送孟东野序
［唐］韩愈
【题解】孟(meng)郊(jiao)（751—814），字东野，湖州武(wu)康(kang)（今(jin)浙江德(de)(de)清县）人。中(zhong)唐著名庄(zhuang)周以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)荒(huang)唐之辞鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)［16］。楚，大(da)国也(ye)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亡也(ye)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)屈原鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)［17］。臧(zang)孙辰(chen)、孟(meng)轲(ke)、荀卿［18］，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe)也(ye)。杨(yang)朱(zhu)、墨翟(zhai)、管夷吾(wu)、晏(yan)婴、老聃、申不害、韩非、慎到、田骈、邹(zou)衍、尸佼、孙武(wu)、张(zhang)仪(yi)、苏秦(qin)之属［19］，皆以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)术鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。秦(qin)之兴，李(li)斯(si)鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之［20］。汉之时，司马迁、相如(ru)、扬雄［21］，最其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)善(shan)(shan)鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe)也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下魏晋氏，鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe)不及于古，然亦未尝(chang)绝也(ye)。就其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)善(shan)(shan)者(zhe)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声清以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)浮，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)节数以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)急［22］，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)辞淫(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)哀(ai)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)志弛以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)肆［23］；其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)为言(yan)也(ye)，乱杂而(er)无(wu)章(zhang)。将(jiang)天丑其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)德(de)(de)莫(mo)之顾邪？何为乎不鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)善(shan)(shan)鸣(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe)也(ye)！
唐之(zhi)有(you)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)，陈子昂、苏源明(ming)、元结、李(li)白、杜甫、李(li)观(guan)［24］，皆(jie)以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)能鸣(ming)(ming)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)存(cun)而在下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)，孟郊(jiao)东(dong)野始以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)诗鸣(ming)(ming)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)高出魏晋，不懈而及于(yu)古，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他浸淫乎汉氏(shi)矣［25］。从吾游(you)者(zhe)(zhe)，李(li)翱、张籍其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)尤也［26］。三子者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)鸣(ming)(ming)信(xin)善矣。抑不知天(tian)(tian)将和其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声，而使(shi)鸣(ming)(ming)国家之(zhi)盛(sheng)邪(xie)，抑将穷饿其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身，思愁其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)心肠，而使(shi)自鸣(ming)(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不幸邪(xie)？三子者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)命，则(ze)悬乎天(tian)(tian)矣。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在上也奚(xi)以(yi)喜，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在下(xia)也奚(xi)以(yi)悲(bei)！东(dong)野之(zhi)役于(yu)江南(nan)也［27］，有(you)若不释然者(zhe)(zhe)，故(gu)吾道其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)解之(zhi)。
——选(xuan)自中华书局影(ying)印本《全唐文》
一般说(shuo)来(lai)(lai)各(ge)种事物处在(zai)不(bu)平静的(de)时(shi)(shi)候(hou)就(jiu)会发(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)声(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)：草木本(ben)来(lai)(lai)没有(you)声(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)，风摇动(dong)它(ta)就(jiu)发(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)声(sheng)响(xiang)。水(shui)(shui)本(ben)来(lai)(lai)没有(you)声(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)，风震荡(dang)它(ta)就(jiu)发(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)声(sheng)响(xiang)。水(shui)(shui)浪腾涌(yong)，或(huo)是(shi)有(you)东(dong)西在(zai)阻遏水(shui)(shui)势；水(shui)(shui)流湍急(ji)，或(huo)是(shi)有(you)东(dong)西阻塞了水(shui)(shui)道；水(shui)(shui)花沸(fei)腾，或(huo)是(shi)有(you)火在(zai)烧(shao)煮它(ta)。金属石器本(ben)来(lai)(lai)没有(you)声(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)，有(you)人敲击它(ta)就(jiu)发(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)响(xiang)。人的(de)语(yu)言也同样如此，往往到了不(bu)得(de)不(bu)说(shuo)的(de)时(shi)(shi)候(hou)才发(fa)(fa)言。人们(men)唱歌(ge)是(shi)为了寄托(tuo)情(qing)思，人们(men)哭泣是(shi)因为有(you)所怀(huai)恋(lian)，凡(fan)是(shi)从口中发(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)而(er)成为声(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)，大(da)概都有(you)其不(bu)能平静的(de)原因吧(ba)！
音(yin)乐(le)，是(shi)人们心(xin)中(zhong)郁闷而抒发(fa)出(chu)来的(de)心(xin)声(sheng)，人们选(xuan)择最适合发(fa)音(yin)的(de)东西来奏(zou)乐(le)。金、石、丝、竹(zhu)、匏、土、革、木这八种乐(le)器，是(shi)各类物质中(zhong)发(fa)音(yin)最好的(de)。上天(tian)对于(yu)一年(nian)四季也是(shi)这样，选(xuan)择最善(shan)于(yu)发(fa)声(sheng)的(de)事(shi)物借它(ta)来发(fa)声(sheng)。因(yin)此春(chun)天(tian)让(rang)百(bai)鸟啁(zhou)啾，夏天(tian)让(rang)雷霆轰鸣，秋天(tian)让(rang)虫声(sheng)唧唧，冬天(tian)让(rang)寒风呼(hu)啸。一年(nian)四季互相推移(yi)变化(hua)，也一定(ding)有其不能平静(jing)的(de)原因(yin)吧(ba)？
对(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)来(lai)(lai)(lai)说(shuo)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)样(yang)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)类声(sheng)(sheng)音的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精华(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)语言，文辞(ci)对(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)语言来(lai)(lai)(lai)说(shuo)，又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精华(hua)，所以尤其要选择善于(yu)(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，依靠他(ta)(ta)们(men)来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)意见。在(zai)(zai)唐尧、虞舜时(shi)(shi)，咎陶、禹是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最善于(yu)(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因而(er)借助他(ta)(ta)俩来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。夔不能(neng)用(yong)(yong)文辞(ci)来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，他(ta)(ta)就借演奏《韶(shao)》乐来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。夏朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)，太(tai)康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)个弟弟用(yong)(yong)他(ta)(ta)们(men)歌声(sheng)(sheng)来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。殷朝(chao)(chao)善于(yu)(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)伊尹，周(zhou)朝(chao)(chao)善于(yu)(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)公。凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记载(zai)在(zai)(zai)《诗经》、《尚书》等儒(ru)家六种经典(dian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诗文，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)得很(hen)高明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。周(zhou)朝(chao)(chao)衰落时(shi)(shi)，孔(kong)子(zi)和他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弟子(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)看法(fa)，他(ta)(ta)们(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)音洪大(da)而(er)传播遥(yao)远。《论语》上(shang)说(shuo)：“上(shang)天(tian)将使孔(kong)子(zi)成为(wei)宣扬(yang)(yang)教化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。”这(zhei)难道(dao)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)真的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吗(ma)？周(zhou)朝(chao)(chao)末(mo)年，庄(zhuang)周(zhou)用(yong)(yong)他(ta)(ta)那(nei)荒诞(dan)不经的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文辞(ci)来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。楚国(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)国(guo)，它灭亡时(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情景靠着屈原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)创(chuang)作来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。臧(zang)孙(sun)辰、孟轲、荀卿等人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)他(ta)(ta)们(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)说(shuo)来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。杨朱、墨(mo)翟、管夷吾、晏婴、老聃、申(shen)不害、韩(han)非、慎(shen)到、田骈、邹衍、尸佼、孙(sun)武、张仪、苏秦(qin)这(zhei)些人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，都通过各自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主张来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。秦(qin)朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兴起，李斯是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)者。在(zai)(zai)汉朝(chao)(chao)，司马迁、司马相如、扬(yang)(yang)雄(xiong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其中最善于(yu)(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。此(ci)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魏朝(chao)(chao)、晋朝(chao)(chao)，能(neng)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)及(ji)不上(shang)古(gu)代，可是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)并未(wei)绝迹。就其比(bi)较(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)来(lai)(lai)(lai)说(shuo)，他(ta)(ta)们(men)作品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)音清轻而(er)虚(xu)浮，节奏短促而(er)急迫(po)，辞(ci)藻艳丽而(er)伤感，志趣(qu)颓废而(er)放(fang)旷；他(ta)(ta)们(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文辞(ci)，杂(za)乱而(er)没有(you)章法(fa)。这(zhei)大(da)概是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)天(tian)厌弃(qi)这(zhei)个时(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丑德败行而(er)不愿(yuan)照(zhao)顾(gu)他(ta)(ta)们(men)吧(ba)？为(wei)什么不让那(nei)些善于(yu)(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)出来(lai)(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)呢！
唐朝建(jian)立以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，陈子昂、苏(su)源(yuan)明、元(yuan)结、李(li)白、杜甫、李(li)观(guan)，都凭他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)众(zhong)才华来表达(da)(da)(da)心(xin)声(sheng)。其后(hou)还活着的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)当中(zhong)，孟郊开(kai)始用他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诗歌来表达(da)(da)(da)感情。这(zhei)些(xie)作(zuo)品超(chao)过了魏晋，有(you)些(xie)经过不(bu)懈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努(nu)力(li)已达(da)(da)(da)到了上古(gu)诗作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平(ping)。其他(ta)(ta)作(zuo)品也都接(jie)近了汉朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)准。同我交往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)中(zhong)间，李(li)翱、张(zhang)籍大概是最引(yin)人(ren)注(zhu)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)三位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文辞表达(da)(da)(da)确(que)实是很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但不(bu)知(zhi)道上天(tian)将应(ying)和他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)音，使(shi)他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)作(zuo)品表达(da)(da)(da)国家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)强(qiang)盛呢(ni)，还是将让他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)贫穷(qiong)饥饿，愁肠百结，使(shi)他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)作(zuo)品表达(da)(da)(da)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)幸(xing)遭遇(yu)呢(ni)？他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)三位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)运，就掌握在上天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手里了。身(shen)居高位(wei)(wei)有(you)什么可喜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，身(shen)沉(chen)下僚有(you)什么可悲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)！东野将到江南地(di)区去就任县尉，心(xin)里好(hao)象有(you)想不(bu)开(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)，所以(yi)(yi)我讲(jiang)这(zhei)番(fan)命(ming)由天(tian)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)来解开(kai)他(ta)(ta)心(xin)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疙瘩。
（曹光甫）
【注释】
［1］激：阻遏(e)水(shui)势。《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·告(gao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)》：“今(jin)夫(fu)(fu)水(shui)，搏而(er)跃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可使(shi)过颡；激而(er)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可使(shi)在(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)。”后(hou)世也(ye)(ye)用(yong)以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)石堰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类的(de)(de)(de)(de)挡水(shui)建筑物为(wei)(wei)(wei)激。［2］炙：烤。这里指(zhi)烧煮。［3］假：借助。［4］金(jin)(jin)、石、丝(si)、竹、匏（ｐáｏ袍）、土(tu)、革(ge)、木(mu)(mu)：我国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)用(yong)这八种质料制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各类乐(le)(le)(le)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)总(zong)称(cheng)，也(ye)(ye)称(cheng)“八音”。如钟属(shu)金(jin)(jin)类，罄属(shu)石类，瑟(se)属(shu)丝(si)类，箫属(shu)竹类，笙属(shu)匏类，埙（ｘūｎ熏）属(shu)土(tu)类，鼓(gu)属(shu)革(ge)类，柷（ｚｈù助）属(shu)木(mu)(mu)类。［5］推敚（ｄｕó夺）：推移。敚，同“夺”。［6］唐(tang)(tang)、虞(yu)：尧帝(di)(di)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)号(hao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)唐(tang)(tang)，舜(shun)帝(di)(di)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)号(hao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)虞(yu)。［7］咎(jiu)陶（ｇāｏ ｙáｏ高(gao)姚）：也(ye)(ye)作(zuo)咎(jiu)繇(zhou)、皋陶。传说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)舜(shun)帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣，主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)刑狱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)《皋陶谟(mo)》篇(pian)(pian)。禹(yu)：夏(xia)(xia)朝开国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君主(zhu)(zhu)。传说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)治洪水(shui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)功(gong)，舜(shun)让(rang)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta)。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)《大(da)(da)禹(yu)谟(mo)》、《禹(yu)贡》篇(pian)(pian)。［8］夔（ｋｕí奎）：传说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)舜(shun)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)官。［9］《韶》：舜(shun)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)曲名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。［10］五(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：夏(xia)(xia)王(wang)太康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)个弟弟。太康(kang)耽于(yu)(yu)游乐(le)(le)(le)而(er)失国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，五(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)作(zuo)歌告(gao)诫。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》载有(you)(you)(you)(you)《五(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌》，系伪托。［11］伊尹(yin)：名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)挚：殷汤时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)宰(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)，曾佐汤伐桀。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》载有(you)(you)(you)(you)他(ta)(ta)所(suo)作(zuo)《咸(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)德》、《伊训》、《太甲》等(deng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)。或说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)系后(hou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)伪作(zuo)。［12］周公(gong)(gong)：名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)旦(dan)，武王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟。辅佐武王(wang)伐纣灭(mie)商，建立周王(wang)朝。后(hou)又辅佐幼主(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)，曾代(dai)行(xing)政(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，制礼作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》载有(you)(you)(you)(you)他(ta)(ta)《金(jin)(jin)縢》、《大(da)(da)诰(gao)》等(deng)多篇(pian)(pian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章。［13］六(liu)艺：汉(han)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)对《诗(shi)(shi)经》、《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》、《易》、《礼》、《乐(le)(le)(le)》、《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》等(deng)六(liu)种儒家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)经典的(de)(de)(de)(de)统称(cheng)。［14］孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：字(zi)(zi)仲(zhong)尼，春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，儒家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)学(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要代(dai)表(biao)(biao)。［15］“天(tian)将以(yi)(yi)夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)铎。”：语(yu)出《论语(yu)·八佾(yi)》。木(mu)(mu)铎，木(mu)(mu)舌的(de)(de)(de)(de)铃。古(gu)代(dai)发布政(zheng)策教令时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，先(xian)摇木(mu)(mu)铎以(yi)(yi)引(yin)起人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)们注意。后(hou)遂以(yi)(yi)木(mu)(mu)铎比(bi)喻宣扬教化的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。［16］庄周：即(ji)庄子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宋国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)蒙（今(jin)山(shan)(shan)东(dong)(dong)蒙阴县）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，道(dao)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)学(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物。荒唐(tang)(tang)：漫无边际(ji)，荒诞不(bu)(bu)经。《庄子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·天(tian)下》篇(pian)(pian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)庄周文(wen)(wen)(wen)章有(you)(you)(you)(you)“以(yi)(yi)谬悠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、荒唐(tang)(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)、无端崖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)，时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)恣纵而(er)不(bu)(bu)傥”的(de)(de)(de)(de)特色。［17］屈原(yuan)(yuan)：名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)平，字(zi)(zi)原(yuan)(yuan)；又名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)正则，字(zi)(zi)灵均。战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)楚(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。楚(chu)怀王(wang)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任左(zuo)徒(tu)、三闾大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)，主(zhu)(zhu)张联齐(qi)(qi)抗秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。后(hou)遭谗被贬。楚(chu)顷襄王(wang)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)事(shi)(shi)(shi)日非(fei)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)兵(bing)攻破郢(ying)都，屈原(yuan)(yuan)投(tou)汨罗(luo)江(jiang)自尽。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《离骚》等(deng)不(bu)(bu)朽诗(shi)(shi)篇(pian)(pian)。［18］臧孙辰：即(ji)春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)臧文(wen)(wen)(wen)仲(zhong)。《左(zuo)传》、《国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)语(yu)·鲁(lu)语(yu)》载有(you)(you)(you)(you)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)论。孟(meng)(meng)(meng)轲：即(ji)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)邹（今(jin)山(shan)(shan)东(dong)(dong)邹县）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，是(shi)(shi)继孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)最(zui)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儒学(xue)(xue)大(da)(da)师。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》。荀卿：即(ji)荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)赵(zhao)(zhao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，儒家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)学(xue)(xue)者，著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》。［19］杨(yang)朱：字(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)居，战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)魏人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。其说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)重在(zai)(zai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)我爱(ai)己，拔一(yi)毛(mao)以(yi)(yi)利天(tian)下不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)。言(yan)(yan)论散见(jian)于(yu)(yu)《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》、《庄子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》、《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》、《韩(han)(han)非(fei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》。墨翟（ｄí敌(di)）：即(ji)墨子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际(ji)鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)（一(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)宋国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。墨家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)学(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)创(chuang)始者，主(zhu)(zhu)张兼爱(ai)、非(fei)攻、尚(shang)(shang)贤(xian)等(deng)。其言(yan)(yan)行(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)要见(jian)于(yu)(yu)《墨子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》。管(guan)(guan)夷吾：字(zi)(zi)仲(zhong)，春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，辅佐齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)称(cheng)霸。后(hou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)辑有(you)(you)(you)(you)《管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》一(yi)书(shu)(shu)。晏婴：即(ji)晏子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。字(zi)(zi)平仲(zhong)，春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)景公(gong)(gong)贤(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)(yi)节俭(jian)力行(xing)，显名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)诸(zhu)侯(hou)。其言(yan)(yan)行(xing)见(jian)于(yu)(yu)《晏子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》。老(lao)聃（ｄāｎ丹）：即(ji)老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)楚(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。道(dao)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)学(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)始祖，相(xiang)(xiang)传五(wu)(wu)千言(yan)(yan)《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》（又名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)《道(dao)德经》）即(ji)其所(suo)作(zuo)。申不(bu)(bu)害：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)郑国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。韩(han)(han)昭侯(hou)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)，十(shi)五(wu)(wu)年，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)治兵(bing)强。其说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)本于(yu)(yu)黄老(lao)而(er)主(zhu)(zhu)刑名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《申子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》。韩(han)(han)非(fei)：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)韩(han)(han)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，后(hou)出使(shi)入(ru)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)李斯(si)所(suo)杀。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)法家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)，其说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)见(jian)《韩(han)(han)非(fei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》。慎(shen)到(dao)：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《慎(shen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》。田骈（ｐｉáｎ）：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《田子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》二十(shi)五(wu)(wu)篇(pian)(pian)，今(jin)已佚。邹衍：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，阴阳(yang)(yang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物，时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)称(cheng)“谈天(tian)衍”。尸(shi)佼：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晋国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《尸(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》，《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)·艺文(wen)(wen)(wen)志》列入(ru)杂家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。孙武：即(ji)孙子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)军事(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《孙子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)兵(bing)法》。张仪：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，纵横(heng)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)惠王(wang)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)，主(zhu)(zhu)“连横(heng)”说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，游说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)六(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)与秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)结盟(meng)，以(yi)(yi)瓦解“合(he)(he)纵”战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略。苏(su)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)东(dong)(dong)周洛(luo)(luo)阳(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)纵横(heng)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。曾游说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)燕赵(zhao)(zhao)韩(han)(han)魏齐(qi)(qi)楚(chu)六(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，合(he)(he)纵抗秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，身佩(pei)六(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)(xiang)印，为(wei)(wei)(wei)纵约(yue)长。［20］李斯(si)：战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)楚(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始皇(huang)(huang)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任廷(ting)尉(wei)、丞(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)。他(ta)(ta)对秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)统一(yi)天(tian)下起过重要作(zuo)用(yong)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)《谏(jian)逐(zhu)客书(shu)(shu)》。［21］司马(ma)迁：字(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)长。西(xi)汉(han)夏(xia)(xia)阳(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)史(shi)(shi)学(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《史(shi)(shi)记》。相(xiang)(xiang)如：司马(ma)相(xiang)(xiang)如，字(zi)(zi)长卿，西(xi)汉(han)成(cheng)(cheng)都人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)辞(ci)赋(fu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)虚赋(fu)》、《上(shang)(shang)林赋(fu)》等(deng)。扬雄：字(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)云(yun)，西(xi)汉(han)成(cheng)(cheng)都人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。辞(ci)赋(fu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《甘泉(quan)赋(fu)》、《羽猎赋(fu)》、《长杨(yang)赋(fu)》等(deng)，又有(you)(you)(you)(you)《太玄》、《法言(yan)(yan)》等(deng)专著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。［22］节数（ｓｈｕò硕）：节奏短促。［23］弛以(yi)(yi)肆：弛，松弛，引(yin)申为(wei)(wei)(wei)颓废。肆，放荡。［24］陈(chen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)昂(ang)：字(zi)(zi)伯玉，梓州射洪人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)诗(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，韩(han)(han)愈(yu)《荐(jian)士》诗(shi)(shi)称(cheng)其“国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)朝盛文(wen)(wen)(wen)章，子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)昂(ang)始高(gao)蹈。”著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《陈(chen)伯玉集(ji)》。苏(su)源明：字(zi)(zi)弱(ruo)夫(fu)(fu)，武功(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，天(tian)宝(bao)进士。诗(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)散见(jian)于(yu)(yu)《全(quan)唐(tang)(tang)诗(shi)(shi)》、《全(quan)唐(tang)(tang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》。元结：字(zi)(zi)次山(shan)(shan)，河南洛(luo)(luo)阳(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)《元次山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)集(ji)》。李白(bai)(bai)：字(zi)(zi)太白(bai)(bai)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)《李太白(bai)(bai)集(ji)》。杜甫(fu)：字(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)美，有(you)(you)(you)(you)《杜工部(bu)集(ji)》。李观：字(zi)(zi)元宾，赵(zhao)(zhao)州赞皇(huang)(huang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。贞元八年（792）与韩(han)(han)愈(yu)同登进士第。擅长散文(wen)(wen)(wen)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)《李元宾文(wen)(wen)(wen)集(ji)》。［25］浸淫(yin)：逐(zhu)渐渗(shen)透。此有(you)(you)(you)(you)接近意。［26］李翱：字(zi)(zi)习(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，陇西(xi)成(cheng)(cheng)纪人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。他(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)韩(han)(han)愈(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)生(sheng)和侄女婿。有(you)(you)(you)(you)《李文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)集(ji)》。张籍：字(zi)(zi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)，吴郡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。善(shan)作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(le)府诗(shi)(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)《张司业集(ji)》。［27］役于(yu)(yu)江(jiang)南：指(zhi)赴溧(li)阳(yang)(yang)就任县尉(wei)。唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)溧(li)阳(yang)(yang)县属(shu)江(jiang)南道(dao)。
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