晋书--志第二十
刑法
传曰:“齐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li),有(you)(you)耻且格。”刑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可犯,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)若(ruo)(ruo)礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可逾,则(ze)昊岁比于(yu)牺年,宜有(you)(you)降矣。若(ruo)(ruo)夫(fu)穹圆(yuan)肇判,宵貌攸(you)分,流形(xing)播其(qi)(qi)喜怒,禀气彰其(qi)(qi)善恶,则(ze)有(you)(you)自然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理焉(yan)。念室(shi)后刑,衢樽先惠,将(jiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)屏除灾害,引导休和,取(qu)譬琴瑟,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忘衔策,拟阳秋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)化,若(ruo)(ruo)尧舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)心也(ye)。效原布肃,轩皇有(you)(you)辔(pei)野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)师;雷电扬威,高辛有(you)(you)触山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)务。陈乎(hu)兵甲而(er)(er)肆诸市朝,具严天刑,以(yi)(yi)(yi)惩乱首,论其(qi)(qi)本(ben)意(yi),盖(gai)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得已而(er)(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者焉(yan)。是以(yi)(yi)(yi)丹浦兴(xing)(xing)仁(ren),羽山咸服。而(er)(er)世属侥幸,事(shi)关攸(you)蠹,政(zheng)失礼(li)微,狱成(cheng)刑起,则(ze)孔(kong)子曰:“听讼吾(wu)犹(you)(you)人(ren)也(ye),必也(ye)使无讼乎(hu)!”及周氏龚行,却收锋刃,祖述(shu)生成(cheng),宪章尧禹,政(zheng)有(you)(you)膏露,威兼(jian)礼(li)乐,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)观辞(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)明其(qi)(qi)趣,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)倾耳(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)照其(qi)(qi)微,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)彰善以(yi)(yi)(yi)激其(qi)(qi)情,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)除恶以(yi)(yi)(yi)崇其(qi)(qi)本(ben)。至夫(fu)取(qu)威定霸,一匡九合,寓言成(cheng)康,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)由凝网(wang),此所谓酌其(qi)(qi)遗美,而(er)(er)爱民治国者焉(yan)。若(ruo)(ruo)乃化蔑彝伦,道(dao)(dao)睽明慎,则(ze)夏癸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虔(qian)刘百姓,商辛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒{疒甫}四海,卫鞅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无所自容(rong),韩非之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)胜其(qi)(qi)虐(nve),与(yu)夫(fu)《甘棠》流咏(yong),未或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)同(tong)归。秦文(wen)初造(zao)参夷(yi),始皇加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抽(chou)协,囹圄如市,悲哀盈(ying)路。汉王(wang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)三章之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法以(yi)(yi)(yi)吊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),文(wen)帝(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)刑厝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)临之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)时百姓欣(xin)然,将(jiang)逢交泰。而(er)(er)犴逐情迁,科随意(yi)往(wang),献琼杯于(yu)阙(que)下(xia),徙青衣于(yu)蜀路,覆(fu)醢裁刑,倾宗致狱。况乃数囚于(yu)京兆(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夜,五日于(yu)长安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)市,北阙(que)相引、中都继及者,亦往(wang)往(wang)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)焉(yan)。而(er)(er)将(jiang)亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国,典(dian)刑咸弃,刊章以(yi)(yi)(yi)急其(qi)(qi)宪,适意(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)宽其(qi)(qi)网(wang),桓灵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)季,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)其(qi)(qi)然欤!魏明帝(di)时,宫(gong)室(shi)盛兴(xing)(xing),而(er)(er)期(qi)会迫急,有(you)(you)稽限者,帝(di)亲(qin)召问,言犹(you)(you)在口,身首已分。王(wang)肃抗疏曰:“陛(bi)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所行刑,皆宜死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)也(ye)。然众庶不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知,将(jiang)为(wei)仓卒,愿陛(bi)下(xia)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)吏而(er)(er)暴其(qi)(qi)罪。均其(qi)(qi)死也(ye),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)污宫(gong)掖,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)搢绅惊惋,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)远(yuan)近所疑。人(ren)命至重,难生易杀(sha),气绝(jue)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)续(xu)者也(ye),是以(yi)(yi)(yi)圣王(wang)重之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。孟轲云(yun):‘杀(sha)一不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辜而(er)(er)取(qu)天下(xia)者,仁(ren)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)也(ye)。’”
世祖武皇帝接三统之(zhi)微,酌千年(nian)之(zhi)范,乃(nai)命有司,大明刑宪。于时诏(zhao)书(shu)颁新(xin)法(fa)于天下,海(hai)内同轨(gui),人甚安(an)之(zhi)。条纲虽设,称为简(jian)惠,仰(yang)(yang)昭天眷,下济民心,道(dao)有法(fa)而无败(bai),德俟刑而久立。及晋图南徙,百有二年(nian),仰(yang)(yang)止(zhi)前规,挹其流润,江左无外,蛮陬来格。孝武时,会稽王道(dao)子(zi)倾弄朝权,其所树之(zhi)党(dang),货(huo)官私狱,烈祖惛(hun)迷(mi),不闻司败(bai),晋之(zhi)纲纪(ji)大乱焉。
传曰(yue)(yue)“三(san)(san)皇设言(yan)而(er)民(min)(min)不违,五(wu)帝画象而(er)民(min)(min)知禁”,则《书(shu)》所谓“象以典(dian)刑(xing),流宥(you)(you)(you)五(wu)刑(xing),鞭(bian)作(zuo)官刑(xing),扑作(zuo)教刑(xing)”者(zhe)(zhe)也。然(ran)则犯黥(qing)者(zhe)(zhe)皁其(qi)巾,犯劓(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)丹其(qi)服(fu),犯膑者(zhe)(zhe)墨其(qi)体,犯宫(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)杂其(qi)屡,大辟之(zhi)(zhi)罪,殊刑(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)极,布其(qi)衣裾而(er)无(wu)领(ling)缘,投之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)市,与众弃之(zhi)(zhi)。舜命皋陶曰(yue)(yue);“五(wu)刑(xing)有服(fu),五(wu)服(fu)三(san)(san)就,五(wu)流有宅(zhai),五(wu)宅(zhai)三(san)(san)居。”方乎前载(zai),事既参倍(bei)。夏后氏之(zhi)(zhi)王天(tian)下也,则五(wu)刑(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)(shu)三(san)(san)千。殷因于(yu)夏,有所损(sun)益。周(zhou)人以三(san)(san)典(dian)刑(xing)邦国,以五(wu)听察民(min)(min)情,左嘉右(you)肺(fei),事均熔造,而(er)五(wu)刑(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)(shu)犹有二千五(wu)百焉(yan)。乃(nai)置(zhi)三(san)(san)刺(ci)、三(san)(san)宥(you)(you)(you)、三(san)(san)赦之(zhi)(zhi)法:一刺(ci)曰(yue)(yue)讯群臣,再(zai)刺(ci)曰(yue)(yue)讯群吏,三(san)(san)刺(ci)曰(yue)(yue)讯万(wan)民(min)(min);一宥(you)(you)(you)曰(yue)(yue)不识,再(zai)宥(you)(you)(you)曰(yue)(yue)过失,三(san)(san)宥(you)(you)(you)曰(yue)(yue)遗忘(wang);一赦曰(yue)(yue)幼弱,再(zai)赦曰(yue)(yue)老(lao)旄(mao),三(san)(san)赦曰(yue)(yue)蠢(chun)愚(yu)。《司马法》:或起甲兵以征不义(yi),废贡职则讨,不朝会则诛,乱嫡庶则絷,变礼刑(xing)则放。
传曰(yue):“殷(yin)周之质,不胜(sheng)其(qi)文。”及(ji)昭后(hou)徂征,穆王斯耄,爰制刑(xing)(xing)辟,以诘(jie)四方,奸宄弘多,乱离(li)斯永,则(ze)所谓“夏有(you)乱政(zheng)而(er)(er)作(zuo)《禹刑(xing)(xing)》,商(shang)有(you)乱政(zheng)而(er)(er)作(zuo)《汤刑(xing)(xing)》,周有(you)乱政(zheng)而(er)(er)作(zuo)《九刑(xing)(xing)》”者也。古(gu)者大刑(xing)(xing)用(yong)甲兵(bing),中刑(xing)(xing)用(yong)刀锯,薄(bo)刑(xing)(xing)用(yong)鞭扑(pu)。自兹厥后(hou),狙(ju)诈(zha)弥繁。武皇(huang)帝并以为往(wang)宪(xian)犹疑(yi),不可(ke)经国,乃命车骑(qi)将军、守尚书令、鲁公征求英俊,刊律定篇云尔。
汉自王莽篡位之(zhi)后,旧章不存。光武中兴(xing),留心庶狱,常临朝听讼,躬决疑事。是时承离乱之(zhi)后,法网弛(chi)纵,罪(zui)名既(ji)轻,无以惩肃。梁统乃上疏曰(yue):
臣(chen)窃见元帝(di)初元五(wu)年,轻殊刑三十四事,哀(ai)帝(di)建平元年尽四年,轻殊死(si)者刑八十一(yi)事,其四十二(er)事,手杀人(ren)皆减(jian)死(si)罪(zui)一(yi)等(deng),著为常(chang)法。自是以后(hou),人(ren)轻犯(fan)法,吏易杀人(ren),吏民(min)俱失,至于不羁(ji)。
臣(chen)愚(yu)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)刑罚不苟务(wu)轻(qing),务(wu)其中(zhong)也。君人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,仁(ren)义(yi)为(wei)(wei)主,仁(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)爱(ai)人(ren),义(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)理务(wu)。爱(ai)人(ren)故(gu)当为(wei)(wei)除(chu)害(hai),理务(wu)亦当为(wei)(wei)去乱(luan)。是以(yi)(yi)五(wu)帝(di)(di)有(you)(you)流殛放杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛(zhu),三(san)王有(you)(you)大(da)辟(pi)刻肌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑,所以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)除(chu)残去乱(luan)也。故(gu)孔子称“仁(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)必有(you)(you)勇”,又曰(yue)“理财(cai)正(zheng)辞,禁(jin)人(ren)为(wei)(wei)非(fei)曰(yue)义(yi)”。高帝(di)(di)受命,制(zhi)约令(ling),定法(fa)律,传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)世(shi),可常施(shi)行。文帝(di)(di)宽惠温克,遭世(shi)康平,因时施(shi)恩,省去肉刑,除(chu)相坐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),他皆率由旧章,天(tian)(tian)下几致升平。武帝(di)(di)值中(zhong)国隆盛,财(cai)力有(you)(you)余,出兵命将,征伐远方,军役数兴,百(bai)姓罢(ba)弊,豪(hao)杰(jie)犯禁(jin),奸吏弄法(fa),故(gu)设遁匿(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)科,著知纵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律。宣帝(di)(di)聪明正(zheng)直,履道握(wo)要,以(yi)(yi)御海内,臣(chen)下奉宪,不失绳墨。元帝(di)(di)法(fa)律,少所改更,天(tian)(tian)下称安(an)。孝成、孝哀,承平继体,即(ji)位日浅,听断(duan)尚(shang)寡(gua)。丞相王嘉等猥(wei)以(yi)(yi)数年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间,亏(kui)除(chu)先帝(di)(di)旧约,穿令(ling)断(duan)律,凡百(bai)余事,或不便于政,或不厌人(ren)心。臣(chen)谨(jin)表(biao)取其尤妨政事、害(hai)善(shan)良(liang)者(zhe)(zhe),傅(fu)奏如(ru)左。
伏(fu)惟陛下苞五常,履九(jiu)德,推时(shi)拨乱,博施(shi)济(ji)时(shi),而反因循季世末(mo)节(jie),衰(shuai)微轨迹,诚非所以还初反本(ben),据元更(geng)始也。愿陛下宣(xuan)诏有司,悉(xi)举(ju)初元、建平之所穿凿,考其(qi)轻(qing)重,察(cha)其(qi)化俗,足(zu)以知政教(jiao)所处,择其(qi)善者而从之,其(qi)不善者而改之,定不易(yi)之典(dian),施(shi)之无穷,天下幸(xing)甚。
事下三公、廷尉议,以为隆(long)刑峻法,非明王急务,不(bu)可(ke)开许。统复上言曰:“有司猥以臣(chen)所上不(bu)可(ke)施行(xing)。今臣(chen)所言,非曰严刑。窃谓高(gao)帝(di)以后(hou),至于宣帝(di),其所施行(xing),考合经传,此方(fang)今事,非隆(long)刑峻法。不(bu)胜至愿(yuan),愿(yuan)得召见,若对尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)近(jin)臣(chen),口陈其意。”帝(di)令尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)问状,统又对,极言政刑宜(yi)改。议竟不(bu)从。及明帝(di)即位,常(chang)临听讼观录洛阳诸狱。帝(di)性既明察,能得下奸,故(gu)尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)奏决罚近(jin)于苛碎。
至章帝(di)时,尚书(shu)陈宠上疏曰(yue):“先(xian)(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng),赏不僭(jian),刑(xing)不滥,与其不得已,宁(ning)僭(jian)不滥。故(gu)唐尧著(zhu)典(dian)曰(yue)‘流宥五(wu)刑(xing),眚灾肆(si)赦’。帝(di)舜命皋陶以(yi)(yi)‘五(wu)宅三居,惟(wei)明克(ke)允’。文王(wang)重《易(yi)》六爻,而(er)列(lie)丛棘之(zhi)(zhi)听;周(zhou)公(gong)作《立(li)政(zheng)》,戒成王(wang)勿误乎庶狱。陛下即位(wei),率由此义,而(er)有(you)司执事,未(wei)悉(xi)奉(feng)承(cheng)。断狱者急于榜格酷烈之(zhi)(zhi)痛,执宪者繁于诈欺放(fang)滥之(zhi)(zhi)文,违本离实,棰(chui)楚为(wei)奸(jian),或(huo)因公(gong)行私,以(yi)(yi)逞(cheng)威(wei)福(fu)。夫为(wei)政(zheng)也,犹张(zhang)琴瑟,大弦急者小弦绝,故(gu)子贡非臧孙之(zhi)(zhi)猛法,而(er)美郑侨之(zhi)(zhi)仁政(zheng)。方今圣(sheng)(sheng)德充塞,假于上下,宜因此时,隆先(xian)(xian)圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)务,荡涤烦苛,轻薄棰(chui)楚,以(yi)(yi)济群(qun)生,广至德也。”帝(di)纳宠言,决(jue)罪行刑(xing),务于宽(kuan)厚。其后遂(sui)诏有(you)司,禁绝钻钅(jin)赞诸(zhu)酷痛旧制,解祅(yao)恶之(zhi)(zhi)禁,除文致之(zhi)(zhi)请,谳五(wu)十余事,定著(zhu)于令(ling)。是(shi)后狱法和平(ping)。
永元六(liu)年(nian),宠(chong)又(you)代(dai)(dai)郭(guo)躬为(wei)廷尉,复(fu)校(xiao)律令(ling),刑法溢于《甫(fu)(fu)刑》者,奏除(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),曰(yue):“臣(chen)闻(wen)礼(li)(li)经三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai),威仪三(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian),故《甫(fu)(fu)刑》大(da)(da)辟(pi)二(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai),五(wu)刑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属三(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian)。礼(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所去,刑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所取,失礼(li)(li)即入刑,相(xiang)为(wei)表(biao)里者也。今律令(ling),犯罪(zui)(zui)应死(si)刑者六(liu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)一十(shi)(shi),耐(nai)罪(zui)(zui)千(qian)(qian)(qian)六(liu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)八,赎罪(zui)(zui)以(yi)下(xia)二(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)六(liu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)一,溢于《甫(fu)(fu)刑》千(qian)(qian)(qian)九(jiu)(jiu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu),其四百(bai)(bai)(bai)一十(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)辟(pi),千(qian)(qian)(qian)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)耐(nai)罪(zui)(zui),七十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)赎罪(zui)(zui)。《春秋保乾图》曰(yue):‘王者三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)年(nian)一蠲法。’汉兴以(yi)来,三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)年(nian),宪令(ling)稍增,科条(tiao)无(wu)限。又(you)律有三(san)家,说各驳异。刑法繁多(duo),宜令(ling)三(san)公、廷尉集(ji)平律令(ling),应经合(he)义可施行者,大(da)(da)辟(pi)二(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai),耐(nai)罪(zui)(zui)、赎罪(zui)(zui)二(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)八百(bai)(bai)(bai),合(he)为(wei)三(san)千(qian)(qian)(qian),与礼(li)(li)相(xiang)应。其余千(qian)(qian)(qian)九(jiu)(jiu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)事,悉(xi)可详除(chu)。使百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)改易视(shi)听,以(yi)成大(da)(da)化,致刑措(cuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美,传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)穷。”未(wei)及施行,会宠(chong)抵(di)罪(zui)(zui),遂(sui)寝。宠(chong)子忠(zhong)。忠(zhong)后复(fu)为(wei)尚书,略依宠(chong)意,奏上三(san)十(shi)(shi)三(san)条(tiao),为(wei)《决事比》,以(yi)省请谳(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊。又(you)上除(chu)蚕室(shi)刑,解(jie)赃(zang)吏三(san)世(shi)禁(jin)锢,狂易杀人得减(jian)重论,母子兄弟相(xiang)代(dai)(dai)死(si)听赦所代(dai)(dai)者,事皆施行。虽时有蠲革(ge),而旧律繁芜,未(wei)经纂集(ji)。
献(xian)帝(di)建安元(yuan)年,应劭又删(shan)定(ding)律令,以为《汉(han)(han)议》,表奏之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue):“夫(fu)国之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)事,莫尚载籍。载籍也(ye)者,决嫌疑,明是(shi)非,赏刑(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi),允(yun)执厥中,俾后之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)永有鉴焉(yan)。故(gu)胶(jiao)东(dong)(dong)相董仲(zhong)舒老病致仕,朝廷(ting)每(mei)有政(zheng)议,数(shu)遣廷(ting)尉张汤亲至陋巷,问其(qi)(qi)得失,于(yu)是(shi)作(zuo)《春秋折狱》二(er)(er)(er)(er)百(bai)三十二(er)(er)(er)(er)事,动以《经》对,言之(zhi)(zhi)详矣。逆臣董卓,荡覆王室(shi),典宪焚燎,靡有孑遗(yi),开辟以来(lai),莫或兹(zi)酷。今大(da)驾(jia)东(dong)(dong)迈,巡省许都,拔出险难(nan),其(qi)(qi)命惟(wei)新。臣窃不(bu)(bu)自揆,辄撰具《律本(ben)章句》、《尚书旧(jiu)事》、《廷(ting)尉板令》、《决事比(bi)例》、《司徒(tu)都目》、《五曹诏书》及(ji)《春秋折狱》,凡(fan)(fan)二(er)(er)(er)(er)百(bai)五十篇,蠲去(qu)复(fu)重,为之(zhi)(zhi)节文。又集(ji)《议驳》三十篇,以类相从,凡(fan)(fan)八十二(er)(er)(er)(er)事。其(qi)(qi)见《汉(han)(han)书》二(er)(er)(er)(er)十五,《汉(han)(han)记》四(si),皆删(shan)叙润色,以全本(ben)体(ti)。其(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十六,博(bo)采古今瑰(gui)玮之(zhi)(zhi)士,德(de)义可观。其(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十七,臣所创造。《左氏》云:‘虽有姬姜,不(bu)(bu)弃憔悴;虽有丝麻(ma),不(bu)(bu)弃菅蒯(kuai)。’盖所以代(dai)匮(kui)也(ye)。是(shi)用敢(gan)露顽才,厕于(yu)明哲之(zhi)(zhi)末(mo),虽未(wei)足纲纪国体(ti),宣洽时雍。庶(shu)几观察,增(zeng)阐圣德(de)。惟(wei)因万机之(zhi)(zhi)余暇,游意省览(lan)。”献(xian)帝(di)善之(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)是(shi)旧(jiu)事存焉(yan)。是(shi)时天(tian)下将(jiang)乱,百(bai)姓有土崩之(zhi)(zhi)势(shi),刑(xing)罚(fa)不(bu)(bu)足以惩恶,于(yu)是(shi)名儒(ru)大(da)才故(gu)辽东(dong)(dong)太守崔实、大(da)司农(nong)郑玄、大(da)鸿胪(lu)陈纪之(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu),咸以为宜(yi)复(fu)行肉(rou)刑(xing)。汉(han)(han)朝既不(bu)(bu)议其(qi)(qi)事,故(gu)无所用矣。
及魏武帝匡辅汉室,尚书(shu)令(ling)荀彧博(bo)访百官(guan),复欲申之(zhi)(zhi),而少府(fu)孔融议以(yi)为:“古(gu)者敦厖,善否(fou)区别,吏端刑清政简,一(yi)无(wu)过失(shi),百姓有罪,皆(jie)自取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)。末世陵迟,风化坏乱,政挠其俗,法害其教(jiao)。故曰‘上失(shi)其道,人散久矣’。而欲绳(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)古(gu)刑,投之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)残弃,非(fei)所(suo)谓(wei)与时消息(xi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。纣(zhou)斮朝(chao)涉之(zhi)(zhi)胫(jing),天(tian)(tian)下谓(wei)为无(wu)道。夫九牧之(zhi)(zhi)地,千(qian)八(ba)百君(jun)(jun),若各刖一(yi)人,是天(tian)(tian)下常有千(qian)八(ba)百纣(zhou)也(ye)(ye)(ye),求(qiu)世休和,弗(fu)可得(de)已。且被刑之(zhi)(zhi)人,虑不(bu)念生,志(zhi)在思死,类多趋恶(e),莫复归正。夙沙乱齐(qi),伊戾祸宋(song),赵高、英布,为世大患。不(bu)能止人遂为非(fei)也(ye)(ye)(ye),适足绝人还(hai)为善耳。虽忠如(ru)鬻拳,信如(ru)卞和,智如(ru)孙(sun)膑,冤如(ru)巷伯,才(cai)如(ru)史(shi)迁,达(da)如(ru)子政,一(yi)罹刀锯,没世不(bu)齿。是太甲之(zhi)(zhi)思庸(yong),穆公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)霸秦,陈汤之(zhi)(zhi)都赖,魏尚之(zhi)(zhi)临边,无(wu)所(suo)复施也(ye)(ye)(ye)。汉开改恶(e)之(zhi)(zhi)路,凡为此(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故明德之(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun),远度深(shen)惟(wei),弃短就长(zhang),不(bu)苟革其政者也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”朝(chao)廷善之(zhi)(zhi),卒不(bu)改焉(yan)。
及(ji)魏国建,陈纪(ji)子(zi)群时(shi)为御史中丞,魏武帝(di)下令又(you)(you)欲复(fu)之,使群申其父论(lun)。群深陈其便。时(shi)钟(zhong)繇为相(xiang)国,亦赞成之,而奉(feng)常王脩(xiu)不(bu)同(tong)其议。魏武帝(di)亦难(nan)以(yi)籓国改(gai)汉朝之制,遂寝不(bu)行。于(yu)是乃定(ding)甲子(zi)科(ke),犯(fan)釱(di)左右趾者易以(yi)木械,是时(shi)乏(fa)铁,故(gu)易以(yi)木焉(yan)。又(you)(you)嫌(xian)汉律太重,故(gu)令依律论(lun)者听得(de)科(ke)半,使从半减也。
魏文帝(di)受禅,又议肉刑。详议未定,会有军事,复(fu)寝。时有大女刘(liu)硃,挝子(zi)妇酷暴,前后三妇自杀,论硃减死输作(zuo)尚方,因是(shi)下怨毒(du)杀人(ren)减死之(zhi)令(ling)。魏明帝(di)改士庶罚金(jin)之(zhi)令(ling),男听以罚金(jin),妇人(ren)加笞还从(cong)鞭督之(zhi)例,以其形体裸(luo)露故(gu)也(ye)。
是时承(cheng)用(yong)秦(qin)汉旧(jiu)律(lv)(lv),其文起自魏(wei)文侯师李(li)悝(kui)。悝(kui)撰(zhuan)(zhuan)次诸(zhu)国法,著《法经》。以为王者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政,莫急于(yu)盗(dao)贼(zei)(zei),故(gu)其律(lv)(lv)始于(yu)《盗(dao)贼(zei)(zei)》。盗(dao)贼(zei)(zei)须劾捕,故(gu)著《网捕》二(er)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)。其轻狡、越城、博戏、借假不(bu)(bu)廉、淫侈逾制(zhi)(zhi)以为《杂(za)律(lv)(lv)》一(yi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian),又以《具律(lv)(lv)》具其加减。是故(gu)所著六(liu)(liu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)而(er)已,然皆(jie)罪名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)也。商君(jun)受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以相秦(qin)。汉承(cheng)秦(qin)制(zhi)(zhi),萧何定(ding)律(lv)(lv),除参夷连(lian)坐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪,增部主(zhu)见知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条,益事(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)《兴(xing)》、《厩》、《户》三(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian),合(he)为九(jiu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)。叔孙通益律(lv)(lv)所不(bu)(bu)及,傍(bang)章(zhang)(zhang)十(shi)八(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)。张汤《越宫律(lv)(lv)》二(er)十(shi)七(qi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)。赵禹《朝律(lv)(lv)》六(liu)(liu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)。合(he)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)。又汉时决(jue)事(shi)(shi),集为《令(ling)甲》以下三(san)(san)百余(yu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian),及司(si)徒鲍公撰(zhuan)(zhuan)嫁娶(qu)辞讼决(jue)为《法比都目》,凡九(jiu)百六(liu)(liu)卷(juan)。世有(you)增损,率皆(jie)集类(lei)为篇(pian)(pian)(pian),结事(shi)(shi)为章(zhang)(zhang)。一(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中或(huo)事(shi)(shi)过数(shu)十(shi),事(shi)(shi)类(lei)虽同,轻重乖异。而(er)通条连(lian)句(ju),上(shang)(shang)下相蒙,虽大体(ti)异篇(pian)(pian)(pian),实相采(cai)入。《盗(dao)律(lv)(lv)》有(you)贼(zei)(zei)伤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例,《贼(zei)(zei)律(lv)(lv)》有(you)盗(dao)章(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文,《兴(xing)律(lv)(lv)》有(you)上(shang)(shang)狱(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,《厩律(lv)(lv)》有(you)逮捕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),若此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比,错(cuo)糅无(wu)常。后人生意(yi),各(ge)为章(zhang)(zhang)句(ju)。叔孙宣、郭令(ling)卿、马(ma)融(rong)、郑玄(xuan)诸(zhu)儒章(zhang)(zhang)句(ju)十(shi)有(you)余(yu)家,家数(shu)十(shi)万(wan)(wan)言。凡断罪所当由用(yong)者,合(he)二(er)万(wan)(wan)六(liu)(liu)千二(er)百七(qi)十(shi)二(er)条,七(qi)百七(qi)十(shi)三(san)(san)万(wan)(wan)二(er)千二(er)百余(yu)言,言数(shu)益繁,览者益难。天子于(yu)是下诏,但用(yong)郑氏章(zhang)(zhang)句(ju),不(bu)(bu)得杂(za)用(yong)余(yu)家。
卫觊又(you)奏曰(yue):“刑(xing)法(fa)者(zhe)(zhe),国家之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)贵重(zhong),而(er)私(si)议之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)轻(qing)贱;狱(yu)吏者(zhe)(zhe),百姓之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)悬命,而(er)选用者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)卑下(xia)。王政之(zhi)弊,未(wei)必不(bu)由此也。请(qing)置(zhi)律(lv)博士,转相教授(shou)。”事遂(sui)施行。然而(er)律(lv)文烦(fan)广,事比(bi)众多(duo),离本依末,决狱(yu)之(zhi)吏如廷尉狱(yu)吏范洪受囚(qiu)绢二(er)丈,附轻(qing)法(fa)论之(zhi),狱(yu)吏刘象受属偏考囚(qiu)张茂物(wu)故,附重(zhong)法(fa)论之(zhi)。洪、象虽皆(jie)弃市(shi),而(er)轻(qing)枉(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)相继。是(shi)时太傅钟繇又(you)上疏求复肉刑(xing),诏下(xia)其奏,司(si)徒王朗议又(you)不(bu)同。时议者(zhe)(zhe)百余人,与朗同者(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)。帝以吴(wu)蜀未(wei)平,又(you)寝。其后,天子又(you)下(xia)诏改定刑(xing)制,命司(si)空陈(chen)群(qun)、散(san)骑常侍(shi)刘邵、给事黄(huang)门侍(shi)郎韩逊(xun)、议郎庾嶷、中郎黄(huang)休、荀诜等(deng)删约旧科,傍采汉律(lv),定为魏法(fa),制《新律(lv)》十八篇(pian),《州(zhou)郡(jun)令(ling)(ling)》四十五篇(pian),《尚书官(guan)令(ling)(ling)》、《军中令(ling)(ling)》,合(he)百八十余篇(pian)。其序略曰(yue):
旧律(lv)所难知者,由(you)于六篇(pian)(pian)(pian)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)少故(gu)也。篇(pian)(pian)(pian)少则文荒,文荒则事寡,事寡则罪漏。是以后人稍增,更与本体相(xiang)离。今制新(xin)律(lv),宜都总事类(lei),多(duo)其篇(pian)(pian)(pian)条。
旧律(lv)因秦《法经》,就增三篇,而《具律(lv)》不移,因在第六。罪(zui)条例既不在始,又不在终,非篇章之义。故集罪(zui)例以为《刑(xing)名》,冠于律(lv)首(shou)。
《盗(dao)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)劫略(lve)、恐猲、和卖(mai)买人,科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)持质(zhi),皆非盗(dao)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分(fen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《劫略(lve)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。《贼律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)欺谩、诈伪、逾(yu)封、矫制(zhi)、《囚(qiu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)诈伪生(sheng)死,《令(ling)丙》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)诈自复(fu)免,事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)类众多(duo),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《诈律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。《贼律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)贼伐树木(mu)、杀(sha)伤(shang)人畜产及(ji)诸亡印,《金布(bu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毁伤(shang)亡失县(xian)官财物,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《毁亡律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。《囚(qiu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)告(gao)劾、传(chuan)覆,《厩律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)告(gao)反(fan)逮受,科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)登闻道辞,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《告(gao)劾律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。《囚(qiu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)系囚(qiu)、鞫狱(yu)、断狱(yu)之(zhi)法,《兴(xing)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)上狱(yu)之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)考(kao)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)报(bao)谳,宜(yi)别为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)篇,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《系讯(xun)》、《断狱(yu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。《盗(dao)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)受所(suo)监(jian)受财枉法,《杂(za)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)假借不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)廉,《令(ling)乙》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)呵人受钱(qian),科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)使者(zhe)(zhe)验(yan)(yan)赂(lu),其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相类,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《请(qing)赇(qiu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。《盗(dao)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)勃(bo)辱强贼,《兴(xing)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)擅兴(xing)徭役(yi),《具(ju)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)出卖(mai)呈(cheng),科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)擅作修(xiu)舍(she)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《兴(xing)擅律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。《兴(xing)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)乏(fa)徭稽留(liu),《贼律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)储峙不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辨,《厩律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)乏(fa)军(jun)之(zhi)兴(xing),及(ji)旧典有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)奉诏(zhao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)谨、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)承用诏(zhao)书,汉(han)氏施行有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)小愆之(zhi)反(fan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如令(ling),辄劾以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)承用诏(zhao)书乏(fa)军(jun)要斩,又减以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《丁酉诏(zhao)书》,《丁酉诏(zhao)书》,汉(han)文所(suo)下(xia),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)复(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)别为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)《留(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。秦世(shi)旧有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)厩置、乘(cheng)传(chuan)、副车(che)、食厨,汉(han)初承秦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改,后(hou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)费广稍省,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)汉(han)但设(she)骑置而无(wu)(wu)车(che)马,则(ze)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)犹著(zhu)其(qi)(qi)文,则(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虚设(she),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)除《厩律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》,取其(qi)(qi)可用合科(ke)(ke)(ke)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《邮驿(yi)令(ling)》。其(qi)(qi)告(gao)反(fan)逮验(yan)(yan),别入《告(gao)劾律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。上言变事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《变事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)令(ling)》,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)惊事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)告(gao)急,与《兴(xing)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》烽燧(sui)及(ji)科(ke)(ke)(ke)令(ling)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《惊事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。《盗(dao)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)还赃畀主(zhu),《金布(bu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)罚赎入责以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)呈(cheng)黄金为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)价,科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)平(ping)庸坐(zuo)赃事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《偿赃律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)之(zhi)初制(zhi),无(wu)(wu)免坐(zuo)之(zhi)文,张汤、赵(zhao)禹始作监(jian)临部主(zhu)、见知故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)纵之(zhi)例。其(qi)(qi)见知而故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)举劾,各(ge)与同罪,失不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)举劾,各(ge)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赎论,其(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)坐(zuo)也,是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文约而例通。科(ke)(ke)(ke)之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)制(zhi),每条(tiao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)违科(ke)(ke)(ke),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)觉不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知,从坐(zuo)之(zhi)免,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)复(fu)分(fen)别,而免坐(zuo)繁(fan)多(duo),宜(yi)总为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)免例,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)省科(ke)(ke)(ke)文,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)更(geng)制(zhi)定(ding)其(qi)(qi)由例,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《免坐(zuo)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)》。诸律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)令(ling)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)教制(zhi),本(ben)条(tiao)无(wu)(wu)从坐(zuo)之(zhi)文者(zhe)(zhe),皆从此取法也。凡所(suo)定(ding)增(zeng)十三(san)篇,就(jiu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)五篇,合十八篇,于正律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)九篇为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)增(zeng),于旁章科(ke)(ke)(ke)令(ling)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)省矣。
改(gai)(gai)汉(han)旧律不(bu)(bu)行于魏者皆除(chu)之(zhi),更依(yi)古义制(zhi)为五(wu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)。其死刑(xing)(xing)(xing)有三,髡刑(xing)(xing)(xing)有四,完刑(xing)(xing)(xing)、作刑(xing)(xing)(xing)各三,赎刑(xing)(xing)(xing)十一,罚金六,杂(za)抵罪七(qi),凡(fan)三十七(qi)名,以(yi)(yi)(yi)为律首。又改(gai)(gai)《贼律》,但以(yi)(yi)(yi)言语(yu)及(ji)犯宗庙园(yuan)陵(ling),谓之(zhi)大(da)逆无道,要(yao)斩(zhan),家属从坐(zuo),不(bu)(bu)及(ji)祖父母、孙。至于谋反(fan)大(da)逆,临时(shi)捕之(zhi),或汙潴,或枭菹(zu),夷(yi)其三族,不(bu)(bu)在律令,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)严(yan)绝(jue)恶(e)迹(ji)也(ye)(ye)。贼斗杀(sha)(sha)人,以(yi)(yi)(yi)劾(he)而亡,许依(yi)古义,听子(zi)弟得(de)追杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)。会赦及(ji)过误相杀(sha)(sha),不(bu)(bu)得(de)报仇,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)止杀(sha)(sha)害也(ye)(ye)。正(zheng)杀(sha)(sha)继(ji)母,与亲母同,防继(ji)假(jia)之(zhi)隙也(ye)(ye)。除(chu)异子(zi)之(zhi)科(ke),使(shi)父子(zi)无异财也(ye)(ye)。欧兄姊加(jia)至五(wu)岁刑(xing)(xing)(xing),以(yi)(yi)(yi)明教化也(ye)(ye)。囚(qiu)(qiu)徒诬(wu)告(gao)人反(fan),罪及(ji)亲属,异于善人,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)累(lei)之(zhi)使(shi)省刑(xing)(xing)(xing)息(xi)诬(wu)也(ye)(ye)。改(gai)(gai)投书(shu)弃市(shi)(shi)之(zhi)科(ke),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)轻(qing)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。正(zheng)篡(cuan)囚(qiu)(qiu)弃市(shi)(shi)之(zhi)罪,断凶强为义之(zhi)踪(zong)也(ye)(ye)。二(er)岁刑(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,除(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)家人乞鞫(ju)之(zhi)制(zhi),省所(suo)(suo)烦狱也(ye)(ye)。改(gai)(gai)诸郡不(bu)(bu)得(de)自择伏日(ri),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)齐风俗(su)也(ye)(ye)。
斯皆(jie)魏世所改,其大(da)略如是。其后(hou)正始之间,天下无事,于是征(zheng)西将军(jun)夏侯玄、河南尹李胜、中领军(jun)曹(cao)羲、尚书丁谧又追(zhui)议(yi)肉刑,卒(zu)不能决(jue)。其文甚(shen)多,不载。
及景帝辅(fu)政,是时魏法(fa),犯大逆者(zhe)诛及已出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女(nv)(nv)。毋丘俭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛,其子(zi)甸妻荀氏(shi)应坐(zuo)死,其族(zu)(zu)兄顗与景帝姻(yin),通表魏帝,以(yi)匄其命。诏听离婚。荀氏(shi)所(suo)生女(nv)(nv)芝(zhi),为(wei)(wei)颍(ying)川(chuan)太(tai)守刘子(zi)元妻,亦坐(zuo)死,以(yi)怀妊系狱。荀氏(shi)辞(ci)诣司(si)隶校尉何(he)曾(ceng)乞恩,求没(mei)为(wei)(wei)官婢,以(yi)赎芝(zhi)命。曾(ceng)哀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使主簿程(cheng)咸上议曰:“夫司(si)寇作典,建(jian)三(san)等之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制;甫侯修刑,通轻重(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。叔世(shi)多变,秦立重(zhong)辟,汉(han)又修之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。大魏承秦汉(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,未及革制,所(suo)以(yi)追戮(lu)已出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女(nv)(nv),诚欲殄丑(chou)类之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族(zu)(zu)也。然则(ze)法(fa)贵得(de)中,刑慎过制。臣(chen)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)女(nv)(nv)人有(you)三(san)从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,无自专之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),出(chu)适他族(zu)(zu),还(hai)丧(sang)父母(mu),降其服纪,所(suo)以(yi)明外(wai)成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节,异在室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩。而(er)父母(mu)有(you)罪(zui),追刑已出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女(nv)(nv);夫党见(jian)诛,又有(you)随姓(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戮(lu)。一人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)身,内外(wai)受(shou)辟。今女(nv)(nv)既嫁,则(ze)为(wei)(wei)异姓(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻;如或产育,则(ze)为(wei)(wei)他族(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu),此为(wei)(wei)元恶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)忽。戮(lu)无辜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)重(zhong),于防则(ze)不足惩奸乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan),于情则(ze)伤孝子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心。男不得(de)罪(zui)于他族(zu)(zu),而(er)女(nv)(nv)独婴戮(lu)于二门,非所(suo)以(yi)哀矜女(nv)(nv)弱,蠲明法(fa)制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本分也。臣(chen)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)在室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女(nv)(nv),从(cong)父母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诛;既醮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妇(fu),从(cong)夫家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罚。宜改旧科(ke),以(yi)为(wei)(wei)永制。”于是有(you)诏改定律令(ling)。
文帝(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)晋王,患前代律(lv)(lv)令(ling)(ling)(ling)本(ben)注(zhu)烦杂,陈群(qun)、刘邵虽经改革,而科网(wang)本(ben)密(mi),又(you)叔孙、郭、马、杜诸(zhu)儒(ru)章句,但取郑(zheng)氏,又(you)为(wei)(wei)(wei)偏党,未可(ke)承用(yong)。于(yu)是(shi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)贾(jia)充定法(fa)律(lv)(lv),令(ling)(ling)(ling)与太傅郑(zheng)冲、司徒(tu)荀(xun)顗、中(zhong)(zhong)书监荀(xun)勖、中(zhong)(zhong)军将军羊祜、中(zhong)(zhong)护军王业、廷(ting)尉(wei)(wei)杜友、守河南尹杜预、散骑(qi)(qi)侍郎(lang)裴(pei)楷(kai)、颍川太守周雄、齐相(xiang)(xiang)郭颀、骑(qi)(qi)都(dou)尉(wei)(wei)成(cheng)公(gong)绥、尚书郎(lang)柳轨及吏部令(ling)(ling)(ling)史荣邵等十四(si)人典其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),就汉九章增十一(yi)篇(pian),仍其(qi)(qi)(qi)族(zu)类,正其(qi)(qi)(qi)体号,改旧律(lv)(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)《刑名》、《法(fa)例》,辨《囚律(lv)(lv)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)《告劾》、《系讯(xun)》、《断狱》,分《盗律(lv)(lv)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)《请赇》、《诈伪(wei)》、《水火》、《毁亡》,因事(shi)(shi)(shi)类为(wei)(wei)(wei)《卫宫》、《违制(zhi)》,撰《周官》为(wei)(wei)(wei)《诸(zhu)侯律(lv)(lv)》,合二(er)(er)十篇(pian),六百(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十条,二(er)(er)万(wan)(wan)七千(qian)六百(bai)(bai)五十七言。蠲(juan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)苛秽,存其(qi)(qi)(qi)清约(yue),事(shi)(shi)(shi)从中(zhong)(zhong)典,归于(yu)益时(shi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)余(yu)(yu)未宜除者,若军事(shi)(shi)(shi)、田(tian)农、酤(gu)酒(jiu),未得(de)皆从人心,权设(she)其(qi)(qi)(qi)法(fa),太平当(dang)除,故(gu)不(bu)(bu)入(ru)律(lv)(lv),悉以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)令(ling)(ling)(ling)。施行(xing)制(zhi)度,以(yi)此设(she)教,违令(ling)(ling)(ling)有罪(zui)则入(ru)律(lv)(lv)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)常(chang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)式章程,各(ge)还其(qi)(qi)(qi)府,为(wei)(wei)(wei)故(gu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。减枭斩(zhan)族(zu)诛从坐之(zhi)(zhi)条,除谋反適养母(mu)出女嫁(jia)皆不(bu)(bu)复还坐父母(mu)弃市,省(sheng)禁固相(xiang)(xiang)告之(zhi)(zhi)条,去捕亡、亡没为(wei)(wei)(wei)官奴婢(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)。轻过误老少女人当(dang)罚(fa)金(jin)杖(zhang)罚(fa)者,皆令(ling)(ling)(ling)半之(zhi)(zhi)。重奸伯叔母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling),弃市。淫寡女,三岁刑。崇(chong)嫁(jia)娶之(zhi)(zhi)要,一(yi)以(yi)下(xia)娉为(wei)(wei)(wei)正,不(bu)(bu)理私约(yue)。峻礼教之(zhi)(zhi)防(fang),准五服以(yi)制(zhi)罪(zui)也(ye)。凡律(lv)(lv)令(ling)(ling)(ling)合二(er)(er)千(qian)九百(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十六条,十二(er)(er)万(wan)(wan)六千(qian)三百(bai)(bai)言,六十卷,故(gu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)三十卷。泰(tai)始(shi)三年(nian),事(shi)(shi)(shi)毕,表(biao)上(shang)。武帝(di)诏曰(yue):“昔萧何(he)以(yi)定律(lv)(lv)令(ling)(ling)(ling)受封,叔孙通(tong)制(zhi)仪为(wei)(wei)(wei)奉常(chang),赐金(jin)五百(bai)(bai)斤,弟(di)子(zi)百(bai)(bai)人皆为(wei)(wei)(wei)郎(lang)。夫立功立事(shi)(shi)(shi),古今之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)重,宜加禄(lu)赏(shang),其(qi)(qi)(qi)详考差叙。辄如诏简异弟(di)子(zi)百(bai)(bai)人,随才(cai)品(pin)(pin)用(yong),赏(shang)帛万(wan)(wan)余(yu)(yu)匹(pi)。”武帝(di)亲(qin)自临讲,使(shi)裴(pei)楷(kai)执读。四(si)年(nian)正月(yue),大赦天下(xia),乃班新律(lv)(lv)。
其(qi)(qi)后,明法掾(yuan)张裴又(you)注(zhu)律(lv),表(biao)上之,其(qi)(qi)要曰:
律始于《刑名(ming)》者,所以定(ding)罪制也;终于《诸侯》者,所以毕其(qi)政也。王政布(bu)于上,诸侯奉于下,礼乐抚于中(zhong),故有(you)三才之义焉,其(qi)相须而成,若一体焉。
《刑名(ming)》所以经略罪法之(zhi)轻(qing)重,正加(jia)减之(zhi)等差,明发众篇(pian)之(zhi)多义,补其(qi)(qi)章条之(zhi)不足,较举上下纲(gang)领。其(qi)(qi)犯盗贼、诈伪、请赇者,则求罪于(yu)此,作(zuo)役、水火、畜养(yang)、守备之(zhi)细事,皆(jie)求之(zhi)作(zuo)本名(ming)。告讯(xun)为之(zhi)心(xin)舌,捕系为之(zhi)手足,断狱为之(zhi)定罪,名(ming)例齐(qi)其(qi)(qi)制。自始及(ji)终,往而不穷,变动无(wu)常(chang),周流四极,上下无(wu)方,不离于(yu)法律之(zhi)中也。
其知而(er)犯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故,意(yi)以为然谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失(shi),违忠欺上(shang)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谩,背(bei)信藏巧谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诈,亏礼废节(jie)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不敬,两(liang)讼相趣谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)斗,两(liang)和相害谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戏(xi),无变斩(zhan)击谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贼,不意(yi)误犯谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过失(shi),逆(ni)节(jie)绝理谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不道,陵上(shang)僭贵谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恶逆(ni),将害未发(fa)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戕(qiang),唱首先言谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造意(yi),二人对议谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谋,制众建(jian)计(ji)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)率,不和谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)强,攻恶谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)略,三人谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群,取非其物谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盗,货财之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赃:凡二十(shi)者,律义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)较名也。
夫律者,当(dang)(dang)慎其(qi)变(bian),审(shen)其(qi)理。若不承用诏(zhao)书,无故(gu)失之刑(xing)(xing),当(dang)(dang)从赎。谋反之同(tong)伍(wu),实不知(zhi)情,当(dang)(dang)从刑(xing)(xing)。此故(gu)失之变(bian)也。卑与尊斗,皆(jie)为(wei)(wei)贼(zei)(zei)。斗之加兵刃(ren)水火中,不得(de)为(wei)(wei)戏,戏之重也。向人(ren)(ren)室庐道(dao)径射,不得(de)为(wei)(wei)过(guo),失之禁(jin)也。都城人(ren)(ren)众中走(zou)马杀人(ren)(ren),当(dang)(dang)为(wei)(wei)贼(zei)(zei),贼(zei)(zei)之似(si)也。过(guo)失似(si)贼(zei)(zei),戏似(si)斗,斗而杀伤傍人(ren)(ren),又似(si)误,盗伤缚(fu)守似(si)强盗,呵(he)人(ren)(ren)取财似(si)受赇,囚(qiu)辞所(suo)连(lian)似(si)告劾,诸勿(wu)听理似(si)故(gu)纵,持质似(si)恐猲。如(ru)此之比,皆(jie)为(wei)(wei)无常之格也。
五(wu)刑不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)简,正(zheng)(zheng)于五(wu)罚,五(wu)罚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)服,正(zheng)(zheng)于五(wu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),意善功(gong)恶(e),以(yi)(yi)金(jin)赎(shu)之。故律制,生罪(zui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)十四等,死刑不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三(san),徒加不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)六(liu),囚加不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu),累(lei)(lei)作不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)十一岁,累(lei)(lei)笞不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)千二百,刑等不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一岁,金(jin)等不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)四两(liang)。月(yue)赎(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)计(ji)日(ri),日(ri)作不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拘月(yue),岁数不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)疑(yi)闰。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)加至死,并(bing)死不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)复加。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)累(lei)(lei)者(zhe)(zhe),故有并(bing)数;不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)并(bing)数,乃累(lei)(lei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)加。以(yi)(yi)加论(lun)者(zhe)(zhe),但得其(qi)(qi)(qi)加;与加同(tong)者(zhe)(zhe),连得其(qi)(qi)(qi)本。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在次(ci)者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)通论(lun)。以(yi)(yi)人(ren)得罪(zui)与人(ren)同(tong),以(yi)(yi)法得罪(zui)与法同(tong)。侵生害死,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)齐其(qi)(qi)(qi)防;亲疏公私,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)常其(qi)(qi)(qi)教。礼乐崇于上,故降(jiang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)刑;刑法闲于下,故全其(qi)(qi)(qi)法。是故尊卑叙,仁义明,九族亲,王道平也。
律有(you)事状相(xiang)似(si)而罪名相(xiang)涉者(zhe)(zhe),若(ruo)加(jia)威(wei)势(shi)下手取(qu)财为(wei)强盗,不自(zi)知亡为(wei)缚守,将中(zhong)有(you)恶言为(wei)恐猲,不以罪名呵为(wei)呵人(ren),以罪名呵为(wei)受赇(qiu),劫召(zhao)其财为(wei)持质。此六者(zhe)(zhe),以威(wei)势(shi)得财而名殊者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。即不求自(zi)与(yu)为(wei)受求,所监求而后取(qu)为(wei)盗赃,输(shu)入呵受为(wei)留难,敛人(ren)财物(wu)积藏(zang)于官为(wei)擅赋(fu),加(jia)欧击(ji)之为(wei)戮辱(ru)。诸如此类,皆(jie)为(wei)以威(wei)势(shi)得财而罪相(xiang)似(si)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。
夫刑者,司理之官;理者,求(qiu)情(qing)(qing)之机,情(qing)(qing)者,心神之使。心感则情(qing)(qing)动于(yu)中,而(er)形于(yu)言(yan)?暢于(yu)四(si)支,发于(yu)事业。是故奸(jian)人心愧而(er)面赤,内怖而(er)色夺。论(lun)罪者务(wu)本(ben)其(qi)心,审其(qi)情(qing)(qing),精其(qi)事,近取诸(zhu)身(shen),远取诸(zhu)物,然后乃可(ke)以正刑。仰手(shou)(shou)似(si)乞,俯手(shou)(shou)似(si)夺,捧手(shou)(shou)似(si)谢,拟手(shou)(shou)似(si)诉,拱(gong)臂似(si)自(zi)首(shou),攘臂似(si)格斗,矜庄似(si)威,怡悦似(si)福,喜(xi)怒(nu)(nu)忧欢,貌在声色。奸(jian)真猛弱(ruo),候在视息。出(chu)口(kou)有(you)言(yan)当为(wei)(wei)告,下手(shou)(shou)有(you)禁(jin)当为(wei)(wei)贼(zei)(zei),喜(xi)子(zi)杀(sha)怒(nu)(nu)子(zi)当为(wei)(wei)戏,怒(nu)(nu)子(zi)杀(sha)喜(xi)子(zi)当为(wei)(wei)贼(zei)(zei)。诸(zhu)如此(ci)类,自(zi)非至精不能极其(qi)理也。
律(lv)之(zhi)名例,非正文而分明也(ye)(ye)。若八十(shi),非杀伤(shang)人(ren)(ren),他皆(jie)勿论,即诬告(gao)谋反者反坐。十(shi)岁,不(bu)得告(gao)言人(ren)(ren);即奴婢(bi)捍主(zhu),主(zhu)得谒杀之(zhi)。贼(zei)燔人(ren)(ren)庐舍(she)积(ji)聚,盗赃(zang)五匹以上,弃市;即燔官府(fu)积(ji)聚盗,亦当与同。欧(ou)人(ren)(ren)教令(ling)者与同罪,即令(ling)人(ren)(ren)欧(ou)其父(fu)母,不(bu)可与行者同得重(zhong)也(ye)(ye)。若得遗物强(qiang)取(qu)强(qiang)乞之(zhi)类,无还赃(zang)法随例畀之(zhi)文。法律(lv)中诸(zhu)不(bu)敬,违仪失式(shi),及犯(fan)罪为公为私,赃(zang)入身不(bu)入身,皆(jie)随事轻重(zhong)取(qu)法,以例求(qiu)其名也(ye)(ye)。
夫(fu)理(li)者,精玄之妙,不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)方行也(ye);律者,幽理(li)之奥,不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)体守(shou)也(ye)。或(huo)计(ji)过(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)配罪,或(huo)化(hua)略以(yi)(yi)(yi)循常,或(huo)随事以(yi)(yi)(yi)尽情,或(huo)趣舍以(yi)(yi)(yi)从时(shi),或(huo)推重以(yi)(yi)(yi)立防(fang),或(huo)引轻(qing)而就下。公私(si)废避之宜,除削重轻(qing)之变,皆所以(yi)(yi)(yi)临时(shi)观衅(xin),使用法执诠者幽于(yu)未制之中(zhong),采其根牙(ya)之微,致(zhi)之于(yu)机(ji)格之上,称轻(qing)重于(yu)豪铢,考辈类于(yu)参伍,然后乃可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)直(zhi)刑正。
夫奉圣典者(zhe)若操(cao)刀(dao)执绳,刀(dao)妄加则伤物,绳妄弹则侵直(zhi)。枭首(shou)者(zhe)恶之(zhi)(zhi)长,斩刑者(zhe)罪之(zhi)(zhi)大,弃市者(zhe)死之(zhi)(zhi)下,髡作(zuo)者(zhe)刑之(zhi)(zhi)威,赎罚者(zhe)误之(zhi)(zhi)诫。王(wang)(wang)者(zhe)立此五刑,所以宝(bao)君子(zi)而逼小人(ren),故为(wei)敕慎(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)经,皆拟《周易(yi)》有变通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)焉。欲令提(ti)纲(gang)而大道清,举略而王(wang)(wang)法齐(qi),其旨远(yuan),其辞(ci)文,其言曲而中,其事肆(si)而隐。通(tong)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)志唯(wei)(wei)忠也(ye),断天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)疑(yi)唯(wei)(wei)文也(ye),切天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)情唯(wei)(wei)远(yuan)也(ye),弥天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)务唯(wei)(wei)大也(ye),变无常体(ti)唯(wei)(wei)理也(ye),非(fei)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)贤(xian)圣,孰能与于斯!
夫刑而(er)上者(zhe)(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,刑而(er)下者(zhe)(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器,化(hua)而(er)裁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)格。刑杀(sha)者(zhe)(zhe)是冬震(zhen)曜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象,髡罪者(zhe)(zhe)似秋(qiu)雕落之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变,赎(shu)失者(zhe)(zhe)是春阳悔吝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。五刑成章,辄相(xiang)依准(zhun),法律(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义焉。
是时(shi)侍中(zhong)卢珽、中(zhong)书(shu)侍郎张华又表:“抄《新(xin)律(lv)》诸(zhu)死罪条目,悬之(zhi)亭传(chuan),以示兆庶。”有诏(zhao)从之(zhi)。
及刘(liu)颂为廷(ting)尉,频表宜复肉(rou)刑(xing),不见省(sheng),又上言曰:
臣昔上行肉刑,从(cong)来(lai)积年,遂寝(qin)不论。臣窃以为议者拘孝文之(zhi)小仁,而轻(qing)违圣王之(zhi)典刑,未详之(zhi)甚(shen),莫过于此(ci)。
今(jin)死刑(xing)重,故非(fei)命者(zhe)众;生刑(xing)轻,故罪(zui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)禁(jin)奸。所(suo)以然者(zhe),肉刑(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)致也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)徒(tu)者(zhe),类性元恶不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)轨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族也(ye)(ye),去家(jia)悬(xuan)远,作役(yi)山谷,饥(ji)寒(han)切身(shen),志(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聊生,虽(sui)有廉士介者(zhe),苟虑不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)首死,则(ze)皆为(wei)(wei)(wei)盗贼(zei),岂况本(ben)性奸凶(xiong)无赖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)乎!又(you)令徒(tu)富者(zhe)输财(cai),解日归(gui)家(jia),乃无役(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)。贫者(zhe)起为(wei)(wei)(wei)奸盗,又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)制(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虏也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)刑(xing),则(ze)罪(zui)无所(suo)禁(jin);不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)制(zhi),则(ze)群恶横肆。为(wei)(wei)(wei)法若此,近不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽善也(ye)(ye)。是以徒(tu)亡日属,贼(zei)盗日烦(fan),亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数者(zhe)至有十(shi)数,得(de)辄加刑(xing),日益一岁(sui),此为(wei)(wei)(wei)终(zhong)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)也(ye)(ye)。自顾(gu)反善无期,而灾困逼身(shen),其志(zhi)亡思盗,势(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)息,事使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)然也(ye)(ye)。
古者用刑(xing)以止刑(xing),今反(fan)于此。诸重犯亡(wang)者,发过三(san)寸辄(zhe)重髡之,此以刑(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)刑(xing);加作一岁(sui),此以徒(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)徒(tu)也(ye)。亡(wang)者积多(duo),系囚猥畜。议者曰(yue)囚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)赦,复(fu)从而(er)赦之,此为(wei)刑(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)制罪(zui),法不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)胜(sheng)奸。下知法之不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)胜(sheng),相聚(ju)而(er)谋为(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)轨,月异(yi)而(er)岁(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同。故自顷(qing)年以来(lai),奸恶陵暴,所在充斥(chi)。议者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)深思此故,而(er)曰(yue)肉刑(xing)于名(ming)忤听,忤听孰(shu)与(yu)贼盗(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)禁?
圣(sheng)王之(zhi)(zhi)制肉(rou)刑,远有(you)深理,其(qi)事(shi)可得而言,非(fei)徒(tu)惩其(qi)畏剥割之(zhi)(zhi)痛而不(bu)为(wei)(wei)也(ye),乃去其(qi)为(wei)(wei)恶之(zhi)(zhi)具,使夫奸人无(wu)用(yong)复(fu)肆其(qi)志,止奸绝(jue)本,理之(zhi)(zhi)尽也(ye)。亡者刖足(zu),无(wu)所(suo)用(yong)复(fu)亡。盗(dao)者截手,无(wu)所(suo)用(yong)复(fu)盗(dao)。淫者割其(qi)势(shi),理亦如之(zhi)(zhi)。除恶塞(sai)源(yuan),莫善于此,非(fei)徒(tu)然也(ye)。此等已刑之(zhi)(zhi)后,便各归家,父母妻子(zi),共相养恤,不(bu)流(liu)离于涂路。有(you)今之(zhi)(zhi)困,创(chuang)愈可役(yi),上准古(gu)制,随宜业作,虽已刑残,不(bu)为(wei)(wei)虚弃(qi),而所(suo)患都塞(sai),又生育繁阜之(zhi)(zhi)道自若也(ye)。
今(jin)宜取(qu)死刑(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)限轻,及三犯逃亡淫盗,悉以(yi)肉刑(xing)(xing)(xing)代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)三岁刑(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)下,已自(zi)杖罚(fa)遣(qian),又宜制其(qi)(qi)(qi)罚(fa)数(shu),使(shi)有常限,不(bu)得减(jian)此(ci)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)有宜重者,又任之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)长(zhang)。应四五(wu)岁刑(xing)(xing)(xing)者,皆(jie)髡笞,笞至(zhi)一百(bai),稍(shao)行,使(shi)各(ge)有差(cha),悉不(bu)复(fu)居作。然(ran)后刑(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)复(fu)生刑(xing)(xing)(xing),徒不(bu)复(fu)生徒,而(er)残体(ti)为戳(chuo),终身作诫。人见其(qi)(qi)(qi)痛,畏而(er)不(bu)犯,必数(shu)倍于(yu)今(jin)。且为恶(e)(e)者随(sui)发被(bei)刑(xing)(xing)(xing),去其(qi)(qi)(qi)为恶(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具,此(ci)为诸(zhu)已刑(xing)(xing)(xing)者皆(jie)良士也(ye),岂与全(quan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)为奸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手足,而(er)蹴居必死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穷地同(tong)哉!而(er)犹曰(yue)肉刑(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)可(ke)用,臣窃(qie)以(yi)为不(bu)识务(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚也(ye)。
臣昔常侍左右,数闻(wen)明诏(zhao),谓肉刑(xing)宜(yi)用(yong),事(shi)便于(yu)政(zheng)。愿(yuan)陛(bi)下信独见(jian)(jian)之(zhi)断,使夫能者(zhe)得(de)奉圣虑(lv),行之(zhi)于(yu)今(jin)。比(bi)填沟壑(he),冀见(jian)(jian)太平。《周礼》三(san)(san)赦(she)(she)三(san)(san)宥(you),施于(yu)老幼悼耄,黔黎不(bu)属逮者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)非为恶之(zhi)所出,故刑(xing)法逆(ni)舍(she)而宥(you)之(zhi)。至(zhi)于(yu)自(zi)非此(ci)(ci)族(zu),犯罪则必刑(xing)而无(wu)赦(she)(she),此(ci)(ci)政(zheng)之(zhi)理也(ye)。暨至(zhi)后世(shi),以(yi)时嶮多难,因(yin)赦(she)(she)解(jie)结,权以(yi)行之(zhi),又不(bu)以(yi)宽罪人也(ye)。至(zhi)今(jin)恆以(yi)罪积(ji)狱繁,赦(she)(she)以(yi)散之(zhi),是以(yi)赦(she)(she)愈数而狱愈塞,如此(ci)(ci)不(bu)已,将(jiang)至(zhi)不(bu)胜。原(yuan)其所由,内刑(xing)不(bu)用(yong)之(zhi)故也(ye)。今(jin)行肉刑(xing),非徒不(bu)积(ji),且为恶无(wu)具则奸息。去此(ci)(ci)二(er)端,狱不(bu)得(de)繁,故无(wu)取于(yu)数赦(she)(she),于(yu)政(zheng)体胜矣。
疏上,又不见省。
至惠帝之世,政出(chu)群下,每有(you)疑(yi)狱,各立(li)私情,刑法不定,狱讼繁滋(zi)。尚书(shu)裴(pei)頠表(biao)陈之曰:
夫天下(xia)之(zhi)事多涂(tu),非(fei)(fei)一(yi)司(si)之(zhi)所(suo)管(guan);中才之(zhi)情易扰,赖恆制而后(hou)定。先(xian)王知其(qi)所(suo)以(yi)然(ran)也(ye)(ye),是以(yi)辨(bian)方分职,为之(zhi)准局。准局既立,各(ge)掌其(qi)务,刑赏相称,轻重无二,故(gu)下(xia)听有(you)常,群(qun)吏安业(ye)也(ye)(ye)。旧宫掖陵庙(miao)有(you)水火毁伤之(zhi)变,然(ran)后(hou)尚书乃躬(gong)自奔赴(fu),其(qi)非(fei)(fei)此(ci)也(ye)(ye),皆(jie)止于郎令(ling)史而已(yi)。刑罚所(suo)加(jia),各(ge)有(you)常刑。
去元康四年,大(da)风(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)后,庙阙(que)屋瓦(wa)(wa)有数枚倾(qing)落,免太常(chang)荀寓。于时(shi)以严(yan)诏(zhao)所谴,莫敢据正(zheng)。然内外之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),佥谓事(shi)轻责重(zhong),有违(wei)于常(chang)。会五年二(er)月(yue)有大(da)风(feng),主(zhu)者(zhe)惩惧前事(shi)。臣(chen)新拜(bai)尚书(shu)始(shi)三日,本(ben)曹尚书(shu)有疾,权令兼(jian)出,按行(xing)(xing)兰(lan)台。主(zhu)者(zhe)乃瞻(zhan)望阿栋之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),求索瓦(wa)(wa)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)正(zheng)者(zhe),得(de)(de)(de)栋上瓦(wa)(wa)小(xiao)邪(xie)十五处。或是始(shi)瓦(wa)(wa)时(shi)邪(xie),盖不(bu)足言,风(feng)起仓卒,台官(guan)更往,太常(chang)按行(xing)(xing),不(bu)及得(de)(de)(de)周,文书(shu)未至之(zhi)(zhi)顷(qing),便竞(jing)相禁止。臣(chen)以权兼(jian)暂出,出还便罢,不(bu)复得(de)(de)(de)穷其(qi)事(shi)。而本(ben)曹据执,却问无已。臣(chen)时(shi)具加解遣,而主(zhu)者(zhe)畏(wei)咎,不(bu)从臣(chen)言,禁止太常(chang),复兴刑(xing)狱(yu)。
昔(xi)汉氏有(you)盗庙玉环(huan)者,文帝欲族诛,释之但(dan)处以(yi)死刑,曰(yue):“若侵长(zhang)陵一抔土,何以(yi)复加?”文帝从之。大晋(jin)垂制,深(shen)惟经远(yuan),山(shan)陵不封,园邑不饰,墓而不坟,同乎(hu)山(shan)壤,是以(yi)丘阪(ban)存其(qi)陈(chen)草,使(shi)齐(qi)乎(hu)中(zhong)原矣。虽(sui)陵兆尊严,唯(wei)毁发然(ran)后族之,此(ci)古典也。若登践犯(fan)损,失尽敬之道,事止刑罪可也。
去八年(nian),奴听教加诬周龙(long)烧草,廷尉遂奏族龙(long),一门(men)八口并命。会龙(long)狱(yu)翻,然后得免。考之(zhi)情理,准(zhun)之(zhi)前训,所处实重(zhong)。今年(nian)八月,陵上荆一枝围七寸二分(fen)者被斫,司徒太(tai)常,奔(ben)走道(dao)路,虽(sui)知(zhi)事小(xiao),而案(an)劾难测,搔(sao)扰驱驰(chi),各竞(jing)免负,于今太(tai)常禁止未解。近(jin)日太(tai)祝(zhu)署失(shi)火,烧屋三间半。署在(zai)庙北(bei),隔道(dao)在(zai)重(zhong)墙(qiang)之(zhi)内,又即(ji)已(yi)灭,频(pin)为诏旨(zhi)所问(wen)。主者以诏旨(zhi)使问(wen)频(pin)繁,便(bian)责尚书不即(ji)案(an)行(xing),辄禁止,尚书免,皆在(zai)法(fa)外(wai)。
刑(xing)(xing)书之(zhi)(zhi)文有限(xian),而舛违之(zhi)(zhi)故无方(fang),故有临(lin)时(shi)议处之(zhi)(zhi)制,诚不(bu)能皆得循常也。至于此等,皆为过当,每相(xiang)逼(bi)迫,不(bu)得以(yi)理,上替圣朝画一之(zhi)(zhi)德,下损崇礼(li)大臣之(zhi)(zhi)望。臣愚以(yi)为犯陵上草木(mu),不(bu)应(ying)乃用同(tong)产异刑(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)制。按行奏劾,应(ying)有定准,相(xiang)承(cheng)务(wu)重,体例遂亏。或因余事,得容浅深。
頠(wei)虽有(you)此(ci)表(biao),曲议犹不止。时刘(liu)颂为三公尚(shang)书,又上疏曰:
自(zi)近世以来,法渐多门,令甚不一(yi)。臣今(jin)备掌刑(xing)断(duan),职(zhi)思其忧,谨具启闻。
臣窃伏(fu)惟陛下为(wei)政,每尽(jin)善(shan),故事(shi)求(qiu)曲当,则(ze)(ze)(ze)例(li)不(bu)得直;尽(jin)善(shan),故法不(bu)得全。何则(ze)(ze)(ze)?夫法者(zhe),固以(yi)尽(jin)理为(wei)法,而(er)上求(qiu)尽(jin)善(shan),则(ze)(ze)(ze)诸下牵文(wen)就意,以(yi)赴主之(zhi)所(suo)许(xu),是以(yi)法不(bu)得全。刑书(shu)征(zheng)文(wen),征(zheng)文(wen)必有乖(guai)于(yu)(yu)情听之(zhi)断(duan),而(er)上安(an)于(yu)(yu)曲当,故执平者(zhe)因文(wen)可引(yin),则(ze)(ze)(ze)生二(er)端(duan)。是法多门,令不(bu)一,则(ze)(ze)(ze)吏(li)不(bu)知所(suo)守,下不(bu)知所(suo)避。奸伪者(zhe)因法之(zhi)多门,以(yi)售其情,所(suo)欲浅(qian)深,苟断(duan)不(bu)一,则(ze)(ze)(ze)居上者(zhe)难以(yi)检(jian)下,于(yu)(yu)是事(shi)同议(yi)异(yi),狱犴不(bu)平,有伤(shang)于(yu)(yu)法。
古人(ren)有言:“人(ren)主(zhu)详(xiang),其(qi)(qi)政荒;人(ren)主(zhu)期,其(qi)(qi)事(shi)理(li)(li)。”详(xiang)匪他,尽善则(ze)法伤,故(gu)(gu)其(qi)(qi)政荒也。期者(zhe)轻重之当(dang),虽(sui)不(bu)厌情(qing),苟入于(yu)文,则(ze)循而行之,故(gu)(gu)其(qi)(qi)事(shi)理(li)(li)也。夫善用法者(zhe),忍违情(qing)不(bu)厌听之断(duan)(duan)(duan),轻重虽(sui)不(bu)允人(ren)心,经于(yu)凡览,若不(bu)可行,法乃得直。又君臣(chen)之分,各有所司(si)。法欲必奉,故(gu)(gu)令主(zhu)者(zhe)守文;理(li)(li)有穷塞,故(gu)(gu)使大(da)臣(chen)释(shi)滞(zhi);事(shi)有时宜,故(gu)(gu)人(ren)主(zhu)权断(duan)(duan)(duan)。主(zhu)者(zhe)守文,若释(shi)之执犯跸之平也;大(da)臣(chen)释(shi)滞(zhi),若公(gong)孙弘断(duan)(duan)(duan)郭解之狱(yu)也;人(ren)主(zhu)权断(duan)(duan)(duan),若汉祖戮丁公(gong)之为也。天(tian)下(xia)万事(shi),自非斯格重为,故(gu)(gu)不(bu)近似此类(lei),不(bu)得出(chu)以意妄议,其(qi)(qi)余皆以律令从事(shi)。然后法信于(yu)下(xia),人(ren)听不(bu)惑,吏不(bu)容奸,可以言政。人(ren)主(zhu)轨斯格以责群下(xia),大(da)臣(chen)小吏各守其(qi)(qi)局,则(ze)法一矣。
古人(ren)有(you)言:“善为(wei)政(zheng)者,看(kan)人(ren)设(she)(she)教。”看(kan)人(ren)设(she)(she)教,制法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓也(ye)(ye)。又曰(yue):“随时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)”,当务(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓也(ye)(ye)。然则(ze)(ze)看(kan)人(ren)随时(shi),在大量(liang)也(ye)(ye),而制其法(fa)。法(fa)轨既(ji)定则(ze)(ze)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信如(ru)四时(shi),执之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坚如(ru)金石,群吏岂得在成制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内,复称随时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi),傍引看(kan)人(ren)设(she)(she)教,以乱政(zheng)典哉!何则(ze)(ze)?始制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,固已(yi)看(kan)人(ren)而随时(shi)矣(yi)。今若设(she)(she)法(fa)未尽当,则(ze)(ze)宜(yi)改之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若谓已(yi)善,不(bu)得尽以为(wei)制,而使奉用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)司公得出入以差(cha)轻重也(ye)(ye)。夫人(ren)君所(suo)与天下共(gong)者,法(fa)也(ye)(ye)。已(yi)令四海(hai),不(bu)可(ke)以不(bu)信以为(wei)教,方求天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)慢,不(bu)可(ke)绳(sheng)以不(bu)信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。且先识有(you)言,人(ren)至遇而不(bu)可(ke)欺也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)谓平时(shi)背法(fa)意断,不(bu)胜百(bai)姓愿也(ye)(ye)。
上古议(yi)事(shi)以制,不(bu)(bu)(bu)为刑辟。夏(xia)殷及(ji)周,书法(fa)象(xiang)魏。三代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君齐圣(sheng),然咸弃曲当(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao)鉴,而(er)任征文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直准,非圣(sheng)有(you)殊,所(suo)遇异也(ye)。今论(lun)时敦朴,不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)中古,而(er)执(zhi)平者(zhe)欲适情之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)安,自托(tuo)于议(yi)事(shi)以制。臣(chen)(chen)窃以为听言则(ze)美(mei),论(lun)理则(ze)违。然天下至大(da),事(shi)务众(zhong)杂,时有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得悉循(xun)文如(ru)令。故臣(chen)(chen)谓宜立格为限,使主者(zhe)守(shou)文,死生以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢错思于成制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,以差轻(qing)重,则(ze)法(fa)恆全。事(shi)无(wu)正据(ju),名例不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji),大(da)臣(chen)(chen)论(lun)当(dang)(dang),以释不(bu)(bu)(bu)滞(zhi),则(ze)事(shi)无(wu)阂。至如(ru)非常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)断,出(chu)法(fa)赏罚,若(ruo)汉祖戮楚臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私(si)己,封赵氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)功,唯人主专(zhuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非奉职之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)所(suo)得拟议(yi)。然后情求傍请(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迹绝,似是而(er)非之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奏塞,此(ci)盖齐法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)准也(ye)。主者(zhe)小吏,处事(shi)无(wu)常(chang)。何则(ze)?无(wu)情则(ze)法(fa)徒克,有(you)情则(ze)挠法(fa)。积克似无(wu)私(si),然乃(nai)所(suo)以得其私(si),又恆所(suo)岨(qu)以卫其身(shen)。断当(dang)(dang)恆克,世谓尽公,时一曲法(fa),乃(nai)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)疑。故人君不(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)倚深似公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)断,而(er)责(ze)守(shou)文如(ru)令之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奏,然后得为有(you)检,此(ci)又平法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一端也(ye)。
夫出法(fa)权(quan)制,指(zhi)施一(yi)事,厌情合(he)听,可适(shi)耳目,诚有(you)临时当意之(zhi)(zhi)快(kuai),胜于(yu)征(zheng)文(wen)不允人心(xin)也(ye)。然起(qi)为(wei)经(jing)制,经(jing)年施用,恆得一(yi)而失十(shi)。故(gu)小(xiao)有(you)所(suo)(suo)得者(zhe),必(bi)大(da)有(you)所(suo)(suo)失;近有(you)所(suo)(suo)漏者(zhe),必(bi)远有(you)所(suo)(suo)苞。故(gu)谙事识体者(zhe),善权(quan)轻重,不以小(xiao)害大(da),不以近妨远。忍曲当之(zhi)(zhi)近适(shi),以全简直(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)准。不牵于(yu)凡听之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)安,必(bi)守(shou)征(zheng)文(wen)以正例。每临其事,恆御此(ci)(ci)心(xin)以决断(duan),此(ci)(ci)又(you)法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)概也(ye)。
又律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)断罪,皆当以(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)令(ling)(ling)正文(wen),若无正文(wen),依附名例断之(zhi),其正文(wen)名例所(suo)(suo)不及,皆勿论。法(fa)(fa)吏(li)以(yi)(yi)上,所(suo)(suo)执不同(tong)(tong),得为(wei)异议。如(ru)律(lv)(lv)之(zhi)文(wen),守法(fa)(fa)之(zhi)官(guan),唯当奉用律(lv)(lv)令(ling)(ling)。至于法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)之(zhi)内,所(suo)(suo)见不同(tong)(tong),乃得为(wei)异议也。今限法(fa)(fa)曹郎令(ling)(ling)史(shi),意有不同(tong)(tong)为(wei)驳,唯得论释法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv),以(yi)(yi)正所(suo)(suo)断,不得援求诸外,论随时之(zhi)宜,以(yi)(yi)明法(fa)(fa)官(guan)守局(ju)之(zhi)分。
诏下其(qi)事。侍(shi)中、太宰、汝(ru)南王(wang)(wang)亮奏以(yi)为(wei)(wei):“夫礼以(yi)训世,而法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)整俗,理化之本,事实由(you)之。若断(duan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)断(duan),常轻重随意,则(ze)王(wang)(wang)宪不(bu)(bu)(bu)一,人(ren)无所错(cuo)矣。故观人(ren)设教(jiao),在上之举;守(shou)文直法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),臣吏(li)之节也(ye)。臣以(yi)去太康八年,随事异(yi)议(yi)。周悬象魏(wei)之书,汉咏(yong)画(hua)一之法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),诚以(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)与时(shi)共,义不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)二。今法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)素定,而法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)为(wei)(wei)议(yi),则(ze)有所开长,以(yi)为(wei)(wei)宜(yi)如颂所启(qi),为(wei)(wei)永久之制。”于是(shi)门下属三公曰:“昔先王(wang)(wang)议(yi)事以(yi)制,自中古以(yi)来,执法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)断(duan)事,既以(yi)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),诚不(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)复(fu)求法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)外小(xiao)善也(ye)。若常以(yi)善夺法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),则(ze)人(ren)逐善而不(bu)(bu)(bu)忌法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),其(qi)害甚于无法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)也(ye)。案启(qi)事,欲令(ling)(ling)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)令(ling)(ling)断(duan)一,事无二门,郎令(ling)(ling)史已下,应复(fu)出法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)驳案,随事以(yi)闻也(ye)。”
及于江左,元(yuan)帝为丞(cheng)相时,朝廷草创,议断不循法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律,人(ren)立(li)(li)异议,高下无(wu)状(zhuang)。主(zhu)簿熊(xiong)远奏曰:“礼(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)崇善,法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)闲非(fei),故(gu)礼(li)(li)有常(chang)典(dian),法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有常(chang)防,人(ren)知(zhi)恶而(er)无(wu)邪心。是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周建象魏之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi),汉创画一之(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),故(gu)能(neng)阐弘大(da)道,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至刑厝。律令之(zhi)作(zuo),由来尚(shang)矣。经(jing)贤智,历(li)夷险,随(sui)时斟酌,最为周备。自军兴以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)来,法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)度(du)(du)陵替,至于处事(shi)不用(yong)律令,竞(jing)作(zuo)属命,人(ren)立(li)(li)异议,曲适物(wu)(wu)情(qing),亏伤(shang)大(da)例。府(fu)立(li)(li)节度(du)(du),复(fu)不奉(feng)用(yong),临事(shi)改制(zhi)(zhi),朝作(zuo)夕改,至于主(zhu)者(zhe)不敢任(ren)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),每辄关咨,委之(zhi)大(da)官,非(fei)为政(zheng)之(zhi)体。若(ruo)本曹处事(shi)不合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)令,监司当(dang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)弹违,不得(de)(de)动用(yong)开(kai)塞,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)坏成事(shi)。按(an)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)盖粗术,非(fei)妙(miao)道也,矫割物(wu)(wu)情(qing),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)耳。若(ruo)每随(sui)物(wu)(wu)情(qing),辄改法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi),此(ci)为以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)情(qing)坏法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)不一,是(shi)(shi)谓(wei)(wei)多(duo)门,开(kai)人(ren)事(shi)之(zhi)路,广私请之(zhi)端,非(fei)先王(wang)立(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)本意也。凡为驳(bo)议者(zhe),若(ruo)违律令节度(du)(du),当(dang)合(he)经(jing)传及前(qian)比(bi)故(gu)事(shi),不得(de)(de)任(ren)情(qing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)破成法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。愚谓(wei)(wei)宜(yi)(yi)令录事(shi)更(geng)立(li)(li)条制(zhi)(zhi),诸立(li)(li)议者(zhe)皆当(dang)引(yin)律令经(jing)传,不得(de)(de)直以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)情(qing)言,无(wu)所依准,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)亏旧典(dian)也。若(ruo)开(kai)塞随(sui)宜(yi)(yi),权(quan)道制(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu),此(ci)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)君之(zhi)所得(de)(de)行,非(fei)臣子所宜(yi)(yi)专用(yong)。主(zhu)者(zhe)唯当(dang)征文据法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)为断耳。”
是时帝以权(quan)宜从(cong)事,尚未(wei)能从(cong)。而河东卫展为(wei)晋(jin)王(wang)大理,考(kao)擿故(gu)事有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合情者(zhe),又上书曰(yue):“今施行诏(zhao)书,有(you)考(kao)子正(zheng)父(fu)死刑(xing)(xing),或鞭(bian)父(fu)母(mu)问子所(suo)在。近主者(zhe)所(suo)称《庚(geng)寅诏(zhao)书》,举家(jia)逃(tao)(tao)亡家(jia)长(zhang)斩(zhan)。若(ruo)长(zhang)是逃(tao)(tao)亡之主,斩(zhan)之虽重犹可(ke)。设子孙(sun)犯(fan)事,将考(kao)祖父(fu)逃(tao)(tao)亡,逃(tao)(tao)亡是子孙(sun),而父(fu)祖婴其酷(ku)。伤顺破教(jiao),如(ru)此(ci)者(zhe)众。相隐之道离,则(ze)君臣(chen)之义废。君臣(chen)之义废,则(ze)犯(fan)上之奸(jian)生(sheng)矣。秦网密文峻(jun),汉兴,扫除(chu)烦苛,风移俗易(yi)(yi),几于刑(xing)(xing)厝。大人革(ge)命,不(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)荡(dang)其秽匿,通其圮滞。今诏(zhao)书宜除(chu)者(zhe)多(duo),有(you)便(bian)于当今,著为(wei)正(zheng)条(tiao),则(ze)法差(cha)简易(yi)(yi)。”元(yuan)帝令曰(yue):“礼乐不(bu)(bu)(bu)兴,则(ze)刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)中,是以明罚(fa)敕法,先王(wang)所(suo)慎。自元(yuan)康已来(lai),事故(gu)荐臻,法禁滋漫。大理所(suo)上,宜朝(chao)堂会议,蠲除(chu)诏(zhao)书不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)用者(zhe),此(ci)孤所(suo)虚心者(zhe)也。”
及帝即位,展(zhan)为(wei)(wei)廷尉(wei),又上言:“古者肉刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),事(shi)(shi)经(jing)前圣,汉(han)文除之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),增(zeng)加大辟。今(jin)人(ren)(ren)户凋荒,百(bai)不(bu)(bu)遗(yi)一(yi),而(er)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)法峻重,非(fei)(fei)句践养胎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。愚(yu)谓宜复古施(shi)行,以(yi)(yi)隆(long)太(tai)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)。”诏内(nei)外(wai)通(tong)议(yi)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是骠骑(qi)将(jiang)军(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)导、太(tai)常贺(he)循(xun)、侍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)纪瞻、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)书郎庾亮、大将(jiang)军(jun)(jun)咨议(yi)参军(jun)(jun)梅陶、散骑(qi)郎张嶷等议(yi),以(yi)(yi):“肉刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典,由来尚矣(yi)。肇自古先(xian),以(yi)(yi)及三(san)代,圣哲明王(wang)(wang)所(suo)未(wei)(wei)曾改也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。岂(qi)是汉(han)文常主(zhu)所(suo)能易者乎!时萧(xiao)曹已(yi)没,绛灌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒不(bu)(bu)能正其(qi)(qi)义。逮(dai)班固深(shen)论(lun)其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)外(wai)有轻(qing)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名,内(nei)实杀人(ren)(ren)。又死(si)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)太(tai)重,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)太(tai)轻(qing),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)纵(zong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)上,死(si)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)怨于(yu)(yu)(yu)下,轻(qing)重失当,故(gu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政不(bu)(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。且(qie)原先(xian)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),非(fei)(fei)以(yi)(yi)过怒也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),非(fei)(fei)以(yi)(yi)残人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)救奸,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)当罪(zui)。今(jin)盗者窃人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)财,淫者好人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)色,亡者避叛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役,皆无杀害也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),则加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则止,而(er)加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)斩戮,戮过其(qi)(qi)罪(zui),死(si)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),纵(zong)虐于(yu)(yu)(yu)此,岁以(yi)(yi)巨计。此乃(nai)(nai)仁(ren)人(ren)(ren)君子(zi)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)忍闻,而(er)况行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)政乎!若乃(nai)(nai)惑(huo)其(qi)(qi)名而(er)不(bu)(bu)练其(qi)(qi)实,恶(e)(e)其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)趣其(qi)(qi)死(si),此畏水投舟,避坎(kan)蹈井,愚(yu)夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)若,何取于(yu)(yu)(yu)政哉(zai)!今(jin)大晋中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兴,遵复古典,率由旧(jiu)章(zhang),起(qi)千(qian)载之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)滞义,拯百(bai)残之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遗(yi)黎,使(shi)皇(huang)典废而(er)复存(cun),黔(qian)首死(si)而(er)更生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),至义暢于(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际,遗(yi)风播乎百(bai)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)肉枯骨(gu),惠侔造(zao)化(hua),岂(qi)不(bu)(bu)休哉(zai)!惑(huo)者乃(nai)(nai)曰(yue),死(si)犹不(bu)(bu)惩,而(er)况于(yu)(yu)(yu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)?然人(ren)(ren)者冥也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),其(qi)(qi)至愚(yu)矣(yi),虽加斩戮,忽(hu)为(wei)(wei)灰土,死(si)事(shi)(shi)日往,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)欲日存(cun),未(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)改。若刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)诸市(shi)朝(chao),朝(chao)夕鉴(jian)戒,刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者咏为(wei)(wei)恶(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)永痛,恶(e)(e)者睹残刖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)废,故(gu)足惧也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然后知先(xian)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轻(qing)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)御(yu)物,显诫以(yi)(yi)惩愚(yu),其(qi)(qi)理(li)远矣(yi)。”
尚(shang)书令刁协、尚(shang)书薛兼等议,以(yi)为:“圣上(shang)悼残(can)荒之(zhi)遗黎,伤犯(fan)(fan)死(si)之(zhi)繁众,欲行刖以(yi)代死(si)刑,使(shi)犯(fan)(fan)死(si)之(zhi)徒得存性(xing)命,则(ze)率土蒙更生之(zhi)泽,兆庶必怀恩以(yi)反化也。今中兴祚隆,大命惟新(xin),诚宜设宽法(fa)以(yi)育人(ren)。然惧群小愚蔽,习(xi)玩(wan)所(suo)见而忽异闻,或(huo)未能咸服。愚谓行刑之(zhi)时,先明(ming)申法(fa)令,乐刑者刖,甘(gan)死(si)者杀,则(ze)心(xin)必服矣。古典(dian)刑不(bu)上(shang)大夫,今士(shi)人(ren)有犯(fan)(fan)者,谓宜如旧,不(bu)在刑例,则(ze)进退为允。”
尚(shang)书(shu)顗、郎曹彦、中书(shu)郎桓彝等议,以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei):“复肉(rou)刑(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)代死,诚(cheng)是(shi)圣王之至德,哀(ai)矜之弘私(si)。然窃以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)刑(xing)罚(fa)轻(qing)(qing)重,随时而(er)作。时人(ren)少罪(zui)(zui)而(er)易威(wei),则(ze)从轻(qing)(qing)而(er)宽之;时人(ren)多罪(zui)(zui)而(er)难威(wei),则(ze)宜(yi)(yi)化(hua)刑(xing)而(er)济之。肉(rou)刑(xing)平(ping)世所(suo)应立,非(fei)救弊之宜(yi)(yi)也。方(fang)今圣化(hua)草创(chuang),人(ren)有余奸,习恶(e)(e)之徒(tu),为(wei)非(fei)未已,截头(tou)绞颈,尚(shang)不能禁,而(er)乃更(geng)断足劓(yi)鼻(bi),轻(qing)(qing)其(qi)(qi)刑(xing)罚(fa),使欲为(wei)恶(e)(e)者轻(qing)(qing)犯(fan)(fan)宽刑(xing),蹈(dao)罪(zui)(zui)更(geng)众,是(shi)为(wei)轻(qing)(qing)其(qi)(qi)刑(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)诱人(ren)于罪(zui)(zui),残(can)其(qi)(qi)身(shen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)楚酷也。昔之畏(wei)死刑(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)善人(ren)者,今皆犯(fan)(fan)轻(qing)(qing)刑(xing)而(er)残(can)其(qi)(qi)身(shen),畏(wei)重之常(chang)人(ren),反为(wei)犯(fan)(fan)轻(qing)(qing)而(er)致囚,此(ci)则(ze)何异断刖(yue)常(chang)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)恩仁(ren)邪!受刑(xing)者转广(guang),而(er)为(wei)非(fei)者日(ri)多,踊贵屦贱(jian),有鼻(bi)者丑也。徒(tu)有轻(qing)(qing)刑(xing)之名,而(er)实开(kai)长恶(e)(e)之源(yuan)。不如(ru)以(yi)(yi)(yi)杀(sha)止(zhi)杀(sha),重以(yi)(yi)(yi)全轻(qing)(qing),权小停之。须圣化(hua)渐著(zhu),兆(zhao)庶易威(wei)之日(ri),徐施(shi)行也。”
议奏,元帝犹欲(yu)从展所上。大将(jiang)军王敦以为:“百(bai)姓习俗日久,忽复肉刑,必骇远(yuan)近。且逆(ni)寇未殄(tian),不宜有惨酷之声,以闻天下。”于是乃止。
咸康之世,庾冰好为纠察,近于繁(fan)细,后益矫违,复存宽纵,疏密自(zi)由,律令无(wu)用(yong)矣。
至安帝(di)元兴末,桓玄辅政,又议(yi)欲复(fu)肉刑(xing)斩左右趾(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,以(yi)轻(qing)死刑(xing),命百官议(yi)。蔡廓上议(yi)曰:“建(jian)邦立(li)法,弘教(jiao)(jiao)穆化(hua),必随时(shi)置制(zhi),德刑(xing)兼施。长贞一以(yi)闲其邪,教(jiao)(jiao)禁以(yi)检其慢(man),洒湛露以(yi)流润,厉严霜以(yi)肃威,虽(sui)复(fu)质文迭用(yong),而斯道莫革。肉刑(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)设,肇自哲(zhe)王。盖由曩(nang)世(shi)风淳,人(ren)多(duo)惇谨,图像既陈(chen),则机心直戢,刑(xing)人(ren)在(zai)涂,则不(bu)(bu)逞改操,故能胜残去杀,化(hua)隆无为。季末浇伪,设网弥密,利巧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怀日滋(zi),耻(chi)畏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情转寡(gua)。终身剧役,不(bu)(bu)足(zu)止其奸,况乎(hu)黥(qing)劓(yi),岂能反于(yu)善。徒有(you)酸(suan)惨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声,而无济(ji)俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)益。至于(yu)弃市之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条,实非不(bu)(bu)赦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪,事非手(shou)杀,考律同(tong)(tong)归(gui),轻(qing)重均(jun)科,减降路塞,钟陈(chen)以(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抗言,元皇所为留愍。今英辅翼赞,道邈伊周,诚宜明慎用(yong)刑(xing),爱人(ren)弘育,申(shen)哀矜以(yi)革滥,移大辟于(yu)支体,全性命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至重,恢繁息于(yu)将来(lai)。”而孔琳(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)议(yi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),用(yong)王朗、夏侯玄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨(zhi)。时(shi)论多(duo)与(yu)琳(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)(tong),故遂不(bu)(bu)行。
更多有关晋书 二十四史 的资料