志第三十四 选举志上
唐制,取士之科,多因隋旧,然其大要有三。由学馆者曰生徒,由州县者曰乡贡,皆升于有司而进退之。其科之目,有秀才,有明经,有俊士,有进士,有明法,有明字,有明算,有一史,有三史,有开元礼,有道举,有童子。而明经之别,有五经,有三经,有二经,有学究一经,有三礼,有三传,有史科。此岁举之常选也。其天子自诏者曰制举,所以待非常之才焉。
凡学(xue)(xue)(xue)六,皆(jie)隶于国子监(jian):国子学(xue)(xue)(xue),生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san)(san)百人(ren),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)武(wu)三(san)(san)(san)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)子孙(sun)若从二(er)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)曾(ceng)孙(sun)及勋(xun)官(guan)(guan)二(er)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、县(xian)(xian)公、京(jing)(jing)官(guan)(guan)四品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)带三(san)(san)(san)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)勋(xun)封之(zhi)(zhi)子为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi);太学(xue)(xue)(xue),生(sheng)(sheng)五(wu)(wu)百人(ren),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)子孙(sun)、职(zhi)事官(guan)(guan)五(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)期亲(qin)若三(san)(san)(san)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)曾(ceng)孙(sun)及勋(xun)官(guan)(guan)三(san)(san)(san)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)有(you)封之(zhi)(zhi)子为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi);四门(men)学(xue)(xue)(xue),生(sheng)(sheng)千三(san)(san)(san)百人(ren),其五(wu)(wu)百人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)勋(xun)官(guan)(guan)三(san)(san)(san)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)无封、四品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)有(you)封及文(wen)武(wu)七品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)子为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi),八百人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)庶人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)俊异者为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi);律学(xue)(xue)(xue),生(sheng)(sheng)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),书(shu)学(xue)(xue)(xue),生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),算学(xue)(xue)(xue),生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)八品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下子及庶人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)其学(xue)(xue)(xue)者为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)。京(jing)(jing)都学(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),大(da)都督、中都督府、上(shang)州各(ge)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),下都督府、中州各(ge)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),下州四十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),京(jing)(jing)县(xian)(xian)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),上(shang)县(xian)(xian)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),中县(xian)(xian)、中下县(xian)(xian)各(ge)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)人(ren),下县(xian)(xian)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)。国子监(jian)生(sheng)(sheng),尚书(shu)省(sheng)补(bu),祭酒统焉。州县(xian)(xian)学(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng),州县(xian)(xian)长官(guan)(guan)补(bu),长史主焉。
凡馆(guan)二:门下省有弘文馆(guan),生(sheng)三(san)十人;东宫有崇文馆(guan),生(sheng)二十人。以(yi)皇(huang)缌麻(ma)以(yi)上亲,皇(huang)太后(hou)、皇(huang)后(hou)大功(gong)以(yi)上亲,宰(zai)相及散官一品(pin)、功(gong)臣身食实封(feng)者、京官职事从三(san)品(pin)、中(zhong)书黄门侍郎之(zhi)子为之(zhi)。
凡(fan)博士、助教,分经(jing)授诸生(sheng),未终经(jing)者(zhe)无易业。凡(fan)生(sheng),限年十(shi)(shi)四(si)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),十(shi)(shi)九以(yi)下;律学十(shi)(shi)八(ba)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),二十(shi)(shi)五以(yi)下。
凡(fan)(fan)《礼(li)记(ji)》、《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)左(zuo)氏(shi)传(chuan)》为大经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),《诗(shi)》、《周礼(li)》、《仪礼(li)》为中(zhong)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),《易》、《尚书》、《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)公羊传(chuan)》、《谷梁(liang)传(chuan)》为小经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。通(tong)(tong)二(er)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者,大经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、小经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)各(ge)(ge)一(yi),若(ruo)中(zhong)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)二(er)。通(tong)(tong)三经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者,大经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、中(zhong)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、小经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)各(ge)(ge)一(yi)。通(tong)(tong)五(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者,大经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)皆(jie)通(tong)(tong),余经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)各(ge)(ge)一(yi),《孝经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《论(lun)语》皆(jie)兼(jian)通(tong)(tong)之。凡(fan)(fan)治《孝经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《论(lun)语》共(gong)限(xian)一(yi)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《尚书》、《公羊传(chuan)》、《谷梁(liang)传(chuan)》各(ge)(ge)一(yi)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)半,《易》、《诗(shi)》、《周礼(li)》、《仪礼(li)》各(ge)(ge)二(er)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《礼(li)记(ji)》、《左(zuo)氏(shi)传(chuan)》各(ge)(ge)三岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)。学(xue)书,日纸一(yi)幅,间(jian)习(xi)时务策,读(du)《国语》、《说文》、《字林(lin)》、《三苍》、《尔(er)雅》。凡(fan)(fan)书学(xue),石经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)三体(ti)限(xian)三岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《说文》二(er)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《字林(lin)》一(yi)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)。凡(fan)(fan)算学(xue),《孙子》、《五(wu)曹》共(gong)限(xian)一(yi)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《九章》、《海岛(dao)》共(gong)三岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《张丘建》、《夏侯阳》各(ge)(ge)一(yi)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《周髀》、《五(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)算》共(gong)一(yi)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《缀术》四(si)岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《缉古》三岁(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui),《记(ji)遗》、《三等(deng)数》皆(jie)兼(jian)习(xi)之。
旬给假(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)。前假(jia)(jia),博士考(kao)试,读者(zhe)千(qian)言试一(yi)(yi)帖,帖三(san)言,讲者(zhe)二(er)(er)千(qian)言问大(da)义一(yi)(yi)条(tiao)(tiao),总(zong)三(san)条(tiao)(tiao)通(tong)二(er)(er)为第,不(bu)及者(zhe)有罚。岁(sui)(sui)终,通(tong)一(yi)(yi)年之(zhi)业(ye),口问大(da)义十(shi)条(tiao)(tiao),通(tong)八为上(shang)(shang),六为中,五为下(xia)。并(bing)三(san)下(xia)与在(zai)学(xue)(xue)九岁(sui)(sui)、律生六岁(sui)(sui)不(bu)堪贡者(zhe)罢归(gui)。诸学(xue)(xue)生通(tong)二(er)(er)经(jing)、俊(jun)士通(tong)三(san)经(jing)已(yi)及第而愿留者(zhe),四门学(xue)(xue)生补太(tai)学(xue)(xue),太(tai)学(xue)(xue)生补国子学(xue)(xue)。每岁(sui)(sui)五月(yue)有田(tian)假(jia)(jia),九月(yue)有授衣假(jia)(jia),二(er)(er)百(bai)里外给程。其不(bu)帅教及岁(sui)(sui)中违程满三(san)十(shi)日(ri),事(shi)故百(bai)日(ri),缘亲病(bing)二(er)(er)百(bai)日(ri),皆罢归(gui)。既罢,条(tiao)(tiao)其状下(xia)之(zhi)属所,五品(pin)以上(shang)(shang)子孙送兵部,准廕配色。
每岁仲冬,州、县、馆、监举其成者送之(zhi)(zhi)尚书省;而(er)举选不繇(zhou)馆、学(xue)者,谓之(zhi)(zhi)乡贡,皆(jie)怀牒自(zi)列(lie)于州、县。试已,长吏以乡饮酒礼,会属僚,设宾主,陈(chen)俎豆,备管(guan)弦,牲用少牢,歌《鹿鸣》之(zhi)(zhi)诗,因(yin)与耆艾叙(xu)长少焉。既(ji)至省,皆(jie)疏名列(lie)到,结款通保及所居,始由(you)户部集阅,而(er)关于考功员外郎(lang)试之(zhi)(zhi)。
凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)秀才,试(shi)(shi)方(fang)略策(ce)五(wu)道(dao)(dao),以文(wen)(wen)理通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粗为(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)上(shang)、上(shang)中、上(shang)下、中上(shang),凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)四(si)等(deng)(deng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)及(ji)(ji)第(di)(di)。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)明(ming)(ming)经(jing)(jing)(jing),先(xian)帖(tie)文(wen)(wen),然后(hou)口(kou)试(shi)(shi),经(jing)(jing)(jing)问(wen)大义(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),答时(shi)务(wu)策(ce)三(san)(san)(san)道(dao)(dao),亦为(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)等(deng)(deng)。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)《开元礼》,通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大义(yi)(yi)百条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)、策(ce)三(san)(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)者,超资(zi)(zi)与官(guan)(guan);义(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)、策(ce)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)二(er)者,及(ji)(ji)第(di)(di)。散、试(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)能通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)者,依正员。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)(san)传科,《左氏(shi)传》问(wen)大义(yi)(yi)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),《公羊(yang)》、《谷梁传》三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),策(ce)皆三(san)(san)(san)道(dao)(dao),义(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)七(qi)(qi)以上(shang)、策(ce)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)二(er)以上(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di),白身视(shi)五(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing),有出身及(ji)(ji)前(qian)资(zi)(zi)官(guan)(guan)视(shi)学究一经(jing)(jing)(jing)。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)史(shi)科,每史(shi)问(wen)大义(yi)(yi)百条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)、策(ce)三(san)(san)(san)道(dao)(dao),义(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)七(qi)(qi)、策(ce)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)二(er)以上(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)。能通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一史(shi)者,白身视(shi)五(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)、三(san)(san)(san)传,有出身及(ji)(ji)前(qian)资(zi)(zi)官(guan)(guan)视(shi)学究一经(jing)(jing)(jing);三(san)(san)(san)史(shi)皆通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)者,奖(jiang)擢之。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)童子科,十(shi)(shi)(shi)岁以下能通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一经(jing)(jing)(jing)及(ji)(ji)《孝经(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《论(lun)语(yu)》,卷诵(song)文(wen)(wen)十(shi)(shi)(shi),通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)者予(yu)官(guan)(guan);通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)七(qi)(qi),予(yu)出身。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)进(jin)士,试(shi)(shi)时(shi)务(wu)策(ce)五(wu)道(dao)(dao)、帖(tie)一大经(jing)(jing)(jing),经(jing)(jing)(jing)、策(ce)全通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)甲(jia)第(di)(di);策(ce)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)四(si)、帖(tie)过(guo)四(si)以上(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)乙(yi)第(di)(di)。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)明(ming)(ming)法,试(shi)(shi)律七(qi)(qi)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)、令三(san)(san)(san)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),全通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)甲(jia)第(di)(di),通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)八为(wei)(wei)(wei)乙(yi)第(di)(di)。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)书(shu)学,先(xian)口(kou)试(shi)(shi),通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),乃墨(mo)试(shi)(shi)《说文(wen)(wen)》、《字林》二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八为(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)算学,录(lu)大义(yi)(yi)本(ben)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)问(wen)答,明(ming)(ming)数(shu)造(zao)术(shu),详明(ming)(ming)术(shu)理,然后(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。试(shi)(shi)《九章(zhang)》三(san)(san)(san)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)、《海(hai)岛》《孙子》《五(wu)曹》《张丘建》《夏侯阳》《周(zhou)髀》《五(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)算》各一条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),十(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)六(liu),《记(ji)(ji)遗(yi)》、《三(san)(san)(san)等(deng)(deng)数(shu)》帖(tie)读(du)十(shi)(shi)(shi)得九,为(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)。试(shi)(shi)《缀术(shu)》、《辑古》,录(lu)大义(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)问(wen)答者,明(ming)(ming)数(shu)造(zao)术(shu),详明(ming)(ming)术(shu)理,无(wu)注者合数(shu)造(zao)术(shu),不失义(yi)(yi)理,然后(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。《缀术(shu)》七(qi)(qi)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)、《辑古》三(san)(san)(san)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),十(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)六(liu),《记(ji)(ji)遗(yi)》、《三(san)(san)(san)等(deng)(deng)数(shu)》帖(tie)读(du)十(shi)(shi)(shi)得九,为(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)。落经(jing)(jing)(jing)者,虽通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)六(liu),不第(di)(di)。
凡弘文、崇文生(sheng),试一大经(jing)、一小经(jing),或(huo)(huo)(huo)二(er)中经(jing),或(huo)(huo)(huo)《史(shi)记》、《前(qian)后(hou)汉书》、《三(san)国志(zhi)》各一,或(huo)(huo)(huo)时务策五(wu)道(dao)。经(jing)史(shi)皆试策十(shi)道(dao)。经(jing)通(tong)六,史(shi)及时务策通(tong)三(san),皆帖《孝经(jing)》、《论语》共十(shi)条通(tong)六,为第。
凡贡举非其(qi)人者、废举者、校试(shi)不以实者,皆有罚。
其教人取士(shi)著于(yu)令(ling)者,大(da)略(lve)如此。而士(shi)之(zhi)进取之(zhi)方,与上之(zhi)好恶(e)、所以育(yu)材养士(shi)、招来奖进之(zhi)意,有司选(xuan)士(shi)之(zhi)法,因时(shi)增(zeng)损不同。
自高祖初入(ru)长安,开大(da)丞相(xiang)府,下(xia)令置(zhi)生(sheng)员,自京师至于州(zhou)县(xian)皆有数(shu)。既即位(wei),又(you)诏秘书外省别立(li)小学(xue)(xue),以教宗(zong)室子(zi)孙及功臣(chen)子(zi)弟。其(qi)后又(you)诏诸州(zhou)明经、秀才、俊士(shi)、进士(shi)明于理体为乡(xiang)(xiang)里(li)称者,县(xian)考试,州(zhou)长重覆,岁随方物入(ru)贡;吏民(min)子(zi)弟学(xue)(xue)艺者,皆送于京学(xue)(xue),为设(she)考课(ke)之法。州(zhou)、县(xian)、乡(xiang)(xiang)皆置(zhi)学(xue)(xue)焉。及太宗(zong)即位(wei),益(yi)崇儒术。乃于门下(xia)别置(zhi)弘文(wen)馆,又(you)增(zeng)置(zhi)书、律学(xue)(xue),进士(shi)加读经、史一部(bu)。十(shi)三年,东宫(gong)置(zhi)崇文(wen)馆。自天(tian)下(xia)初定,增(zeng)筑学(xue)(xue)舍至千(qian)二百区,虽七(qi)营(ying)飞骑,亦置(zhi)生(sheng),遣博士(shi)为授(shou)经。四夷若高丽、百济、新罗、高昌、吐蕃(fan),相(xiang)继遣子(zi)弟入(ru)学(xue)(xue),遂至八千(qian)余人。
高(gao)宗永(yong)徽二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian),始(shi)停秀才科(ke)。龙朔(shuo)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian),东都置国子监,明年(nian)(nian)以书(shu)(shu)学(xue)隶兰台,算学(xue)隶秘阁,律(lv)学(xue)隶详刑。上元二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian),加(jia)试(shi)(shi)贡士(shi)《老子》策(ce),明经二(er)(er)条(tiao)(tiao),进士(shi)三(san)条(tiao)(tiao)。国子监置大成二(er)(er)十(shi)人,取(qu)已及第(di)而聪明者为(wei)之。试(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)日诵千(qian)言,并日试(shi)(shi)策(ce),所业十(shi)通(tong)七,然后(hou)补其(qi)禄俸,同直官。通(tong)四(si)经业成,上于尚(shang)书(shu)(shu),吏部试(shi)(shi)之,登第(di)者加(jia)一阶放选。其(qi)不第(di)则习业如初,三(san)岁而又试(shi)(shi),三(san)试(shi)(shi)而不中(zhong)第(di),从(cong)常调。
永隆二年,考功(gong)员外郎刘思(si)立建(jian)言,明经多抄义条,进士唯诵旧策(ce),皆亡(wang)实(shi)才,而有司以人数充第。乃(nai)诏自(zi)今(jin)明经试帖粗十得六以上,进士试杂文(wen)二篇,通文(wen)律者然后试策(ce)。
武后之乱,改(gai)易旧制颇(po)多。中(zhong)宗反正,诏宗室三等(deng)以下、五等(deng)以上未(wei)出身,愿宿卫及任国(guo)子(zi)(zi)生,听之。其(qi)家居业成而堪贡者,宗正寺试(shi),送监举如常法。三卫番下日,愿入(ru)学(xue)者,听附国(guo)子(zi)(zi)学(xue)、太学(xue)及律馆(guan)习业。蕃王及可汗子(zi)(zi)孙愿入(ru)学(xue)者,附国(guo)子(zi)(zi)学(xue)读书。
玄(xuan)宗开元五(wu)年,始(shi)令乡贡明经(jing)(jing)、进士(shi)见讫,国子(zi)监谒先师,学(xue)官开讲问义,有(you)司为(wei)具(ju)食,清资五(wu)品以上官及朝集使皆往阅(yue)礼焉(yan)。七年,又(you)令弘文(wen)、崇文(wen)、国子(zi)生季一朝参。及注《老子(zi)道德经(jing)(jing)》成,诏天下家藏其(qi)书,贡举(ju)人灭《尚书》、《论语》策,而加试(shi)《老子(zi)》。又(you)敕州(zhou)(zhou)县(xian)学(xue)生年二(er)十五(wu)以下、八品子(zi)若(ruo)庶人二(er)十一以下通(tong)一经(jing)(jing)及未通(tong)经(jing)(jing)而聪悟有(you)文(wen)辞、史(shi)学(xue)者(zhe),入四(si)门学(xue)为(wei)俊士(shi)。即(ji)诸州(zhou)(zhou)贡举(ju)省试(shi)不第,愿入学(xue)者(zhe)亦听(ting)。
二十四(si)年,考功员(yuan)外郎(lang)李昂为举人(ren)诋诃,帝以(yi)员(yuan)外郎(lang)望(wang)轻,遂(sui)移贡(gong)举于礼部(bu),以(yi)侍郎(lang)主之。礼部(bu)选士自此始。
二(er)十九年,始(shi)置崇玄学,习《老子》、《庄子》、《文子》、《列子》,亦(yi)曰道举(ju)。其生,京、都各百(bai)人(ren),诸州无常员。官秩、廕第同国子,举(ju)送(song)、课试如(ru)明经。
天宝九载(zai),置(zhi)广(guang)文馆(guan)于国学(xue),以(yi)(yi)领生徒(tu)为(wei)进士(shi)者。举人(ren)旧重两监,后世禄者以(yi)(yi)京兆、同、华为(wei)荣,而不入学(xue)。十二载(zai),乃敕天下罢乡(xiang)贡,举人(ren)不由国子(zi)及郡、县(xian)学(xue)者,勿举送。是(shi)岁,道举停《老子(zi)》,加《周易(yi)》。十四载(zai),复(fu)乡(xiang)贡。
代宗广德二(er)年(nian),诏(zhao)曰:“古者设太学,教胄子(zi),虽年(nian)谷不(bu)登,兵革(ge)或动,而俎豆之(zhi)事不(bu)废。顷年(nian)戎(rong)车(che)屡(lv)驾,诸生辍讲,宜追学生在馆习业,度支(zhi)给厨米(mi)。”是岁,贾至为(wei)侍郎(lang),建言岁方艰(jian)歉,举人赴省者,两都试之(zhi)。两都试人自此始。
贞(zhen)元二年,诏习《开(kai)元礼(li)》者举同一经(jing)例,明经(jing)习律以代《尔(er)雅》。是(shi)时(shi)弘(hong)文(wen)、崇文(wen)生未补者,务取员阙以补,速于(yu)登第,而(er)用廕乖实,至有假市(shi)门资、变易昭穆及假人试艺者。六(liu)年,诏宜(yi)据式考(kao)试,假代者论(lun)如(ru)法。初,礼(li)部侍郎亲故移试考(kao)功,谓之别头。十六(liu)年,中书舍人高郢奏罢,议者是(shi)之。
元和(he)二(er)年,置(zhi)东都监生(sheng)一(yi)百员。然(ran)自天(tian)宝后(hou),学(xue)校(xiao)益(yi)废(fei),生(sheng)徒流散。永泰中,虽置(zhi)西监生(sheng),而(er)(er)馆(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)无定员。于是始定生(sheng)员:西京国子馆(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)生(sheng)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),太学(xue)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),四(si)门三百人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),广(guang)文(wen)(wen)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),律(lv)馆(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),书、算馆(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)各十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);东都国子馆(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),太学(xue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),四(si)门五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),广(guang)文(wen)(wen)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),律(lv)馆(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),书馆(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)三人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),算馆(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)已。明(ming)(ming)经(jing)停口(kou)义,复试墨义十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)条。五(wu)经(jing)取通五(wu),明(ming)(ming)经(jing)通六。其尝坐法及(ji)为州县小吏(li),虽艺文(wen)(wen)可采,勿举(ju)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三年,权知礼部(bu)侍郎庾承宣奏复考功别头试。
初,开元中(zhong),礼(li)(li)部考(kao)试(shi)毕,送(song)中(zhong)书门(men)(men)(men)下(xia)详覆(fu),其后(hou)中(zhong)废(fei)。是岁,侍(shi)郎钱徽所举(ju)(ju)送(song),覆(fu)试(shi)多不中(zhong)选,由是贬(bian)官,而举(ju)(ju)人(ren)杂文(wen)复(fu)送(song)中(zhong)书门(men)(men)(men)下(xia)。长庆三(san)年(nian),侍(shi)郎王(wang)起(qi)言(yan):“故事(shi),礼(li)(li)部已放(fang)榜,而中(zhong)书门(men)(men)(men)下(xia)始(shi)详覆(fu)。今(jin)请先详覆(fu),而后(hou)放(fang)榜。”议(yi)者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)起(qi)虽避嫌(xian),然(ran)失贡职(zhi)矣(yi)。谏议(yi)大夫殷侑言(yan):“《三(san)史》为书,劝(quan)善惩恶,亚于《六经》。比来史学都废(fei),至有身处班列(lie),而朝廷(ting)旧(jiu)章(zhang)莫能知者(zhe)。”于是立史科(ke)及三(san)传(chuan)科(ke)。大和三(san)年(nian),高(gao)锴为考(kao)功(gong)员(yuan)外郎,取士有不当,监(jian)察御史姚中(zhong)立又(you)奏(zou)停考(kao)功(gong)别头试(shi)。六年(nian),侍(shi)郎贾餗又(you)奏(zou)复(fu)之。八年(nian),宰相(xiang)王(wang)涯以(yi)(yi)为“礼(li)(li)部取士,乃先以(yi)(yi)榜示中(zhong)书,非至公之道。自(zi)今(jin)一(yi)委有司(si),以(yi)(yi)所试(shi)杂文(wen)、乡贯(guan)、三(san)代名(ming)讳送(song)中(zhong)书门(men)(men)(men)下(xia)”。
大抵众(zhong)科(ke)之(zhi)目,进士尤为(wei)(wei)(wei)贵(gui),其得人亦最为(wei)(wei)(wei)盛焉。方其取以(yi)辞章,类若浮文而少实;及其临(lin)事设施,奋其事业,隐(yin)然为(wei)(wei)(wei)国名臣(chen)者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)胜(sheng)数,遂(sui)使时君笃意,以(yi)谓莫此之(zhi)尚。及其后(hou)(hou)世,俗(su)益媮(tou)薄,上下交疑(yi),因(yin)以(yi)谓按(an)其声病,可(ke)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)司之(zhi)责,舍(she)是(shi)则(ze)汗漫(man)而无(wu)所守,遂(sui)不(bu)(bu)复(fu)能易。呜(wu)呼,乃知三(san)代乡(xiang)里德行之(zhi)举,非至治之(zhi)隆(long)莫能行也。太宗(zong)时,冀州进士张昌龄、王公谨(jin)有(you)名于(yu)当时,考(kao)功员外郎王师旦不(bu)(bu)署以(yi)第。太宗(zong)问其故,对曰:“二人者(zhe),皆文采浮华,擢之(zhi)将诱后(hou)(hou)生而弊(bi)风俗(su)。”其后(hou)(hou),二人者(zhe)卒不(bu)(bu)能有(you)立。
宝(bao)应二(er)年(nian),礼部侍郎杨绾(wan)上疏言:“进(jin)士(shi)科起(qi)于隋大业中(zhong),是时犹试(shi)策。高宗朝,刘思立加(jia)进(jin)士(shi)杂文,明经(jing)(jing)(jing)填帖,故为进(jin)士(shi)者皆诵当代之(zhi)文,而不通(tong)经(jing)(jing)(jing)史(shi),明经(jing)(jing)(jing)者但记帖括。又(you)投牒自举,非古(gu)先哲王(wang)侧席待贤(xian)之(zhi)道。请依古(gu)察孝(xiao)廉(lian),其乡闾孝(xiao)友、信义、廉(lian)耻而通(tong)经(jing)(jing)(jing)者,县(xian)荐之(zhi)州,州试(shi)其所通(tong)之(zhi)学,送于省。自县(xian)至省,皆勿自投牒,其到状、保辨、识(shi)牒皆停(ting)。而所习(xi)经(jing)(jing)(jing),取(qu)大义,听通(tong)诸(zhu)家之(zhi)学。每问(wen)经(jing)(jing)(jing)十条,对策三道,皆通(tong),为上第(di),吏部官(guan)之(zhi);经(jing)(jing)(jing)义通(tong)八,策通(tong)二(er),为中(zhong)第(di),与出身;下第(di),罢(ba)归(gui)。《论语》、《孝(xiao)经(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《孟子》兼为一经(jing)(jing)(jing),其明经(jing)(jing)(jing)、进(jin)士(shi)及道举并停(ting)。”
诏(zhao)给事中(zhong)李栖(qi)筠(yun)、李廙、尚书左丞(cheng)贾(jia)至、京(jing)兆(zhao)尹兼御史大夫严武议。栖(qi)筠(yun)等议曰:
“夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)政忠,商之(zhi)(zhi)政敬(jing)(jing),周之(zhi)(zhi)政文(wen)(wen),然(ran)则(ze)(ze)文(wen)(wen)与忠敬(jing)(jing)皆统(tong)人(ren)行(xing)(xing)。且谥号述行(xing)(xing),莫美于文(wen)(wen),文(wen)(wen)兴(xing)则(ze)(ze)忠敬(jing)(jing)存(cun)焉。故前代以(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)取士,本文(wen)(wen)行(xing)(xing)也,由辞(ci)观行(xing)(xing),则(ze)(ze)及(ji)辞(ci)焉。宣父(fu)称颜(yan)子“不(bu)(bu)迁怒(nu),不(bu)(bu)贰(er)(er)过”,谓之(zhi)(zhi)“好学(xue)(xue)(xue)”。今(jin)试学(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)帖字为(wei)精(jing)通,不(bu)(bu)穷旨义(yi),岂能(neng)知迁怒(nu)、贰(er)(er)过之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)乎?考文(wen)(wen)者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)声病为(wei)是(shi)非(fei),岂能(neng)知移风(feng)易俗化天(tian)下乎?是(shi)以(yi)(yi)上失(shi)其源(yuan),下袭(xi)其流,先王之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)莫能(neng)行(xing)(xing)也。夫(fu)先王之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)消,则(ze)(ze)小(xiao)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)长(zhang),乱臣(chen)贼(zei)子由是(shi)生(sheng)焉!今(jin)取士试之(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)道(dao),而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)远大,是(shi)犹以(yi)(yi)蜗蚓之(zhi)(zhi)饵垂海,而(er)(er)望(wang)吞舟之(zhi)(zhi)鱼,不(bu)(bu)亦(yi)难乎?所以(yi)(yi)食垂饵者(zhe)皆小(xiao)鱼,就科目者(zhe)皆小(xiao)艺。且夏(xia)有(you)天(tian)下四百载,禹(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)丧而(er)(er)商始(shi)兴(xing);商有(you)天(tian)下六百祀,汤之(zhi)(zhi)法弃(qi)而(er)(er)周始(shi)兴(xing);周有(you)天(tian)下八百年,文(wen)(wen)、武之(zhi)(zhi)政废而(er)(er)秦始(shi)并焉。三(san)代之(zhi)(zhi)选士任贤(xian),皆考实行(xing)(xing),是(shi)以(yi)(yi)风(feng)俗淳(chun)一,运祚长(zhang)远。汉兴(xing),监其然(ran),尊儒(ru)术(shu),尚名节,虽近(jin)戚窃位,强(qiang)臣(chen)擅权,弱主外(wai)立,母后(hou)专政,而(er)(er)亦(yi)能(neng)终彼(bi)四百,岂非(fei)学(xue)(xue)(xue)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)效邪?魏、晋以(yi)(yi)来,专尚浮侈,德义(yi)不(bu)(bu)修,故子孙速颠,享国不(bu)(bu)永也。今(jin)绾所请(qing),实为(wei)正论。然(ran)自晋室之(zhi)(zhi)乱,南(nan)北分裂,人(ren)多(duo)侨处,必欲(yu)复古乡(xiang)举里选,窃恐未尽(jin)。请(qing)兼(jian)(jian)广学(xue)(xue)(xue)校,以(yi)(yi)明训诱。虽京(jing)师州县皆有(you)小(xiao)学(xue)(xue)(xue),兵革之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),生(sheng)徒流离,儒(ru)臣(chen)、师氏,禄廪(lin)无向。请(qing)增博士员,厚其禀稍(shao),选通儒(ru)硕生(sheng),间居(ju)其职。十道(dao)大郡,置太学(xue)(xue)(xue)馆,遣博士出(chu)外(wai),兼(jian)(jian)领郡官,以(yi)(yi)教生(sheng)徒。保桑(sang)梓(zi)者(zhe),乡(xiang)里举焉;在流寓者(zhe),庠序(xu)推焉。朝而(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi),夕见(jian)其利。”
而大臣以为(wei)举(ju)人循习,难(nan)于速变,请自来岁始。帝(di)以问翰林学士(shi)(shi),对曰:“举(ju)进士(shi)(shi)久矣,废之恐失其业。”乃诏(zhao)明经、进士(shi)(shi)与孝廉兼行。
先(xian)是,进(jin)士试(shi)(shi)诗(shi)、赋及时务策五道(dao),明(ming)经策三(san)道(dao)。建中二(er)年,中书(shu)舍人(ren)赵赞权知贡举,乃以箴、论(lun)、表、赞代诗(shi)、赋,而皆试(shi)(shi)策三(san)道(dao)。大和八年,礼部(bu)复罢进(jin)士议论(lun),而试(shi)(shi)诗(shi)、赋。文宗(zong)(zong)从(cong)内(nei)出题以试(shi)(shi)进(jin)士,谓(wei)侍臣曰(yue):“吾患文格浮薄,昨自出题,所试(shi)(shi)差(cha)胜。”乃诏礼部(bu)岁取(qu)登第者三(san)十人(ren),苟无其人(ren),不(bu)(bu)必充其数(shu)。是时,文宗(zong)(zong)好学(xue)嗜(shi)古(gu),郑覃以经术位宰相,深嫉进(jin)士浮薄,屡请(qing)罢之。文宗(zong)(zong)曰(yue):“敦厚浮薄,色色有之,进(jin)士科取(qu)人(ren)二(er)百年矣(yi),不(bu)(bu)可遽废。”因得(de)不(bu)(bu)罢。
武宗(zong)即位,宰(zai)相李(li)德裕(yu)(yu)尤(you)恶(e)进(jin)士(shi)(shi)。初,举人(ren)既及第(di),缀行通名(ming),诣(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)司第(di)谢。其(qi)制,序立西(xi)阶下,北(bei)上东向(xiang);主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)席东阶下。西(xi)向(xiang);诸生(sheng)拜,主(zhu)(zhu)司答拜;乃(nai)叙齿,谢恩(en),遂升阶,与公(gong)卿(qing)观者(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)坐;酒数行,乃(nai)赴期集。又有(you)曲江会、题名(ming)席。至是,德裕(yu)(yu)奏(zou):“国家(jia)设科取士(shi)(shi),而附党背公(gong),自(zi)为门生(sheng)。自(zi)今一(yi)见有(you)司而止,其(qi)期集、参(can)谒、曲江题名(ming)皆(jie)罢。”德裕(yu)(yu)尝(chang)论公(gong)卿(qing)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟艰于科举,武宗(zong)曰:“向(xiang)闻杨虞卿(qing)兄弟朋比贵势(shi),妨平进(jin)之路(lu)。昨(zuo)黜杨知至、郑朴等,抑其(qi)太甚耳。有(you)司不(bu)识朕意,不(bu)放子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟,即过矣,但(dan)取实(shi)艺(yi)可(ke)也。”德裕(yu)(yu)曰:“郑肃、封敖子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟皆(jie)有(you)才(cai),不(bu)敢应举。臣无(wu)名(ming)第(di),不(bu)当(dang)非进(jin)士(shi)(shi)。然臣祖天宝末以仕(shi)进(jin)无(wu)他(ta)岐,勉强随(sui)计,一(yi)举登第(di)。自(zi)后家(jia)不(bu)置《文选(xuan)》,盖(gai)恶(e)其(qi)不(bu)根艺(yi)实(shi)。然朝廷(ting)显官(guan),须(xu)公(gong)卿(qing)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟为之。何者(zhe)(zhe)?少习(xi)其(qi)业(ye),目熟朝廷(ting)事,台阁之仪(yi),不(bu)教(jiao)而自(zi)成。寒(han)士(shi)(shi)纵有(you)出人(ren)之才(cai),固不(bu)能闲习(xi)也。则子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟未(wei)易可(ke)轻(qing)。”德裕(yu)(yu)之论,偏(pian)异盖(gai)如此。然进(jin)士(shi)(shi)科当(dang)唐之晚节,尤(you)为浮薄,世所共患也。
所(suo)谓制(zhi)举者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)来(lai)远(yuan)矣。自汉以来(lai),天(tian)子常称制(zhi)诏道其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)欲(yu)问而亲(qin)策(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)。唐兴,世崇(chong)儒学(xue),虽(sui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)时君贤(xian)(xian)愚好恶不同,而乐(le)善求贤(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)意未始少怠,故(gu)自京师外至州县,有司(si)常选之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi),以时而举。而天(tian)子又自诏四方(fang)德(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)、才能(neng)、文学(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi),或高蹈幽(you)隐与其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不能(neng)自达(da)者(zhe)(zhe),下(xia)至军谋(mou)将略、翘关拔山、绝艺(yi)奇(qi)伎莫(mo)不兼取。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)为(wei)名目,随(sui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)主临时所(suo)欲(yu),而列为(wei)定科(ke)者(zhe)(zhe),如(ru)贤(xian)(xian)良(liang)方(fang)正、直言(yan)极(ji)谏、博(bo)通(tong)坟(fen)典达(da)于教(jiao)化(hua)、军谋(mou)宏(hong)远(yuan)堪任将率、详明政术可以理人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)类,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名最著(zhu)。而天(tian)子巡(xun)狩(shou)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)幸、封(feng)禅(shan)太山梁父(fu),往往会见(jian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)在,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)以待之(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)礼甚优,而宏(hong)材伟论非常之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)亦时出于其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)间,不为(wei)无得也。
其外,又(you)有武(wu)举,盖其起(qi)于武(wu)后之(zhi)时(shi)。长(zhang)安二年,始置武(wu)举。其制,有长(zhang)垛、马(ma)(ma)射(she)(she)(she)、步(bu)射(she)(she)(she)、平射(she)(she)(she)、筒射(she)(she)(she),又(you)有马(ma)(ma)枪、翘关(guan)(guan)、负重(zhong)、身材之(zhi)选(xuan)。翘关(guan)(guan),长(zhang)丈七尺(chi),径三寸(cun)半(ban),凡(fan)十(shi)举后,手持关(guan)(guan)距,出处无过一尺(chi);负重(zhong)者(zhe),负米五斛,行二十(shi)步(bu):皆(jie)为(wei)中第,亦以乡(xiang)饮酒礼(li)送(song)兵(bing)部。其选(xuan)用之(zhi)法不(bu)足(zu)道,故不(bu)复书(shu)。
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