吴子使札来聘
《公羊传》
【作(zuo)者(zhe)小传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)】本篇节(jie)选自(zi)《春(chun)秋公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》。《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)始作(zuo)者(zhe)是战国时齐(qi)人公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)高(gao),他(ta)受学于(yu)孔子(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)夏,后来成为(wei)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)《春(chun)秋》的(de)(de)三大家之(zhi)一。 《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)春(chun)秋》作(zuo)为(wei)家学,世代相传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)至玄(xuan)孙公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)寿。汉景帝时,公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)寿与齐(qi)人胡母子(zi)(zi)都合作(zuo),方(fang)才将《春(chun)秋公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》定稿(gao)(gao)“著(zhu)于(yu)竹帛”。所以(yi)《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)作(zuo)者(zhe),班固《汉书·艺文(wen)志》笼统地称之(zhi)为(wei)“公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)”,颜师古说(shuo)是公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)高(gao),《四库全(quan)书总目》则(ze)署作(zuo)汉公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)寿,说(shuo)法不一。但(dan)比较起来把定稿(gao)(gao)人题为(wei)作(zuo)者(zhe)更合理一些。今本《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)体裁特点,是经(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)合并,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)文(wen)逐句(ju)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)述《春(chun)秋》经(jing)文(wen)的(de)(de)大义,与《左传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》以(yi)记载史实为(wei)主不同。写作(zuo)方(fang)法多以(yi)设(she)问、自(zi)答(da)展开传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)述。如(ru)本篇“吴子(zi)(zi)使札来聘”即是《春(chun)秋》襄公(gong)二(er)十九年经(jing)文(wen)中的(de)(de)一句(ju),以(yi)下部分都是《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》对这句(ju)话的(de)(de)“微言大义”所作(zuo)的(de)(de)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)述和解释(shi)。
【题 解】鲁襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十九年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)(qian)544),吴(wu)(wu)(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)派(pai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)札(zha)访(fang)问鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),《左传(chuan)(chuan)》对(dui)经过(guo)情形有(you)详细记(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai)。当时的(de)(de)(de)吴(wu)(wu)(wu)王馀祭是公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)札(zha)的(de)(de)(de)二哥。吴(wu)(wu)(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)札(zha)的(de)(de)(de)父(fu)亲寿(shou)梦就(jiu)位(wei)时(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)(qian)585年(nian))就(jiu)已称王。但中(zhong)原诸国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)还是视吴(wu)(wu)(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)为(wei)蛮夷(yi)之邦(bang),《春(chun)秋(qiu)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)称之为(wei)“吴(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)”,“子(zi)”的(de)(de)(de)爵位(wei)在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、侯(hou)、伯之下,所以实(shi)际上是贬称。而《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊传(chuan)(chuan)》出(chu)于“诸夏(xia)”的(de)(de)(de)民族偏见(jian)和地域偏见(jian),甚(shen)至否认吴(wu)(wu)(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“有(you)君、有(you)大夫”,对(dui)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)用(yong)语理解为(wei)抬高了吴(wu)(wu)(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)。本文就(jiu)是《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊传(chuan)(chuan)》解释《春(chun)秋(qiu)》为(wei)什么用(yong)“吴(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)”肯(ken)定(ding)吴(wu)(wu)(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“有(you)君”,用(yong)“聘”肯(ken)定(ding)吴(wu)(wu)(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“有(you)大夫”的(de)(de)(de)。全文层(ceng)层(ceng)设问,步步深入(ru),以事(shi)实(shi)说明(ming)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)札(zha)的(de)(de)(de)贤(xian)、仁、深明(ming)大义(yi),使吴(wu)(wu)(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)诸夏(xia)心目中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)得(de)到了提高。
【原文】
“吴子使札来聘(1)。”
吴无(wu)(wu)君(jun)(jun),无(wu)(wu)大(da)夫,此(ci)何(he)(he)以(yi)有(you)君(jun)(jun),有(you)大(da)夫?贤季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(2)。何(he)(he)贤乎季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)?让(rang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(3)。其让(rang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)奈何(he)(he)?谒也(ye)(ye)(ye)(4),馀(yu)祭也(ye)(ye)(ye)(5),夷昧也(ye)(ye)(ye)(6),与(yu)(yu)(yu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)同母者(zhe)(zhe)四。季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弱而(er)(er)才,兄(xiong)弟皆爱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),同欲(yu)立之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)。谒曰(yue):“今若是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迮而(er)(er)与(yu)(yu)(yu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(7),季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)犹(you)不(bu)(bu)受也(ye)(ye)(ye)。请无(wu)(wu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)而(er)(er)与(yu)(yu)(yu)弟,弟兄(xiong)迭为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun),而(er)(er)致国(guo)(guo)(guo)乎季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。”皆曰(yue)诺(nuo)。故诸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)皆轻死(si)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)勇(yong),饮食(shi)必祝(zhu),曰(yue):“天苟有(you)吴国(guo)(guo)(guo),尚速有(you)悔(hui)于予身(shen)(8)。”故谒也(ye)(ye)(ye)死(si)(9),馀(yu)祭也(ye)(ye)(ye)立。馀(yu)祭也(ye)(ye)(ye)死(si)(10),夷昧也(ye)(ye)(ye)立。夷昧也(ye)(ye)(ye)死(si)(11),则国(guo)(guo)(guo)宜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye),季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)使而(er)(er)亡(wang)焉(12)。僚(liao)者(zhe)(zhe)长庶也(ye)(ye)(ye)(13),即之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使而(er)(er)反,至(zhi)而(er)(er)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尔(er)。阖庐曰(yue)(14):“先(xian)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)不(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)国(guo)(guo)(guo),而(er)(er)与(yu)(yu)(yu)弟者(zhe)(zhe),凡为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)故也(ye)(ye)(ye)。将从(cong)先(xian)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命与(yu)(yu)(yu),则国(guo)(guo)(guo)宜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye);如不(bu)(bu)从(cong)先(xian)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命与(yu)(yu)(yu),则我宜立者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。僚(liao)恶得为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)乎?”于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使专诸刺僚(liao)(15),而(er)(er)致国(guo)(guo)(guo)乎季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(16)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)受,曰(yue):“尔(er)杀(sha)(sha)吾(wu)(wu)君(jun)(jun),吾(wu)(wu)受尔(er)国(guo)(guo)(guo),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)吾(wu)(wu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)尔(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)篡(cuan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。尔(er)杀(sha)(sha)吾(wu)(wu)兄(xiong),吾(wu)(wu)又杀(sha)(sha)尔(er),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)父子(zi)(zi)(zi)兄(xiong)弟相杀(sha)(sha),终身(shen)无(wu)(wu)已也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)延陵(17),终身(shen)不(bu)(bu)入(ru)吴国(guo)(guo)(guo)。故君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)其不(bu)(bu)受为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)义,以(yi)其不(bu)(bu)杀(sha)(sha)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仁,贤季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。则吴何(he)(he)以(yi)有(you)君(jun)(jun),有(you)大(da)夫?以(yi)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)臣,则宜有(you)君(jun)(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。札者(zhe)(zhe)何(he)(he)?吴季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。春秋贤者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)名(ming)(18),此(ci)何(he)(he)以(yi)名(ming)?许(xu)夷狄(di)者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)一而(er)(er)足也(ye)(ye)(ye)(19)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe),所贤也(ye)(ye)(ye),曷(he)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)足乎季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)?许(xu)人臣者(zhe)(zhe)必使臣,许(xu)人子(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)必使子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
选(xuan)自《十(shi)三经注疏(shu)》本《春秋公羊传》
(《春秋》记载:)“吴子派札来(鲁(lu)国)访问。”
【译文】
吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本(ben)无所谓(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),无所谓(wei)大夫,这(zhei)(zhei)则记(ji)载为(wei)什(shen)么(me)(me)承(cheng)认(ren)它有(you)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),有(you)大夫呢(ni)?为(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)表明季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)贤啊。季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贤在哪(na)里呢(ni)?辞(ci)让国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置啊。他辞(ci)让君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)位(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)怎么(me)(me)一回(hui)事呢(ni)?谒、馀(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)、夷昧跟(gen)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)一母所生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四兄(xiong)弟,季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)年幼而(er)有(you)才(cai)干,兄(xiong)长们都(dou)爱他,一起想立他做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。谒说:“现在如果就这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)仓(cang)促地把(ba)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)位(wei)(wei)(wei)给(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)他,季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)还是(shi)(shi)不(bu)接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)愿不(bu)传位(wei)(wei)(wei)给(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)儿子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)而(er)传位(wei)(wei)(wei)给(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)弟弟,由弟弟依次接(jie)替哥(ge)哥(ge)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),最(zui)后把(ba)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)位(wei)(wei)(wei)传给(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。”馀(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)、夷昧都(dou)说行(xing)。所以几(ji)个哥(ge)哥(ge)在位(wei)(wei)(wei)时都(dou)勇敢(gan)不(bu)怕死(si),每次就餐必定祈祷,说:“上天如果让吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)存在下(xia)去,就保(bao)祐(you)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)们早(zao)点(dian)遭难吧。”所以谒死(si)了(le)(le)(le)(le),馀(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。馀(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)死(si)了(le)(le)(le)(le),夷昧做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。夷昧死(si)了(le)(le)(le)(le),国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置应当属于季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)出使在外,僚(liao)(liao)是(shi)(shi)寿梦(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)庶(shu)长子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),就即位(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)出访回(hui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),一到就把(ba)僚(liao)(liao)当作国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。阖闾(lv)说:“先君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)所以不(bu)传位(wei)(wei)(wei)给(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)儿子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),而(er)传位(wei)(wei)(wei)给(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)弟弟,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)为(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缘故(gu)。要是(shi)(shi)遵照先君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遗(yi)嘱呢(ni),那么(me)(me)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)应该季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)来做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);要是(shi)(shi)不(bu)照先君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遗(yi)嘱呢(ni),那么(me)(me)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)该是(shi)(shi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。僚(liao)(liao)怎么(me)(me)能做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)呢(ni)?”于是(shi)(shi)派(pai)专(zhuan)诸刺杀(sha)僚(liao)(liao),而(er)把(ba)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家交给(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)接(jie)受,说:“你(ni)(ni)(ni)杀(sha)了(le)(le)(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)受了(le)(le)(le)(le)你(ni)(ni)(ni)给(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)予的(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)位(wei)(wei)(wei),这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)变成(cheng)跟(gen)你(ni)(ni)(ni)一起篡位(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。你(ni)(ni)(ni)杀(sha)了(le)(le)(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)哥(ge)哥(ge),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)又杀(sha)你(ni)(ni)(ni),这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)父子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)兄(xiong)弟相残(can)杀(sha),一辈(bei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)没完(wan)没了(le)(le)(le)(le)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。”就离开(kai)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)延陵,终身不(bu)入(ru)吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)宫(gong)廷(ting)。所以君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以他的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)受君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)位(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)义,以他的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)对(dui)互相残(can)杀(sha)为(wei)仁,称许季(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)贤德。
那么(me)吴国(guo)为(wei)什(shen)么(me)有(you)国(guo)君,有(you)大夫(fu)呢(ni)?既(ji)承认季子(zi)(zi)是(shi)臣(chen),就应该(gai)有(you)君啊。札是(shi)什(shen)么(me)呢(ni)?吴季子(zi)(zi)的(de)名(ming)(ming)啊。《春秋》对贤(xian)者(zhe)不(bu)直称(cheng)其名(ming)(ming),这(zhei)则记载为(wei)什(shen)么(me)称(cheng)名(ming)(ming)呢(ni)?认可(ke)夷(yi)(yi)狄(di),不(bu)能只(zhi)凭(ping)一(yi)(yi)事一(yi)(yi)物就认为(wei)够条件(jian)了。季子(zi)(zi)是(shi)被(bei)认为(wei)贤(xian)的(de),为(wei)什(shen)么(me)季子(zi)(zi)还不(bu)够条件(jian)呢(ni)?认可(ke)做人臣(chen)子(zi)(zi)的(de),一(yi)(yi)定要使他象(xiang)个臣(chen)子(zi)(zi);认可(ke)做人儿(er)子(zi)(zi)的(de),一(yi)(yi)定要使他象(xiang)个儿(er)子(zi)(zi)。(言(yan)外之(zhi)意是(shi):季子(zi)(zi)是(shi)夷(yi)(yi)狄(di)之(zhi)邦(bang)的(de)臣(chen)子(zi)(zi),是(shi)夷(yi)(yi)狄(di)之(zhi)王的(de)儿(er)子(zi)(zi),就要在用语遣词上(shang)显示出这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)点(dian)来。这(zhei)就是(shi)所谓“《春秋》笔法”。)
(王维堤)
【注 释】
(1)聘(pin):古代诸侯国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间派使者相问的(de)(de)一(yi)种礼节。使者代表国(guo)(guo)君,他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)身分(fen)应(ying)是(shi)(shi)卿;“小聘(pin)”则(ze)派大夫。 (2)贤(xian):用作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)以动词。季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi):公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)札(zha)(zha)(zha)是(shi)(shi)吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)寿(shou)梦(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)小儿子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),古以伯、仲、叔、季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)排行(xing),因此(ci)(ci)以“季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”为(wei)(wei)字。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》称他(ta)(ta)(ta)“季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)”。 (3)让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)国(guo)(guo):辞让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)国(guo)(guo)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)。据《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)载(zai),寿(shou)梦(meng)(meng)生(sheng)(sheng)前(qian)就想立(li)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha),季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)力辞,才立(li)长子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)诸樊(fan)(fan)(即(ji)谒)。寿(shou)梦(meng)(meng)死(si)(si)后,诸樊(fan)(fan)又(you)让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)位(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha),季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)弃其室而(er)耕(geng),乃(nai)止(zhi)。 (4)谒:寿(shou)梦(meng)(meng)长子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),一(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“遏(e)(e)”,号诸樊(fan)(fan)。《春(chun)秋》经写(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遏(e)(e)”,《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)》、《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》称“诸樊(fan)(fan)”。 (5)馀(yu)祭:寿(shou)梦(meng)(meng)次子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)》记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)其名(ming)(ming)一(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“戴吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”,马(ma)王(wang)(wang)堆三(san)号墓出土帛书《春(chun)秋事语》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“余蔡”。 (6)夷昧:寿(shou)梦(meng)(meng)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“夷末”,《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“馀(yu)昧”。 (7)迮(zé责,又(you)读zuò做):仓(cang)促。 (8)尚:佑助。悔:咎,灾(zai)祸,这(zhei)里指亡(wang)(wang)故。 (9)谒也死(si)(si):谒在位(wei)(wei)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),鲁襄公(gong)二(er)十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元前(qian)548)在伐楚战争(zheng)中(zhong),中(zhong)冷箭(jian)死(si)(si)于巢(今(jin)(jin)安徽巢县)。 (10)馀(yu)祭也死(si)(si):馀(yu)祭在位(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》误作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),鲁襄公(gong)二(er)十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元前(qian)544)在视(shi)察战船时(shi)被看守战船的(de)(de)越国(guo)(guo)俘(fu)虏行(xing)刺身亡(wang)(wang)。 (11)夷昧也死(si)(si):夷昧在位(wei)(wei)十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》误作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),鲁昭(zhao)公(gong)十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元前(qian)527)卒。 (12)使而(er)亡(wang)(wang):出使在外。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》所(suo)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)与(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)不(bu)同(tong):“王(wang)(wang)馀(yu)眛(mei)卒,季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),逃(tao)去。”认为(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)位(wei)(wei)而(er)逃(tao)走(zou)的(de)(de)。 (13)僚(liao):《公(gong)羊传(chuan)(chuan)》这(zhei)里说(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)“长庶(shu)”,即(ji)吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)寿(shou)梦(meng)(meng)妾所(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)长子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)异母兄。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》则(ze)说(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)“王(wang)(wang)馀(yu)眛(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”。以《公(gong)羊传(chuan)(chuan)》为(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)。 (14)阖庐(lu)(lǘ闾(lv)):公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)即(ji)吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)位(wei)(wei)后的(de)(de)号,《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》说(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)诸樊(fan)(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),《世(shi)本(ben)》说(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)夷昧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。 (15)专诸:伍了胥为(wei)(wei)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)找(zhao)到的(de)(de)勇士,吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)僚(liao)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)四(si)(si)月丙子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)请(qing)王(wang)(wang)僚(liao)喝酒,使专诸藏匕首(shou)于炙鱼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),进食时(shi)取出匕首(shou)刺王(wang)(wang)僚(liao)胸而(er)杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 (16)致国(guo)(guo)乎季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi):把王(wang)(wang)位(wei)(wei)给季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》谓阖庐(lu)刺杀(sha)王(wang)(wang)僚(liao)后即(ji)承吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)位(wei)(wei),无让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)国(guo)(guo)于季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。 (17)延(yan)陵:春(chun)秋吴(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)邑(yi),今(jin)(jin)江苏常(chang)州。季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)札(zha)(zha)(zha)食邑(yi)于此(ci)(ci),所(suo)以又(you)号“延(yan)陵季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”。 (18)不(bu)名(ming)(ming):不(bu)直(zhi)称名(ming)(ming)。古人生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)月取名(ming)(ming),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)二(er)十(shi)行(xing)冠礼,另取字。对(dui)人表示尊敬,就称其字而(er)不(bu)称名(ming)(ming)。 (19)不(bu)一(yi)而(er)足:不(bu)因为(wei)(wei)一(yi)事一(yi)物就认为(wei)(wei)够条件了。与(yu)(yu)今(jin)(jin)义不(bu)同(tong)。