武(wu)字子(zi)(zi)卿,少以父任,兄弟(di)并为郎(lang),稍迁(qian)至栘中(zhong)厩监。时(shi)汉(han)(han)连伐胡,数(shu)通使(shi)相(xiang)窥观。匈(xiong)奴留汉(han)(han)使(shi)郭吉(ji)、路充国等前后十余辈(bei),匈(xiong)奴使(shi)来,汉(han)(han)亦(yi)留之以相(xiang)当。天汉(han)(han)元年,且(qie)鞮侯单于(yu)初立,恐汉(han)(han)袭之,乃(nai)(nai)曰(yue):「汉(han)(han)天子(zi)(zi)我(wo)丈人行也。」尽(jin)归汉(han)(han)使(shi)路充国等。武(wu)帝嘉其义(yi),乃(nai)(nai)遣武(wu)以中(zhong)郎(lang)将使(shi)持(chi)节送匈(xiong)奴使(shi)留在汉(han)(han)者,因厚赂单于(yu),答其善意。
武(wu)与(yu)(yu)副中(zhong)郎将张(zhang)胜(sheng)(sheng)及假吏常(chang)(chang)(chang)惠(hui)(hui)等(deng)(deng)(deng)募(mu)士(shi)斥候(hou)百余人俱。既至匈奴,置币遗单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu);单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)益(yi)骄(jiao),非汉(han)(han)所望也(ye)。方(fang)欲(yu)(yu)发使(shi)送(song)武(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng),会(hui)缑(gou)王(wang)与(yu)(yu)长水虞(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)谋(mou)反匈奴中(zhong)。缑(gou)王(wang)者(zhe),昆邪王(wang)姊子也(ye),与(yu)(yu)昆邪王(wang)俱降汉(han)(han),后(hou)随浞(zhuo)野侯没胡中(zhong),及卫(wei)律(lv)所将降者(zhe),阴相(xiang)与(yu)(yu)谋(mou),劫单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)母(mu)阏(yan)氏(shi)归汉(han)(han)。会(hui)武(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)至匈奴。虞(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)在(zai)汉(han)(han)时(shi),素(su)与(yu)(yu)副张(zhang)胜(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)知,私候(hou)胜(sheng)(sheng)曰(yue):「闻(wen)(wen)汉(han)(han)天子甚怨卫(wei)律(lv),常(chang)(chang)(chang)能为(wei)汉(han)(han)伏弩射杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),吾母(mu)与(yu)(yu)弟在(zai)汉(han)(han),幸蒙其(qi)赏赐。」张(zhang)胜(sheng)(sheng)许之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)货物与(yu)(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)。后(hou)月余,单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)出猎,独阏(yan)氏(shi)子弟在(zai)。虞(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)七十(shi)余人欲(yu)(yu)发,其(qi)一(yi)人夜(ye)亡告之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)子弟发兵与(yu)(yu)战,缑(gou)王(wang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)皆死,虞(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)生(sheng)得。单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)使(shi)卫(wei)律(lv)治其(qi)事。张(zhang)胜(sheng)(sheng)闻(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),恐(kong)前语(yu)发,以(yi)状语(yu)武(wu)。武(wu)曰(yue):「事如此,此必及我,见犯乃(nai)死,重负(fu)国!」欲(yu)(yu)自(zi)杀,胜(sheng)(sheng)惠(hui)(hui)共(gong)止之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。虞(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)果引张(zhang)胜(sheng)(sheng)。单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)怒(nu),召(zhao)诸贵人议,欲(yu)(yu)杀汉(han)(han)使(shi)者(zhe)。左伊秩訾曰(yue):「即谋(mou)单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu),何以(yi)复(fu)加?宜皆降之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。」单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)使(shi)卫(wei)律(lv)召(zhao)武(wu)受辞。武(wu)谓惠(hui)(hui)等(deng)(deng)(deng):「屈节辱命,虽(sui)生(sheng)何面目(mu)以(yi)归汉(han)(han)?」引佩刀自(zi)刺。卫(wei)律(lv)惊,自(zi)抱(bao)持武(wu)。驰召(zhao)医,凿地为(wei)坎(kan),置煴火,覆武(wu)其(qi)上(shang),蹈其(qi)背,以(yi)出血。武(wu)气绝,半(ban)日(ri)复(fu)息。惠(hui)(hui)等(deng)(deng)(deng)哭,舆归营。单(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)壮(zhuang)其(qi)节,朝(chao)夕(xi)遣人候(hou)问武(wu),而(er)收系张(zhang)胜(sheng)(sheng)。
武(wu)(wu)(wu)益愈(yu)。单(dan)于(yu)使(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)晓(xiao)武(wu)(wu)(wu),会(hui)论虞(yu)(yu)常(chang),欲(yu)因此(ci)时降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)。剑斩虞(yu)(yu)常(chang)已,律(lv)曰(yue)(yue):「汉(han)使(shi)(shi)张胜谋(mou)杀(sha)单(dan)于(yu)近臣(chen)(chen),当死;单(dan)于(yu)募降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)者(zhe)(zhe),赦(she)罪。」举剑欲(yu)击之(zhi),胜请降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。律(lv)谓(wei)(wei)武(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue):「副有罪,当相坐。」武(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue):「本无谋(mou),又非亲属,何谓(wei)(wei)相坐?」复(fu)举剑拟之(zhi),武(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)动(dong)。律(lv)曰(yue)(yue):「苏君(jun),律(lv)前负(fu)汉(han)归匈(xiong)奴(nu),幸蒙大恩(en),赐号称王(wang),拥众数万,马畜弥(mi)山,富贵如此(ci)。苏君(jun)今(jin)日降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),明(ming)日复(fu)然。空以(yi)身(shen)膏草野(ye),谁复(fu)知之(zhi)?」武(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)应。律(lv)曰(yue)(yue):「君(jun)因我(wo)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),与君(jun)为(wei)兄弟;今(jin)不(bu)听吾计,后(hou)虽(sui)复(fu)欲(yu)见我(wo),尚(shang)可得乎?」武(wu)(wu)(wu)骂(ma)律(lv)曰(yue)(yue):「女为(wei)人(ren)臣(chen)(chen)子,不(bu)顾恩(en)义,畔主背(bei)亲,为(wei)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)虏于(yu)蛮夷(yi),何以(yi)女为(wei)见?且单(dan)于(yu)信女,使(shi)(shi)决人(ren)死生,不(bu)平心持(chi)正,反欲(yu)斗两(liang)主观祸败。南越杀(sha)汉(han)使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),屠(tu)为(wei)九郡;宛王(wang)杀(sha)汉(han)使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),头县(xian)北阙;朝鲜杀(sha)汉(han)使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),即时诛(zhu)灭。独匈(xiong)奴(nu)未耳。若知我(wo)不(bu)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)明(ming),欲(yu)令两(liang)国相攻(gong),匈(xiong)奴(nu)之(zhi)祸,从我(wo)始矣(yi)!」律(lv)知武(wu)(wu)(wu)终不(bu)可胁,白单(dan)于(yu)。单(dan)于(yu)愈(yu)益欲(yu)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)之(zhi)。乃幽(you)武(wu)(wu)(wu)置大窖中,绝不(bu)饮食。天雨雪。武(wu)(wu)(wu)卧,啮(nie)雪与旃(zhan)毛并咽之(zhi),数日不(bu)死。匈(xiong)奴(nu)以(yi)为(wei)神,乃徙武(wu)(wu)(wu)北海上无人(ren)处,使(shi)(shi)牧羝。羝乳,乃得归。别其官属常(chang)惠(hui)等,各置他所。
武(wu)(wu)既至海上(shang),廪食(shi)不至,掘野鼠去(qu)屮实而食(shi)之。仗汉节牧羊,卧起操持,节旄(mao)尽(jin)落(luo)。积五、六(liu)年,单(dan)于弟(di)于靬王(wang)弋(yi)射海上(shang)。武(wu)(wu)能网(wang)纺缴,檠弓弩,于靬王(wang)爱之,给(ji)其(qi)衣食(shi)。三岁余,王(wang)病,赐武(wu)(wu)马畜、服(fu)匿(ni)、穹庐。王(wang)死后,人众徙去(qu)。其(qi)冬,丁令盗武(wu)(wu)牛(niu)羊,武(wu)(wu)复穷厄。
初,武(wu)(wu)与(yu)李陵(ling)(ling)(ling)俱(ju)为(wei)(wei)侍中。武(wu)(wu)使(shi)匈(xiong)奴明年(nian),陵(ling)(ling)(ling)降,不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢求(qiu)武(wu)(wu)。久(jiu)之,单于(yu)(yu)使(shi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)海上(shang),为(wei)(wei)武(wu)(wu)置酒(jiu)设乐(le)。因谓武(wu)(wu)曰(yue):「单于(yu)(yu)闻(wen)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)与(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)卿素厚,故(gu)使(shi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)来说(shuo)足下(xia),虚心欲相(xiang)待。终不(bu)(bu)(bu)得归汉(han),空自(zi)(zi)苦亡人(ren)之地,信义安(an)所(suo)见乎?前长君为(wei)(wei)奉(feng)车,从(cong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雍棫阳宫,扶辇下(xia)除,触(chu)柱,折辕,劾(he)大(da)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敬,伏剑自(zi)(zi)刎,赐钱二(er)百万以葬。孺卿从(cong)祠河东後土,宦骑与(yu)黄门驸马(ma)争(zheng)船,推堕驸马(ma)河中,溺死(si),宦骑亡。诏使(shi)孺卿逐捕。不(bu)(bu)(bu)得,惶恐(kong)饮药(yao)而死(si)。来时(shi)太(tai)夫人(ren)已(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)幸,陵(ling)(ling)(ling)送葬至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳陵(ling)(ling)(ling)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)卿妇年(nian)少,闻(wen)已(yi)更嫁矣(yi)。独有(you)女(nv)弟二(er)人(ren),两女(nv)一男,今(jin)复十(shi)余年(nian),存亡不(bu)(bu)(bu)可知(zhi)。人(ren)生如朝露(lu),何久(jiu)自(zi)(zi)苦如此?陵(ling)(ling)(ling)始降时(shi),忽忽如狂(kuang),自(zi)(zi)痛负(fu)汉(han);加以老母系保宫。子(zi)(zi)(zi)卿不(bu)(bu)(bu)欲降,何以过陵(ling)(ling)(ling)?且陛(bi)下(xia)春(chun)秋(qiu)高,法令亡常,大(da)臣(chen)亡罪夷灭者数十(shi)家,安(an)危不(bu)(bu)(bu)可知(zhi)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)卿尚复谁(shei)为(wei)(wei)乎?愿听(ting)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)计,勿复有(you)云!」武(wu)(wu)曰(yue):「武(wu)(wu)父(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)亡功德,皆(jie)为(wei)(wei)陛(bi)下(xia)所(suo)成就,位列将,爵(jue)通(tong)侯,兄弟亲(qin)近,常愿肝脑涂地。今(jin)得杀身自(zi)(zi)效(xiao),虽(sui)蒙斧(fu)钺汤镬,诚(cheng)甘乐(le)之。臣(chen)事(shi)君,犹子(zi)(zi)(zi)事(shi)父(fu)也。子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)父(fu)死(si),亡所(suo)恨(hen),愿无复再言(yan)。」陵(ling)(ling)(ling)与(yu)武(wu)(wu)饮数日,复曰(yue):「子(zi)(zi)(zi)卿,壹听(ting)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)言(yan)。」武(wu)(wu)曰(yue):「自(zi)(zi)分已(yi)死(si)久(jiu)矣(yi)!王必欲降武(wu)(wu),请毕今(jin)日之欢,效(xiao)死(si)于(yu)(yu)前!」陵(ling)(ling)(ling)见其(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng),喟然叹(tan)曰(yue):「嗟呼!义士(shi)!陵(ling)(ling)(ling)与(yu)卫律之罪上(shang)通(tong)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)!」因泣下(xia)沾衿(jin),与(yu)武(wu)(wu)决去。
陵恶自(zi)赐(ci)武(wu)(wu),使(shi)其妻赐(ci)武(wu)(wu)牛羊数(shu)(shu)十(shi)头。后(hou)陵复至北海上,语(yu)武(wu)(wu):「区脱捕(bu)得(de)(de)云(yun)中生口,言太(tai)守以(yi)下吏民皆白服,曰:『上崩。』」武(wu)(wu)闻之,南乡号(hao)哭(ku),欧血,旦(dan)夕(xi)临。数(shu)(shu)月,昭(zhao)帝即位。数(shu)(shu)年,匈(xiong)奴(nu)与(yu)汉(han)(han)和亲。汉(han)(han)求武(wu)(wu)等(deng)。匈(xiong)奴(nu)诡言武(wu)(wu)死(si)。后(hou)汉(han)(han)使(shi)复至匈(xiong)奴(nu)。常(chang)惠请(qing)其守者(zhe)与(yu)俱,得(de)(de)夜见(jian)汉(han)(han)使(shi),具自(zi)陈道。教使(shi)者(zhe)谓(wei)单于(yu)言:「天子(zi)射(she)上林(lin)中,得(de)(de)雁足有系帛(bo)书,言武(wu)(wu)等(deng)在某(mou)泽中。」使(shi)者(zhe)大喜,如(ru)惠语(yu)以(yi)让单于(yu)。单于(yu)视(shi)左右而(er)惊(jing),谢(xie)汉(han)(han)使(shi)曰:「武(wu)(wu)等(deng)实(shi)在。」于(yu)是李陵置酒贺武(wu)(wu)曰:「今足下还归(gui),扬名于(yu)匈(xiong)奴(nu),功(gong)显于(yu)汉(han)(han)室,虽古(gu)竹帛(bo)所(suo)载,丹青所(suo)画,何(he)以(yi)过子(zi)卿(qing)!陵虽驽怯,令(ling)汉(han)(han)且贳陵罪,全其老(lao)母(mu),使(shi)得(de)(de)奋(fen)大辱之积志,庶(shu)几(ji)乎(hu)曹柯之盟。此(ci)陵宿昔(xi)之所(suo)不忘也!收族陵家,为(wei)世大戮(lu),陵尚复何(he)顾乎(hu)?已矣!令(ling)子(zi)卿(qing)知吾(wu)心(xin)耳!异域之人,壹别长(zhang)绝(jue)!」陵起(qi)舞,歌曰:「径万里兮(xi)度沙(sha)幕,为(wei)君将兮(xi)奋(fen)匈(xiong)奴(nu)。路穷(qiong)绝(jue)兮(xi)矢(shi)刃摧,士(shi)众灭兮(xi)名已隤,老(lao)母(mu)已死(si),虽欲报恩将安归(gui)?」
陵泣下数行,因(yin)与武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)决。单于召会(hui)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)官属,前以(yi)降及(ji)物故,凡随武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)还者(zhe)九人。武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)始(shi)元六(liu)(liu)年春至(zhi)京师,诏武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)奉一太牢谒武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝园庙,拜(bai)为典属国(guo),秩中(zhong)二(er)千石(shi),赐(ci)钱二(er)百(bai)万(wan),公(gong)田二(er)顷,宅(zhai)一区。常惠徐圣(sheng)赵(zhao)终根皆(jie)拜(bai)为中(zhong)郎,赐(ci)帛各二(er)百(bai)匹(pi)。其余六(liu)(liu)人,老(lao)归家,赐(ci)钱人十(shi)万(wan),复终身(shen)。常惠后至(zhi)右将军,封(feng)列侯,自有传(chuan)。武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)留匈奴凡十(shi)九岁,始(shi)以(yi)强壮(zhuang)出,及(ji)还,须发尽白。
【校(xiao)注】此篇不见于原本《古(gu)文观止》。校(xiao)以(yi)《四部备要(yao)》重刊(kan)殿本《汉书》及中华书局标(biao)点本《汉书》卷五十四。