《国宝——大熊(xiong)猫》的(de)清(qing)晰说明

学习科普说(shuo)明(ming)(ming)文，得(de)把(ba)握和理解文章(zhang)的具体内容，掌握合理安排说(shuo)明(ming)(ming)顺序、条理清晰地进行说(shuo)明(ming)(ming)的写作(zuo)手法。

正是(shi)如此，叶永(yong)烈的(de)(de)《国(guo)(guo)宝(bao)(bao)——大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)》，作为(wei)一篇介(jie)绍珍稀动(dong)物大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)科普说(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)，好(hao)生让我们近距离地观察到大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)神奇世界。这(zhei)篇文(wen)(wen)章的(de)(de)标(biao)题就很别开生面(mian)，“大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)”表(biao)明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)章说(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)对(dui)象(xiang)，“国(guo)(guo)宝(bao)(bao)”一词点(dian)明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)说(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)重点(dian)，而(er)且是(shi)先说(shuo)(shuo)“国(guo)(guo)宝(bao)(bao)”，再用表(biao)示解释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)破折号引(yin)出被(bei)称(cheng)为(wei)国(guo)(guo)宝(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)对(dui)象(xiang)“大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)”，起着(zhe)两(liang)个(ge)方面(mian)的(de)(de)作用，一是(shi)突出大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)珍贵，二是(shi)引(yin)起读(du)者的(de)(de)注意(yi)。我们真的(de)(de)一注意(yi)也(ye)就折服了(le)(le)：本文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)确从多方面(mian)介(jie)绍了(le)(le)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)特点(dian)和习性，说(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)成(cheng)为(wei)国(guo)(guo)宝(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因，同时合理安排(pai)说(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)顺序(xu)，使得文(wen)(wen)章的(de)(de)条理十分清晰。

浏览文(wen)(wen)(wen)章，总共18段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，基本形(xing)(xing)成三(san)个部(bu)分。第(di)(di)(di)(di)1－7段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)为(wei)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一部(bu)分，说(shuo)明(ming)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)的(de)(de)可(ke)爱和(he)珍贵。其中，前三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)写大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)在德国(guo)所受(shou)到的(de)(de)“贵宾”待(dai)遇；第(di)(di)(di)(di)4段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)直(zhi)接写大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)的(de)(de)可(ke)爱，分别从(cong)喜欢(huan)(huan)嬉(xi)戏和(he)善于(yu)(yu)表演两个方面着笔（介绍(shao)喜欢(huan)(huan)嬉(xi)戏时，用一组排比句(ju)(ju)分别写它直(zhi)立、啃竹枝、打滚和(he)玩(wan)耍）；第(di)(di)(di)(di)5段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)全文(wen)(wen)(wen)内容(rong)的(de)(de)领起，首句(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)全文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)中心句(ju)(ju)（用两个判(pan)断句(ju)(ju)概(gai)说(shuo)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)的(de)(de)珍贵：一是(shi)(shi)(shi)“我(wo)国(guo)特有”，二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“国(guo)际(ji)上最负盛名”；既(ji)照应题目，又统领下文(wen)(wen)(wen)内容(rong)）；第(di)(di)(di)(di)6段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)描写大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象；第(di)(di)(di)(di)7段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)写大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)在国(guo)外受(shou)到的(de)(de)欢(huan)(huan)迎。第(di)(di)(di)(di)8－16段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)为(wei)第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)部(bu)分，介绍(shao)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长环境(jing)(jing)(jing)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)习(xi)性，以及野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)数量极(ji)少(shao)、濒(bin)临灭绝的(de)(de)处境(jing)(jing)(jing)。这一部(bu)分可(ke)分为(wei)三(san)个层次。第(di)(di)(di)(di)一层（第(di)(di)(di)(di)8段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)），简要说(shuo)明(ming)动物园里(li)的(de)(de)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)不(bu)习(xi)惯(guan)于(yu)(yu)人工饲(si)养(yang)的(de)(de)原因。这是(shi)(shi)(shi)一个过渡段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，最后(hou)一句(ju)(ju)用设问(wen)，转入介绍(shao)在自然界里(li)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)，领起下文(wen)(wen)(wen)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)层（第(di)(di)(di)(di)9－13段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)），具体说(shuo)明(ming)我(wo)国(guo)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长环境(jing)(jing)(jing)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)习(xi)性、活(huo)动范围。第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)层（第(di)(di)(di)(di)14－16段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)），介绍(shao)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)的(de)(de)繁殖情况。第(di)(di)(di)(di)17－18段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)为(wei)第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)部(bu)分，介绍(shao)大(da)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)猫(mao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)历史(shi)古老的(de)(de)特征(zheng)，说(shuo)明(ming)它是(shi)(shi)(shi)“活(huo)化(hua)石”。

综观整个文章，始终紧紧围绕大熊猫是我国的国宝这个中心来进行说明，在结构上是按由果到因的逻辑顺序来安排组织材料的。文章开始先从我国特有、国际公认、古籍记载三个方面概括说明大熊猫的珍贵，暗扣说明中心，然后依次从“体态可爱”“数量稀少”“活化石”三方面说明它珍贵的原因，篇末直接点明说明中心。从文章的第三部分看，在介绍大熊猫的生存环境、食性特点、活动范围和繁殖困难等外部条件和内部因素后，指出它有濒临灭绝的危险，必须加以保护，这又是由因到果。而文中适当安排的过渡段和过渡句，越发让结构层次既显得清晰，又富于变化。加上作者准确使用形容词和动词，自如地运用拟人、排比等多种修辞手法，还结合有(you)关(guan)内容穿插了(le)(le)一些关(guan)于大(da)熊猫的(de)故事，增强(qiang)了(le)(le)文(wen)章的(de)形象(xiang)性(xing)、生动性(xing)，增添了(le)(le)文(wen)章的(de)情趣，使文(wen)章更具(ju)有(you)可读性(xing)，自然更加深了(le)(le)我们对(dui)大(da)熊猫是怎样(yang)的(de)国宝的(de)印象(xiang)。