万(wan)斛。郡国列置(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)官,数年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,所(suo)在积粟(su),仓廪皆(jie)(jie)(jie)满。祗死(si),魏(wei)武后追思(si)其功(gong),封(feng)爵其子。建(jian)安初,关中百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)流(liu)入荆州者十余(yu)(yu)万(wan)家(jia),及闻本土(tu)安宁(ning),皆(jie)(jie)(jie)企望(wang)思(si)归,而无(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自业。于是(shi)(shi)卫觊议为(wei)(wei)“盐(yan)者国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大宝,自丧乱以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)来放散(san),今宜如旧置(zhi)使者监卖(mai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其直益市(shi)犁(li)牛(niu)(niu)(niu),百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)归者以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)供(gong)给之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。勤耕积粟(su),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)丰(feng)(feng)殖(zhi)(zhi)关中,远者闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必多竞还。”于是(shi)(shi)魏(wei)武遣谒(ye)者仆(pu)射监盐(yan)官,移司隶校(xiao)尉居弘农。流(liu)人果还,关中丰(feng)(feng)实(shi)。既而又(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)沛国刘馥为(wei)(wei)扬(yang)州刺史(shi),镇合肥,广(guang)屯田(tian)(tian)(tian),修芍(shao)陂(po)、茹陂(po)、七(qi)门、吴(wu)塘(tang)诸堨,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)溉稻田(tian)(tian)(tian),公私有(you)蓄,历(li)代为(wei)(wei)利(li)。贾(jia)逵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)豫州,南与吴(wu)接,修守(shou)战之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具,堨汝(ru)水(shui)(shui),造新(xin)陂(po),又(you)通运渠(qu)二百(bai)(bai)(bai)余(yu)(yu)里,所(suo)谓贾(jia)侯渠(qu)者也。当黄初中,四(si)方郡守(shou)恳田(tian)(tian)(tian)又(you)加,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)故国用不匮。时济北颜斐为(wei)(wei)京(jing)兆(zhao)太(tai)守(shou),京(jing)兆(zhao)自马(ma)超之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱,百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不专农殖(zhi)(zhi),乃(nai)无(wu)车(che)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)。斐又(you)课百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),令闲月取(qu)车(che)材(cai),转相教匠。其无(wu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)者令养猪,投(tou)贵(gui)卖(mai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)买牛(niu)(niu)(niu)。始者皆(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)烦,一二年中编户皆(jie)(jie)(jie)有(you)车(che)牛(niu)(niu)(niu),于田(tian)(tian)(tian)役省赡,京(jing)兆(zhao)遂以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)丰(feng)(feng)沃。郑(zheng)浑为(wei)(wei)沛郡太(tai)守(shou),郡居下(xia)湿,水(shui)(shui)涝为(wei)(wei)患,百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)饥乏(fa)。浑于萧、相二县兴陂(po)堨,开稻田(tian)(tian)(tian),郡人皆(jie)(jie)(jie)不以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)便(bian)。浑以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)终(zhong)有(you)经久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li),遂躬率(lv)百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兴功(gong),一冬皆(jie)(jie)(jie)成。比年大收(shou),顷亩(mu)岁(sui)增,租入倍(bei)常,郡中赖其利(li),刻石颂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),号曰郑(zheng)陂(po)。魏(wei)明帝世(shi)徐(xu)邈为(wei)(wei)凉州,土(tu)地(di)少雨,常苦乏(fa)谷。邈上修武威、酒(jiu)泉(quan)盐(yan)池,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)收(shou)虏谷。又(you)广(guang)开水(shui)(shui)田(tian)(tian)(tian),募(mu)贫民佃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),家(jia)家(jia)丰(feng)(feng)足(zu),仓库盈溢(yi)。及度支州界(jie)军(jun)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余(yu)(yu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)金锦犬马(ma),通供(gong)中国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)费,西(xi)域人入贡,财货流(liu)通,皆(jie)(jie)(jie)邈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)也。其后皇甫(fu)隆(long)为(wei)(wei)敦(dun)煌太(tai)守(shou),敦(dun)煌俗(su)不作耧犁(li),及不知用水(shui)(shui),人牛(niu)(niu)(niu)功(gong)力(li)既费,而收(shou)谷更少。隆(long)到(dao),乃(nai)教作耧犁(li),又(you)教使灌溉。岁(sui)终(zhong)率(lv)计(ji),所(suo)省庸力(li)过半,得(de)谷加五,西(xi)方以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)丰(feng)(feng)。
嘉平(ping)四年(nian),关中饥,宣帝(di)表徙(xi)冀州农夫(fu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)千(qian)人(ren)佃上邽,兴(xing)京兆、天水(shui)、南(nan)(nan)安盐池,以(yi)益军实。青龙元年(nian),开成国(guo)渠(qu)自(zi)陈(chen)仓至槐里;筑临晋(jin)陂(po),引汧洛(luo)溉(gai)(gai)舄卤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地三千(qian)余(yu)顷,国(guo)以(yi)充实焉。正始(shi)四年(nian),宣帝(di)又督(du)诸(zhu)军伐吴将诸(zhu)葛恪(ke)(ke),焚其(qi)(qi)积(ji)聚,恪(ke)(ke)弃城遁走。帝(di)因(yin)欲广田积(ji)谷,为兼(jian)并(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计,乃使邓艾(ai)(ai)行陈(chen)、项以(yi)东(dong)(dong),至寿春(chun)地。艾(ai)(ai)以(yi)为田良(liang)(liang)水(shui)少(shao),不足以(yi)尽地利(li),宜开河(he)渠(qu),可以(yi)大(da)(da)积(ji)军粮,又通运(yun)漕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道。乃著《济河(he)论》以(yi)喻其(qi)(qi)指。又以(yi)为昔破黄巾,因(yin)为屯田,积(ji)谷许都,以(yi)制四方。今(jin)三隅已(yi)定,事在淮(huai)(huai)(huai)南(nan)(nan)。每大(da)(da)军征举(ju),运(yun)兵过(guo)半,功费(fei)巨亿,以(yi)为大(da)(da)役。陈(chen)蔡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),土下田良(liang)(liang),可省许昌左右(you)诸(zhu)稻田,并(bing)水(shui)东(dong)(dong)下。令淮(huai)(huai)(huai)北(bei)二(er)万人(ren)、淮(huai)(huai)(huai)南(nan)(nan)三万人(ren)分休(xiu),且(qie)佃且(qie)守。水(shui)丰,常(chang)收三倍(bei)于(yu)西(xi),计除众费(fei),岁(sui)完(wan)五(wu)(wu)(wu)百(bai)万斛(hu)以(yi)为军资(zi)。六七年(nian)间(jian),可积(ji)三千(qian)万余(yu)斛(hu)于(yu)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)北(bei),此则十万之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众五(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)食也。以(yi)此乘(cheng)敌,无(wu)不克矣。宣帝(di)善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),皆如艾(ai)(ai)计施行。遂北(bei)临淮(huai)(huai)(huai)水(shui),自(zi)钟离(li)而南(nan)(nan)横石以(yi)西(xi),尽沘水(shui)四百(bai)余(yu)里,五(wu)(wu)(wu)里置一营,营六十人(ren),且(qie)佃且(qie)守。兼(jian)修(xiu)广淮(huai)(huai)(huai)阳、百(bai)尺二(er)渠(qu),上引河(he)流,下通淮(huai)(huai)(huai)颍(ying),大(da)(da)治诸(zhu)陂(po)于(yu)颍(ying)南(nan)(nan)、颍(ying)北(bei),穿渠(qu)三百(bai)余(yu)里,溉(gai)(gai)田二(er)万顷,淮(huai)(huai)(huai)南(nan)(nan)、淮(huai)(huai)(huai)北(bei)皆相(xiang)连接(jie)。自(zi)寿春(chun)到京师,农官兵田,鸡犬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声,阡(qian)陌相(xiang)属。每东(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)有事,大(da)(da)军出征,泛舟(zhou)而下,达(da)于(yu)江淮(huai)(huai)(huai),资(zi)食有储(chu),而无(wu)水(shui)害,艾(ai)(ai)所(suo)建也。
及(ji)晋受命,武帝(di)欲平(ping)一(yi)江表。时(shi)谷(gu)贱而(er)布(bu)(bu)帛(bo)贵(gui),帝(di)欲立平(ping)籴法,用(yong)(yong)布(bu)(bu)帛(bo)市谷(gu),以(yi)(yi)为(wei)粮储。议者谓军资(zi)尚少,不宜(yi)以(yi)(yi)贵(gui)易贱。泰始二年,帝(di)乃(nai)下(xia)诏(zhao)曰:“夫百姓年丰则用(yong)(yong)奢,凶(xiong)荒则穷匮,是相(xiang)报之(zhi)理(li)也。故古人(ren)权(quan)量国(guo)用(yong)(yong),取(qu)赢散滞(zhi),有(you)轻重平(ping)籴之(zhi)法。理(li)财钧(jun)施,惠(hui)而(er)不费(fei),政之(zhi)善者也。然此事废久(jiu),天下(xia)希习其(qi)(qi)宜(yi)。加以(yi)(yi)官蓄(xu)未(wei)(wei)广,言者异同,财货(huo)未(wei)(wei)能(neng)达通(tong)其(qi)(qi)制。更(geng)令(ling)国(guo)宝散于(yu)(yu)穰岁而(er)上不收,贫弱(ruo)困(kun)于(yu)(yu)荒年而(er)国(guo)无备。豪人(ren)富(fu)商,挟轻资(zi),蕴重积,以(yi)(yi)管(guan)其(qi)(qi)利。故农(nong)(nong)夫苦其(qi)(qi)业,而(er)末(mo)作不可(ke)禁也。今者省徭务本,并力垦殖,欲令(ling)农(nong)(nong)功益登,耕者益劝,而(er)犹或腾(teng)踊,至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)农(nong)(nong)人(ren)并伤。今宜(yi)通(tong)籴,以(yi)(yi)充俭(jian)乏。主者平(ping)议,具(ju)为(wei)条制。”然事竟未(wei)(wei)行。是时(shi)江南未(wei)(wei)平(ping),朝廷厉精于(yu)(yu)稼墙。四年正月(yue)丁(ding)亥,帝(di)亲耕藉(jie)田(tian)。庚寅,诏(zhao)曰:“使四海之(zhi)内,弃末(mo)反本,竞农(nong)(nong)务功,能(neng)奉(feng)宣朕(zhen)志,令(ling)百姓劝事乐业者,其(qi)(qi)唯郡(jun)(jun)县长吏(li)乎!先之(zhi)劳(lao)之(zhi),在于(yu)(yu)不倦。每念其(qi)(qi)经营职(zhi)事,亦(yi)为(wei)勤(qin)矣。其(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)中左典牧(mu)种草马,赐县令(ling)长相(xiang)及(ji)郡(jun)(jun)国(guo)丞各一(yi)匹(pi)。”是岁,乃(nai)立常平(ping)仓(cang),丰则籴,俭(jian)则粜,以(yi)(yi)利百姓。五年正月(yue)癸巳,敕(chi)戒郡(jun)(jun)国(guo)计吏(li)、诸(zhu)郡(jun)(jun)国(guo)守相(xiang)令(ling)长,务尽(jin)地利,禁游食商贩。其(qi)(qi)休假者令(ling)与父兄同其(qi)(qi)勤(qin)劳(lao),豪势不得侵(qin)役(yi)寡弱(ruo),私相(xiang)置名。十月(yue),诏(zhao)以(yi)(yi)“司隶(li)校尉石鉴所上汲(ji)郡(jun)(jun)太(tai)守王宏勤(qin)恤百姓,导(dao)化有(you)方,督劝开荒五千余顷(qing),遇年普(pu)饥而(er)郡(jun)(jun)界独(du)无匮乏,可(ke)谓能(neng)以(yi)(yi)劝教(jiao),时(shi)同功异者矣。其(qi)(qi)赐谷(gu)千斛,布(bu)(bu)告(gao)天下(xia)”。八年,司徒(tu)石苞奏:“州(zhou)郡(jun)(jun)农(nong)(nong)桑未(wei)(wei)有(you)殿最之(zhi)制,宜(yi)增掾(yuan)属令(ling)史,有(you)所循行。”帝(di)从之(zhi)。事见《石苞传》。苞既明于(yu)(yu)劝课,百姓安之(zhi)。十年,光禄勋夏侯和上修新渠、富(fu)寿、游陂三(san)渠,凡溉(gai)田(tian)千五百顷(qing)。
咸宁元年(nian)十(shi)二月,诏(zhao)曰(yue):“出战入耕,虽自古之(zhi)常(chang),然(ran)事力未(wei)息,未(wei)尝(chang)不以(yi)战士为(wei)(wei)念也。今以(yi)鄴奚官奴(nu)婢(bi)(bi)著新城,代田兵种(zhong)稻,奴(nu)婢(bi)(bi)各五十(shi)人为(wei)(wei)一屯(tun),屯(tun)置司(si)马(ma),使皆如屯(tun)田法。”三年(nian),又诏(zhao)曰(yue):“今年(nian)霖(lin)雨(yu)过差(cha),又有虫灾。颍川、襄(xiang)城自春以(yi)来(lai),略不下种(zhong),深(shen)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)虑。主(zhu)者何以(yi)为(wei)(wei)百(bai)姓计,促处(chu)当之(zhi)。”杜预上(shang)疏曰(yue):
臣辄思惟,今者(zhe)水灾东南(nan)特剧,非但五稼(jia)不(bu)(bu)收,居业并损(sun),下田所(suo)(suo)在停(ting)汙,高地皆多硗脊,此即百(bai)姓困穷方在来年。虽诏书切告长吏二千石为之设(she)计,而不(bu)(bu)廓(kuo)开大制(zhi),定其趣舍(she)之宜(yi),恐徒文具(ju),所(suo)(suo)益盖薄。当今秋夏(xia)蔬(shu)食(shi)之时,而百(bai)姓已有不(bu)(bu)赡(shan),前至冬春,野无青(qing)草,则必指仰官谷,以为生命。此乃(nai)一方之大事(shi),不(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)豫为思虑者(zhe)也。
臣愚(yu)谓既(ji)以水(shui)为困,当(dang)恃鱼菜螺(luo)蜯,而洪波泛(fan)滥,贫(pin)弱者(zhe)终(zhong)不(bu)能得(de)。今者(zhe)宜大坏兗、豫州(zhou)东界诸陂,随其(qi)所归而宣导(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。交令饥(ji)者(zhe)尽得(de)水(shui)产之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饶,百姓不(bu)出境界之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内,旦暮(mu)野食(shi),此(ci)目下日给之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)益(yi)也。水(shui)去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,填淤(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田,亩收数(shu)钟。至春大种五(wu)谷(gu)(gu),五(wu)谷(gu)(gu)必(bi)丰,此(ci)又明年益(yi)也。
臣前启,典牧种牛不(bu)供(gong)耕驾,至于(yu)(yu)老(lao)不(bu)穿鼻者(zhe),无(wu)益于(yu)(yu)用,而徒有(you)吏士谷(gu)草之费,岁送任驾者(zhe)甚少,尚复不(bu)调习,宜大(da)出卖,以(yi)易谷(gu)及为赏直(zhi)。
诏曰:“孳(zi)育之(zhi)物,不宜减(jian)散。”事(shi)遂(sui)停寝。问主(zhu)者,今典虞右(you)典牧种产牛(niu),大小(xiao)相通,有四万(wan)五千余(yu)头。苟不益(yi)世用(yong)(yong),头数虽(sui)多,其费日广(guang)。古者匹(pi)马(ma)丘牛(niu),居则以耕,出则以战,非如猪羊类也(ye)。今徒养宜用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)牛(niu),终为无用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)费,甚失事(shi)宜。东(dong)南(nan)以水田(tian)为业,人无牛(niu)犊。今既坏陂,可分(fen)种牛(niu)三万(wan)五千头,以付(fu)二州将吏(li)士庶(shu),使及春耕。谷(gu)(gu)登之(zhi)后,头责三百斛(hu)。是为化(hua)无用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)费,得运水次成谷(gu)(gu)七百万(wan)斛(hu),此又(you)(you)数年后之(zhi)益(yi)也(ye)。加以百姓降丘宅土,将来公私之(zhi)饶乃不可计(ji)。其所留好(hao)种万(wan)头,可即令(ling)右(you)典牧都尉官属(shu)养之(zhi)。人多畜少,可并佃牧地,明其考课。此又(you)(you)三魏近甸,岁(sui)当复(fu)入数十万(wan)斛(hu)谷(gu)(gu),牛(niu)又(you)(you)皆当调习,动(dong)可驾用(yong)(yong),皆今日之(zhi)可全者也(ye)。”
预又言:
诸欲(yu)修水(shui)(shui)田(tian)(tian)者(zhe)(zhe),皆以(yi)火(huo)耕水(shui)(shui)耨为便。非(fei)(fei)不(bu)(bu)尔也(ye),然此(ci)事(shi)施(shi)于(yu)新(xin)田(tian)(tian)草莱,与百姓居相绝(jue)离者(zhe)(zhe)耳。往者(zhe)(zhe)东南(nan)草创人稀,故(gu)得火(huo)田(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)。自顷户口(kou)(kou)日增,而陂(po)(po)堨(e)岁决,良田(tian)(tian)变生蒲苇(wei),人居沮(ju)泽之(zhi)(zhi)际,水(shui)(shui)陆失(shi)宜(yi),放牧绝(jue)种,树木(mu)立枯,皆陂(po)(po)之(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)也(ye)。陂(po)(po)多(duo)则(ze)土(tu)薄水(shui)(shui)浅,潦不(bu)(bu)下润(run)。故(gu)每有(you)水(shui)(shui)雨,辄复横流,延(yan)及陆田(tian)(tian)。言者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)思其(qi)(qi)故(gu),因(yin)云此(ci)土(tu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)陆种。臣计汉之(zhi)(zhi)户口(kou)(kou),以(yi)验今之(zhi)(zhi)陂(po)(po)处,皆陆业(ye)也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)或有(you)旧(jiu)陂(po)(po)旧(jiu)堨(e),则(ze)坚完(wan)修固,非(fei)(fei)今所(suo)(suo)谓当为人害(hai)(hai)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。臣前见(jian)尚书胡威启(qi)宜(yi)坏(huai)陂(po)(po),其(qi)(qi)言恳至(zhi)。臣中者(zhe)(zhe)又见(jian)宋侯相应(ying)遵(zun)(zun)上便宜(yi),求坏(huai)泗陂(po)(po),徙运(yun)道。时下都(dou)督度(du)支共处当,各据所(suo)(suo)见(jian),不(bu)(bu)从遵(zun)(zun)言。臣案遵(zun)(zun)上事(shi),运(yun)道东诣寿春,有(you)旧(jiu)渠,可(ke)不(bu)(bu)由泗陂(po)(po)。泗陂(po)(po)在遵(zun)(zun)地(di)界坏(huai)地(di)凡万三(san)千余顷,伤败成业(ye)。遵(zun)(zun)县领应(ying)佃二千六(liu)百口(kou)(kou),可(ke)谓至(zhi)少(shao),而犹(you)患地(di)狭,不(bu)(bu)足肆(si)力,此(ci)皆水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)为害(hai)(hai)也(ye)。当所(suo)(suo)共恤(xu),而都(dou)督度(du)支方复执(zhi)异,非(fei)(fei)所(suo)(suo)见(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)难,直以(yi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)害(hai)(hai)理(li)也(ye)。人心所(suo)(suo)见(jian)既不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),利(li)(li)害(hai)(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)情又有(you)异。军家之(zhi)(zhi)与郡县,士大(da)夫之(zhi)(zhi)与百姓,其(qi)(qi)意莫有(you)同(tong)(tong)者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)皆偏(pian)其(qi)(qi)利(li)(li)以(yi)忘其(qi)(qi)害(hai)(hai)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。此(ci)理(li)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)未尽,而事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)多(duo)患也(ye)。
臣又(you)案,豫州界二(er)度支所领佃者,州郡大军(jun)杂士,凡用(yong)水田七千五百余顷耳,计三(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)储,不(bu)过(guo)二(er)万余顷。以(yi)(yi)常理(li)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),无为(wei)(wei)(wei)多积(ji)无用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水,况于今(jin)者水涝湓溢,大为(wei)(wei)(wei)灾(zai)害。臣以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)与其(qi)失当(dang)(dang),宁泻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)滀。宜(yi)发明(ming)诏,敕刺史二(er)千石,其(qi)汉(han)氏(shi)旧陂旧堨及山(shan)谷(gu)私(si)家小(xiao)陂,皆当(dang)(dang)修缮以(yi)(yi)积(ji)水。其(qi)诸(zhu)魏氏(shi)以(yi)(yi)来所造立(li),及诸(zhu)因雨决溢蒲苇马(ma)肠陂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,皆决沥(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。长吏二(er)千石躬亲(qin)劝功(gong),诸(zhu)食力之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)并一(yi)时(shi)附功(gong)令,比及水冻,得(de)粗(cu)枯涸,其(qi)所修功(gong)实之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)皆以(yi)(yi)俾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)旧陂堨沟渠当(dang)(dang)有所补(bu)塞者,皆寻求微迹,一(yi)如汉(han)时(shi)故事,豫为(wei)(wei)(wei)部分列(lie)上,须(xu)冬,东南休兵交(jiao)代,各留一(yi)月(yue)以(yi)(yi)佐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫川渎有常流,地形有定体,汉(han)氏(shi)居人(ren)众多,犹以(yi)(yi)无患(huan),今(jin)因其(qi)所患(huan)而宣写(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),迹古事以(yi)(yi)明(ming)近,大理(li)显然,可坐论(lun)而得(de)。臣不(bu)胜愚意,窃谓最是今(jin)日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实益也(ye)。
朝廷从之。
及平吴(wu)之后(hou),有(you)司又奏:“诏书(shu)‘王公以(yi)国(guo)(guo)为家,京城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)宜复有(you)田(tian)(tian)宅。今未暇作(zuo)诸(zhu)国(guo)(guo)邸(di),当(dang)使(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)中有(you)往(wang)来处(chu),近郊有(you)刍藁之田(tian)(tian)’。今可限之,国(guo)(guo)王公侯,京城(cheng)(cheng)得有(you)一宅之处(chu)。近郊田(tian)(tian),大国(guo)(guo)田(tian)(tian)十五顷,次国(guo)(guo)十顷,小国(guo)(guo)七顷。城(cheng)(cheng)内无宅城(cheng)(cheng)外有(you)者,皆听留(liu)之。”
又(you)制户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)调之(zhi)式:丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)男(nan)之(zhi)户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),岁输绢三(san)(san)(san)匹,绵(mian)三(san)(san)(san)斤,女(nv)及次(ci)丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)男(nan)为(wei)户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)者(zhe)半(ban)输。其诸(zhu)边郡或(huo)三(san)(san)(san)分之(zhi)二(er)(er)(er),远者(zhe)三(san)(san)(san)分之(zhi)一(yi)。夷人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)输賨布,户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)一(yi)匹,远者(zhe)或(huo)一(yi)丈。男(nan)子(zi)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)占(zhan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩,女(nv)子(zi)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩。其外丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)男(nan)课(ke)田(tian)(tian)(tian)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩,丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)女(nv)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩,次(ci)丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)男(nan)半(ban)之(zhi),女(nv)则不课(ke)。男(nan)女(nv)年十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)已(yi)上至(zhi)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)正丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)已(yi)下至(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)、六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)已(yi)上至(zhi)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)为(wei)次(ci)丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)已(yi)下六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)已(yi)上为(wei)老小,不事。远夷不课(ke)田(tian)(tian)(tian)者(zhe)输义米,户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)三(san)(san)(san)斛,远者(zhe)五(wu)(wu)斗(dou),极远者(zhe)输算钱,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)文。其官品(pin)(pin)(pin)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)至(zhi)于第(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)(jiu),各以(yi)贵贱占(zhan)田(tian)(tian)(tian),品(pin)(pin)(pin)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)者(zhe)占(zhan)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顷(qing)(qing),第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)品(pin)(pin)(pin)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)顷(qing)(qing),第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)品(pin)(pin)(pin)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顷(qing)(qing),第(di)(di)(di)四品(pin)(pin)(pin)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)顷(qing)(qing),第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顷(qing)(qing),第(di)(di)(di)六(liu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)顷(qing)(qing),第(di)(di)(di)七品(pin)(pin)(pin)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顷(qing)(qing),第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)(ba)品(pin)(pin)(pin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)顷(qing)(qing),第(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)(jiu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顷(qing)(qing)。而又(you)各以(yi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)之(zhi)高卑(bei)廕其亲属,多者(zhe)及九(jiu)(jiu)族(zu),少(shao)者(zhe)三(san)(san)(san)世。宗室(shi)、国(guo)宾、先贤之(zhi)后及士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)子(zi)孙亦如之(zhi)。而又(you)得(de)廕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)为(wei)衣食(shi)客及佃(dian)客,品(pin)(pin)(pin)第(di)(di)(di)六(liu)已(yi)上得(de)衣食(shi)客三(san)(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),第(di)(di)(di)七第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)(ba)品(pin)(pin)(pin)二(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),第(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)(jiu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)及举辇(nian)、迹禽(qin)、前驱、由基、强弩(nu)、司马、羽(yu)林郎、殿中(zhong)冗(rong)从(cong)武(wu)贲、殿中(zhong)武(wu)贲、持椎斧武(wu)骑武(wu)贲、持鈒(ji)冗(rong)从(cong)武(wu)贲、命中(zhong)武(wu)贲武(wu)骑一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。其应有佃(dian)客者(zhe),官品(pin)(pin)(pin)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)者(zhe)佃(dian)客无过(guo)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)品(pin)(pin)(pin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),第(di)(di)(di)四品(pin)(pin)(pin)七户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)五(wu)(wu)户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),第(di)(di)(di)六(liu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)三(san)(san)(san)户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),第(di)(di)(di)七品(pin)(pin)(pin)二(er)(er)(er)户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)(ba)品(pin)(pin)(pin)第(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)(jiu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)一(yi)户(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。
是时天下无事,赋税平均,人咸(xian)安其业而乐(le)其事。及惠帝之(zhi)后(hou),政(zheng)教陵夷,至(zhi)于永(yong)嘉,丧乱(luan)弥甚。雍(yong)州以(yi)东,人多饥(ji)乏(fa),更相鬻(yu)卖,奔迸(beng)流(liu)移,不可胜数。幽、并、司、冀、秦、雍(yong)六州大蝗,草(cao)木及牛马毛皆尽。又大疾疫,兼以(yi)饥(ji)馑。百(bai)姓又为寇(kou)贼所杀,流(liu)尸满(man)河,白(bai)骨(gu)蔽野。刘曜之(zhi)逼,朝廷议欲(yu)迁(qian)都(dou)仓垣。人多相食,饥(ji)疫总至(zhi),百(bai)官(guan)流(liu)亡(wang)者十八九。
元(yuan)帝(di)为(wei)晋王,课(ke)督(du)农功,诏二千石长吏(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)入谷多(duo)少为(wei)殿(dian)最(zui)。其非(fei)宿卫要任(ren),皆(jie)宜(yi)赴农,使(shi)(shi)军(jun)各自佃作,即以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)廪。太兴(xing)(xing)元(yuan)年(nian),诏曰(yue):“徐(xu)、扬二州土宜(yi)三(san)(san)麦(mai),可督(du)令(ling)(ling)地,投秋(qiu)下(xia)种,至夏而熟,继(ji)新故(gu)(gu)之交,于(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)济(ji),所益甚大(da)。昔(xi)汉遣(qian)轻车使(shi)(shi)者氾胜之督(du)三(san)(san)辅(fu)种麦(mai),而关(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)遂穰。勿令(ling)(ling)后晚。”其后频(pin)年(nian)麦(mai)虽有(you)(you)(you)旱蝗,而为(wei)益犹多(duo)。二年(nian),三(san)(san)吴大(da)饥(ji),死者以(yi)(yi)(yi)百数(shu),吴郡太守(shou)(shou)邓攸辄开(kai)(kai)仓(cang)(cang)廪赈之。元(yuan)帝(di)时使(shi)(shi)黄门侍郎虞斐、桓彝(yi)开(kai)(kai)仓(cang)(cang)廪振(zhen)给(ji),并(bing)(bing)省众(zhong)役。百官各上(shang)封事,后军(jun)将军(jun)应(ying)詹表曰(yue):“夫一人不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)耕(geng),天下(xia)必有(you)(you)(you)受其饥(ji)者。而军(jun)兴(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)来,征战(zhan)运漕,朝廷宗庙,百官用(yong)度(du),既已殷广,下(xia)及工商流(liu)寓(yu)僮仆不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亲农桑而游(you)食者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)万计。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)思开(kai)(kai)立美利,而望国足人给(ji),岂不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)难哉!古人言(yan)曰(yue),饥(ji)寒并(bing)(bing)至,虽尧舜不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能使(shi)(shi)野无寇盗;贫富并(bing)(bing)兼,虽皋陶不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能使(shi)(shi)强(qiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)陵弱。故(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)国有(you)(you)(you)家者,何尝不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)务农重谷。近(jin)魏(wei)武(wu)皇(huang)帝(di)用(yong)枣祗、韩浩之议,广建屯田,又于(yu)征伐之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)带甲之士,随宜(yi)开(kai)(kai)垦,故(gu)(gu)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)甚劳(lao),而大(da)功克举也。间者流(liu)人奔东吴,东吴今(jin)俭(jian),皆(jie)已还反。江(jiang)西(xi)良田,旷废未久(jiu),火(huo)耕(geng)水耨,为(wei)功差易(yi)。宜(yi)简流(liu)人,兴(xing)(xing)复农官,功劳(lao)报(bao)赏(shang),皆(jie)如魏(wei)氏故(gu)(gu)事。一年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)与百姓,二年(nian)分(fen)税,三(san)(san)年(nian)计赋税以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)之,公(gong)私(si)兼济(ji),则仓(cang)(cang)盈庾亿,可计日(ri)而待也。”又曰(yue):“昔(xi)高祖(zu)使(shi)(shi)萧何镇关(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),光武(wu)令(ling)(ling)寇恂守(shou)(shou)河(he)内(nei),魏(wei)武(wu)委钟繇(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)事,故(gu)(gu)能使(shi)(shi)八表夷(yi)荡(dang),区内(nei)辑宁。今(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)州萧条(tiao),未蒙(meng)疆理,此兆庶所以(yi)(yi)(yi)企望。寿春(chun)一方之会(hui),去此不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)远,宜(yi)选都(dou)督(du)有(you)(you)(you)文武(wu)经略者,远以(yi)(yi)(yi)振(zhen)河(he)洛之形(xing)势,近(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)徐(xu)豫之籓(fan)镇,绥集流(liu)散,使(shi)(shi)人有(you)(you)(you)攸依,专委农功,令(ling)(ling)事有(you)(you)(you)所局(ju)。赵充国农于(yu)金城(cheng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)平(ping)西(xi)零;诸葛亮耕(geng)于(yu)渭(wei)滨,规(gui)抗上(shang)国。今(jin)诸军(jun)自不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)对敌(di),皆(jie)宜(yi)齐课(ke)。
咸(xian)(xian)和(he)五(wu)年,成帝始度(du)(du)(du)百姓田(tian),取十分之一(yi),率亩税米三升(sheng)。六年,以(yi)海贼寇抄,运(yun)(yun)漕不(bu)(bu)继,发王公(gong)以(yi)下(xia)余丁,各运(yun)(yun)米六斛。是后频(pin)年水(shui)灾旱蝗(huang),田(tian)收(shou)不(bu)(bu)至。咸(xian)(xian)康初(chu),算度(du)(du)(du)田(tian)税米,空(kong)悬五(wu)十余万斛,尚(shang)书褚裒(pou)以(yi)下(xia)免(mian)官。穆帝之世(shi),频(pin)有大军,粮运(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)继,制王公(gong)以(yi)下(xia)十三户共借一(yi)人,助(zhu)度(du)(du)(du)支运(yun)(yun)。升(sheng)平(ping)初(chu),荀羡为北府都督,镇下(xia)邳,起(qi)田(tian)于(yu)(yu)东阳之石鳖,公(gong)私利之。哀帝即位(wei),乃减田(tian)租,亩收(shou)二升(sheng)。孝武太元二年,除度(du)(du)(du)田(tian)收(shou)租之制,王公(gong)以(yi)下(xia)口税三斛,唯蠲在役之身。八年,又增税米,口五(wu)石。至于(yu)(yu)末年,天下(xia)无事,时(shi)和(he)年丰,百姓乐(le)业,谷帛殷阜,几乎(hu)家(jia)给人足(zu)矣(yi)。
汉(han)钱旧(jiu)用(yong)(yong)五铢,自(zi)王(wang)莽改革,百(bai)(bai)姓皆(jie)不便(bian)之。及公孙述(shu)僭号于蜀(shu),童谣曰(yue)(yue):“黄牛白腹,五铢当复(fu)(fu)。”好事(shi)者窃言(yan)(yan),王(wang)莽称黄,述(shu)欲继之,故称白帝。五铢汉(han)货,言(yan)(yan)汉(han)当复(fu)(fu)并天(tian)下也。至光武中(zhong)兴,除(chu)莽货泉。建武十六年(nian),马援又(you)上书曰(yue)(yue):“富国之本,在于食货,宜如旧(jiu)铸五铢钱。”帝从(cong)之。于是复(fu)(fu)铸五铢钱,天(tian)下以(yi)为(wei)便(bian)。及章帝时,谷帛价(jia)贵,县官经用(yong)(yong)不足,朝廷忧(you)之。尚书张林言(yan)(yan):“今(jin)非但谷贵也,百(bai)(bai)物皆(jie)贵,此钱贱(jian)故尔。宜令(ling)天(tian)下悉以(yi)布帛为(wei)租,市买皆(jie)用(yong)(yong)之,封钱勿出,如此则钱少物皆(jie)贱(jian)矣。又(you),盐者食之急(ji)也,县官可自(zi)卖盐,武帝时施(shi)行之,名(ming)曰(yue)(yue)均输。”于是事(shi)下尚书通议(yi)。尚书硃晖(hui)议(yi)曰(yue)(yue):“王(wang)制,天(tian)子不言(yan)(yan)有无,诸(zhu)侯不言(yan)(yan)多少,食禄者不与(yu)百(bai)(bai)姓争利(li)。均输之法,与(yu)贾贩无异(yi)。以(yi)布帛为(wei)租,则吏多奸。官自(zi)卖盐,与(yu)下争利(li),非明(ming)王(wang)所宜行。”帝本以(yi)林言(yan)(yan)为(wei)是,得晖(hui)议(yi),因发怒,遂用(yong)(yong)林言(yan)(yan),少时复(fu)(fu)止。
桓帝时有上书言:“人以(yi)货轻(qing)钱(qian)薄(bo),故致贫困,宜改铸大钱(qian)。”事(shi)下四(si)府群僚及太学能(neng)言之士(shi)。孝廉刘陶上议曰:
臣伏读铸钱之(zhi)诏,平轻(qing)重 之(zhi)义,访覃幽微,不遗穷(qiong)贱,是以藿食之(zhi)人, 谬延逮及。
盖(gai)以当(dang)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忧,不(bu)在于(yu)货(huo),在乎人(ren)饥。是(shi)(shi)以先王观象育(yu)物,敬授民(min)时(shi),使(shi)男不(bu)逋(bu)亩,女不(bu)下机,故(gu)君臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道行,王路(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教通。由是(shi)(shi)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),食(shi)者乃有(you)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)宝,百(bai)姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至贵也。窃以比年已来,良苗(miao)尽于(yu)蝗螟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口,杼柚空(kong)于(yu)公私(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)求。所(suo)(suo)急朝(chao)夕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)食(shi),所(suo)(suo)患靡盬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,岂谓(wei)钱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚薄,铢两之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轻重哉!就使(shi)当(dang)今(jin)(jin)沙砾(li)化为(wei)南金,瓦(wa)石(shi)变为(wei)和玉,使(shi)百(bai)姓渴无(wu)所(suo)(suo)饮,饥无(wu)所(suo)(suo)食(shi),虽皇羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纯德,唐虞(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文明,犹不(bu)能以保萧墙(qiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内也。盖(gai)百(bai)姓可百(bai)年无(wu)货(huo),不(bu)可以一朝(chao)有(you)饥,故(gu)食(shi)为(wei)至急也。
议者不达农殖(zhi)之(zhi)本,多言铸冶之(zhi)便,或欲因(yin)缘行诈,以贾(jia)国(guo)利(li)。国(guo)利(li)将尽,取者争(zheng)竞,造铸之(zhi)端,于是乎生。盖万(wan)人(ren)(ren)铸之(zhi),一人(ren)(ren)夺(duo)之(zhi),犹(you)不能给,况今(jin)一人(ren)(ren)铸之(zhi)则万(wan)人(ren)(ren)夺(duo)之(zhi)乎!虽以阴阳为炭,万(wan)物为铜,役不食之(zhi)民,使不饥之(zhi)士(shi),犹(you)不能足无厌之(zhi)求(qiu)也(ye)。
夫(fu)欲(yu)民财殷阜,要(yao)在止役禁夺(duo),则百姓(xing)不劳而足。陛下圣德,愍海内之(zhi)(zhi)忧戚(qi),伤天下之(zhi)(zhi)艰难,欲(yu)铸钱齐(qi)货(huo),以救(jiu)其弊(bi),此犹养(yang)鱼沸(fei)鼎之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),栖鸟列火之(zhi)(zhi)上。木水,本鱼鸟之(zhi)(zhi)所生(sheng)也(ye),用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)不时(shi),必至焦烂(lan)。愿(yuan)陛下宽锲薄之(zhi)(zhi)禁,后冶铸之(zhi)(zhi)议也(ye)。
帝竟不铸钱。
及(ji)献帝(di)(di)初平中,董卓乃更铸(zhu)(zhu)小钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),由是(shi)货(huo)轻而(er)物(wu)贵(gui),谷一斛至(zhi)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)数百万。至(zhi)魏武(wu)为(wei)相,于是(shi)罢之(zhi),还用五铢(zhu)。是(shi)时不(bu)铸(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)既(ji)久,货(huo)本不(bu)多,又更无增益(yi),故(gu)谷贱(jian)无已。及(ji)黄(huang)初二年,魏文帝(di)(di)罢五铢(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),使百姓以(yi)谷帛(bo)为(wei)市。至(zhi)明(ming)帝(di)(di)世,钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)废谷用既(ji)久,人(ren)间巧伪渐多,竞湿谷以(yi)要利(li),作薄绢以(yi)为(wei)市,虽处以(yi)严刑而(er)不(bu)能禁也。司马芝(zhi)等举(ju)朝大议,以(yi)为(wei)用钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)非(fei)徒丰(feng)国,亦所以(yi)省刑。今若更铸(zhu)(zhu)五铢(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),则国丰(feng)刑省,于事(shi)为(wei)便。魏明(ming)帝(di)(di)乃更立五铢(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),至(zhi)晋用之(zhi),不(bu)闻(wen)有所改(gai)创。孙(sun)权嘉(jia)禾五年,铸(zhu)(zhu)大钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一当五百。赤乌元年,又铸(zhu)(zhu)当千钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。故(gu)吕蒙(meng)定荆州,孙(sun)权赐(ci)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一亿。钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)既(ji)太贵(gui),但有空名(ming),人(ren)间患(huan)之(zhi)。权闻(wen)百姓不(bu)以(yi)为(wei)便,省息(xi)之(zhi),铸(zhu)(zhu)为(wei)器物(wu),官勿复出也。私家有者(zhe),并以(yi)输藏,平卑(bei)其直(zhi),勿有所枉。
晋自中原(yuan)丧(sang)乱,元(yuan)帝过江,用孙氏旧(jiu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian),轻重(zhong)(zhong)杂行,大者(zhe)谓(wei)之比(bi)轮,中者(zhe)谓(wei)之四文。吴兴沈充又铸(zhu)小钱(qian)(qian)(qian),谓(wei)之沈郎钱(qian)(qian)(qian)。钱(qian)(qian)(qian)既不多,由是稍贵(gui)。孝(xiao)武太(tai)元(yuan)三年,诏曰:“钱(qian)(qian)(qian),国(guo)之重(zhong)(zhong)宝(bao),小人贪利,销坏(huai)无已(yi),监司当(dang)以为意(yi)。广(guang)州夷人宝(bao)贵(gui)铜(tong)鼓(gu),而州境素不出(chu)铜(tong),闻官私贾人皆于此下贪比(bi)轮钱(qian)(qian)(qian)斤两差(cha)重(zhong)(zhong),以入广(guang)州,货与夷人,铸(zhu)败作鼓(gu)。其重(zhong)(zhong)为禁制,得者(zhe)科罪。”安帝元(yuan)兴中,桓玄辅政(zheng),立议欲废钱(qian)(qian)(qian)用谷帛。孔琳之议曰:
《洪(hong)范》八政,货(huo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)食次(ci),岂不以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)交易(yi)所(suo)资(zi),为(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)之(zhi)至要者乎!若(ruo)使百姓用(yong)力于(yu)(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)钱(qian),则是妨为(wei)(wei)(wei)生之(zhi)业,禁之(zhi)可也。今农自务谷,工自务器,各隶其业,何尝致(zhi)勤于(yu)(yu)钱(qian)。故圣(sheng)王制(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)用(yong)之(zhi)货(huo),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)通有用(yong)之(zhi)财,既无(wu)毁败(bai)之(zhi)费,又省难(nan)运之(zhi)苦(ku),此钱(qian)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)嗣功龟贝,历代不废者也。谷帛(bo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)宝,本充(chong)衣(yi)食,分以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)货(huo),则致(zhi)损甚(shen)多。又劳毁于(yu)(yu)商(shang)贩之(zhi)手,秏(hao)弃(qi)于(yu)(yu)割(ge)截之(zhi)用(yong),此之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)弊,著(zhu)自于(yu)(yu)曩。故钟繇曰(yue),巧伪之(zhi)人,竞湿谷以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)要利(li),制(zhi)(zhi)薄绢以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)充(chong)资(zi)。魏(wei)世(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)严刑(xing),弗能禁也。是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)司马芝以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)钱(qian)非徒丰国,亦所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)省刑(xing)。钱(qian)之(zhi)不用(yong),由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)兵乱积久(jiu),自致(zhi)于(yu)(yu)废,有由(you)(you)而然,汉末是也。今既用(yong)而废之(zhi),则百姓顿(dun)亡(wang)其利(li)。今括(kuo)囊天下之(zhi)谷,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周天下之(zhi)食,或仓廪充(chong)溢,或粮靡(mi)并储,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相资(zi)通,则贫者仰富。致(zhi)富之(zhi)道,实(shi)假于(yu)(yu)钱(qian),一(yi)朝断之(zhi),便为(wei)(wei)(wei)弃(qi)物。是有钱(qian)无(wu)粮之(zhi)人,皆坐(zuo)而饥困,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此断之(zhi),又立弊也。
且据今用(yong)(yong)钱之处(chu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)以为贫,用(yong)(yong)谷之处(chu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)以为富(fu)。又人习来久,革之必惑。语曰(yue),利不(bu)(bu)(bu)百(bai),不(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)业,况又钱便于谷邪!魏明帝时钱废(fei),谷用(yong)(yong)既久,不(bu)(bu)(bu)以便于人,乃举(ju)朝(chao)大议。精才(cai)达政之士莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)以宜(yi)复用(yong)(yong)钱,下(xia)无异情,朝(chao)无异论。彼(bi)尚舍谷帛而(er)用(yong)(yong)钱,足(zu)以明谷帛之弊著于已诫(jie)也。
世或谓魏氏不用钱(qian)久,积累巨万,故欲行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),利(li)公富国,斯殆不然(ran)。晋文(wen)后舅犯(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谋,而(er)先成季(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信,以为虽(sui)有一时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勋,不如万世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)益。于(yu)时(shi)名(ming)贤在列,君子盈(ying)朝,大谋天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)害,将(jiang)定经(jing)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)术(shu)。若(ruo)谷(gu)实便钱(qian),义不昧当时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)近利(li),而(er)废永用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通业(ye),断可知矣。斯实由(you)困而(er)思革,改(gai)而(er)更(geng)张耳。近孝武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo),天(tian)下(xia)无事(shi),时(shi)和年丰,百姓乐(le)业(ye),谷(gu)帛殷阜,几乎家给人足,验之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实事(shi),钱(qian)又(you)不妨人也。
顷兵革屡兴(xing),荒馑荐及,饥寒未振,实此之(zhi)(zhi)由。公既(ji)援而拯之(zhi)(zhi),大革视(shi)听(ting),弘敦(dun)本(ben)之(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao),明广农之(zhi)(zhi)科,敬授人时,各从其业,游荡知(zhi)反,务末自休(xiu),同以(yi)南亩(mu)竞力,野无(wu)遗壤矣。于此以(yi)往,将升(sheng)平必至,何衣食之(zhi)(zhi)足恤!愚谓救弊之(zhi)(zhi)术,无(wu)取于废钱。
朝(chao)议多同琳之,故(gu)玄议不行。
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