志第四十四 食货四
唐有盐池十八,井六百四十,皆隶度支。蒲州安邑、解县有池五,总曰“两池”,岁得盐万斛,以供京师。盐州五原有乌池、白池、瓦池、细项池,灵州有温泉池、两井池、长尾池、五泉池、红桃池、回乐池、弘静池、会州有河池,三州皆输米以代盐。安北都护府有胡落池,岁得盐万四千斛,以给振武、天德。黔州有井四十一,成州、巂州井各一,果、阆、开、通井百二十三,山南西院领之。邛、眉、嘉有井十三,剑南西川院领之。梓、遂、绵、合、昌、渝、泸、资、荣、陵、简有井四百六十,剑南东川院领之。皆随月督课。幽州、大同横野军有盐屯,每屯有丁有兵,岁得盐二千八百斛,下者千五百斛。负海州岁免租为盐二万斛以输司农。青、楚、海、沧、棣、杭、苏等州,以盐价市轻货,亦输司农。
天宝、至德间,盐每斗十钱(qian)。乾元(yuan)元(yuan)年,盐铁、铸钱(qian)使(shi)第(di)五琦初变盐法,就山海井灶近(jin)利(li)之(zhi)地置监(jian)院,游民业(ye)盐者为亭户,免杂徭。盗鬻者论以法。及琦为诸州榷(que)盐铁使(shi),尽榷(que)天下盐,斗加时价百钱(qian)而出之(zhi),为钱(qian)一百一十。
自(zi)(zi)兵起(qi),流庸(yong)未复(fu),税(shui)赋不足(zu)(zu)供费,盐(yan)铁使刘晏以(yi)为因(yin)民(min)所急(ji)而(er)税(shui)之(zhi),则(ze)国(guo)足(zu)(zu)用。于(yu)是上盐(yan)法轻重之(zhi)宜(yi),以(yi)盐(yan)吏(li)多则(ze)州(zhou)县扰,出盐(yan)乡因(yin)旧监(jian)置吏(li),亭(ting)户(hu)粜商人(ren)(ren),纵其(qi)所之(zhi)。江(jiang)、岭(ling)去盐(yan)远者,有(you)常平(ping)盐(yan),每(mei)商人(ren)(ren)不至,则(ze)减价(jia)以(yi)粜民(min),官收厚利而(er)人(ren)(ren)不知(zhi)贵。晏又以(yi)盐(yan)生霖潦则(ze)卤薄(bo),旱则(ze)土溜坟,乃随时(shi)为令,遣吏(li)晓导,倍于(yu)劝农。吴、越、扬、楚盐(yan)廪至数千(qian),积盐(yan)二(er)万余石。有(you)涟水、湖州(zhou)、越州(zhou)、杭(hang)州(zhou)四(si)场(chang),嘉(jia)(jia)兴、海(hai)陵(ling)、盐(yan)城、新亭(ting)、临平(ping)、兰亭(ting)、永嘉(jia)(jia)、大(da)昌(chang)、候(hou)官、富都十(shi)监(jian),岁得钱百(bai)余万缗(min),以(yi)当百(bai)余州(zhou)之(zhi)赋。自(zi)(zi)淮北置巡院十(shi)三,曰扬州(zhou)、陈许、汴州(zhou)、庐寿、白沙、淮西、甬桥、浙西、宋州(zhou)、泗州(zhou)、岭(ling)南(nan)、兗郓、郑滑(hua),捕私盐(yan)者,奸盗为之(zhi)衰息。然诸道加榷(que)盐(yan)钱,商人(ren)(ren)舟所过有(you)税(shui)。晏奏罢州(zhou)县率税(shui),禁堰埭(dai)邀以(yi)利者。晏之(zhi)始至也,盐(yan)利岁才(cai)四(si)十(shi)万缗(min),至大(da)历末,六百(bai)余万缗(min)。天下之(zhi)赋,盐(yan)利居半,宫闱服御、军饟、百(bai)官禄俸皆仰给焉。明(ming)年而(er)晏罢。
贞(zhen)元四年,淮(huai)(huai)南节度(du)使(shi)陈少(shao)游奏加民(min)赋,自此江淮(huai)(huai)盐每(mei)斗(dou)亦增(zeng)二百,为(wei)钱三百一(yi)十,其后复增(zeng)六十,河(he)中(zhong)两池盐每(mei)斗(dou)为(wei)钱三百七(qi)十。江淮(huai)(huai)豪贾射(she)利,或(huo)时倍之(zhi),官收不能过半(ban),民(min)始怨矣(yi)。
刘晏盐(yan)法既(ji)成,商(shang)人(ren)纳(na)绢(juan)以(yi)(yi)代盐(yan)利者(zhe),每缗加钱二百,以(yi)(yi)备将士春服(fu)。包佶为汴东水陆(lu)运、两(liang)税(shui)、盐(yan)铁使,许以(yi)(yi)漆器、玳瑁、绫绮(qi)代盐(yan)价(jia),虽不(bu)可用(yong)者(zhe)亦(yi)高(gao)估(gu)(gu)而售之(zhi),广虚数以(yi)(yi)罔上。亭户冒法,私(si)鬻(yu)不(bu)绝(jue),巡捕之(zhi)卒(zu),遍于州县(xian)。盐(yan)估(gu)(gu)益贵(gui),商(shang)人(ren)乘时射(she)利,远乡贫(pin)民困高(gao)估(gu)(gu),至有淡食(shi)者(zhe)。巡吏(li)既(ji)多(duo),官冗伤财,当(dang)时病之(zhi)。其后军费日增,盐(yan)价(jia)浸贵(gui),有以(yi)(yi)谷数斗易(yi)盐(yan)一升。私(si)籴犯(fan)法,未尝少息。
顺宗时(shi)(shi)(shi)始减(jian)江(jiang)淮盐(yan)(yan)价(jia),每斗(dou)为钱(qian)二百(bai)五(wu)十(shi),河中(zhong)两(liang)池盐(yan)(yan)斗(dou)钱(qian)三(san)百(bai)。增云安(an)、涣(huan)阳、涂鞬三(san)监。其后(hou)盐(yan)(yan)铁(tie)使李锜奏江(jiang)淮盐(yan)(yan)斗(dou)减(jian)钱(qian)十(shi)以(yi)便民,未几复旧。方是时(shi)(shi)(shi),锜盛贡(gong)献以(yi)固宠,朝廷大臣皆饵以(yi)厚货,盐(yan)(yan)铁(tie)之(zhi)利(li)积于私(si)室(shi),而国用(yong)耗屈,榷盐(yan)(yan)法大坏,多为虚估,率千钱(qian)不满百(bai)三(san)十(shi)而已(yi)。兵部侍郎李巽为使,以(yi)盐(yan)(yan)利(li)皆归度支,物无虚估,天下(xia)粜盐(yan)(yan)税(shui)茶,其赢六百(bai)六十(shi)五(wu)万缗(min)。初(chu)岁(sui)之(zhi)利(li),如刘(liu)晏(yan)之(zhi)季年,其后(hou)则三(san)倍晏(yan)时(shi)(shi)(shi)矣(yi)。两(liang)池盐(yan)(yan)利(li),岁(sui)收百(bai)五(wu)十(shi)余万缗(min)。四方豪商(shang)猾贾、杂(za)处解县(xian),主(zhu)以(yi)郎官(guan),其佐(zuo)贰(er)皆御(yu)史。盐(yan)(yan)民田园籍(ji)于县(xian),而令(ling)不得以(yi)县(xian)民治之(zhi)。
宪宗之讨淮西也,度支使(shi)皇甫镈(bo)加(jia)剑南东西两(liang)川、山南西道(dao)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)估以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)供军。贞元(yuan)中(zhong),盗鬻(yu)两(liang)池盐(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)石(shi)者死(si),至元(yuan)和中(zhong),减死(si)流天(tian)德(de)五(wu)城,镈(bo)奏论死(si)如(ru)初。一(yi)斗以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)杖(zhang)背,没其车驴,能捕(bu)斗盐(yan)(yan)(yan)者赏千钱;节(jie)度观察(cha)使(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)判(pan)官、州以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)司录录事参(can)军察(cha)私盐(yan)(yan)(yan),漏(lou)一(yi)石(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)罚课料;鬻(yu)两(liang)池盐(yan)(yan)(yan)者,坊市居邸主人、市侩皆论坐;盗刮(gua)鹻土一(yi)斗,比盐(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)升(sheng)。州县(xian)团保相察(cha),比于贞元(yuan)加(jia)酷矣(yi)。自兵(bing)兴,河北(bei)(bei)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)羁縻而已。至皇甫镈(bo),又奏置榷(que)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)使(shi),如(ru)江淮榷(que)法(fa),犯(fan)(fan)禁岁多(duo)。及田弘正(zheng)举魏博归朝廷,穆宗命河北(bei)(bei)罢榷(que)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)。户部侍郎张(zhang)平(ping)叔(shu)议榷(que)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)弊,请粜盐(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)富国,诏公卿议其可(ke)否。中(zhong)书舍人韦处厚、兵(bing)部侍郎韩愈条(tiao)诘之,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)不可(ke),平(ping)叔(shu)屈服(fu)。是时(shi)奉天(tian)卤池生(sheng)水柏,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)灰一(yi)斛得盐(yan)(yan)(yan)十二斤(jin),利倍鹻卤。文(wen)帝时(shi),采灰一(yi)斗,比盐(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)斤(jin)论罪。开成(cheng)末,诏私盐(yan)(yan)(yan)月再犯(fan)(fan)者,易县(xian)令,罚刺(ci)史俸;十犯(fan)(fan),则罚观察(cha)、判(pan)官课科(ke)。
宣(xuan)宗即位(wei),茶、盐(yan)(yan)(yan)之法益密,粜盐(yan)(yan)(yan)少、私盗多者,谪观察(cha)、判(pan)官(guan),不计十犯。户部(bu)(bu)侍郎(lang)、判(pan)度支卢弘止以两池(chi)(chi)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)法敝,遣巡院官(guan)司(si)空舆更立新(xin)法,其课(ke)(ke)倍入,迁榷盐(yan)(yan)(yan)使。以壕篱者,盐(yan)(yan)(yan)池(chi)(chi)之堤禁,有盗坏与鬻鹻皆死(si)(si),盐(yan)(yan)(yan)盗持弓矢(shi)者亦皆死(si)(si)刑。兵部(bu)(bu)侍郎(lang)、判(pan)度支周墀又言(yan):“两池(chi)(chi)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)盗贩者,迹其居处,保、社按(an)罪。鬻五石(shi)(shi),市二石(shi)(shi),亭户盗粜二石(shi)(shi),皆死(si)(si)。”是(shi)时江、吴(wu)群(qun)盗,以所剽物易茶盐(yan)(yan)(yan),不受(shou)者焚其室(shi)庐,吏不敢枝梧,镇戍、场铺(pu)、堰埭以关通致(zhi)富。宣(xuan)宗乃择尝更两畿辅望县令者为监院官(guan)。户部(bu)(bu)侍郎(lang)裴休为盐(yan)(yan)(yan)铁使,上盐(yan)(yan)(yan)法八事,其法皆施行,两池(chi)(chi)榷课(ke)(ke)大增。
其后兵遍天下,诸(zhu)镇擅利,两(liang)池为河中节度使王(wang)重(zhong)荣(rong)所有,岁贡盐(yan)三千(qian)车。中官田令(ling)孜募新(xin)军五(wu)十四都,餫转不足,乃倡议(yi)两(liang)池复归盐(yan)铁使,而(er)(er)重(zhong)荣(rong)不奉诏(zhao),至举兵反,僖宗为再出,然(ran)而(er)(er)卒不能夺(duo)。
唐初(chu)无酒(jiu)禁(jin)。乾元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),京(jing)师(shi)酒(jiu)贵,肃宗(zong)以(yi)禀食方屈,乃(nai)禁(jin)京(jing)城酤酒(jiu),期以(yi)麦熟如初(chu)。二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),饥(ji),复(fu)(fu)禁(jin)酤,非光禄祭祀、燕蕃(fan)客(ke),不(bu)御(yu)酒(jiu)。广(guang)德二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),定天下(xia)(xia)酤户以(yi)月收税(shui)。建中元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),罢之(zhi)。三年(nian)(nian)(nian),复(fu)(fu)禁(jin)民酤,以(yi)佐军费(fei),置(zhi)肆(si)酿酒(jiu),斛收直三千(qian),州县总领,醨薄私酿者(zhe)(zhe)论其(qi)罪。寻(xun)以(yi)京(jing)师(shi)四方所凑,罢榷。贞元(yuan)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),复(fu)(fu)禁(jin)京(jing)城、畿县酒(jiu),天下(xia)(xia)置(zhi)肆(si)以(yi)酤者(zhe)(zhe),斗钱(qian)百(bai)五十(shi),免其(qi)徭役(yi),独淮南、忠(zhong)武、宣武、河(he)东榷麹(qu)而(er)已。元(yuan)和六年(nian)(nian)(nian),罢京(jing)师(shi)酤肆(si),以(yi)榷酒(jiu)钱(qian)随两税(shui)青苗敛之(zhi)。大和八年(nian)(nian)(nian),遂罢京(jing)师(shi)榷酤。凡天下(xia)(xia)榷酒(jiu)为(wei)钱(qian)百(bai)五十(shi)六万余缗,在(zai)襄(xiang)费(fei)居三之(zhi)一,贫(pin)户逃(tao)酤不(bu)在(zai)焉。昭(zhao)宗(zong)世,以(yi)用度不(bu)足,易京(jing)畿近镇麹(qu)法,复(fu)(fu)榷酒(jiu)以(yi)赡(shan)军,凤翔节(jie)度使李茂贞方颛其(qi)利,按兵请(qing)入奏利害,天子遽罢之(zhi)。
初,德宗纳户(hu)部侍郎赵赞议(yi),税天(tian)下茶、漆、竹、木,十(shi)取一(yi),以(yi)(yi)为常平(ping)本钱。及出奉天(tian),乃悼(dao)悔,下诏亟(ji)罢之。及硃泚(ci)平(ping),佞臣希意兴利者益进。贞元八年(nian),以(yi)(yi)水(shui)灾减税,明年(nian),诸道盐铁(tie)使张滂奏:出茶州县若山(shan)及商人要路,以(yi)(yi)三(san)等定(ding)估,十(shi)税其一(yi)。自是(shi)岁得(de)钱四十(shi)万缗(min),然水(shui)旱亦未(wei)尝拯之也。
穆(mu)宗即位,两(liang)镇用兵,帑藏空虚,禁(jin)中起百(bai)尺楼,费不(bu)(bu)可胜计。盐铁使(shi)王播(bo)图宠以自(zi)幸,乃(nai)增天下(xia)茶税(shui),率(lv)百(bai)钱增五(wu)十。江淮、浙(zhe)东西、岭南、福建、荆襄茶,播(bo)自(zi)领之,两(liang)川以户部领之。天下(xia)茶加(jia)(jia)斤(jin)至二十两(liang),播(bo)又奏加(jia)(jia)取焉。右拾遗李珏上疏(shu)谏曰:“榷(que)率(lv)起于(yu)养兵,今边境无虞(yu),而厚敛伤民(min),不(bu)(bu)可一也;茗(ming)饮,人(ren)之所(suo)资,重税(shui)则价必增,贫弱益困,不(bu)(bu)可二也;山(shan)泽之饶,其出(chu)不(bu)(bu)訾,论税(shui)以售(shou)多(duo)为利,价腾踊则市者(zhe)稀,不(bu)(bu)可三也。”其后王涯判二使(shi),置(zhi)榷(que)茶使(shi),徙民(min)茶树于(yu)官场,焚(fen)其旧积者(zhe),天下(xia)大怨(yuan)。令狐楚代为盐铁使(shi)兼榷(que)茶使(shi),复令纳榷(que),加(jia)(jia)价而已(yi)。李石为相,以茶税(shui)皆归盐铁,复贞元之制。
武(wu)宗即位,盐(yan)铁(tie)转(zhuan)运使(shi)崔珙又增江淮(huai)茶(cha)(cha)税(shui)。是时茶(cha)(cha)商所过州县有重税(shui),或掠夺(duo)舟车,露积雨中,诸道(dao)置邸以收税(shui),谓之(zhi)“搨地钱”,故私(si)(si)贩益起。大中初,盐(yan)铁(tie)转(zhuan)运使(shi)裴休著条约:私(si)(si)鬻三(san)犯(fan)(fan)皆(jie)(jie)三(san)百斤,乃(nai)论死;长行群旅,茶(cha)(cha)虽少皆(jie)(jie)死;雇载三(san)犯(fan)(fan)至(zhi)五(wu)百斤、居舍(she)侩保四(si)犯(fan)(fan)至(zhi)千斤者(zhe),皆(jie)(jie)死;园(yuan)户私(si)(si)鬻百斤以上(shang),杖(zhang)背,三(san)犯(fan)(fan),加重徭;伐(fa)园(yuan)失(shi)业者(zhe),刺(ci)史、县令以纵私(si)(si)盐(yan)论。庐、寿、淮(huai)南皆(jie)(jie)加半税(shui),私(si)(si)商给自(zi)首之(zhi)帖,天下税(shui)茶(cha)(cha)增倍贞(zhen)元。江淮(huai)茶(cha)(cha)为大摸,一斤至(zhi)五(wu)十两。诸道(dao)盐(yan)铁(tie)使(shi)于悰(cong)每(mei)斤增税(shui)钱五(wu),谓之(zhi)“剩茶(cha)(cha)钱”,自(zi)是斤两复旧(jiu)。
凡银(yin)、铜(tong)、铁、锡之(zhi)冶(ye)(ye)一百(bai)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)八(ba)。陕(shan)(shan)、宣、润、饶、衢、信五(wu)州(zhou),银(yin)冶(ye)(ye)五(wu)十(shi)八(ba),铜(tong)冶(ye)(ye)九十(shi)六(liu)(liu),铁山五(wu),锡山二(er),铜(tong)山四。汾(fen)州(zhou)矾山七(qi)。麟德二(er)年,废陕(shan)(shan)州(zhou)铜(tong)冶(ye)(ye)四十(shi)八(ba)。
开元十五年,初税伊阳五重(zhong)山银、锡。德宗时(shi)户部(bu)侍郎(lang)韩洄建(jian)议,山泽之利(li)宜归王(wang)者,自是皆隶盐(yan)铁使。
元(yuan)和(he)初(chu),天(tian)下银(yin)治废者四十,岁采银(yin)万(wan)二千两,铜二十六(liu)万(wan)六(liu)千斤,铁二百七万(wan)斤,锡五万(wan)斤,铅无(wu)常数。
开成元(yuan)年(nian),复以山(shan)(shan)(shan)泽之(zhi)利归(gui)州县,刺史(shi)选吏主之(zhi)。其后(hou)诸州牟利以自殖,举(ju)天下不(bu)过(guo)七万(wan)(wan)余缗,不(bu)能(neng)当一(yi)县之(zhi)茶税。及宣宗增河湟戍兵(bing)衣绢(juan)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)二万(wan)(wan)余匹(pi)。盐铁(tie)转运使裴休请(qing)复归(gui)盐铁(tie)使以供国用,增银冶二、铁(tie)山(shan)(shan)(shan)七十(shi)(shi)一(yi),废铜(tong)冶二十(shi)(shi)七、铅山(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)。天下岁率(lv)银二万(wan)(wan)五(wu)(wu)千(qian)两(liang)、铜(tong)六十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)万(wan)(wan)五(wu)(wu)千(qian)斤、铅十(shi)(shi)一(yi)万(wan)(wan)四千(qian)斤、锡万(wan)(wan)七千(qian)斤、铁(tie)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)三万(wan)(wan)二千(qian)斤。
隋(sui)末行五(wu)铢白(bai)钱(qian),天下盗起(qi),私铸(zhu)钱(qian)行。千钱(qian)初重(zhong)二斤,其后愈轻,不及一斤,铁(tie)叶、皮纸皆以为钱(qian)。高祖入(ru)长(zhang)安,民(min)间行线环钱(qian),其制(zhi)轻小,凡八(ba)九(jiu)万才(cai)满半斛(hu)。
武(wu)德四(si)年,铸“开元通宝”,径(jing)八分,重(zhong)二铢四(si)参(can),积十钱重(zhong)一两,得轻重(zhong)大小之中,其文以(yi)八分、篆、隶三体。洛、并(bing)、幽、益(yi)、桂等州(zhou)皆置监(jian)。赐秦王、齐王三炉,右(you)仆射裴寂一炉以(yi)铸。盗铸者论(lun)死,没其家属。
其后(hou)盗(dao)铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)渐(jian)起(qi)。显庆五年,以(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)钱(qian)(qian)多(duo),官为市之(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)一善钱(qian)(qian)售五恶(e)钱(qian)(qian),民(min)间(jian)藏恶(e)钱(qian)(qian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)待禁驰。乾封(feng)元年,改铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)“乾封(feng)泉(quan)宝”钱(qian)(qian),径寸,重二铢六分,以(yi)(yi)(yi)一当旧钱(qian)(qian)之(zhi)十(shi)。逾年而(er)旧钱(qian)(qian)多(duo)废(fei)。明年,以(yi)(yi)(yi)商贾(jia)不(bu)(bu)通,米(mi)帛踊贵(gui)(gui),复行开元通宝钱(qian)(qian),天下皆(jie)铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)。然私(si)钱(qian)(qian)犯法日蕃(fan),有以(yi)(yi)(yi)舟筏铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)中者(zhe)(zhe)。诏所(suo)在(zai)纳恶(e)钱(qian)(qian),而(er)奸亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)息(xi)。仪凤中,濒江(jiang)民(min)多(duo)私(si)铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)为业,诏巡江(jiang)官督(du)捕(bu),载铜(tong)、锡(xi)、镴过百斤者(zhe)(zhe)没官。四年,命东都(dou)粜米(mi)粟(su)(su),斗别纳恶(e)钱(qian)(qian)百,少府、司农(nong)毁之(zhi)。是时铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)多(duo)钱(qian)(qian)贱,米(mi)粟(su)(su)踊贵(gui)(gui),乃罢少府铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),寻复旧。永淳元年,私(si)铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)抵死(si),邻、保(bao)、里、坊、村正(zheng)皆(jie)从坐。武后(hou)时,钱(qian)(qian)非穿(chuan)穴及(ji)铁锡(xi)铜(tong)液,皆(jie)得用之(zhi),熟铜(tong)、排(pai)斗、沙(sha)涩之(zhi)钱(qian)(qian)皆(jie)售,自(zi)是盗(dao)铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蜂起(qi),江(jiang)淮游民(min)依大山陂海以(yi)(yi)(yi)铸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),吏莫能捕(bu)。
先天之(zhi)际,两京钱(qian)(qian)(qian)益(yi)(yi)滥,郴、衡(heng)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)才有(you)(you)轮(lun)郭,铁锡(xi)五铢之(zhi)属皆可(ke)用之(zhi)。或熔锡(xi)摸钱(qian)(qian)(qian),须臾百十(shi)。开(kai)元初,宰相宋璟请禁(jin)恶(e)钱(qian)(qian)(qian),行二(er)铢四(si)参(can)钱(qian)(qian)(qian),毁旧钱(qian)(qian)(qian)不可(ke)用者(zhe)。江淮有(you)(you)官(guan)炉钱(qian)(qian)(qian)、偏炉钱(qian)(qian)(qian)、棱钱(qian)(qian)(qian)、时钱(qian)(qian)(qian),遣监(jian)察御史萧隐之(zhi)使(shi)江淮,率户出恶(e)钱(qian)(qian)(qian),捕责甚(shen)峻,上青钱(qian)(qian)(qian)皆输官(guan),小恶(e)者(zhe)沈江湖,市井不通(tong),物价益(yi)(yi)贵,隐之(zhi)坐(zuo)贬官(guan)。宋璟又请出米十(shi)万(wan)斛收(shou)恶(e)钱(qian)(qian)(qian),少府毁之(zhi)。十(shi)一(yi)年(nian),诏所在(zai)加铸,禁(jin)卖铜(tong)(tong)锡(xi)及造铜(tong)(tong)器者(zhe)。二(er)十(shi)年(nian),千钱(qian)(qian)(qian)以重(zhong)六斤四(si)两为率,每钱(qian)(qian)(qian)重(zhong)二(er)铢四(si)参(can),禁(jin)缺顿、沙(sha)涩、荡染(ran)、白(bai)强、黑强之(zhi)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)。首(shou)者(zhe),官(guan)为市之(zhi)。铜(tong)(tong)一(yi)斤为钱(qian)(qian)(qian)八(ba)十(shi)。
二十二年,宰相张九(jiu)龄建议:“古者(zhe)以(yi)布(bu)帛菽粟不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)尺寸抄勺而(er)均,乃为(wei)(wei)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)以(yi)通(tong)贸易。官铸(zhu)所入无几,而(er)工费(fei)多(duo),宜纵民铸(zhu)。”议下百官,宰相裴耀卿、黄门侍郎李林甫、河南少尹萧炅、秘书监(jian)崔沔皆以(yi)为(wei)(wei)“严断恶钱(qian)(qian)(qian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)知禁(jin),税铜折役(yi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)官冶(ye)可(ke)成(cheng),计估度庸则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)私(si)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)以(yi)利薄而(er)自息。若许私(si)铸(zhu),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)下皆弃农而(er)竞利矣。”左(zuo)监(jian)门卫(wei)录事参(can)军(jun)事刘秩曰:“今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)钱(qian)(qian)(qian),古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下币也(ye)(ye)。若舍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任人(ren)(ren),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)上(shang)无以(yi)御下,下无以(yi)事上(shang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)一(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye);物(wu)贱伤农,钱(qian)(qian)(qian)轻伤贾,物(wu)重则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)轻,钱(qian)(qian)(qian)轻由(you)乎物(wu)多(duo),多(duo)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)作法收之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)少,物(wu)少则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)作法布(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)轻,奈何假人(ren)(ren)?不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)二也(ye)(ye);铸(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)杂(za)铅铁则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)无利,杂(za)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)恶。今塞私(si)铸(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路,人(ren)(ren)犹冒死,况设陷井诱(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)三也(ye)(ye);铸(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)无利则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)铸(zhu),有利则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)去南亩者(zhe)众,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)四(si)也(ye)(ye);人(ren)(ren)富则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)赏劝、贫(pin)(pin)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)威(wei)禁(jin),法不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行,人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)理,繇贫(pin)(pin)富不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)齐,若得(de)铸(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian),贫(pin)(pin)者(zhe)服役(yi)于富室,富室乘而(er)益恣(zi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)五也(ye)(ye)。夫钱(qian)(qian)(qian)重繇人(ren)(ren)日滋于前,而(er)炉不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)加旧(jiu)。公钱(qian)(qian)(qian)与铜价颇等,故破重钱(qian)(qian)(qian)为(wei)(wei)轻钱(qian)(qian)(qian),铜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)赡,在采(cai)用者(zhe)众也(ye)(ye)。铜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如铁,为(wei)(wei)器不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如漆。禁(jin)铜则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)无所用,盗铸(zhu)者(zhe)少,公钱(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)破,人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)犯(fan)死,钱(qian)(qian)(qian)又日增,是一(yi)(yi)举而(er)四(si)美兼也(ye)(ye)。”是时(shi)公卿皆以(yi)纵民铸(zhu)为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)便,于是下诏禁(jin)恶钱(qian)(qian)(qian)而(er)已。信安郡王祎复言(yan)国(guo)用不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足,请纵私(si)铸(zhu),议者(zhe)皆畏祎帝弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贵(gui),莫敢与抗,独仓(cang)部郎中韦(wei)伯阳以(yi)为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke),祎议亦(yi)格。
二十六(liu)年,宣(xuan)、润等(deng)州初置钱(qian)监(jian),两(liang)京(jing)用(yong)钱(qian)稍(shao)善,米粟价益下(xia)。其后钱(qian)又(you)渐恶,诏出(chu)铜所(suo)在置监(jian),铸(zhu)(zhu)“开元通宝(bao)”钱(qian),京(jing)师库藏(zang)(zang)皆(jie)(jie)满(man)。天下(xia)盗铸(zhu)(zhu)益起,广陵、丹杨、宣(xuan)城尤甚。京(jing)师权豪,岁岁取之(zhi),舟车相属。江淮(huai)偏炉钱(qian)数(shu)十种,杂以(yi)(yi)铁锡(xi)(xi),轻漫无复钱(qian)形。公铸(zhu)(zhu)者号官(guan)炉钱(qian),一(yi)以(yi)(yi)当偏炉钱(qian)七八(ba),富(fu)商往(wang)往(wang)藏(zang)(zang)之(zhi),以(yi)(yi)易江淮(huai)私铸(zhu)(zhu)者。两(liang)京(jing)钱(qian)有鹅(e)眼、古(gu)文、线环之(zhi)别,每贯重不过三四斤,至(zhi)翦铁而缗(min)(min)之(zhi)。宰相李林甫请出(chu)绢布三百万匹,平(ping)估(gu)收钱(qian),物价踊贵(gui),诉(su)者日万人。兵部侍郎杨国(guo)忠(zhong)欲招权以(yi)(yi)市恩,扬鞭市门曰:“行(xing)当复之(zhi)。”明日,诏复行(xing)旧(jiu)钱(qian)。天宝(bao)十一(yi)载,又(you)出(chu)钱(qian)三十万缗(min)(min)易两(liang)市恶钱(qian),出(chu)左藏(zang)(zang)库排斗钱(qian),许民易之(zhi)。国(guo)忠(zhong)又(you)言钱(qian)非铁锡(xi)(xi)、铜沙、穿穴、古(gu)文,皆(jie)(jie)得用(yong)之(zhi)。
是时增调农(nong)人(ren)铸钱,既非所习,皆(jie)不聊生。内作判(pan)官韦伦(lun)请厚价募工,繇是役用减而(er)鼓(gu)铸多(duo)。天(tian)下(xia)炉九十九:绛州三十,扬、润、宣、鄂、蔚皆(jie)十,益、邓、郴皆(jie)五(wu),洋州三,定州一。每(mei)(mei)炉岁(sui)铸钱三千三百(bai)(bai)缗(min),役丁匠(jiang)三十,费铜二万一千二百(bai)(bai)斤、镴三千七(qi)百(bai)(bai)斤、锡五(wu)百(bai)(bai)斤。每(mei)(mei)千钱费钱七(qi)百(bai)(bai)五(wu)十。天(tian)下(xia)岁(sui)铸三十二万七(qi)千缗(min)。
肃宗(zong)乾(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年,经(jing)费(fei)不(bu)给,铸(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)使第五(wu)琦铸(zhu)(zhu)“乾(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)重(zhong)宝”钱(qian),径一(yi)(yi)寸(cun),每(mei)缗(min)重(zhong)十斤,与开元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)宝参用,以一(yi)(yi)当十,亦号(hao)“乾(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十当钱(qian)”。先是诸炉(lu)铸(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)窳(yu)薄(bo),熔破(po)钱(qian)及佛(fo)像,谓之“盘陀”,皆铸(zhu)(zhu)为私钱(qian),犯者(zhe)杖(zhang)死。第五(wu)琦为相,复命绛州诸炉(lu)铸(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)轮(lun)乾(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)钱(qian),径一(yi)(yi)寸(cun)二分,其(qi)文亦曰(yue):“乾(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)重(zhong)宝”,背之外(wai)郭为重(zhong)轮(lun),每(mei)缗(min)重(zhong)十二斤,与开元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)宝钱(qian)并行,以一(yi)(yi)当五(wu)十。是时民间行三钱(qian),大而重(zhong)棱者(zhe)亦号(hao)“重(zhong)棱钱(qian)”。法既屡易,物(wu)价(jia)腾(teng)踊,米(mi)斗钱(qian)至(zhi)七千,饿死者(zhe)满道。
初,有“虚钱(qian)(qian)(qian)”,京师人人私铸,并小钱(qian)(qian)(qian),坏(huai)钟、像,犯禁者(zhe)愈(yu)众(zhong)。郑叔清(qing)为(wei)京兆(zhao)尹,数月榜死者(zhe)八百余人。肃(su)宗以新钱(qian)(qian)(qian)不便,命百官集议,不能改。上元(yuan)元(yuan)年,减(jian)重轮钱(qian)(qian)(qian)以一(yi)(yi)当三十(shi)(shi)(shi),开元(yuan)旧(jiu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)与乾(qian)元(yuan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)当钱(qian)(qian)(qian),皆以一(yi)(yi)当十(shi)(shi)(shi),碾硙鬻受,得为(wei)实钱(qian)(qian)(qian),虚钱(qian)(qian)(qian)交易皆用十(shi)(shi)(shi)当钱(qian)(qian)(qian),由(you)是钱(qian)(qian)(qian)有虚实之名(ming)。
史思明据东都,亦铸(zhu)“得一元(yuan)宝”钱,径一寸四分,以一当开元(yuan)通宝之百。既而恶“得一”非长祚之兆,改其文曰“顺天(tian)元(yuan)宝”。
代宗即位(wei),乾元重(zhong)(zhong)宝钱(qian)(qian)(qian)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)当(dang)(dang)二(er),重(zhong)(zhong)轮钱(qian)(qian)(qian)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)当(dang)(dang)三(san)(san),凡三(san)(san)日(ri)而大小钱(qian)(qian)(qian)皆以(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)当(dang)(dang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。自第五(wu)琦(qi)更铸(zhu),犯(fan)法者(zhe)(zhe)日(ri)数百,州(zhou)县不(bu)(bu)能禁止,至是人甚便之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其后民间(jian)乾元、重(zhong)(zhong)棱二(er)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)铸(zhu)为器,不(bu)(bu)复出矣。当(dang)(dang)时议者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)为:“自天(tian)宝至今,户九百余(yu)(yu)万(wan)(wan)。《王制》:上农夫食九人,中农夫七人。以(yi)中农夫计之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),为六千(qian)三(san)(san)百万(wan)(wan)人。少(shao)壮相均,人食米二(er)升,日(ri)费米百二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六万(wan)(wan)斛(hu),岁费四万(wan)(wan)五(wu)千(qian)三(san)(san)百六十(shi)(shi)(shi)万(wan)(wan)斛(hu),而衣(yi)倍(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),吉凶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼再倍(bei),余(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)储以(yi)备水旱凶灾,当(dang)(dang)米十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)万(wan)(wan)六千(qian)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)万(wan)(wan)斛(hu),以(yi)贵贱丰(feng)俭相当(dang)(dang),则(ze)米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直与钱(qian)(qian)(qian)钧也。田以(yi)高下(xia)肥(fei)瘠(ji)丰(feng)耗为率,一(yi)(yi)(yi)顷出米五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)余(yu)(yu)斛(hu),当(dang)(dang)田二(er)千(qian)七百二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)万(wan)(wan)六千(qian)顷。而钱(qian)(qian)(qian)亦岁毁于棺瓶埋藏焚溺(ni),其间(jian)铜(tong)贵钱(qian)(qian)(qian)贱,有铸(zhu)以(yi)为器者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)出十(shi)(shi)(shi)年钱(qian)(qian)(qian)几(ji)尽,不(bu)(bu)足周当(dang)(dang)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用。”诸道盐铁(tie)转运使刘晏以(yi)江、岭(ling)诸州(zhou),任土所出,皆重(zhong)(zhong)粗贱弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)货(huo),输(shu)京(jing)师不(bu)(bu)足以(yi)供道路之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直。于是积之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)江淮,易铜(tong)铅(qian)薪炭,广铸(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian),岁得(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)余(yu)(yu)万(wan)(wan)缗,输(shu)京(jing)师及荆、扬二(er)州(zhou),自是钱(qian)(qian)(qian)日(ri)增矣。
大历(li)七年,禁天下铸(zhu)(zhu)铜(tong)器。建中初,户部侍郎韩(han)洄(hui)以商州红崖(ya)冶铜(tong)多,请复洛源废监,起十炉,岁铸(zhu)(zhu)钱七万二千缗,每千钱费九百。德宗从之。
江淮(huai)多(duo)铅锡钱(qian)(qian),以铜(tong){汤(tang)皿(min)}外,不盈(ying)斤两,帛价益(yi)贵。销(xiao)千钱(qian)(qian)为铜(tong)六(liu)斤,铸(zhu)(zhu)器则(ze)斤得钱(qian)(qian)六(liu)百,故(gu)销(xiao)铸(zhu)(zhu)者多(duo),而(er)钱(qian)(qian)益(yi)耗。判度支(zhi)赵赞采连(lian)州(zhou)(zhou)白铜(tong)铸(zhu)(zhu)大钱(qian)(qian),一(yi)当十,以权轻重。贞元初,骆谷(gu)、散关禁(jin)行人以一(yi)钱(qian)(qian)出者。诸(zhu)(zhu)道盐铁使张滂奏禁(jin)江淮(huai)铸(zhu)(zhu)铜(tong)为器,惟铸(zhu)(zhu)鉴而(er)已。十年,诏天(tian)下铸(zhu)(zhu)铜(tong)器,每器一(yi)斤,其直不得过百六(liu)十,销(xiao)钱(qian)(qian)者以盗铸(zhu)(zhu)论。然而(er)民(min)间(jian)钱(qian)(qian)益(yi)少(shao),缯帛价轻,州(zhou)(zhou)县(xian)禁(jin)钱(qian)(qian)不出境(jing),商(shang)(shang)(shang)贾(jia)(jia)皆绝(jue)。浙西观(guan)察使李若初请(qing)通(tong)钱(qian)(qian)往来,而(er)京师商(shang)(shang)(shang)贾(jia)(jia)赍钱(qian)(qian)四(si)方贸易(yi)者不可胜计(ji)。诏复(fu)禁(jin)之(zhi)。二(er)(er)十年,命市井(jing)交易(yi),以绫、罗、绢(juan)、布(bu)、杂货与钱(qian)(qian)兼(jian)用。宪宗以钱(qian)(qian)少(shao),复(fu)禁(jin)用铜(tong)器。时商(shang)(shang)(shang)贾(jia)(jia)至京师,委钱(qian)(qian)诸(zhu)(zhu)道进(jin)奏院及(ji)诸(zhu)(zhu)军、诸(zhu)(zhu)使富家,以轻装趋四(si)方,合券乃取(qu)之(zhi),号“飞钱(qian)(qian)”。京兆(zhao)尹裴(pei)武请(qing)禁(jin)与商(shang)(shang)(shang)贾(jia)(jia)飞钱(qian)(qian)者,廋索诸(zhu)(zhu)坊,二(er)(er)人为保。
盐铁使李(li)巽以(yi)(yi)郴州平阳铜坑二(er)百(bai)八十余,复置桂阳监,以(yi)(yi)两炉(lu)(lu)日铸(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)二(er)十万(wan)。天下岁铸(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)十三万(wan)五(wu)千缗(min)。命商贾(jia)蓄钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)者,皆出以(yi)(yi)市货(huo);天下有(you)银(yin)之山必有(you)铜,唯银(yin)无(wu)益于人,五(wu)岭以(yi)(yi)北,采银(yin)一两者流他州,官吏(li)论罪。元和四(si)年,京师用(yong)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)缗(min)少二(er)十及有(you)铅锡钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)者,捕之;非交易而钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)行(xing)衢(qu)路者,不问。复诏采五(wu)岭银(yin)坑,禁(jin)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)出岭。六年,贸易钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)十缗(min)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)者,参用(yong)布帛。蔚州三河(he)冶距飞狐故监二(er)十里而近,河(he)东节(jie)度使王锷置炉(lu)(lu),疏拒马(ma)河(he)水铸(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),工费尤(you)省(sheng),以(yi)(yi)刺史李(li)听为使,以(yi)(yi)五(wu)炉(lu)(lu)铸(zhu)(zhu),每炉(lu)(lu)月铸(zhu)(zhu)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)三十万(wan),自是河(he)东锡钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)皆废。
自京师(shi)(shi)禁飞钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),家(jia)有滞藏,物价浸(jin)轻。判(pan)度支(zhi)卢坦、兵部尚(shang)书判(pan)户部事王绍、盐铁(tie)使(shi)王播(bo)请(qing)许商(shang)人于户部、度支(zhi)、盐铁(tie)三司飞钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),每(mei)千钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)增给(ji)(ji)百(bai)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),然(ran)商(shang)人无至者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。复(fu)(fu)许与商(shang)人敌贯而易之(zhi),然(ran)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)重帛轻如故。宪宗为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)出内库(ku)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)万(wan)(wan)缗(min)市(shi)(shi)(shi)布帛,每(mei)匹加(jia)旧估十(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)一。会吴元(yuan)济、王承宗连衡拒(ju)命(ming),以(yi)七道兵讨之(zhi),经费屈(qu)竭。皇(huang)甫镈建议,内外用钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)每(mei)缗(min)垫(dian)(dian)(dian)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)外,复(fu)(fu)抽五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)送度支(zhi)以(yi)赡军。十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年,复(fu)(fu)给(ji)(ji)京兆府钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)万(wan)(wan)缗(min)市(shi)(shi)(shi)布帛,而富家(jia)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)过五(wu)千贯者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)死(si),王公(gong)重贬,没入于官,以(yi)五(wu)之(zhi)一赏(shang)告者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。京师(shi)(shi)区肆所积(ji),皆方镇(zhen)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),少亦五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)万(wan)(wan)缗(min),乃(nai)争市(shi)(shi)(shi)第宅。然(ran)富贾倚左右(you)神策军官钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)为(wei)(wei)名,府县不(bu)敢劾问。民(min)间垫(dian)(dian)(dian)陌(mo)(mo)有至七十(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),铅锡钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)益(yi)多(duo),吏(li)捕犯者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),多(duo)属(shu)诸军、诸使(shi),讠虖集(ji)市(shi)(shi)(shi)人强夺,殴伤吏(li)卒。京兆尹崔元(yuan)略(lve)请(qing)犯者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)本(ben)(ben)(ben)军、本(ben)(ben)(ben)使(shi)涖决(jue),帝不(bu)能(neng)用,诏(zhao)(zhao)送本(ben)(ben)(ben)军、本(ben)(ben)(ben)使(shi),而京兆府遣人涖决(jue)。穆宗即位,京师(shi)(shi)鬻金银十(shi)(shi)(shi)两亦垫(dian)(dian)(dian)一两,籴米盐百(bai)钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)垫(dian)(dian)(dian)七八。京兆尹柳公(gong)绰以(yi)严法禁止之(zhi)。寻以(yi)所在用钱(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)垫(dian)(dian)(dian)陌(mo)(mo)不(bu)一,诏(zhao)(zhao)从俗所宜,内外给(ji)(ji)用,每(mei)缗(min)垫(dian)(dian)(dian)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)。
宝历初,河(he)南尹王起(qi)请销钱(qian)为佛(fo)像者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)盗(dao)铸钱(qian)论。大(da)和三年,诏(zhao)佛(fo)像以(yi)铅(qian)、锡(xi)、土、木(mu)为之(zhi),饰带以(yi)金(jin)银、鍮石、乌油、蓝(lan)铁(tie),唯鉴、磬、钉、镮(huan)、钮(niu)得用(yong)铜,余皆禁之(zhi),盗(dao)铸者(zhe)(zhe)死。是(shi)时峻铅(qian)锡(xi)钱(qian)之(zhi)禁。告千钱(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)赏以(yi)五千。
四(si)年(nian),诏积钱(qian)以(yi)七千缗为率,十万(wan)缗者(zhe)期以(yi)一(yi)年(nian)出之(zhi),二十万(wan)以(yi)二年(nian)。凡(fan)交(jiao)易百缗以(yi)上者(zhe),匹(pi)帛米粟居半。河南府、扬(yang)州、江(jiang)陵府以(yi)都会之(zhi)剧,约束如(ru)京师。未几皆罢(ba)。
八年,河东锡钱(qian)复起(qi),盐铁使王(wang)涯置飞(fei)狐(hu)铸钱(qian)院于蔚州,天下岁铸钱(qian)不及(ji)十(shi)万(wan)缗。文宗病(bing)币轻钱(qian)重(zhong),诏方镇纵钱(qian)谷(gu)交易(yi)。时虽禁(jin)(jin)铜(tong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)器,而(er)江淮(huai)、岭南列肆鬻之,铸千钱(qian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)器,售利数倍。宰(zai)相李珏请加炉铸钱(qian),于是(shi)禁(jin)(jin)铜(tong)器,官(guan)一切为(wei)(wei)(wei)市之。天下铜(tong)坑五(wu)十(shi),岁采铜(tong)二十(shi)六万(wan)六千斤。及(ji)武(wu)宗废(fei)浮屠法,永平监官(guan)李郁彦请以(yi)(yi)铜(tong)像(xiang)、钟(zhong)、磬、钅(jin)卢(lu)、鐸皆归巡院,州县铜(tong)益多矣。盐铁使以(yi)(yi)工(gong)有常力(li),不足(zu)以(yi)(yi)加铸,许(xu)诸道观察使皆得置钱(qian)坊。淮(huai)南节度使李绅请天下以(yi)(yi)州名铸钱(qian),京(jing)师为(wei)(wei)(wei)京(jing)钱(qian),大小径寸,如开元(yuan)通(tong)宝,交易(yi)禁(jin)(jin)用旧(jiu)钱(qian)。会宣宗即位,尽黜会昌之政,新(xin)钱(qian)以(yi)(yi)字可(ke)辨,复铸为(wei)(wei)(wei)像(xiang)。
昭宗末(mo),京师用钱(qian)八(ba)百(bai)五(wu)十(shi)为贯,每百(bai)才八(ba)十(shi)五(wu),河南府以八(ba)十(shi)为百(bai)云。
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