爱上海

 华语网 > 现代文阅读 > 阅读世界 > 经典名著 > 正文

商鞅徙木立信论

(一九一二年六月)

作者:毛泽东 文章来源:伟人作品

吾(wu)(wu)读史(shi)至商(shang)鞅徙木立信②一事,而叹(tan)吾(wu)(wu)国国民之(zhi)愚(yu)也(ye),而叹(tan)执(zhi)政(zheng)者(zhe)之(zhi)煞(sha)费苦心也(ye),而叹(tan)数(shu)千年(nian)来民智(zhi)之(zhi)不(bu)开、国几蹈于(yu)沦亡(wang)之(zhi)惨也(ye)。谓予(yu)不(bu)信,请罄其说(shuo)。

法令(ling)者,代谋幸福(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具也。法令(ling)而善,其幸福(fu)吾(wu)(wu)民也必多,吾(wu)(wu)民方恐(kong)其不(bu)布此(ci)(ci)法令(ling),或布而恐(kong)其不(bu)生(sheng)效力,必竭全力以(yi)保障(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),维持(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),务使达到完善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目的而止。政府国民互相倚系,安(an)有不(bu)信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理?法令(ling)而不(bu)善,则不(bu)惟无幸福(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可言(yan),且有危害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)足(zu)惧,吾(wu)(wu)民又(you)必竭全力以(yi)阻止此(ci)(ci)法令(ling)。虽欲(yu)吾(wu)(wu)信(xin),又(you)安(an)有信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理?乃若商鞅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与秦(qin)民适成此(ci)(ci)比(bi)例之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)反对,抑又(you)何哉?

商鞅(yang)(yang)之(zhi)法③,良法也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)试(shi)一披吾(wu)国(guo)(guo)四(si)千余年(nian)之(zhi)纪载,而(er)求其(qi)(qi)利国(guo)(guo)福民(min)伟(wei)大(da)之(zhi)政治家(jia),商鞅(yang)(yang)不(bu)首屈一指(zhi)乎?鞅(yang)(yang)当孝公之(zhi)世,中(zhong)原鼎沸,战(zhan)事正殷,举国(guo)(guo)疲劳,不(bu)堪言状。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)欲战(zhan)胜诸国(guo)(guo),统一中(zhong)原,不(bu)綦难哉?于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)变法之(zhi)令出(chu),其(qi)(qi)法惩奸宄以保人民(min)之(zhi)权利,务耕织以增进国(guo)(guo)民(min)之(zhi)富力(li),尚(shang)军功(gong)以树国(guo)(guo)威,孥贫怠(dai)以绝消耗。此(ci)诚我国(guo)(guo)从(cong)来未有(you)之(zhi)大(da)政策,民(min)何惮而(er)不(bu)信?乃必徙木以立信者,吾(wu)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)知(zhi)执(zhi)政者之(zhi)具(ju)费苦心也(ye)(ye),吾(wu)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)知(zhi)吾(wu)国(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)民(min)之(zhi)愚也(ye)(ye),吾(wu)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)知(zhi)数千年(nian)来民(min)智(zhi)黑暗国(guo)(guo)几蹈(dao)于(yu)沦亡(wang)之(zhi)惨境有(you)由来也(ye)(ye)。

虽然,非常之原(yuan),黎民(min)(min)惧焉(yan)。民(min)(min)是此(ci)民(min)(min)矣(yi),法是彼法典,吾(wu)(wu)又何怪焉(yan)?吾(wu)(wu)特恐此(ci)徙木立信(xin)一事,若令彼东西各文明国民(min)(min)闻之,当必捧腹而笑,噭舌而讥矣(yi)。乌乎!吾(wu)(wu)欲无言(yan)。

根据手(shou)稿刊印(yin)。署名毛泽东。

注释

①这(zhei)是毛(mao)泽(ze)东(dong)(dong)在(zai)湖(hu)南(nan)全省高(gao)等中学(xue)(xue)校(xiao)读(du)书(shu)时(shi)写(xie)(xie)的一(yi)(yi)篇作文(wen)(wen)。原(yuan)文(wen)(wen)无(wu)写(xie)(xie)作时(shi)间。作文(wen)(wen)纸折缝间印有(you)(you)(you)(you)“湖(hu)南(nan)全省高(gao)等中学(xue)(xue)校(xiao)”字(zi)(zi)样,作者在(zai)题下写(xie)(xie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“普通一(yi)(yi)班毛(mao)泽(ze)东(dong)(dong)”七字(zi)(zi)。毛(mao)泽(ze)东(dong)(dong)于1912年春考入(ru)(ru)(ru)湖(hu)南(nan)全省高(gao)等中学(xue)(xue)校(xiao),同年秋(qiu)即退学(xue)(xue)自修,此文(wen)(wen)当写(xie)(xie)于1912年上半年。国文(wen)(wen)教(jiao)员(yuan)阅后在(zai)多(duo)处写(xie)(xie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)评语,并(bing)批给(ji)同学(xue)(xue)“传观”。这(zhei)些评语是:“实切(qie)社会立论(lun),目光如炬,落墨(mo)大方,恰似报(bao)笔(bi),而义法亦(yi)骎骎入(ru)(ru)(ru)古”;“精(jing)理名言,故未曾有(you)(you)(you)(you)”;“逆折而入(ru)(ru)(ru),笔(bi)力挺拔”;“历观生作,练成一(yi)(yi)色文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi),自是伟大之(zhi)器,再加功候,吾不知(zhi)其所至”;“力能(neng)扛鼎”;“积(ji)理宏富”。文(wen)(wen)末还写(xie)(xie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)以下总(zong)评:“有(you)(you)(you)(you)法律(lv)知(zhi)识,具(ju)哲理思(si)想,借题发(fa)挥(hui),纯(chun)以唱叹之(zhi)笔(bi)出之(zhi),是为(wei)压题法,至推论(lun)商君之(zhi)法为(wei)从来未有(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)大政(zheng)策,言之(zhi)凿凿,绝无(wu)浮烟(yan)涨墨(mo)绕其笔(bi)端,是有(you)(you)(you)(you)功于社会文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)。”落款为(wei)“涤(di)盦(an)六月廿八号”。本(ben)文(wen)(wen)标(biao)点为(wei)本(ben)书(shu)编者所加。

②商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)(约前390—前338),姓(xing)公(gong)孙,名鞅(yang),战国(guo)时卫(wei)(wei)国(guo)人,亦称(cheng)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)。初为魏相(xiang)公(gong)叔(shu)痤家臣。后入秦,向(xiang)秦孝公(gong)进献富(fu)国(guo)强兵之(zhi)策,任左庶长、大良造,先后两次主持变(bian)(bian)法,使秦国(guo)富(fu)强。后又因(yin)战功(gong)封(feng)于(yu)(yu)商(shang)(shang)(今陕西商(shang)(shang)县东(dong)南),号商(shang)(shang)君,故称(cheng)商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)。孝公(gong)死,被公(gong)子虔诬(wu)陷(xian),车裂而亡。据《史记(ji)》记(ji)载:商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)变(bian)(bian)法,恐民(min)不(bu)信,乃在国(guo)都南门(men)立三丈之(zhi)木(mu),募民(min)能(neng)徙置北门(men)者(zhe)赐(ci)十金。民(min)怪之(zhi),莫敢徙。又下(xia)令,能(neng)徙者(zhe)赐(ci)五(wu)十金。后有一(yi)人徙之(zhi),即赐(ci)五(wu)十金,以示不(bu)欺(qi),于(yu)(yu)是颁(ban)布新法,令行于(yu)(yu)民(min)。

③商(shang)鞅之法(fa),指商(shang)鞅前后两(liang)次变法(fa)所制定的新(xin)法(fa)。其主要内(nei)容为:奖励耕(geng)织,废除贵(gui)族世(shi)袭特(te)权,推行(xing)连(lian)坐(zuo)法(fa);合并乡、邑(yi)、镇为县,废除井田制,按(an)丁男(nan)征赋,按(an)军功受(shou)爵,统一(yi)度量衡。

下一页】 【目录】 更多毛泽东相关作品

�Ϻ����屦���Լ�,�Ϻ���԰�Լ���,�Ϻ���ǧ��419 �Լ��Ϻ�Ʒ����,����������,����ɣ�����Ϻ���ǧ��,�Ϻ���ǧ��Ʒ��,���Ϻ�419��ǧ�����Ϻ�,���Ϻ�ͬ�ǽ�����̳,���Ϻ�Ʒ�� ����