晋书--志第六
律历上
《易(yi)》曰：“形(xing)而上者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓之道，形(xing)而下者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓之器。”夫神(shen)道广(guang)大(da)，妙本于(yu)(yu)阴阳(yang)；形(xing)器精微(wei)，义先于(yu)(yu)律吕(lv)。圣人观四时(shi)之变，刻(ke)玉纪(ji)其盈虚(xu)，察五行之声(sheng)(sheng)，铸金均其清浊，所以(yi)(yi)遂八风而宣九(jiu)德，和大(da)乐而成(cheng)(cheng)政道。然金质从(cong)革，侈弇无(wu)方(fang)；竹体圆虚(xu)，修短利(li)制。是以(yi)(yi)神(shen)瞽(gu)作律，用写(xie)钟声(sheng)(sheng)，乃纪(ji)之以(yi)(yi)三，平之以(yi)(yi)六，成(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)(yu)十二，天(tian)之道也(ye)。又叶(ye)(ye)时(shi)日于(yu)(yu)晷度，效(xiao)地气于(yu)(yu)灰管，故阴阳(yang)和则(ze)(ze)(ze)景(jing)至，律气应则(ze)(ze)(ze)灰飞(fei)(fei)。灰飞(fei)(fei)律通，吹(chui)而命之，则(ze)(ze)(ze)天(tian)地之中(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)。故可以(yi)(yi)范(fan)围百(bai)度，化成(cheng)(cheng)万(wan)品(pin)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)《虞书》所谓“叶(ye)(ye)时(shi)月(yue)正(zheng)日，同律度量衡”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。中(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)节以(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)文，德音(yin)章而和备(bei)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)可以(yi)(yi)动天(tian)地，感鬼神(shen)，道性情(qing)，移风俗(su)。叶(ye)(ye)言(yan)志(zhi)于(yu)(yu)咏歌，鉴盛衰于(yu)(yu)治乱(luan)，故君子审声(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)(yi)知(zhi)音(yin)，审音(yin)以(yi)(yi)知(zhi)乐，审乐以(yi)(yi)知(zhi)政，盖由兹(zi)道。太史公律书云(yun)：“王者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)制事立物(wu)，法度轨则(ze)(ze)(ze)，一禀于(yu)(yu)六律。六律为万(wan)事之本，其于(yu)(yu)兵(bing)械尤所重焉(yan)。故云(yun)望(wang)敌(di)知(zhi)吉凶，闻(wen)声(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)胜负，百(bai)王不易(yi)之道也(ye)。”
及(ji)(ji)秦氏(shi)灭(mie)学(xue)，其道浸微。汉室(shi)初(chu)兴(xing)，丞相(xiang)(xiang)张苍首言(yan)律(lv)(lv)(lv)，未(wei)能审备(bei)。孝武(wu)帝(di)创置协律(lv)(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官，司马(ma)迁言(yan)律(lv)(lv)(lv)吕(lv)(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)详矣。及(ji)(ji)王莽际，考论音(yin)律(lv)(lv)(lv)，刘歆条奏(zou)(zou)，大(da)率(lv)有(you)五：一曰备(bei)数，一、十、百、千(qian)、万也(ye)；二曰和声(sheng)，宫、商、角、徵、羽也(ye)；三曰审度，分、寸、尺(chi)、丈、引也(ye)；四(si)曰嘉量，龠(yue)、合、升、斗、斛也(ye)；五曰权(quan)衡，铢、两(liang)、斤、钧、石也(ye)。班固因而(er)志之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。蔡(cai)邕又记(ji)建武(wu)已后(hou)(hou)言(yan)律(lv)(lv)(lv)吕(lv)(lv)者(zhe)，至司马(ma)绍统(tong)采而(er)续之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。汉末天下(xia)大(da)乱，乐工(gong)散亡，器法堙灭(mie)，魏武(wu)始(shi)获杜夔(kui)，使定乐器声(sheng)调(diao)。夔(kui)依当时尺(chi)度，权(quan)备(bei)典(dian)章。及(ji)(ji)武(wu)帝(di)受命(ming)，遵而(er)不(bu)革。至泰始(shi)十年，光禄大(da)夫荀勖(xu)奏(zou)(zou)造新度，更铸律(lv)(lv)(lv)吕(lv)(lv)。元(yuan)康中(zhong)，勖(xu)子籓嗣其事(shi)，未(wei)及(ji)(ji)成功，属永(yong)嘉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱，中(zhong)朝典(dian)章，咸没于石勒。及(ji)(ji)元(yuan)帝(di)南迁，皇(huang)度草(cao)昧(mei)，礼容乐器，扫地皆尽，虽稍加采掇(duo)，而(er)多所沦胥，终于恭、安，竟不(bu)能备(bei)。今(jin)考古律(lv)(lv)(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)，及(ji)(ji)魏武(wu)已后(hou)(hou)言(yan)音(yin)律(lv)(lv)(lv)度量者(zhe)，以声(sheng)明于篇云(yun)。
《传》云(yun)：“十(shi)二律(lv)，黄帝(di)之(zhi)所作(zuo)也。使伶伦自大夏之(zhi)西(xi)，乃之(zhi)昆仑(lun)之(zhi)阴，取竹之(zhi)嶰谷(gu)生，其窍厚均者，断雨节间(jian)长三寸九分而吹(chui)之(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)黄钟之(zhi)宫(gong)，曰(yue)含少。次(ci)制十(shi)二竹筒(tong)，写凤之(zhi)鸣(ming)，雄(xiong)鸣(ming)为(wei)(wei)六，雌鸣(ming)亦六，以(yi)(yi)(yi)比黄钟之(zhi)宫(gong)，皆可以(yi)(yi)(yi)生之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)定律(lv)吕。则律(lv)之(zhi)始造，以(yi)(yi)(yi)竹为(wei)(wei)管(guan)，取其自然圆(yuan)虚也。”又云(yun)“黄帝(di)作(zuo)律(lv)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)玉(yu)为(wei)(wei)管(guan)，长尺，六孔，这二十(shi)月音。至(zhi)舜(shun)时，西(xi)王(wang)母(mu)献昭华之(zhi)琯，以(yi)(yi)(yi)玉(yu)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)。”及汉章帝(di)时，零陵文学奚景于泠道舜(shun)祠(ci)下得(de)白玉(yu)琯。又武帝(di)太康元年(nian)，汲郡(jun)盗发(fa)六国时魏(wei)襄王(wang)冢(zhong)，亦得(de)玉(yu)律(lv)。则古者又以(yi)(yi)(yi)玉(yu)为(wei)(wei)管(guan)矣(yi)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)玉(yu)者，取其体含廉润也。而汉平帝(di)时，王(wang)莽(mang)又以(yi)(yi)(yi)铜(tong)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)。铜(tong)者，自名也，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)同天(tian)下，齐风(feng)俗(su)也。为(wei)(wei)物(wu)至(zhi)精(jing)，不为(wei)(wei)燥(zao)湿寒暑(shu)改节，介然有常(chang)，似士君子之(zhi)行(xing)，故用(yong)焉。
《周礼》太师掌(zhang)六(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)、六(liu)(liu)吕，以(yi)合阴阳之(zhi)声(sheng)。六(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)阳声(sheng)，黄钟(zhong)、太蔟、姑(gu)洗、蕤(rui)宾、夷则、无射也(ye)；六(liu)(liu)吕阴声(sheng)，大吕、应钟(zhong)、南吕、林钟(zhong)、仲吕、夹(jia)钟(zhong)也(ye)。又有(you)太师则执同律(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)听军声(sheng)，而(er)(er)诏以(yi)吉凶。其典同掌(zhang)六(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)之(zhi)和，以(yi)辩天(tian)地四方阴阳之(zhi)声(sheng)，以(yi)为(wei)乐器(qi)，皆以(yi)十有(you)二律(lv)(lv)(lv)而(er)(er)为(wei)之(zhi)数度，以(yi)十有(you)二声(sheng)而(er)(er)为(wei)之(zhi)齐量焉(yan)。
及(ji)周景王将铸无射，问律于泠州鸠，对曰(yue)：“夫六，中之(zhi)色，故名之(zhi)曰(yue)黄钟，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)宣养六气九德也(ye)(ye)。由是第之(zhi)。二曰(yue)太蔟，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)金(jin)奏赞阳出滞也(ye)(ye)。三曰(yue)姑(gu)洗，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)羞洁百物，考神(shen)(shen)纳(na)宾(bin)(bin)也(ye)(ye)。四(si)(si)曰(yue)蕤宾(bin)(bin)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)安(an)静神(shen)(shen)人(ren)，献(xian)酬交酢也(ye)(ye)。五(wu)曰(yue)夷(yi)则，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)咏歌九德，平人(ren)无贰也(ye)(ye)。六曰(yue)无射，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)宣布(bu)哲(zhe)人(ren)之(zhi)令(ling)德，示(shi)人(ren)轨仪也(ye)(ye)。为之(zhi)六间(jian)，以(yi)(yi)扬(yang)沈伏而(er)黜散越也(ye)(ye)。元间(jian)大(da)吕(lv)，助宣物也(ye)(ye)，二间(jian)夹钟，出四(si)(si)隙之(zhi)细也(ye)(ye)。三间(jian)中吕(lv)，宣中气也(ye)(ye)。四(si)(si)间(jian)林钟，和(he)展(zhan)百事，俾莫不(bu)任肃纯恪也(ye)(ye)。五(wu)间(jian)南吕(lv)，赞阳秀(xiu)也(ye)(ye)。六间(jian)应(ying)钟，均利(li)器(qi)用，俾应(ying)复也(ye)(ye)。”此皆所(suo)以(yi)(yi)律述时气效节物也(ye)(ye)。
及秦始(shi)皇焚(fen)书荡覆，典策缺亡，诸子(zi)琐言(yan)(yan)时(shi)有(you)遗记。吕(lv)不(bu)韦《春秋》言(yan)(yan)：黄钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)宫，律之(zhi)本也，下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)林钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，林钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)太(tai)蔟，太(tai)蔟下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)南(nan)吕(lv)，南(nan)吕(lv)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)姑洗(xi)，姑洗(xi)下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)应钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，应钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)蕤(rui)宾，蕤(rui)宾下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)大吕(lv)，大吕(lv)下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)夷则(ze)，夷则(ze)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)夹钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，夹钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)无射，无射上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)中吕(lv)。三(san)分(fen)所生(sheng)(sheng)，益其一(yi)分(fen)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)；三(san)分(fen)所生(sheng)(sheng)，去其一(yi)分(fen)以(yi)下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)。后(hou)代(dai)之(zhi)言(yan)(yan)音律者多宗(zong)此(ci)说。
及汉兴，承秦之弊，张苍(cang)首治律(lv)历，颇未能详。故孝武帝正乐(le)，乃置协律(lv)之官(guan)，虽律(lv)吕清浊(zhuo)之体粗正，金石高(gao)下之音有准，然徒捃(jun)采遗存，以成一时之制，而数犹用五。
时淮南(nan)王安延致儒(ru)博，亦为律吕(lv)。云黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律九寸而宫音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)调，因(yin)(yin)而九之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，九九八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)，故黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)立(li)焉，位在子。林(lin)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)位在未，其数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四。太蔟(cu)其数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二，南(nan)吕(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八，姑(gu)洗(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四，应(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二，蕤宾(bin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)，大吕(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)，夷则(ze)(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)，夹(jia)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八，无(wu)射之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五，中吕(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，极(ji)不(bu)生(sheng)。以(yi)黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)为宫，太蔟(cu)为商，姑(gu)洗(xi)为角(jiao)，林(lin)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)为徽，南(nan)吕(lv)为羽(yu)(yu)。宫生(sheng)徵，徵生(sheng)商，商生(sheng)羽(yu)(yu)，羽(yu)(yu)生(sheng)角(jiao)，角(jiao)生(sheng)应(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)比正(zheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，故为和；应(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)蕤宾(bin)，不(bu)比正(zheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，故为缪(mou)。日(ri)(ri)冬至，音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)比林(lin)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浸以(yi)浊。日(ri)(ri)夏(xia)至，音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)比黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浸以(yi)清。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二律应(ying)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)。甲子，中吕(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徵也。丙子，夹(jia)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羽(yu)(yu)也。戊(wu)子，黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫也。庚(geng)子，无(wu)射之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商也。壬子，夷则(ze)(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角(jiao)也。其为音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)也，一(yi)律而生(sheng)五音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二律而为六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。因(yin)(yin)而六(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，六(liu)六(liu)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)，故三(san)百六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)当一(yi)岁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)。故律历之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也。
司马迁八书言律(lv)(lv)吕(lv)，粗举大经(jing)，著(zhu)于(yu)(yu)前(qian)史。则(ze)以太极元气函(han)三(san)(san)为一(yi)，而(er)(er)始动于(yu)(yu)子，十(shi)(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)，必所起焉(yan)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)参一(yi)于(yu)(yu)丑(chou)得(de)三(san)(san)，因(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)九(jiu)三(san)(san)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，举本(ben)位合十(shi)(shi)辰(chen)，得(de)一(yi)万九(jiu)千(qian)六百(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成数，以为黄钟(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法。又参之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律(lv)(lv)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)二(er)辰(chen)，得(de)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)万七(qi)(qi)千(qian)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)四十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)该数，以为黄钟(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实。实如法而(er)(er)一(yi)，得(de)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律(lv)(lv)长九(jiu)寸，十(shi)(shi)一(yi)月(yue)冬至(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气应焉(yan)。盖阴(yin)阳合德，气钟(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)子，而(er)(er)化生(sheng)(sheng)万物(wu)，则(ze)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)莫不函(han)三(san)(san)。故十(shi)(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)空径(jing)三(san)(san)分，而(er)(er)上下相生(sheng)(sheng)，皆损益以三(san)(san)。其(qi)(qi)术则(ze)因(yin)(yin)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长九(jiu)寸，以下生(sheng)(sheng)者倍(bei)其(qi)(qi)实，三(san)(san)其(qi)(qi)法：以上生(sheng)(sheng)者，四其(qi)(qi)实，三(san)(san)其(qi)(qi)法。所以明阳下生(sheng)(sheng)阴(yin)，阴(yin)上生(sheng)(sheng)阳。
起子，为黄钟九寸，一。
丑，三分之二。
寅，九分之八。
卯，二十(shi)七分之十(shi)六。
辰，八十(shi)一(yi)分(fen)之六十(shi)四。
巳，二百四十三分(fen)之一(yi)百二十八。
午，七百二(er)十(shi)九分之五百一十(shi)二(er)。
未，二千一百八十七(qi)分之(zhi)一千二十四。
申，六千五(wu)百(bai)六十一分(fen)之四千九十六。
酉，一万(wan)九(jiu)千(qian)六(liu)百(bai)(bai)八十(shi)二(er)分之八千(qian)一百(bai)(bai)九(jiu)十(shi)二(er)。
戌，五万九(jiu)千四(si)十九(jiu)分之三(san)万二千七百六十八。
亥，十七万七千一百四十七分之(zhi)六万五千五百三十六。
如(ru)是周十二辰，在六(liu)律为(wei)阳，则当(dang)位自得而下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)阴(yin)，在六(liu)吕(lv)(lv)为(wei)阴(yin)，则得其所(suo)衡而上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)于阳，推算之术无重上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)之法也(ye)。所(suo)谓律取妻，吕(lv)(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)子，阴(yin)阳升降，律吕(lv)(lv)之大经也(ye)。而迁又言(yan)十二律之长，今依(yi)淮(huai)南九(jiu)九(jiu)之数，则蕤宾为(wei)重上(shang)。又言(yan)五音相生(sheng)(sheng)，而以(yi)宫(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)角，角生(sheng)(sheng)商，商生(sheng)(sheng)徵，徵生(sheng)(sheng)羽(yu)，羽(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)宫(gong)。求其理用，罔见通(tong)途。
及元始中(zhong)，王(wang)莽(mang)辅政，博征(zheng)通知钟(zhong)律者，考其音义，使羲和刘歆(xin)典(dian)领调(diao)奏。班固《汉书》采(cai)而志(zhi)之，其序论(lun)虽(sui)博，而言十二(er)律损(sun)益(yi)次第(di)，自黄钟(zhong)长九寸(cun)，三分(fen)损(sun)一(yi)(yi)，下生林钟(zhong)，长六寸(cun)。三分(fen)益(yi)一(yi)(yi)，上(shang)生太蔟而左旋(xuan)，八八为位。一(yi)(yi)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)下，终于(yu)无射，下生中(zhong)吕。校其相生所得(de)，与司马迁(qian)正同。班固采(cai)以为志(zhi)。
元帝时，郎中京房知五音六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数，上(shang)使太(tai)子傅玄成、谏议大夫章杂试问房于(yu)乐府，房对：“受(shou)学于(yu)故(gu)(gu)小黄(huang)令(ling)焦(jiao)延寿(shou)。六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)相生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)：以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，皆(jie)三(san)生(sheng)二；以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)生(sheng)上(shang)，皆(jie)三(san)生(sheng)四。阳(yang)(yang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)生(sheng)阴，阴上(shang)生(sheng)阳(yang)(yang)，终于(yu)中吕，而(er)十(shi)(shi)二律(lv)(lv)毕(bi)矣。中吕上(shang)生(sheng)执(zhi)始，执(zhi)始下(xia)(xia)(xia)生(sheng)去灭。上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)相生(sheng)，终于(yu)南(nan)(nan)事(shi)，而(er)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)毕(bi)矣。夫十(shi)(shi)二律(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)，犹八卦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)四也。宓牺(xi)作《易》，纪阳(yang)(yang)气之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)。建日冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)黄(huang)钟(zhong)为(wei)宫(gong)(gong)，太(tai)蔟为(wei)商，姑洗(xi)为(wei)角，林(lin)钟(zhong)为(wei)徽，南(nan)(nan)吕为(wei)羽(yu)(yu)，应钟(zhong)为(wei)变(bian)宫(gong)(gong)，蕤宾为(wei)变(bian)徵，此(ci)声(sheng)(sheng)气之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元，五音之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正也。故(gu)(gu)各统(tong)一日，其余以(yi)(yi)(yi)次运行，当日者各自为(wei)宫(gong)(gong)，而(er)商角徽羽(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)类从焉。《礼运》曰“五声(sheng)(sheng)、六(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)、十(shi)(shi)二管还相为(wei)宫(gong)(gong)”，此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也。以(yi)(yi)(yi)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)分期之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日，黄(huang)钟(zhong)自冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)始，及冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)而(er)复，阴阳(yang)(yang)、寒燠、风雨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)占生(sheng)焉。于(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)检摄群音，考其高下(xia)(xia)(xia)，苟(gou)非革木之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)，则无(wu)不有(you)所合。《虞书》曰“律(lv)(lv)和声(sheng)(sheng)，此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也。”
京(jing)房又曰：“竹声(sheng)(sheng)不可以(yi)度调，故作准(zhun)以(yi)定数(shu)。准(zhun)之(zhi)(zhi)状如(ru)瑟，而(er)(er)长丈，十三弦，隐间九(jiu)(jiu)尺，以(yi)应(ying)黄钟之(zhi)(zhi)律(lv)九(jiu)(jiu)寸。中央(yang)一弦，下有(you)画分(fen)寸，以(yi)为六十律(lv)清(qing)浊之(zhi)(zhi)节。”房言律(lv)详于歆所奏，其术(shu)施行于史(shi)官，候部用之(zhi)(zhi)，文(wen)多不悉(xi)载。截(jie)管为律(lv)，吹(chui)以(yi)考声(sheng)(sheng)，列以(yi)效气，道之(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)。术(shu)家(jia)以(yi)其声(sheng)(sheng)微而(er)(er)体(ti)难知，其分(fen)数(shu)不明，故作准(zhun)以(yi)代之(zhi)(zhi)。准(zhun)之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)明暢易(yi)达，分(fen)寸又粗，然弦以(yi)缓急(ji)清(qing)浊，非管无(wu)以(yi)正也(ye)。均其中弦，令与黄钟相得，案画以(yi)求诸律(lv)，则无(wu)不如(ru)数(shu)而(er)(er)应(ying)者矣(yi)。《续汉志》具载其六十律(lv)准(zhun)度数(shu)，其相生之(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)与《吕览(lan)》、《淮(huai)南(nan)》同。
汉章(zhang)帝元(yuan)和元(yuan)年，待(dai)诏(zhao)候钟律殷肜(rong)上(shang)言(yan)：“官无(wu)晓(xiao)(xiao)六十(shi)(shi)律以(yi)(yi)准调音(yin)者。故待(dai)诏(zhao)严崇(chong)(chong)具以(yi)(yi)准法(fa)教子(zi)男宣，原召宣补学(xue)官，主调乐器(qi)。”诏(zhao)曰：“崇(chong)(chong)子(zi)学(xue)审晓(xiao)(xiao)律，别其族(zu)，协其声者，审试。不(bu)得依托父学(xue)，以(yi)(yi)聋为聪。声微妙，独(du)非莫(mo)知(zhi)，独(du)是莫(mo)晓(xiao)(xiao)。以(yi)(yi)律错吹(chui)，能知(zhi)命十(shi)(shi)二(er)律不(bu)失(shi)一，乃为能传崇(chong)(chong)学(xue)耳。”试宣十(shi)(shi)二(er)律，其二(er)中，其四(si)不(bu)中，其六不(bu)知(zhi)何律，宣遂(sui)罢(ba)。自此律家(jia)莫(mo)能为准。
灵帝熹平六年，东观召典(dian)律(lv)者太子舍人张光(guang)等问准意，光(guang)等不知，归阅旧藏，乃(nai)得(de)其(qi)器(qi)。形制如(ru)房(fang)书，犹不能定其(qi)弦缓(huan)急(ji)。音，不可书以晓(xiao)人，知之者欲教而(er)无从(cong)，心达者体知而(er)无师(shi)，故史官(guan)能辨清(qing)浊者遂(sui)绝。其(qi)可以相传(chuan)者，唯候气而(er)已(yi)。
汉末纷乱，亡失雅(ya)乐(le)。魏武(wu)时，河(he)南杜夔(kui)精(jing)识音韵，为雅(ya)乐(le)郎中(zhong)，令铸(zhu)铜工柴(chai)玉(yu)铸(zhu)钟(zhong)，其声(sheng)均(jun)清浊多不如法，数毁改作，玉(yu)甚厌之，谓夔(kui)清浊任意(yi)，更相诉白于魏武(wu)王(wang)。魏武(wu)王(wang)取玉(yu)所铸(zhu)钟(zhong)杂错更试，然(ran)后知夔(kui)为精(jing)，于是罪玉(yu)。
泰始十(shi)(shi)年(nian)，中(zhong)书监荀勖、中(zhong)书令(ling)张华出(chu)御府铜竹律二十(shi)(shi)五具(ju)(ju)，部太乐郎刘秀等校试，其(qi)三具(ju)(ju)与杜(du)夔及左延(yan)年(nian)律法(fa)同(tong)，其(qi)二十(shi)(shi)二具(ju)(ju)，视其(qi)铭题尺寸(cun)，是笛(di)律也(ye)。问协律中(zhong)郎将(jiang)列和，辞：“昔魏明帝时，令(ling)和承受笛(di)声以作此(ci)律，欲(yu)使学者别居(ju)一坊，歌(ge)(ge)咏(yong)讲习，依此(ci)律调。至于都合(he)乐时，但识其(qi)尺寸(cun)之(zhi)名，则丝(si)竹歌(ge)(ge)咏(yong)，皆得均(jun)合(he)。歌(ge)(ge)声浊(zhuo)者用长笛(di)长律，歌(ge)(ge)声清者用短笛(di)短律。凡弦(xian)歌(ge)(ge)调张清浊(zhuo)之(zhi)制，不(bu)依笛(di)尺寸(cun)名之(zhi)，则不(bu)可(ke)知也(ye)。”
勖等奏：“昔先王之(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乐也，以振风荡俗，飨神祐贤，必(bi)协律(lv)吕之(zhi)和(he)，以节八音(yin)(yin)之(zhi)中(zhong)。是故(gu)郊祀朝宴，用(yong)之(zhi)有(you)(you)制，歌(ge)(ge)奏分献，清(qing)浊有(you)(you)宜。故(gu)曰(yue)“五声(sheng)、十(shi)二律(lv)还(hai)相(xiang)为(wei)宫”，此经传记籍可(ke)(ke)得知者(zhe)也。如和(he)对辞(ci)，笛(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)长(zhang)短无所象则，率意而作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，不(bu)(bu)由曲度。考以正律(lv)，皆不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)应；吹其(qi)声(sheng)均(jun)，多不(bu)(bu)谐合。又(you)辞(ci)‘先师传笛(di)(di)(di)，别其(qi)清(qing)浊，直以长(zhang)短。工(gong)人裁(cai)制，旧不(bu)(bu)依(yi)律(lv)。’是为(wei)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)笛(di)(di)(di)无法。而和(he)写(xie)笛(di)(di)(di)造(zao)(zao)律(lv)，又(you)令琴瑟(se)歌(ge)(ge)咏(yong)，从之(zhi)为(wei)正，非所以稽古先哲(zhe)，垂宪于后者(zhe)也。谨条牒诸律(lv)，问和(he)意状如左。及依(yi)典(dian)制，用(yong)十(shi)二律(lv)造(zao)(zao)笛(di)(di)(di)象十(shi)二枚，声(sheng)均(jun)调和(he)，器用(yong)便利。讲肄弹击，必(bi)合律(lv)吕，况乎(hu)宴飨万(wan)国，奏之(zhi)庙堂者(zhe)哉？虽伶夔旷远，至音(yin)(yin)难精，犹宜仪(yi)形古昔，以求(qiu)厥衷，合乎(hu)经礼，于制为(wei)详。若可(ke)(ke)施用(yong)，请(qing)更(geng)部笛(di)(di)(di)工(gong)选竹(zhu)造(zao)(zao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，下太乐乐府施行。平议诸杜夔、左延年律(lv)可(ke)(ke)皆留，其(qi)御(yu)府笛(di)(di)(di)正声(sheng)、下徽各一具，皆铭(ming)题作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)姓(xing)名，其(qi)余无所施用(yong)，还(hai)付(fu)御(yu)府毁(hui)。”奏可(ke)(ke)。
勖又问(wen)和(he)：“作(zuo)(zuo)笛(di)(di)(di)为(wei)可(ke)依十二(er)律(lv)(lv)作(zuo)(zuo)十二(er)笛(di)(di)(di)，令(ling)(ling)一(yi)孔依一(yi)律(lv)(lv)，然后乃以(yi)(yi)为(wei)乐(le)不(bu)(bu)？”和(he)辞：“太乐(le)东(dong)厢(xiang)长(zhang)笛(di)(di)(di)正(zheng)声(sheng)已长(zhang)四尺(chi)(chi)二(er)寸，今当复取其下(xia)徵之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)。于(yu)法(fa)，声(sheng)浊者(zhe)笛(di)(di)(di)当长(zhang)，计其尺(chi)(chi)寸乃五尺(chi)(chi)有(you)余，和(he)昔(xi)日作(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)吹(chui)也(ye)。又，笛(di)(di)(di)诸孔虽不(bu)(bu)校(xiao)试，意(yi)谓不(bu)(bu)能得(de)一(yi)孔辄应(ying)(ying)一(yi)律(lv)(lv)也(ye)。”案太乐(le)四尺(chi)(chi)二(er)寸笛(di)(di)(di)正(zheng)声(sheng)均(jun)应(ying)(ying)蕤宾，以(yi)(yi)十二(er)律(lv)(lv)还相(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)宫，推(tui)法(fa)下(xia)徵之(zhi)(zhi)孔当应(ying)(ying)律(lv)(lv)大(da)吕(lv)。大(da)吕(lv)笛(di)(di)(di)长(zhang)二(er)尺(chi)(chi)六寸有(you)奇，不(bu)(bu)得(de)长(zhang)五尺(chi)(chi)余。辄令(ling)(ling)太乐(le)郎刘秀、邓昊(hao)等(deng)依律(lv)(lv)作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)吕(lv)笛(di)(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)示和(he)，又吹(chui)七律(lv)(lv)，一(yi)孔一(yi)校(xiao)，声(sheng)皆相(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)(ying)。然后令(ling)(ling)郝生鼓(gu)筝，宋同(tong)吹(chui)笛(di)(di)(di)，以(yi)(yi)为(wei)杂引(yin)、《相(xiang)(xiang)和(he)》诸曲。和(he)乃辞曰：“自和(he)父(fu)祖汉世以(yi)(yi)来，笛(di)(di)(di)家相(xiang)(xiang)传，不(bu)(bu)知此法(fa)，而(er)令(ling)(ling)调均(jun)与(yu)律(lv)(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)(ying)，实(shi)非所及(ji)也(ye)。”郝生、鲁基、种(zhong)整、硃夏(xia)皆与(yu)和(he)同(tong)。
又问(wen)和(he)：“笛(di)(di)有六孔(kong)(kong)，及(ji)其(qi)体中之(zhi)空为(wei)七(qi)，和(he)为(wei)能尽名其(qi)宫商角徵不(bu)(bu)(bu)？孔(kong)(kong)调与(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)调，以何检知？”和(he)辞(ci)：“先师相传(chuan)，吹笛(di)(di)但(dan)以作(zuo)曲，相语为(wei)某曲当举某指，初不(bu)(bu)(bu)知七(qi)孔(kong)(kong)尽应何声也(ye)。若(ruo)当作(zuo)笛(di)(di)，其(qi)仰尚方(fang)笛(di)(di)工依(yi)案旧像讫，但(dan)吹取鸣(ming)者(zhe)，初不(bu)(bu)(bu)复校其(qi)诸孔(kong)(kong)调与(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)调也(ye)。”案《周(zhou)礼》调乐金石(shi)，有一定之(zhi)声，是(shi)故(gu)造(zao)钟(zhong)(zhong)磬(qing)者(zhe)先依(yi)律调之(zhi)，然后(hou)施于(yu)厢(xiang)(xiang)悬。作(zuo)乐之(zhi)时(shi)，诸音皆受钟(zhong)(zhong)磬(qing)之(zhi)均(jun)，即为(wei)悉(xi)应律也(ye)。至于(yu)飨宴殿堂之(zhi)上，无(wu)(wu)厢(xiang)(xiang)悬钟(zhong)(zhong)磬(qing)，以笛(di)(di)有一定调，故(gu)诸弦歌皆从笛(di)(di)为(wei)正(zheng)，是(shi)为(wei)笛(di)(di)犹钟(zhong)(zhong)磬(qing)，宜必合于(yu)律吕。如和(he)所对(dui)，直以意造(zao)，率短一寸，七(qi)孔(kong)(kong)声均(jun)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知其(qi)皆应何律，调与(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)调，无(wu)(wu)以检正(zheng)，唯取竹(zhu)之(zhi)鸣(ming)者(zhe)，为(wei)无(wu)(wu)法制。辄部郎(lang)刘秀(xiu)、邓昊、王艳(yan)、魏邵(shao)等与(yu)(yu)笛(di)(di)工参共(gong)作(zuo)笛(di)(di)，工人造(zao)其(qi)形，律者(zhe)定其(qi)声，然后(hou)器象有制，音均(jun)和(he)协。
又问和(he)：“若不知律吕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)作乐(le)，音均高下清浊(zhuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)调，当以(yi)何名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”和(he)辞：“每合(he)乐(le)时(shi)，随歌(ge)(ge)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清浊(zhuo)，用笛(di)有长短(duan)。假令声(sheng)浊(zhuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)用三(san)尺二(er)(er)笛(di)，因(yin)名(ming)曰此(ci)(ci)三(san)尺二(er)(er)调也；声(sheng)清者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)用二(er)(er)尺九(jiu)笛(di)，因(yin)名(ming)曰此(ci)(ci)二(er)(er)尺九(jiu)调也。汉魏相传(chuan)，施行皆然。”案《周礼(li)》奏(zou)(zou)六乐(le)，乃奏(zou)(zou)黄钟(zhong)，歌(ge)(ge)大吕；乃奏(zou)(zou)太蔟，歌(ge)(ge)应钟(zhong)，皆以(yi)律吕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)，纪(ji)歌(ge)(ge)奏(zou)(zou)清浊(zhuo)。而和(he)所称以(yi)二(er)(er)尺，三(san)尺为(wei)名(ming)，虽汉魏用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，俗而不典(dian)。部郎刘(liu)秀(xiu)、邓昊等以(yi)律作笛(di)，三(san)尺二(er)(er)寸(cun)(cun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)应无射之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律，若宜用长笛(di)，执乐(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰请奏(zou)(zou)无射；二(er)(er)尺八(ba)寸(cun)(cun)四(si)分四(si)厘(li)应黄钟(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律，若宜用短(duan)笛(di)，执乐(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰请奏(zou)(zou)黄钟(zhong)。则歌(ge)(ge)奏(zou)(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)，若合(he)经礼(li)，考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)古典(dian)，于制为(wei)雅(ya)。
《书》曰(yue)：“予欲闻六(liu)律(lv)(lv)、五声(sheng)(sheng)、八音，在治忽。”《周礼》、《国语(yu)》载六(liu)律(lv)(lv)六(liu)同(tong)，《礼记》又曰(yue)“五声(sheng)(sheng)、十二律(lv)(lv)还相(xiang)为宫(gong)”。刘歆、班固(gu)撰(zhuan)《律(lv)(lv)历志》亦纪(ji)十二律(lv)(lv)，惟京(jing)房始创六(liu)十律(lv)(lv)。至章帝(di)时，其(qi)法己绝，蔡邕追纪(ji)其(qi)言(yan)，亦曰(yue)今无(wu)能为者(zhe)。依(yi)案古典及今音家所用，六(liu)十律(lv)(lv)者(zhe)无(wu)施于乐(le)。谨依(yi)典记，以五声(sheng)(sheng)、十二律(lv)(lv)还相(xiang)为宫(gong)之法，制十二笛象，记注(zhu)图侧，如(ru)别，省图，不如(ru)视(shi)笛之孔，故复(fu)重作蕤(rui)宾(bin)伏孔笛。其(qi)制云：
黄(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)之(zhi)笛，正声(sheng)应黄(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)，下徵应林钟(zhong)，长二尺八寸(cun)四分四厘有(you)奇。正声(sheng)调法，以(yi)黄(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)为(wei)宫(gong)，则姑洗(xi)为(wei)角，翕笛之(zhi)声(sheng)应姑洗(xi)，故以(yi)四角之(zhi)长为(wei)黄(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)之(zhi)笛也。其宫(gong)声(sheng)正而不倍，故曰正声(sheng)。
正声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)调(diao)法：黄钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，第(di)(di)一孔(kong)(kong)(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。应(ying)钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)(bian)(bian)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，第(di)(di)二孔(kong)(kong)(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。南吕为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)羽(yu)，第(di)(di)三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。林(lin)钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)徵(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)(di)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。蕤(rui)宾为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)(bian)(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)(di)五(wu)附孔(kong)(kong)(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。姑洗(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)角(jiao)，笛(di)(di)(di)(di)体(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。太(tai)蔟(cu)(cu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)。笛(di)(di)(di)(di)后出孔(kong)(kong)(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。商(shang)(shang)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)浊于角(jiao)，当在角(jiao)下，而角(jiao)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在体(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)，故(gu)上(shang)其商(shang)(shang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，令在宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)，清于宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)则(ze)(ze)(ze)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)正也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，余声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)皆倍也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；是故(gu)从(cong)(cong)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)转下转浊也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)章记(ji)笛(di)(di)(di)(di)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)上(shang)下次第(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。下章说(shuo)律(lv)(lv)吕相(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，笛(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。正声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)调(diao)法，黄钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。作(zuo)黄钟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)笛(di)(di)(di)(di)，将求宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)始洗(xi)(xi)及黄钟律(lv)(lv)，从(cong)(cong)笛(di)(di)(di)(di)首下度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尽(jin)(jin)(jin)二律(lv)(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)而为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)得(de)(de)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)徵(zhi)(zhi)，黄钟生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)林(lin)钟也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)林(lin)钟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律(lv)(lv)从(cong)(cong)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)下度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。尽(jin)(jin)(jin)律(lv)(lv)作(zuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)得(de)(de)徵(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。徵(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)商(shang)(shang)，林(lin)钟生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)太(tai)蔟(cu)(cu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)太(tai)蔟(cu)(cu)律(lv)(lv)从(cong)(cong)徵(zhi)(zhi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)上(shang)度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尽(jin)(jin)(jin)律(lv)(lv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)得(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。商(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)羽(yu)，太(tai)蔟(cu)(cu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)南吕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)南吕律(lv)(lv)从(cong)(cong)商(shang)(shang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)下度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尽(jin)(jin)(jin)律(lv)(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)得(de)(de)羽(yu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。羽(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角(jiao)，南吕生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)姑洗(xi)(xi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)姑洗(xi)(xi)律(lv)(lv)从(cong)(cong)羽(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)上(shang)行度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尽(jin)(jin)(jin)律(lv)(lv)而为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)得(de)(de)角(jiao)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)则(ze)(ze)(ze)出于商(shang)(shang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)，吹(chui)笛(di)(di)(di)(di)者(zhe)左手所不(bu)及也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。从(cong)(cong)羽(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)下行度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尽(jin)(jin)(jin)律(lv)(lv)而为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，亦得(de)(de)角(jiao)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，出于商(shang)(shang)附孔(kong)(kong)(kong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下，则(ze)(ze)(ze)吹(chui)者(zhe)右手所不(bu)逮也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，故(gu)不(bu)作(zuo)角(jiao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。推而下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，复倍其均(jun)，是以(yi)(yi)(yi)角(jiao)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在笛(di)(di)(di)(di)体(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)，古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。音家旧法，虽一倍再倍，但令均(jun)同，适足为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)唱和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，无害于曲(qu)均(jun)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《国语(yu)》曰(yue)，匏(pao)竹利(li)制，议宜(yi)，谓便于事(shi)用(yong)从(cong)(cong)宜(yi)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。角(jiao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)(bian)(bian)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，姑洗(xi)(xi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)应(ying)钟也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。上(shang)句所谓当为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)角(jiao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)而出于商(shang)(shang)上(shang)者(zhe)，墨点识之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)应(ying)钟律(lv)(lv)。从(cong)(cong)此(ci)点下行度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尽(jin)(jin)(jin)律(lv)(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)得(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)(bian)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。变(bian)(bian)(bian)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)(bian)(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)，应(ying)钟生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蕤(rui)宾也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)蕤(rui)宾律(lv)(lv)从(cong)(cong)变(bian)(bian)(bian)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尽(jin)(jin)(jin)律(lv)(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)得(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。十二笛(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制，各(ge)以(yi)(yi)(yi)其宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，相(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法，或(huo)(huo)倍或(huo)(huo)半，其便事(shi)用(yong)，例皆一也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)调法(fa)(fa)：林(lin)钟(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)，第四孔(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。本(ben)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)，当(dang)在(zai)(zai)宫(gong)(gong)上，用笛之(zhi)(zhi)宜，倍令浊(zhuo)(zhuo)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，故曰下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)者，《记》所(suo)谓“五(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，十二(er)律还相为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然则(ze)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)清(qing)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。南吕(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商，第三孔(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。本(ben)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)羽(yu)，今(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)商也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。应钟(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)角(jiao)，第二(er)孔(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。本(ben)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)宫(gong)(gong)，今(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)角(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。黄钟(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)调，林(lin)钟(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)，大(da)吕(lv)当(dang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)笛本(ben)无大(da)吕(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，故假(jia)用黄钟(zhong)(zhong)以为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。假(jia)用之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)，当(dang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，则(ze)俱发(fa)黄钟(zhong)(zhong)及(ji)太蔟(cu)、应钟(zhong)(zhong)三孔(kong)。黄钟(zhong)(zhong)应浊(zhuo)(zhuo)而(er)太蔟(cu)清(qing)，大(da)吕(lv)律在(zai)(zai)二(er)律之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)，俱发(fa)三孔(kong)而(er)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)硙(wei)蒦(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)，则(ze)得大(da)吕(lv)变(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)矣(yi)。诸笛下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)调求变(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)，皆如此也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。太蔟(cu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，笛后出孔(kong)。本(ben)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)商，今(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。姑洗为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)羽(yu)，笛体(ti)中翕声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。本(ben)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)角(jiao)，今(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)羽(yu)。蕤宾为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变(bian)宫(gong)(gong)。附孔(kong)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。本(ben)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，今(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)宫(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然则(ze)正(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)调，孔(kong)转(zhuan)(zhuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)转(zhuan)(zhuan)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)调，孔(kong)转(zhuan)(zhuan)上转(zhuan)(zhuan)清(qing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
清(qing)角之(zhi)调：以姑洗(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)，即(ji)是(shi)笛体中翕声。于正(zheng)(zheng)声为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)角，于下徵(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)羽。清(qing)角之(zhi)调乃以为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)，而哨(shao)吹令清(qing)，故(gu)曰清(qing)角。惟(wei)得为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宛(wan)诗谣(yao)俗之(zhi)曲，不合雅乐也(ye)(ye)。蕤宾为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)，正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。林钟(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)角，非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。南吕为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变徵(zhi)，非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。应钟(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)徵(zhi)，正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。黄钟(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)羽，非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。太蔟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)变宫(gong)。非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。清(qing)角之(zhi)调，唯(wei)宫(gong)、商(shang)及徵(zhi)与律(lv)相(xiang)应，余(yu)四声非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)(zheng)者皆(jie)浊(zhuo)，一(yi)律(lv)哨(shao)吹令清(qing)，假(jia)而用之(zhi)，其(qi)例一(yi)也(ye)(ye)。
凡笛体用(yong)律，长者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)八之(zhi)(zhi)，蕤宾、林钟(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。短(duan)(duan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)四(si)之(zhi)(zhi)。其余十笛，皆(jie)(jie)四(si)角(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。空中实容，长者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)十六。短(duan)(duan)笛竹(zhu)宜(yi)受八律之(zhi)(zhi)黍(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若长短(duan)(duan)大(da)小不(bu)(bu)合于(yu)此，或器用(yong)不(bu)(bu)便(bian)(bian)声(sheng)均法度(du)之(zhi)(zhi)齐(qi)等也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然笛竹(zhu)率上大(da)下(xia)小，不(bu)(bu)能均齐(qi)，必不(bu)(bu)得已，取其声(sheng)均合。三宫，一(yi)曰(yue)正声(sheng)，二(er)(er)曰(yue)下(xia)徵，三曰(yue)清角(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。二(er)(er)十一(yi)变(bian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。宫有七声(sheng)，错综用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)，故二(er)(er)十一(yi)变(bian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。诸笛例皆(jie)(jie)一(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。伏孔四(si)，所(suo)以便(bian)(bian)事用(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。一(yi)曰(yue)正角(jiao)，出(chu)于(yu)商上者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，二(er)(er)曰(yue)倍角(jiao)，近(jin)笛下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，三曰(yue)变(bian)宫，近(jin)于(yu)宫孔，倍令下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；四(si)曰(yue)变(bian)徵，远于(yu)徵孔，倍令高者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。或倍或半，或四(si)分一(yi)，取则于(yu)琴(qin)徽也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。四(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)作其孔，而取其度(du)，以应退上下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)法，所(suo)以协声(sheng)均，便(bian)(bian)事用(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其本(ben)孔隐而不(bu)(bu)见，故曰(yue)伏孔也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
大(da)吕之(zhi)笛，正(zheng)声应大(da)吕，下徵应夷则，长(zhang)二尺六(liu)寸六(liu)分(fen)三厘有(you)奇。
太蔟(cu)之笛，正声应太蔟(cu)，下徵应南(nan)吕，长二(er)尺五寸三(san)分一厘有奇。
夹(jia)钟(zhong)之笛，正声应(ying)夹(jia)钟(zhong)，下徵应(ying)无(wu)射，长二尺四寸。
姑(gu)洗(xi)之笛，正声应(ying)(ying)姑(gu)洗(xi)，下徵应(ying)(ying)应(ying)(ying)钟，长二尺二寸三分(fen)三厘(li)有奇。
蕤宾(bin)(bin)之笛(di)，正声应蕤宾(bin)(bin)，下徵(zhi)应大吕，长三尺(chi)九(jiu)寸九(jiu)分五厘有奇(qi)。变宫(gong)(gong)近宫(gong)(gong)孔，故倍(bei)半令下，便于(yu)用也。林(lin)钟(zhong)亦如之一。林(lin)钟(zhong)之笛(di)，正声应林(lin)钟(zhong)，下徵(zhi)应太蔟，长三尺(chi)七(qi)寸九(jiu)分七(qi)厘有奇(qi)。
夷(yi)则(ze)之笛，正声应夷(yi)则(ze)，下徵应夹钟，长三(san)尽六寸。变宫之法(fa)，亦如蕤宾，体用四(si)角，故四(si)分(fen)益一也。
南吕之笛(di)，正(zheng)声应南吕，下徵姑(gu)洗，长三(san)尺(chi)三(san)寸七分有奇。
无(wu)(wu)射(she)之笛，正声应无(wu)(wu)射(she)，下(xia)徵应中吕(lv)，长三尺二寸(cun)。
应(ying)钟之笛，正声应(ying)应(ying)钟，下徵(zhi)应(ying)蕤宾，长(zhang)二尺九(jiu)(jiu)寸九(jiu)(jiu)分六厘有奇。
五音十二律
土音宫(gong)，数八十一，为声之始。属土者，以其最浊，君(jun)之象也。季夏之气和，则(ze)(ze)宫(gong)声调。宫(gong)乱则(ze)(ze)荒，其君(jun)骄。黄钟之宫(gong)，律最长也。
火音徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，三分宫去(qu)一以生(sheng)，其数五十(shi)四。属火者，以其徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清，事之象(xiang)也(ye)。夏(xia)气(qi)和(he)，则徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声调。徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱则哀，其事勤也(ye)。
金音商(shang)，三(san)分(fen)徵益一以(yi)生，其数七十二。属金者，以(yi)其浊(zhuo)次宫，臣之象也。秋气(qi)和，则(ze)商(shang)声调(diao)。商(shang)乱则(ze)诐，其官坏(huai)也。
水音羽(yu)，三(san)分商去一以生，其数(shu)四(si)十八。属水者(zhe)，以为最(zui)清，物之象(xiang)也(ye)。冬(dong)气和，则(ze)羽(yu)声调。羽(yu)乱则(ze)危，其财匮(kui)也(ye)。
木音角(jiao)，三分(fen)羽(yu)益一(yi)以生(sheng)，其数(shu)六(liu)十四。属木者，以其清浊中，人(ren)之象也。春气和，则(ze)角(jiao)声调。角(jiao)乱则(ze)忧(you)，其人(ren)怨(yuan)也。
凡声尊卑(bei)，取象(xiang)五行(xing)，数多者(zhe)浊，数少者(zhe)清；大不(bu)(bu)过宫，细不(bu)(bu)过羽。
十一(yi)月(yue)，律中黄钟，律之始也(ye)，长九(jiu)寸。仲冬气(qi)至，则其律应，所以宣养(yang)六(liu)气(qi)九(jiu)德(de)也(ye)。班固三分损(sun)一(yi)，下生(sheng)林(lin)钟。
十二(er)月，律(lv)中大吕，司马迁未下(xia)(xia)生之律(lv)，长四寸(cun)二(er)百四十三(san)(san)分(fen)寸(cun)之五十二(er)，倍(bei)之为八寸(cun)二(er)百四十三(san)(san)分(fen)寸(cun)之一百四。季(ji)冬(dong)气至，则其(qi)律(lv)应，所以助宣物也(ye)。三(san)(san)分(fen)益一，上生夷则；京房(fang)三(san)(san)分(fen)损一，下(xia)(xia)生夷则。
正月，律中(zhong)太蔟(cu)，未上(shang)生之律，长八寸(cun)。孟春(chun)气至，则(ze)其(qi)律应，所以赞阳出滞(zhi)也(ye)。三(san)分损(sun)一，下生南吕。
二(er)月，律中夹(jia)钟(zhong)，酉下(xia)生之律，长三寸(cun)二(er)千(qian)一(yi)百八十(shi)七(qi)(qi)分寸(cun)之一(yi)千(qian)六百三十(shi)一(yi)，倍之为七(qi)(qi)寸(cun)二(er)千(qian)一(yi)百八十(shi)七(qi)(qi)分寸(cun)之一(yi)千(qian)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)五。仲春(chun)气至，则其律应，所以(yi)出四(si)隙之细(xi)也。三分益一(yi)，上(shang)生无射(she)；京(jing)房三分损一(yi)，下(xia)生无射(she)。
三月，律中姑洗(xi)，酉上生之律，长七寸(cun)九分(fen)寸(cun)之一(yi)(yi)。季春气至(zhi)，则其(qi)律应，所以修絜百物，考神纳宾也。三分(fen)损(sun)一(yi)(yi)，下(xia)生应钟。
四月，律(lv)中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)吕(lv)，亥下生之(zhi)律(lv)，长三(san)(san)寸(cun)万(wan)(wan)九千(qian)六(liu)百八十(shi)三(san)(san)分寸(cun)之(zhi)六(liu)千(qian)四百八十(shi)七(qi)，倍之(zhi)为六(liu)寸(cun)万(wan)(wan)九千(qian)六(liu)百八十(shi)三(san)(san)分寸(cun)之(zhi)万(wan)(wan)二(er)千(qian)九百七(qi)十(shi)四。孟(meng)夏气至，则其律(lv)应，所以宣中(zhong)(zhong)气也。
五月，律中蕤宾(bin)，亥上(shang)(shang)生之(zhi)律，长六(liu)(liu)寸八十一(yi)(yi)分寸之(zhi)二十六(liu)(liu)。仲夏气至，则其律应，所以安(an)静人神(shen)，献酬交酢也。三分损一(yi)(yi)，下(xia)生大吕(lv)；京房三分益一(yi)(yi)，上(shang)(shang)生大吕(lv)。
六月，律(lv)(lv)中林钟，丑下生之律(lv)(lv)，长六寸。季(ji)夏气至(zhi)，则其律(lv)(lv)应，所以和展百物，俾(bi)莫不任(ren)肃纯恪(ke)也。三分益一，上(shang)生太蔟(cu)。
七月，律中夷(yi)则，丑(chou)上(shang)生之律，长五寸七百二(er)十(shi)九分寸之四百五十(shi)一。孟秋气至，则其(qi)律应，所以咏歌九则，平百姓而无贷也。三分损(sun)一，下(xia)生夹钟(zhong)；京(jing)房三分益一，上(shang)生夹钟(zhong)。
八(ba)月，律中南吕，卯下生之律，长五寸三分寸之一(yi)。仲(zhong)秋气至，则其律应，所以赞阳秀也。三分益一(yi)，上生姑洗。
九月(yue)，律(lv)中无(wu)射，卯上生之律(lv)，长四(si)寸(cun)(cun)六千五百六十(shi)一(yi)(yi)分寸(cun)(cun)之六千五百二十(shi)四(si)。季秋气至(zhi)，则其律(lv)应(ying)，所以宣(xuan)布哲人之令德，示(shi)人轨仪也。三(san)分损一(yi)(yi)，下(xia)生中吕；京房三(san)分益一(yi)(yi)，上生中吕。
十月，律(lv)中应(ying)钟，巳(si)下生之(zhi)律(lv)，长四寸二十七分寸之(zhi)二十。孟(meng)冬气至(zhi)，则其(qi)律(lv)应(ying)，所以均利器用，俾(bi)应(ying)复也。三分益一(yi)，上生蕤(rui)宾。
淮南、京房、郑(zheng)玄诸儒言(yan)律历，皆上(shang)下(xia)相生(sheng)，至(zhi)蕤(rui)宾又重(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)生(sheng)大吕，长八(ba)寸(cun)(cun)二百(bai)四(si)(si)十(shi)三(san)分寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百(bai)四(si)(si)；夷则上(shang)生(sheng)夹钟，长七寸(cun)(cun)千(qian)(qian)一(yi)百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)七分寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)千(qian)(qian)七十(shi)五；无射(she)上(shang)生(sheng)中吕，长六(liu)(liu)寸(cun)(cun)万(wan)九千(qian)(qian)六(liu)(liu)百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)三(san)分寸(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)万(wan)二千(qian)(qian)九百(bai)七十(shi)四(si)(si)；此三(san)品于司马迁(qian)、班固所生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寸(cun)(cun)数(shu)及分皆倍(bei)焉，余则并同(tong)。斯则泠州鸠所谓(wei)六(liu)(liu)间之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道，扬沈伏，黜散越，假(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为用(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。变通相半，随事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜，赞助(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法也(ye)。凡音声之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体，务在和均(jun)，益则加倍(bei)，损(sun)则减半，其于本音恆为无爽。然则言(yan)一(yi)上(shang)一(yi)下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)，相生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道；言(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)生(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)，吹候之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)也(ye)。于蕤(rui)宾重(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)生(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)，适会为用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)，故言(yan)律者(zhe)(zhe)因焉，非相生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)也(ye)。
杨子(zi)云(yun)曰：“声(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)于日，谓(wei)甲己为角，乙庚为商，丙辛为徵，丁壬为羽(yu)，戊癸(gui)为宫(gong)也(ye)(ye)。律(lv)(lv)生(sheng)于辰，谓(wei)子(zi)为黄钟(zhong)，丑为大(da)吕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)(ye)。声(sheng)(sheng)以情质，质，正也(ye)(ye)。各以其行(xing)本情为正也(ye)(ye)。律(lv)(lv)以和(he)声(sheng)(sheng)，当以律(lv)(lv)管钟(zhong)均和(he)其清(qing)浊(zhuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)。声(sheng)(sheng)律(lv)(lv)相(xiang)协而(er)八音(yin)生(sheng)。协，和(he)也(ye)(ye)。”宫(gong)、商、角、徵、羽(yu)，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)声(sheng)(sheng)。金、石、匏、革(ge)、丝、竹、土(tu)、木，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)八音(yin)。声(sheng)(sheng)和(he)音(yin)谐，是谓(wei)五(wu)乐。
夫阴(yin)阳(yang)和(he)(he)则(ze)景(jing)至(zhi)，律气(qi)应(ying)(ying)则(ze)灰(hui)除。是故天子(zi)常以冬夏(xia)至(zhi)日御前殿，合八(ba)能之士，陈八(ba)音，听(ting)乐(le)均(jun)，度晷景(jing)，候钟律，权(quan)土灰(hui)，效(xiao)阴(yin)阳(yang)，冬至(zhi)阳(yang)气(qi)应(ying)(ying)则(ze)灰(hui)除，是故乐(le)均(jun)清，景(jing)长极，黄钟通，土灰(hui)轻而(er)衡仰。夏(xia)至(zhi)阴(yin)气(qi)应(ying)(ying)则(ze)乐(le)均(jun)浊，景(jing)短(duan)极，蕤宾通，土灰(hui)重而(er)衡低。进退(tui)于先后五日之中，八(ba)能各以候状闻，太史令封上。效(xiao)则(ze)和(he)(he)，否(fou)则(ze)占。
候(hou)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)法，为(wei)(wei)室三重，户闭，涂衅周密，布缇(ti)幔。室中以(yi)木为(wei)(wei)案，每律(lv)各一，内房中外高，从其方位，加(jia)律(lv)其上，以(yi)葭莩(fu)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)抑(yi)其内端，案历而候(hou)之(zhi)：气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至者(zhe)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)去；其为(wei)(wei)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所动(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)，其灰(hui)(hui)(hui)散；人及风所动(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)，其灰(hui)(hui)(hui)聚。殿中候(hou)用玉律(lv)十二(er)，惟二(er)至乃候(hou)。灵台用竹律(lv)。杨泉(quan)记云：“取弘农宜阳县金门山(shan)竹为(wei)(wei)管，河内葭莩(fu)为(wei)(wei)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)。”或云以(yi)律(lv)著室中，随十二(er)辰埋之(zhi)，上与(yu)地平(ping)，以(yi)竹莩(fu)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)实律(lv)中，以(yi)罗(luo)縠覆律(lv)吕，气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至吹灰(hui)(hui)(hui)动(dong)(dong)(dong)縠。小动(dong)(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)和，大动(dong)(dong)(dong)，君(jun)弱臣强；不动(dong)(dong)(dong)，君(jun)严(yan)暴之(zhi)应也(ye)。
审度
起度(du)之正，《汉志》言之详矣。武帝泰(tai)始九年(nian)，中书监荀勖(xu)校太乐，八(ba)音不和，始知后汉至魏(wei)，尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)长于(yu)古(gu)(gu)四(si)(si)分有余。勖(xu)乃部著作(zuo)郎刘恭依《周礼》制尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，所(suo)(suo)谓古(gu)(gu)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)也。依古(gu)(gu)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更铸(zhu)铜(tong)律(lv)吕(lv)，以(yi)调声(sheng)韵。以(yi)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)量(liang)古(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)，与(yu)本铭尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)寸无(wu)差。又(you)，汲郡(jun)盗发六国(guo)时魏(wei)襄王冢，得(de)古(gu)(gu)周时玉律(lv)及(ji)钟、磬，与(yu)新律(lv)声(sheng)韵闇同。于(yu)时郡(jun)国(guo)或得(de)汉时故钟，吹律(lv)命(ming)之皆应。勖(xu)铭其(qi)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)曰：“晋泰(tai)始十(shi)年(nian)，中书考古(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)，揆校今(jin)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，长四(si)(si)分半。所(suo)(suo)校古(gu)(gu)法(fa)有七品：一曰姑(gu)洗(xi)玉律(lv)，二曰小(xiao)吕(lv)玉律(lv)，三曰西(xi)京铜(tong)望(wang)臬(nie)，四(si)(si)曰金错(cuo)望(wang)臬(nie)，五(wu)曰铜(tong)斛，六曰古(gu)(gu)钱(qian)，七曰建武铜(tong)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。姑(gu)洗(xi)微(wei)强，西(xi)京望(wang)臬(nie)微(wei)弱，其(qi)余与(yu)此(ci)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)同。”铭八(ba)十(shi)二字。此(ci)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)者勖(xu)新尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)也，今(jin)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)者杜夔(kui)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)也。
荀勖造(zao)新(xin)钟律，与古器谐(xie)韵(yun)，时人(ren)称(cheng)其(qi)(qi)精密，惟散骑侍(shi)郎陈留阮咸讥其(qi)(qi)声高，声高则悲，非(fei)兴国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)音，亡国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)音。亡国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)音哀以(yi)思，其(qi)(qi)人(ren)困。今声不合雅，惧非(fei)德正至和之(zhi)(zhi)音，必古今尺(chi)有长(zhang)短所致(zhi)也(ye)。会咸病(bing)卒，武帝(di)以(yi)勖律与周汉器合，故施用之(zhi)(zhi)。后(hou)始平掘地得(de)古铜尺(chi)，岁久欲腐，不知(zhi)所出何代，果长(zhang)勖尺(chi)四分，时人(ren)服(fu)咸之(zhi)(zhi)妙，而莫能(neng)厝意(yi)焉(yan)。
史臣案：“勖于千载之外，推百代(dai)之法(fa)，度(du)数(shu)既宜，声韵又契，可谓(wei)(wei)切密，信(xin)而(er)有(you)(you)徵也(ye)。而(er)时(shi)(shi)人寡识(shi)，据(ju)无(wu)闻(wen)之一(yi)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，忽周汉(han)(han)之两器，雷同(tong)臧(zang)否(fou)，何其谬哉！《世说》称(cheng)“有(you)(you)田父于野地中得(de)(de)周时(shi)(shi)玉尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，便(bian)是天下正(zheng)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，荀(xun)(xun)勖试以校己所(suo)(suo)治金石丝竹(zhu)，皆短校一(yi)米”。又，汉(han)(han)章帝时(shi)(shi)，零(ling)陵文学史奚(xi)景(jing)于泠(ling)道(dao)舜祠下得(de)(de)玉律，度(du)以为尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，相(xiang)(xiang)传谓(wei)(wei)之汉(han)(han)官尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。以校荀(xun)(xun)勖尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，勖尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)短四(si)分；汉(han)(han)官、始平两尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，长(zhang)短度(du)同(tong)。又，杜夔所(suo)(suo)用(yong)调律尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，比(bi)勖新尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，得(de)(de)一(yi)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)四(si)分七厘。魏(wei)景(jing)元(yuan)四(si)年，刘(liu)徽注《九(jiu)章》云：王莽时(shi)(shi)刘(liu)歆(xin)斛尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)弱于今尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)四(si)分五(wu)厘，比(bi)魏(wei)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)其斛深九(jiu)寸(cun)五(wu)分厘；即荀(xun)(xun)勖所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)今尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)长(zhang)四(si)分半是也(ye)。元(yuan)帝后，江(jiang)东所(suo)(suo)用(yong)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，比(bi)荀(xun)(xun)勖尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)六分二厘。赵刘(liu)曜光初(chu)四(si)年铸(zhu)浑仪(yi)，八年铸(zhu)土圭(gui)，其尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)荀(xun)(xun)勖尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)五(wu)分。荀(xun)(xun)勖新尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)惟以调音律，至(zhi)于人间未甚(shen)流(liu)布，故江(jiang)左(zuo)及刘(liu)曜仪(yi)表，并与(yu)魏(wei)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)略相(xiang)(xiang)依(yi)准。
嘉量
《周(zhou)礼》：“栗氏(shi)为(wei)量，鬴深尺(chi)(chi)，内(nei)方(fang)尺(chi)(chi)而(er)圆(yuan)其(qi)外，其(qi)实(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)鬴。其(qi)臀一(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)，其(qi)实(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)豆(dou)。其(qi)耳三寸(cun)，其(qi)实(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)升(sheng)。重一(yi)(yi)(yi)钧，其(qi)声中黄钟。概而(er)不税。其(qi)铭曰(yue)：‘时(shi)文思索，允臻(zhen)其(qi)极。嘉量既成(cheng)，以观(guan)四(si)(si)国(guo)。永启(qi)厥后(hou)，兹(zi)器维则(ze)(ze)。’”《春秋左(zuo)氏(shi)传》曰(yue)：“齐旧四(si)(si)量，豆(dou)、区(qu)、釜、钟。四(si)(si)升(sheng)曰(yue)豆(dou)，各自其(qi)四(si)(si)，以登于(yu)釜。”四(si)(si)豆(dou)为(wei)区(qu)，区(qu)斗(dou)六(liu)升(sheng)也。四(si)(si)区(qu)为(wei)釜，六(liu)斗(dou)四(si)(si)升(sheng)也。釜十(shi)则(ze)(ze)钟，六(liu)十(shi)四(si)(si)斗(dou)也。郑玄以为(wei)釜方(fang)尺(chi)(chi)，积千寸(cun)，比(bi)《九章粟米法》少二(er)(er)升(sheng)八十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)升(sheng)之(zhi)二(er)(er)十(shi)二(er)(er)。以算术考之(zhi)，古(gu)斛之(zhi)积凡一(yi)(yi)(yi)千五(wu)百六(liu)十(shi)二(er)(er)寸(cun)半，方(fang)尺(chi)(chi)而(er)圆(yuan)其(qi)外，减傍(bang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)厘八毫(hao)，其(qi)径一(yi)(yi)(yi)尺(chi)(chi)四(si)(si)寸(cun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)四(si)(si)毫(hao)七秒二(er)(er)忽有奇，而(er)深尺(chi)(chi)，即古(gu)斛之(zhi)制也。
《九(jiu)章商(shang)功(gong)(gong)法(fa)》程(cheng)粟(su)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)斛(hu)，积(ji)二(er)千七(qi)百寸(cun)(cun)(cun)；米(mi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)斛(hu)，积(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千六(liu)(liu)百二(er)十(shi)七(qi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)；菽荅(da)麻麦一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)斛(hu)，积(ji)二(er)千四百三(san)十(shi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)。此据精粗为率，使价齐，而(er)(er)不等其器之积(ji)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)也。以米(mi)斛(hu)为正，则同于《汉志》。魏(wei)陈(chen)留王景元四年，刘(liu)徽(hui)注(zhu)《九(jiu)章商(shang)功(gong)(gong)》曰：“当今大司(si)农斛(hu)，圆径一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尺(chi)(chi)三(san)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)五(wu)分(fen)五(wu)厘，深(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尺(chi)(chi)，积(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千四百四十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)十(shi)分(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)之三(san)。王莽(mang)铜斛(hu)，于今尺(chi)(chi)为深(shen)九(jiu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)五(wu)分(fen)五(wu)厘，径一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尺(chi)(chi)三(san)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)六(liu)(liu)分(fen)八(ba)厘七(qi)毫。以徽(hui)术计之，于今斛(hu)为容九(jiu)斗七(qi)升四合有奇。”魏(wei)斛(hu)大而(er)(er)尺(chi)(chi)长，王莽(mang)斛(hu)小而(er)(er)尺(chi)(chi)短也。
衡权
衡权(quan)者，衡，平也(ye)；权(quan)，重也(ye)。衡所以任权(quan)而均(jun)物，平轻重也(ye)。古有(you)黍、垒、锤、锱、镮(huan)、钧(jun)、锊、镒之(zhi)目，历代参差。《汉(han)志》言衡权(quan)名理(li)甚(shen)备，自后变更(geng)，其详未(wei)闻(wen)。元康中，裴(pei)頠以为医方人命之(zhi)急，而称两不(bu)与古同，为害特重，宜因此改(gai)治权(quan)衡，不(bu)见省。赵石(shi)勒十八年七(qi)月，造建德(de)殿，得圆石(shi)，状如水碓(dui)，铭曰：“律权(quan)石(shi)，重四钧(jun)，同律度量衡。有(you)辛氏造。”续咸议(yi)，是王莽时物。
更多有关晋书 二十四史 的资料