晋书--列(lie)传第(di)二(er)十六
江统(子 惇) 孙(sun)楚(孙(sun)统) 绰(chuo)
江(jiang)统(tong),字应(ying)元(yuan),陈留圉人也。祖蕤,以义行(xing)称,为(wei)谯(qiao)郡太守,封亢父(fu)男。父(fu)祚,南(nan)安太守。统(tong)静(jing)默有远(yuan)志,时(shi)人为(wei)之(zhi)语曰(yue):“嶷然稀言江(jiang)应(ying)元(yuan)。”与乡人蔡克俱知名(ming)。袭父(fu)爵(jue),除山阴令(ling)。时(shi)关陇、屡为(wei)氐、羌所扰(rao),孟观西(xi)讨,自(zi)擒(qin)氐帅(shuai)齐万年。统(tong)深(shen)惟四夷乱华,宜杜其萌(meng),乃(nai)作《徙(xi)戎论》。其辞曰(yue):
夫夷蛮(man)戎狄(di)(di),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四夷,九服(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi),地在(zai)要荒(huang)。《春(chun)秋》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,内(nei)诸夏而(er)外夷狄(di)(di)。以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)语不通,贽币不同,法俗诡异(yi),种类(lei)乖殊;或(huo)居(ju)绝域之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,山河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表,崎岖(qu)川谷阻险之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,与中国(guo)壤断土隔(ge),不相侵涉,赋役不及,正朔不加(jia),故(gu)(gu)曰“天子(zi)有道(dao),守(shou)在(zai)四夷”。禹(yu)平九土,而(er)西戎即叙(xu)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)气贪婪,凶悍(han)不仁,四夷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,戎狄(di)(di)为(wei)甚。弱则畏服(fu),强则侵叛。虽(sui)有贤圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi),大德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君,咸未(wei)(wei)能以(yi)通化率导,而(er)以(yi)恩德(de)柔怀也(ye)。当(dang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)强也(ye),以(yi)殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高宗而(er)惫于(yu)鬼方(fang),有周文(wen)王而(er)患(huan)昆夷、猃狁(yun),高祖困于(yu)白登,孝文(wen)军于(yu)霸上(shang)。及其(qi)(qi)(qi)弱也(ye),周公来(lai)九译(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贡,中宗纳单(dan)于(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝,以(yi)元成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微,而(er)犹(you)四夷宾服(fu)。此其(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)(yi)然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效也(ye)。故(gu)(gu)匈(xiong)奴求守(shou)边(bian)塞,而(er)侯应陈其(qi)(qi)(qi)不可(ke),单(dan)于(yu)屈(qu)膝未(wei)(wei)央,望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)议以(yi)不臣。是以(yi)有道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君牧夷狄(di)(di)也(ye),惟以(yi)待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有备(bei),御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有常,虽(sui)稽颡(sang)执(zhi)贽,而(er)边(bian)城不弛(chi)固守(shou);为(wei)寇贼强暴,而(er)兵甲不加(jia)远征,期令境内(nei)获安,疆埸不侵而(er)已(yi)(yi)。
及至周室(shi)失统,诸侯专征,以大(da)兼(jian)小,转相残(can)灭(mie),封疆(jiang)不固,而利害异心。戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄乘间,得入中(zhong)国(guo)。或招诱安抚(fu),以为己用。故申、缯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸,颠(dian)覆宗(zong)周;襄公要秦(qin),遽兴姜戎(rong)(rong)(rong)。当(dang)春秋时,义渠、大(da)荔居秦(qin)、晋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)域(yu),陆(lu)浑、阴戎(rong)(rong)(rong)处伊、洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间,鄋(sou)瞒(man)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属害及济东,侵入齐、宋,陵虐邢(xing)、卫,南夷与(yu)北(bei)狄交(jiao)侵中(zhong)国(guo),不绝(jue)若线。齐桓攘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),存亡继绝(jue),北(bei)伐山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong),以开(kai)燕路。故仲(zhong)尼(ni)称管仲(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li),嘉左衽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)(gong)。逮至春秋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末,战国(guo)方盛(sheng),楚(chu)吞(tun)蛮氏,晋翦陆(lu)浑,赵(zhao)武胡服(fu),开(kai)榆中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),秦(qin)雄(xiong)咸阳,灭(mie)义渠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。始皇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)并天下也(ye),南兼(jian)百(bai)越,北(bei)走匈奴,五(wu)岭长城(cheng),戎(rong)(rong)(rong)卒(zu)亿计。虽师役烦殷,寇(kou)贼横暴(bao),然一世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)(gong),戎(rong)(rong)(rong)虏(lu)奔却,当(dang)时中(zhong)国(guo)无复(fu)四(si)夷也(ye)。
汉(han)兴(xing)而都长安,关中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郡号(hao)曰三辅,《禹贡》雍州,宗周丰(feng)、镐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旧也(ye)。及(ji)至(zhi)王莽(mang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)败,赤眉(mei)因(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),西都荒毁,百姓流亡。建武中(zhong)(zhong),以(yi)(yi)马(ma)(ma)援(yuan)领陇(long)西太守(shou),讨(tao)叛羌(qiang),徙其余种于(yu)关中(zhong)(zhong),居冯翊、河东空地(di),而与(yu)华(hua)人(ren)杂处。数岁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,族类蕃息(xi),既(ji)恃(shi)其肥强,且苦汉(han)人(ren)侵(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。永初(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan),骑都尉王弘使(shi)西域,发调羌(qiang)、氏,以(yi)(yi)为行卫。于(yu)是群羌(qiang)奔骇,互相扇动,二州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戎(rong)(rong)(rong),一(yi)时(shi)俱发,覆没将守(shou),屠破城邑。邓骘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)征,弃甲委兵,舆(yu)尸(shi)丧师,前后相继,诸(zhu)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)遂炽,至(zhi)于(yu)南入蜀(shu)汉(han),东掠赵、魏,唐突(tu)轵关,侵(qin)及(ji)河内。及(ji)遣北军中(zhong)(zhong)候硃宠将五营士于(yu)孟津距羌(qiang),十年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),夷夏(xia)俱毙,任尚(shang)、马(ma)(ma)贤(xian)仅乃克之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此(ci)(ci)所以(yi)(yi)为害深(shen)重、累(lei)年不定者,虽(sui)由御者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无方,将非(fei)其才,亦岂不以(yi)(yi)寇发心(xin)腹,害起肘腋,疢笃难(nan)疗,疮大(da)迟愈(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故哉!自此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,余烬不尽,小有际(ji)会,辄复侵(qin)叛。马(ma)(ma)贤(xian)忸忲(tai),终于(yu)覆败;段颖临冲,自西徂(cu)乐。雍州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戎(rong)(rong)(rong),常为国(guo)患,中(zhong)(zhong)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寇,惟此(ci)(ci)为大(da)。汉(han)末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱,关中(zhong)(zhong)残灭(mie)。魏兴(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu),与(yu)蜀(shu)分隔,疆埸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戎(rong)(rong)(rong),一(yi)彼一(yi)此(ci)(ci)。魏武皇帝(di)令将军夏(xia)侯妙才讨(tao)叛氏阿贵、千万(wan)等,后因(yin)(yin)拔弃汉(han)中(zhong)(zhong),遂徙武都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)种于(yu)秦(qin)川,欲以(yi)(yi)弱寇强国(guo),扞御蜀(shu)虏(lu)。此(ci)(ci)盖权宜(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计(ji),一(yi)时(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势(shi),非(fei)所以(yi)(yi)为万(wan)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利也(ye)。今者当之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),已(yi)受其弊矣(yi)。”
夫(fu)关中土(tu)沃物丰,厥田上上,加以(yi)(yi)泾(jing)、渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流溉(gai)其舄卤,郑国、白(bai)渠灌浸(jin)相通(tong),黍稷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饶,亩号(hao)一(yi)钟(zhong),百姓谣咏其殷实,帝王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)都每以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)居,未闻戎狄(di)宜在(zai)此(ci)土(tu)也。非我族类,其心必异,戎狄(di)志态(tai),不与华(hua)同。而(er)(er)因其衰弊,迁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畿服,士庶玩(wan)习(xi),侮其轻(qing)弱,使其怨恨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气毒(du)于骨(gu)髓。至(zhi)于蕃育众盛,则坐生其心。以(yi)(yi)贪(tan)悍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性,挟(xie)愤怒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,候隙乘便,辄为(wei)(wei)横逆。而(er)(er)居封(feng)域之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内,无(wu)障塞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隔,掩不备之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,收散野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)积,故(gu)能为(wei)(wei)祸滋扰,暴害不测。此(ci)必然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势,已验之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也。当今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜,宜及兵威(wei)方盛,众事未罢,徙冯翊(yi)、北地、新平(ping)(ping)、安定(ding)界内诸(zhu)羌(qiang),著先零(ling)、罕并、析支之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地;徙扶风、始(shi)平(ping)(ping)、京(jing)兆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氐,出还陇右,著阴平(ping)(ping)、武都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界。廪其道路之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粮,令(ling)足自致,各附本种(zhong),反其旧土(tu),使属(shu)国、抚(fu)夷(yi)就安集(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。戎晋不杂,并得其所,上合往(wang)古(gu)即叙(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,下(xia)为(wei)(wei)盛世永久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)规。纵有猾夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,风尘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)警(jing),则绝远(yuan)中国,隔阂山河,虽(sui)为(wei)(wei)寇暴,所害不广(guang)。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)充国、子明能以(yi)(yi)数万之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众制群(qun)羌(qiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命,有征无(wu)战(zhan),全军(jun)独克,虽(sui)有谋谟(mo)深计,庙胜远(yuan)图,岂不以(yi)(yi)华(hua)夷(yi)异处,戎夏(xia)区别,要塞易守(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu),得成(cheng)其功也哉!
难者曰:方今关(guan)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)祸,暴(bao)兵二载,征(zheng)戍之(zhi)(zhi)劳,老师十万,水旱之(zhi)(zhi)害,荐饥(ji)累荒,疫疠之(zhi)(zhi)灾,札瘥(chai)夭昏。凶逆既戮,悔恶初附,且款且畏,咸怀危惧,百姓愁苦,异(yi)人(ren)同虑,望宁息之(zhi)(zhi)有期(qi),若枯旱之(zhi)(zhi)思雨露,诚宜镇之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)安豫(yu)。而(er)子方欲作役起徒(tu),兴功(gong)造事,使疲悴之(zhi)(zhi)众,徙(xi)自(zi)猜之(zhi)(zhi)寇,以(yi)无谷之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),迁乏食之(zhi)(zhi)虏,恐(kong)势尽力屈(qu),绪业不(bu)卒,羌(qiang)戎离散,心不(bu)可一,前(qian)害未及弭,而(er)后变(bian)复横出矣。
答曰(yue):羌戎(rong)狡(jiao)猾,擅相号(hao)署(shu),攻城(cheng)野战,伤害牧守,连兵(bing)聚众,载离寒暑矣(yi)。而(er)今(jin)异类瓦解,同种(zhong)土崩,老幼系虏,丁壮(zhuang)降散(san),禽离兽迸,不(bu)能相一(yi)。子以(yi)(yi)此等为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚挟余资,悔(hui)恶反善,怀(huai)我(wo)德(de)惠而(er)来柔附乎?将势穷(qiong)道尽,智(zhi)力俱困,惧我(wo)兵(bing)诛以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)于此乎?曰(yue),无有余力,势穷(qiong)道尽故也(ye)(ye)。然则我(wo)能制(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)短长之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命,而(er)令(ling)其(qi)进(jin)退(tui)由己矣(yi)。夫(fu)乐其(qi)业(ye)(ye)者(zhe)不(bu)易(yi)事,安其(qi)居者(zhe)无迁(qian)(qian)(qian)志(zhi)。方其(qi)自(zi)疑(yi)危惧,畏(wei)怖促遽(ju),故可制(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)兵(bing)威,使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左(zuo)右(you)无违也(ye)(ye)。迨其(qi)死亡散(san)流,离逷未鸠,与关(guan)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,户皆(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仇,故可遐迁(qian)(qian)(qian)远处(chu),令(ling)其(qi)心不(bu)怀(huai)土也(ye)(ye)。夫(fu)圣贤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谋(mou)事也(ye)(ye),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于未有,理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于未乱,道不(bu)著而(er)平,德(de)不(bu)显(xian)而(er)成(cheng)。其(qi)次则能转祸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)福(fu),因败为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)功,值困必(bi)济,遇否能通(tong)。今(jin)子遭弊事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)终而(er)不(bu)图更(geng)制(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始,爱(ai)易(yi)辙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勤而(er)得(de)覆车之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轨,何(he)哉?且(qie)关(guan)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人百余万(wan)口,率其(qi)少多,戎(rong)狄居半(ban),处(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与迁(qian)(qian)(qian),必(bi)须口实(shi)。若(ruo)有穷(qiong)乏(fa)糁(san)粒不(bu)继者(zhe),故当(dang)倾(qing)关(guan)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谷以(yi)(yi)全其(qi)生生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计,必(bi)无挤(ji)于沟壑而(er)不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侵(qin)掠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)我(wo)迁(qian)(qian)(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),传食而(er)至(zhi),附其(qi)种(zhong)族,自(zi)使相赡,而(er)秦地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人得(de)其(qi)半(ban)谷,此为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)济行者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)廪粮,遗居者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)积仓(cang),宽关(guan)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逼(bi),去盗贼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原,除旦夕(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)损,建终年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)益。若(ruo)惮暂举之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小劳,而(er)忘永逸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弘策;惜日月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烦苦,而(er)遗累世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寇(kou)敌(di),非(fei)所谓能开物成(cheng)务(wu),创业(ye)(ye)垂统,崇(chong)其(qi)拓(tuo)迹(ji),谋(mou)及(ji)子孙者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。
并(bing)州之(zhi)(zhi)胡,本实匈奴桀恶之(zhi)(zhi)寇(kou)也。汉宣之(zhi)(zhi)世,冻馁残破,国内(nei)(nei)五(wu)裂(lie),后(hou)合为(wei)(wei)二,呼韩(han)邪(xie)遂衰弱(ruo)孤(gu)危,不(bu)(bu)能自存,依(yi)阻塞下,委质柔(rou)服。建(jian)武中(zhong),南单于(yu)(yu)复来(lai)降附,遂令入(ru)塞,居于(yu)(yu)漠(mo)南,数(shu)(shu)世之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),亦辄叛戾,故何熙(xi)、梁槿戎车屡征。中(zhong)平中(zhong),以黄巾贼起,发调其(qi)兵(bing),部(bu)(bu)众不(bu)(bu)从(cong),而(er)杀羌(qiang)(qiang)渠。由是於(wu)弥扶罗求(qiu)助于(yu)(yu)汉,以讨其(qi)贼。仍(reng)值(zhi)世丧乱,遂乘(cheng)衅(xin)而(er)作(zuo),卤掠赵(zhao)、魏(wei),寇(kou)至河南。建(jian)安中(zhong),又使右贤王(wang)去卑诱质呼厨泉,听其(qi)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)散(san)居六郡(jun)。咸熙(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)际,以一部(bu)(bu)太强,分为(wei)(wei)三率(lv)。泰始(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)初,又增(zeng)为(wei)(wei)四(si)。于(yu)(yu)是刘猛内(nei)(nei)叛,连结外虏。近者(zhe)郝散(san)之(zhi)(zhi)变,发于(yu)(yu)谷(gu)远(yuan)。今五(wu)部(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)众,户(hu)至数(shu)(shu)万,人(ren)口之(zhi)(zhi)盛,过于(yu)(yu)西戎。然其(qi)天性(xing)骁勇,弓马便(bian)利,倍(bei)于(yu)(yu)氐、羌(qiang)(qiang)。若有不(bu)(bu)虞风(feng)尘之(zhi)(zhi)虑,则并(bing)州之(zhi)(zhi)域可为(wei)(wei)寒心。荥阳句骊本居辽(liao)东塞外,正始(shi)中(zhong),幽(you)州刺史(shi)毋丘俭伐其(qi)叛者(zhe),徙其(qi)余种。始(shi)徙之(zhi)(zhi)时,户(hu)落(luo)百数(shu)(shu),子(zi)孙孳(zi)息,今以千(qian)计,数(shu)(shu)世之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),必至殷(yin)炽(chi)。今百姓失(shi)职(zhi),犹(you)或(huo)亡(wang)叛,犬马肥充,则有噬(shi)啮,况于(yu)(yu)夷狄,能不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)变!但顾其(qi)微弱(ruo)势力不(bu)(bu)陈耳。
夫为邦者,患不在(zai)贫而在(zai)不均,忧(you)不在(zai)寡而在(zai)不安。以四(si)海之广,士庶之富(fu),岂须夷(yi)虏在(zai)内,然后取足哉!此(ci)等皆可申谕发(fa)遣(qian),还其本域,慰彼羁旅怀土之思,释我华夏纤介之忧(you)。惠此(ci)中国(guo),以绥四(si)方,德施永世(shi),于计为长(zhang)。
帝(di)不能用。未及十年,而夷狄乱(luan)华,时服其深识。
迁中郎。选司以(yi)(yi)统叔(shu)父(fu)(fu)(fu)春为(wei)(wei)宜(yi)春令,统因上疏曰:“故事(shi),父(fu)(fu)(fu)祖(zu)与官(guan)职同(tong)名(ming)(ming)(ming),皆(jie)得(de)改选,而未有身与官(guan)职同(tong)名(ming)(ming)(ming),不在改选之(zhi)例。臣(chen)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)父(fu)(fu)(fu)祖(zu)改选者(zhe),盖为(wei)(wei)臣(chen)子(zi)开地,不为(wei)(wei)父(fu)(fu)(fu)祖(zu)之(zhi)身也。而身名(ming)(ming)(ming)所加(jia),亦施于臣(chen)子(zi)。佐吏(li)系属,朝夕从(cong)事(shi),官(guan)位(wei)(wei)之(zhi)号,发言(yan)(yan)所称,若(ruo)指实而语,则违经礼讳尊之(zhi)义;若(ruo)诡辞避(bi)回,则为(wei)(wei)废官(guan)擅犯(fan)宪制。今以(yi)(yi)四海之(zhi)广,职位(wei)(wei)之(zhi)众,名(ming)(ming)(ming)号繁(fan)多,士人(ren)殷(yin)富,至使有受宠皇朝,出身宰牧,而令佐吏(li)不得(de)表其官(guan)称,子(zi)孙不得(de)言(yan)(yan)其位(wei)(wei)号,所以(yi)(yi)上严君父(fu)(fu)(fu),下为(wei)(wei)臣(chen)子(zi),体(ti)例不通。若(ruo)易私名(ming)(ming)(ming)以(yi)(yi)避(bi)官(guan)职,则违《春秋(qiu)》不夺人(ren)亲之(zhi)义。臣(chen)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)身名(ming)(ming)(ming)与官(guan)职同(tong)者(zhe),宜(yi)与触父(fu)(fu)(fu)祖(zu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)比,体(ti)例既全(quan),于义为(wei)(wei)弘。”朝廷(ting)从(cong)之(zhi)。
转太子洗马(ma)。在东宫累年(nian),甚被亲礼。太子颇阙朝觐,又奢费过度,多诸(zhu)禁忌(ji),统(tong)上书谏曰:
臣(chen)闻古之(zhi)为臣(chen)者,进思(si)尽(jin)忠(zhong),退思(si)补过,献可(ke)替否,拾(shi)遗(yi)补阙。是以人主(zhu)得以举无失行,言无口过,德音发闻,扬名后世。臣(chen)等不逮,无能云(yun)补,思(si)竭(jie)愚诚,谨陈五事如左,惟蒙一(yi)省再省,少垂察纳。
其(qi)(qi)一曰(yue),六行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,以(yi)(yi)孝为首,虞舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,以(yi)(yi)孝为称(cheng),故(gu)(gu)太(tai)子以(yi)(yi)朝夕视君(jun)膳为职,左右就养无方。文王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为世子,可谓(wei)(wei)笃于事亲者也(ye),故(gu)(gu)能擅三代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美,为百王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗。自(zi)(zi)顷(qing)圣体屡(lv)有疾(ji)患(huan),数阙朝侍,远近观(guan)听者不能深知其(qi)(qi)故(gu)(gu),以(yi)(yi)致疑惑。伏(fu)愿殿下虽(sui)有微苦,可堪(kan)扶舆,则宜自(zi)(zi)力。《易》曰(yue):“君(jun)子终日(ri)乾(qian)乾(qian)。”盖自(zi)(zi)勉强(qiang)不息之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)也(ye)。
其二曰,古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人君虽有聪明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姿,睿喆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)质,必须辅弼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)助,相导之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),故虞舜以(yi)五臣(chen)兴,周文以(yi)四友隆。及成王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为太子也,则周、召(zhao)为保傅,史佚(yi)昭(zhao)文章,故能(neng)闻(wen)道早备,登崇(chong)大业,刑措(cuo)不用,流声洋溢。伏惟殿(dian)下天授(shou)逸才,聪鉴特达,臣(chen)谓(wei)犹(you)宜时发(fa)圣(sheng)令(ling),宣扬德音,谘(zi)询保傅,访逮侍臣(chen),觐见宾(bin)客,得(de)令(ling)接尽,壅否之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情沛(pei)然交泰(tai),殿(dian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)焕然光明。如此,则高(gao)朗(lang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng),扇(shan)于前人;弘范令(ling)轨,永为后式(shi)。
其(qi)(qi)三(san)曰(yue),古之(zhi)圣王(wang)(wang)莫不以(yi)(yi)(yi)俭为(wei)德,故(gu)尧称采椽茅茨,禹(yu)称卑宫恶服,汉(han)文(wen)身衣(yi)弋绨,足履(lv)革舄,以(yi)(yi)(yi)身先物,政致太(tai)平,存为(wei)明王(wang)(wang),没见宗祀。及(ji)诸侯(hou)修之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),鲁(lu)僖(xi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)躬俭节(jie)用(yong),声(sheng)列《雅(ya)颂(song)》;蚡(fen)冒以(yi)(yi)(yi)筚路(lu)蓝(lan)缕,用(yong)张楚国(guo)。大(da)夫(fu)修之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),文(wen)子(zi)相鲁(lu),妾不衣(yi)帛;晏婴相齐,鹿裘不补,亦(yi)能匡君济俗,兴国(guo)隆家。庶人修之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),颜(yan)回以(yi)(yi)(yi)箪食瓢饮(yin),扬其(qi)(qi)仁声(sheng);原宪以(yi)(yi)(yi)蓬户绳枢,迈其(qi)(qi)清(qing)德。此(ci)皆(jie)圣主明君贤臣(chen)智士之(zhi)所履(lv)行也(ye)。故(gu)能悬(xuan)名(ming)日月,永世(shi)不朽,盖俭之(zhi)福(fu)也(ye)。及(ji)到(dao)末世(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)奢(she)失之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)则有(you)瑶台(tai)琼室(shi),玉(yu)怀象(xiang)箸(zhu),肴膳(shan)之(zhi)珍则熊蹯豹胎,酒(jiu)池肉林。诸侯(hou)为(wei)之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),至(zhi)于丹楹刻(ke)桷,饩征百牢。大(da)夫(fu)有(you)琼弁(bian)玉(yu)缨,庶人有(you)击钟鼎(ding)食。亦(yi)罔不亡国(guo)丧宗,破家失身,丑名(ming)彰(zhang)闻,以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)后(hou)戒(jie)。窃闻后(hou)园(yuan)镂饰金银,刻(ke)磨犀象(xiang),画室(shi)之(zhi)巧,课(ke)试日精。臣(chen)等以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)今(jin)四海之(zhi)广,万物之(zhi)富,以(yi)(yi)(yi)今(jin)方古,不足为(wei)侈也(ye)。然上(shang)之(zhi)所好,下必从之(zhi),是故(gu)居上(shang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必慎其(qi)(qi)所好也(ye)。昔(xi)汉(han)光武皇(huang)帝(di)(di)时,有(you)献千里马(ma)及(ji)宝剑者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),马(ma)以(yi)(yi)(yi)驾鼓车,剑以(yi)(yi)(yi)赐骑(qi)士。世(shi)祖武皇(huang)帝(di)(di)有(you)上(shang)雉头裘者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即诏有(you)司焚(fen)之(zhi)都街(jie)。高世(shi)之(zhi)主,不尚(shang)尤物,故(gu)能正天下之(zhi)俗,刑四方之(zhi)风(feng)。臣(chen)等以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)画室(shi)之(zhi)功,可且(qie)减省,后(hou)园(yuan)杂作,一皆(jie)罢(ba)遣,肃然清(qing)静,优(you)游道德,则日新之(zhi)美光于四海矣。
其四曰,以(yi)(yi)天下(xia)而(er)供一人,以(yi)(yi)百里而(er)供诸侯(hou),故王侯(hou)食(shi)藉(jie)而(er)衣(yi)税,公(gong)卿大夫(fu)受爵而(er)资禄(lu),莫有不(bu)赡者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。是以(yi)(yi)士(shi)农工(gong)商(shang)(shang)四业(ye)不(bu)杂(za)。交(jiao)易而(er)退,以(yi)(yi)通有无者(zhe)(zhe),庶人之(zhi)业(ye)也(ye)(ye)。《周礼》三市,旦(dan)则百族,昼(zhou)则商(shang)(shang)贾,夕则贩(fan)(fan)夫(fu)贩(fan)(fan)妇。买贱卖(mai)(mai)贵,贩(fan)(fan)鬻菜果,收十百之(zhi)盈,以(yi)(yi)救(jiu)旦(dan)夕之(zhi)命(ming),故为庶人之(zhi)贫(pin)贱者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。樊迟匹夫(fu),请学为圃,仲尼不(bu)答;鲁(lu)大夫(fu)臧文仲使(shi)妾织蒲,又(you)讥其不(bu)仁;公(gong)仪子相(xiang)鲁(lu),则拔(ba)其园(yuan)葵(kui),言食(shi)禄(lu)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)与贫(pin)贱之(zhi)人争利(li)也(ye)(ye)。秦、汉以(yi)(yi)来,风俗转薄,公(gong)侯(hou)之(zhi)尊,莫不(bu)殖园(yuan)圃之(zhi)田,而(er)收市井之(zhi)利(li),渐冉相(xiang)放,莫以(yi)(yi)为耻,乘以(yi)(yi)古道(dao),诚(cheng)可(ke)愧也(ye)(ye)。今西园(yuan)卖(mai)(mai)葵(kui)菜、蓝(lan)子、鸡(ji)、面(mian)之(zhi)属,亏败国(guo)体,贬损(sun)令问。
其五曰,窃(qie)见禁土,令不得缮修墙壁(bi),动正屋瓦。臣以为(wei)此既违典彝旧义,且以拘(ju)挛小忌而废弘廓大道,宜可(ke)蠲(juan)除,于事为(wei)宜。
朝廷善之。
及太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)废,徙许昌(chang),贾后(hou)讽有司不(bu)(bu)听宫臣追送(song)。统与(yu)宫臣冒禁至伊水(shui),拜辞(ci)道左,悲(bei)泣(qi)流涟(lian)。都官(guan)从事(shi)悉(xi)(xi)收统等(deng)付河南(nan)、洛阳狱(yu)。付郡者,河南(nan)尹乐广悉(xi)(xi)散遣之(zhi)(zhi),系洛阳者犹未释(shi)。都官(guan)从事(shi)孙(sun)琰说贾谧(mi)曰:“所以废徙太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi),以为恶(e)故耳。东宫故臣冒罪拜辞(ci),涕泣(qi)路次(ci),不(bu)(bu)顾重(zhong)辟(pi),乃更彰太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)德,不(bu)(bu)如释(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)。”谧(mi)语洛阳令曹(cao)摅,由是(shi)皆免(mian)。及太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)薨(hong),改葬(zang),统作诔叙哀,为世所重(zhong)。
后(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)博(bo)士、尚书(shu)郎,参(can)大司马、齐王(wang)冏(jiong)军事。冏(jiong)骄荒将(jiang)败,统(tong)(tong)切(qie)谏,文(wen)多不载(zai)。迁廷尉正(zheng),每州(zhou)郡疑狱,断处从轻。成(cheng)都(dou)王(wang)颖请为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)记室,多所箴谏。申论陆云兄弟,辞甚切(qie)至。以(yi)母忧去(qu)职。服阕,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)司徒左长史(shi)。东海王(wang)越为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兗(yan)州(zhou)牧(mu),以(yi)统(tong)(tong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)别(bie)驾,委以(yi)州(zhou)事,与统(tong)(tong)书(shu)曰:“昔王(wang)子师为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)豫州(zhou),未下车(che),辟荀慈明;下车(che),辟孔文(wen)举。贵州(zhou)人士有堪应此者不?”统(tong)(tong)举高平郗鉴为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贤良,陈留阮修为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)直言,济北程收为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)正(zheng),时以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)知人。寻迁黄门(men)侍(shi)郎、散骑常侍(shi),领国子博(bo)士。永嘉四年,避(bi)难(nan)奔于成(cheng)皋,病卒。凡所造赋(fu)颂(song)表奏(zou)皆传于后(hou)。二(er)子:[A170],惇。
[A170]字思(si)玄,本州辟举(ju)秀才,平南(nan)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军温峤以为(wei)(wei)参(can)军。复为(wei)(wei)州别驾,辟司空郗鉴掾,除(chu)长(zhang)(zhang)山令(ling)。鉴又(you)请为(wei)(wei)司马,转(zhuan)黄门郎。车(che)骑(qi)(qi)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军庾冰镇(zhen)江州,请为(wei)(wei)长(zhang)(zhang)史(shi)(shi)。冰薨,庾翼(yi)以为(wei)(wei)谘(zi)议(yi)参(can)军,俄而复补长(zhang)(zhang)史(shi)(shi)。翼(yi)薨,大将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)干瓚(zan)作难,[A170]讨平之。除(chu)尚(shang)书(shu)吏部(bu)郎,仍迁御史(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)丞、侍(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)、吏部(bu)尚(shang)书(shu)。永和中(zhong)(zhong),代(dai)桓(huan)景(jing)为(wei)(wei)护军将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军。出补会(hui)稽内(nei)史(shi)(shi),加右军将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军。代(dai)王彪之为(wei)(wei)尚(shang)书(shu)仆射。哀帝(di)即位,疑(yi)周贵人名号所宜,[A170]议(yi)见《礼(li)志》。帝(di)欲于(yu)殿庭立鸿(hong)祀,又(you)欲躬自藉田,[A170]并以为(wei)(wei)礼(li)废日久,仪(yi)注(zhu)不存(cun),中(zhong)(zhong)兴以来所不行,谓宜停之。为(wei)(wei)仆射积年,简文帝(di)为(wei)(wei)相,每(mei)访政(zheng)事,[A170]多所补益(yi),转(zhuan)护军将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军,领国子祭酒,卒官。子敳,历琅(lang)邪内(nei)史(shi)(shi)、骠骑(qi)(qi)谘(zi)议(yi)。敳子恆,元熙中(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)西(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)郎长(zhang)(zhang)史(shi)(shi)。恆弟夷,尚(shang)书(shu)。
惇字思悛,孝友(you)淳粹,高(gao)节迈俗。性(xing)好学,儒玄并(bing)综。每以为(wei)君(jun)子立(li)行,应(ying)依礼(li)而动(dong),虽隐(yin)显殊途,未有不傍(bang)礼(li)教者也。若乃放(fang)达不羁,以肆纵(zong)为(wei)贵者,非但动(dong)违礼(li)法,亦道(dao)之(zhi)所弃(qi)也。乃著(zhu)《通道(dao)崇检论》,世咸称(cheng)之(zhi)。苏(su)峻之(zhi)乱,避地(di)东阳山,太尉郗鉴檄为(wei)兗州治(zhi)中,又辟(pi)(pi)太尉掾(yuan);康帝为(wei)司徒(tu),亦辟(pi)(pi)焉(yan);征(zheng)西(xi)将军庾亮请(qing)为(wei)儒林参军;征(zheng)拜博士、著(zhu)作郎,皆(jie)不就(jiu)。邑(yi)里宗其道(dao),有事必谘而后行。东阳太守阮(ruan)裕、长山令王濛,皆(jie)一时名士,并(bing)与惇游处,深相钦重。养(yang)志二十余年(nian)(nian),永(yong)和(he)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)卒,时年(nian)(nian)四十九(jiu),友(you)朋相与刊(kan)石立(li)颂,以表德美云(yun)。
孙(sun)楚(chu)(chu),字(zi)子荆(jing),太(tai)原中都人也。祖资,魏骠骑将军。父宏,南阳太(tai)守。楚(chu)(chu)才藻卓绝,爽迈不(bu)群,多(duo)所陵傲,缺乡曲之誉。年(nian)四十余(yu),始参镇东军事。文帝遣符(fu)劭(shao)、孙(sun)郁使吴(wu),将军石苞令楚(chu)(chu)作书(shu)遗孙(sun)皓曰:
盖见(jian)机而(er)作,《周易》所贵;小不事大,《春秋(qiu)》所诛。此乃吉凶之(zhi)萌(meng)兆,荣辱所由生也。是故许、郑以(yi)衔璧全(quan)国,曹谭以(yi)无礼取灭。载藉既记其(qi)(qi)成败,古今又著其(qi)(qi)愚智,不复广引(yin)譬类,崇(chong)饰(shi)浮(fu)辞。苟(gou)以(yi)夸大为名,更丧(sang)忠告之(zhi)实。今粗论事要,以(yi)相(xiang)觉悟。
昔炎精幽昧,历数(shu)将终,恆、灵失德,灾(zai)衅并兴,豺狼(lang)抗(kang)爪牙之毒,生灵罹涂炭(tan)之难。由是九州(zhou)绝贯,王纲解纽,四(si)海(hai)萧(xiao)条,非复(fu)汉有(you)。太祖(zu)承(cheng)运(yun),神武(wu)应(ying)期,征(zheng)讨暴(bao)乱,克宁区夏;协建灵符,天命(ming)既集,遂廓弘基,奄有(you)魏域。土则神州(zhou)中岳,器则九鼎犹(you)存,世(shi)(shi)载淑美,重(zhong)光相袭(xi),故知四(si)隩之攸同,帝者之壮观也(ye)。昔公孙(sun)氏承(cheng)藉父兄,世(shi)(shi)居东(dong)裔,拥带燕胡,凭陵险远,讲武(wu)游(you)盘,不供(gong)职贡(gong),内傲帝命(ming),外(wai)通南(nan)国,乘桴(fu)沧(cang)海(hai),交酬(chou)货贿,葛越布于朔土,貂马延于吴会(hui);自以控(kong)弦十万(wan),奔走(zou)之力,信(xin)能(neng)右折(zhe)燕、齐,左(zuo)震扶桑,輮轹(li)沙漠,南(nan)面称(cheng)王。宣王薄伐,猛锐长驱,师次辽阳,而城池不守;枹鼓暂鸣,而元凶折(zhe)首(shou)。于是远近(jin)疆埸,列郡(jun)大荒(huang),收离聚散,大安其居,众庶悦服,殊俗款附。自兹以降,九野清泰,东(dong)夷献其乐器,肃慎(shen)贡(gong)其楛矢,旷世(shi)(shi)不羁,应(ying)化而至,巍巍荡荡,想所具闻也(ye)。
吴(wu)之(zhi)先(xian)祖,起自(zi)(zi)荆(jing)、楚,遭时扰攘(rang),潜播江表。刘(liu)备震(zhen)惧,亦逃巴、岷。遂(sui)因(yin)山(shan)陵(ling)积石之(zhi)固,三江五(wu)湖(hu)浩汗(han)无涯,假气游(you)魂(hun),迄兹(zi)四纪。两邦合从,东西(xi)唱和,互相(xiang)扇动,距捍中国(guo)。自(zi)(zi)谓三分鼎足之(zhi)势,可与泰山(shan)共(gong)相(xiang)终始也。相(xiang)国(guo)晋王(wang)辅相(xiang)帝室(shi),文武桓桓,志厉(li)秋霜,庙(miao)胜之(zhi)算(suan),应变无穷,独见(jian)之(zhi)鉴,与众绝(jue)虑。主上钦明,委以(yi)万机,长辔远(yuan)御,妙略潜授,偏(pian)师同心,上下用力,陵(ling)威(wei)奋伐,[QFDP]入其阻,并敌一向,夺其胆气。小战江由(you),则成都(dou)自(zi)(zi)溃(kui);曜兵(bing)剑阁,则姜维(wei)面缚(fu)。开地六千,领郡三十。兵(bing)不(bu)逾(yu)时,梁、益肃清(qing),使窃号之(zhi)雄,稽颡绛(jiang)阙,球琳重锦,充于府(fu)库。夫韩并魏(wei)徙,虢灭虞亡,此(ci)皆(jie)前鉴,后事之(zhi)表。又(you)南中吕(lv)兴,深睹天命蝉蜕(tui)内附,愿(yuan)为(wei)臣(chen)妾(qie)。外失辅车(che)脣齿之(zhi)援,内有(you)羽毛(mao)零落之(zhi)渐,而徘(pai)徊(huai)危(wei)国(guo),冀延日(ri)月,此(ci)由(you)魏(wei)武侯却指山(shan)河(he),自(zi)(zi)以(yi)为(wei)强,殊不(bu)知物有(you)兴亡,则所美非其地也。
方今百(bai)(bai)僚济济,俊乂盈(ying)朝,武(wu)臣猛(meng)将,折冲(chong)万(wan)里,国(guo)富兵强,六军精(jing)练,思复(fu)翰(han)飞,饮(yin)马南(nan)海。自顷国(guo)家(jia)整(zheng)修器(qi)械,兴造舟(zhou)楫,简习水(shui)战(zhan),楼(lou)船万(wan)艘(sou),千里相(xiang)望,刳木已来,舟(zhou)车之(zhi)用未有如(ru)今之(zhi)殷(yin)盛者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。骁勇百(bai)(bai)万(wan),畜力待(dai)时。役不(bu)再举(ju),今日之(zhi)师(shi)也(ye)。然(ran)主相(xiang)眷眷未便电发者(zhe)(zhe),犹(you)以(yi)为(wei)爱人治国(guo),道家(jia)所尚,崇(chong)城遂卑,文(wen)王(wang)退舍,故先(xian)开(kai)大信,喻以(yi)存亡,殷(yin)勤(qin)之(zhi)指,往使所究也(ye)。若能审势安危(wei),自求多福(fu),蹶然(ran)改容,祗承往锡(xi),追慕(mu)南(nan)越(yue),婴(ying)齐入侍,北面称臣,伏听(ting)告(gao)策,则世祚(zuo)江(jiang)表,永为(wei)魏籓,丰功(gong)显报,隆(long)于今日矣。若犹(you)侮慢,未顺王(wang)命,然(ran)后(hou)谋力云合,指麾从(cong)风,雍、梁(liang)二(er)州(zhou),顺流而东,青、徐战(zhan)士(shi),列江(jiang)而西,荆、扬(yang)兗、豫,争(zheng)驱八(ba)冲(chong),征东甲(jia)卒,武(wu)步秣陵,尔乃王(wang)舆整(zheng)驾,六戎徐征,羽校烛(zhu)日,旌旗星(xing)流,龙游曜路(lu),歌(ge)吹盈(ying)耳,士(shi)卒奔迈,其(qi)会如(ru)林,烟尘俱起,震天骇地,渴(ke)赏之(zhi)士(shi),锋(feng)镝争(zheng)先(xian),忽然(ran)一(yi)旦(dan),身首横分(fen),宗祀沦(lun)覆(fu),取戒万(wan)世,引领南(nan)望,良(liang)助寒(han)心(xin)!夫疗膏肓(huang)之(zhi)疾(ji)者(zhe)(zhe),必进(jin)苦口之(zhi)药;决(jue)狐疑之(zhi)虑者(zhe)(zhe),亦告(gao)逆(ni)耳之(zhi)言。如(ru)其(qi)犹(you)豫,迷而不(bu)反(fan),恐俞(yu)附见其(qi)已死,扁(bian)鹊知其(qi)无功(gong)矣。勉(mian)思良(liang)图(tu),惟所去(qu)就(jiu)。
劭等至吴(wu),不敢(gan)为通。
楚后迁佐著作郎,复参石苞(bao)骠(piao)骑军(jun)(jun)事。楚既负其材气,颇侮易于苞(bao),初(chu)至,长揖曰:“天(tian)子命我(wo)参卿军(jun)(jun)事。”因此而嫌(xian)隙遂构。苞(bao)奏楚与吴人(ren)孙世山(shan)共讪毁时政,楚亦抗表自(zi)理,纷纭经年(nian),事未判(pan),又(you)与乡人(ren)郭奕忿(fen)争(zheng)。武帝(di)虽不显明其罪,然以少贱受责,遂湮废积(ji)年(nian)。初(chu),参军(jun)(jun)不敬府(fu)主,楚既轻(qing)苞(bao),遂制施敬,自(zi)楚始(shi)也。
征西将(jiang)军,扶(fu)风(feng)王(wang)骏(jun)与楚(chu)旧好,起为参军。转梁令,迁卫将(jiang)军司马,时龙见武库井中,群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)将(jiang)上(shang)贺,楚(chu)上(shang)言曰(yue):“顷闻武库井中有(you)二龙,群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)或(huo)有(you)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祯祥(xiang)而称贺者(zhe),或(huo)有(you)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非祥(xiang)无所贺者(zhe),可(ke)谓楚(chu)既(ji)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而齐亦未为得也(ye)。夫龙或(huo)俯(fu)鳞潜于(yu)重泉(quan),或(huo)仰攀云汉游乎苍(cang)昊,而今(jin)蟠于(yu)坎井,同(tong)于(yu)蛙虾者(zhe),岂(qi)独(du)管库之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士或(huo)有(you)隐伏,厮役之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤没(mei)于(yu)行(xing)伍(wu)?故龙见光景,有(you)所感悟。愿陛(bi)下赦小过,举贤才(cai),垂梦(meng)于(yu)傅岩(yan),望想于(yu)渭滨,修学(xue)官,起淹滞,申命公(gong)卿,举独(du)行(xing)君子可(ke)惇风(feng)厉俗者(zhe),又举亮拔秀异之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)可(ke)以拨(bo)烦理(li)难矫世抗言者(zhe),无系世族,必先逸贱。夫战胜攻取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势,并(bing)兼(jian)混一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威,五伯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,韩(han)、白之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功耳;至于(yu)制(zhi)礼(li)作乐,阐扬道化,甫是(shi)士人出筋力之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秋也(ye)。伏愿陛(bi)下择狂夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言。”
惠帝初,为冯翊(yi)太守。元康(kang)三年卒。
初,楚与(yu)同郡王济友善,济为本州大(da)中正,访问铨邑(yi)人品状,至(zhi)楚,济曰(yue)(yue):“此人非(fei)卿所(suo)能(neng)目,吾(wu)自为之(zhi)。”乃状楚曰(yue)(yue):“天才英博,亮(liang)拔不群。”楚少时(shi)欲隐居,谓济曰(yue)(yue):“当(dang)欲枕(zhen)(zhen)石漱流(liu)。”误云(yun)“漱石枕(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)”。济曰(yue)(yue):“流(liu)非(fei)可(ke)(ke)枕(zhen)(zhen),石非(fei)可(ke)(ke)漱。”楚曰(yue)(yue):“所(suo)以枕(zhen)(zhen)流(liu),欲洗其(qi)耳;所(suo)以漱石,欲厉其(qi)齿。”楚少所(suo)推服(fu),惟雅敬济。初,楚除妇服(fu),作诗(shi)以示济,济曰(yue)(yue):“未知文生于情,情生于文,览之(zhi)凄然,增伉(kang)俪(li)之(zhi)重(zhong)。”
三子(zi):众、洵、纂。众及洵俱未(wei)仕而早终,惟纂子(zi)统、绰并(bing)知名(ming)。
统字承(cheng)公。幼与绰及从弟盛过(guo)江。诞任(ren)不(bu)羁,而(er)善属文,时(shi)人以为有楚风。征北将(jiang)军褚裒闻(wen)其名,命(ming)为参军,辞不(bu)就,家于会稽。性好山水,乃求为鄞令,转在吴宁(ning)。居(ju)职不(bu)留心碎(sui)务,纵意游肆,名山胜川,靡不(bu)穷(qiong)究。后为余(yu)姚令,卒。
子腾嗣,以博学著称,位至廷尉(wei)。腾弟登(deng),少(shao)善名(ming)理,注(zhu)《老子》,行(xing)于世,仕至尚书(shu)郎,早终。
绰字兴公。博(bo)学善属文,少(shao)与高(gao)阳(yang)许(xu)询(xun)(xun)俱(ju)有高(gao)尚之志。居(ju)于(yu)会稽,游放山(shan)(shan)水,十有余年,乃作《遂初赋》以(yi)致其意。尝鄙山(shan)(shan)涛(tao)(tao),而谓人(ren)曰(yue):“山(shan)(shan)涛(tao)(tao)吾所(suo)不解(jie),吏非吏,隐非隐,若以(yi)元礼门为龙津,则(ze)当点(dian)额(e)暴鳞矣(yi)。”所(suo)居(ju)斋(zhai)前种一株松,恆自守护,邻人(ren)谓之曰(yue):“树子非不楚(chu)楚(chu)可怜,但(dan)恐(kong)永无栋梁日(ri)耳。”绰答曰(yue):“枫柳虽复合抱,亦何(he)所(suo)施邪!”绰与询(xun)(xun)一时名流,或(huo)爱询(xun)(xun)高(gao)迈,则(ze)鄙于(yu)绰,或(huo)爱绰才藻,而无取于(yu)询(xun)(xun)。沙门支遁试(shi)问(wen)绰:“君(jun)何(he)如许(xu)?”答曰(yue):“高(gao)情(qing)远致,弟(di)子早(zao)已伏膺;然(ran)一咏一吟,许(xu)将北(bei)面矣(yi)。”绝(jue)重(zhong)张衡、左思之赋,每云:“《三都》、《二(er)京》,五经之鼓吹也。”尝作《天台(tai)山(shan)(shan)赋》,辞(ci)致甚工(gong),初成,以(yi)示(shi)友人(ren)范荣(rong)期,云:“卿试(shi)掷地,当作金(jin)石(shi)声也。”荣(rong)期曰(yue):“恐(kong)此金(jin)石(shi)非中宫商(shang)。”然(ran)每至佳句(ju),辄(zhe)云:“应(ying)是我辈语。”除著作佐郎,袭爵长(zhang)乐侯。”
绰性通率,好讥调。尝(chang)与(yu)习凿(zao)(zao)(zao)齿共行(xing),绰在前,顾谓(wei)凿(zao)(zao)(zao)齿曰(yue)(yue):“沙之(zhi)汰之(zhi),瓦石在后。”凿(zao)(zao)(zao)齿曰(yue)(yue):“簸之(zhi)扬之(zhi),糠秕在前。”
征(zheng)西将军庾亮请为参军,补章安(an)令,征(zheng)拜太(tai)学博士,迁尚(shang)书郎。杨州刺(ci)史(shi)殷浩(hao)以为建威(wei)长(zhang)史(shi)。会稽(ji)内史(shi)王羲(xi)之引为右军长(zhang)史(shi)。转永嘉太(tai)守,迁散骑常侍,领著作(zuo)郎。
时大司马桓温欲经纬中(zhong)国,以河(he)南粗平,将移都洛阳。朝廷畏(wei)温,不敢(gan)为(wei)异,而北土萧条,人情疑(yi)惧(ju),虽并知(zhi)不可,莫敢(gan)先谏(jian)。绰(chuo)乃上(shang)疏曰(yue):
伏见征西(xi)大(da)将军臣温表“便当躬率三军,讨除二寇(kou),荡(dang)涤(di)河(he)、渭(wei),清洒(sa)旧(jiu)京(jing),然后神旂电舒,朝服济江(jiang),反皇居(ju)于(yu)中(zhong)土,正玉衡于(yu)天极。”斯超世之(zhi)(zhi)弘图,千载之(zhi)(zhi)盛事。然臣之(zhi)(zhi)所怀(huai),窃有(you)未安,以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)帝王之(zhi)(zhi)兴,莫不(bu)(bu)藉(jie)地利(li)人和(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)功业(ye),贵(gui)能以(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)平(ping)暴,因(yin)而抚(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)。怀(huai)愍不(bu)(bu)建(jian),沧胥秦(qin)京(jing),遂令胡戎(rong)交侵(qin),神州绝纲,土崩之(zhi)(zhi)衅,诚由(you)道丧。然中(zhong)夏荡(dang)荡(dang),一(yi)时横流,百郡(jun)千城曾无(wu)完郛者,何哉?亦以(yi)(yi)(yi)地不(bu)(bu)可(ke)守,投奔有(you)所故也。天祚未革,中(zhong)宗(zong)龙飞,非惟信顺协于(yu)天人而已(yi),实(shi)赖万(wan)里长(zhang)江(jiang)画(hua)而守之(zhi)(zhi)耳(er)。《易》称“王公(gong)设险以(yi)(yi)(yi)守其国”,险之(zhi)(zhi)时义(yi)大(da)矣哉!斯已(yi)然之(zhi)(zhi)明效也。今作胜谈,自当任道而遗险;校实(shi)量分(fen),不(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)保小以(yi)(yi)(yi)固存。自丧乱已(yi)来(lai)六十(shi)余年(nian),苍生殄灭,百不(bu)(bu)遗一(yi),河(he)洛丘、虚,函夏萧条(tiao),井堙木刊,阡陌夷灭,生理茫(mang)茫(mang),永无(wu)依归。播(bo)流江(jiang)表,已(yi)经数世,存者长(zhang)子老孙,亡者丘陇成(cheng)行。虽北(bei)风之(zhi)(zhi)思感(gan)其素心,目前之(zhi)(zhi)哀实(shi)为(wei)(wei)交切。若迁(qian)都旋轸之(zhi)(zhi)日(ri),中(zhong)举五陵(ling),即复缅成(cheng)遐域。泰山之(zhi)(zhi)安既难以(yi)(yi)(yi)理保,烝烝之(zhi)(zhi)思岂不(bu)(bu)缠于(yu)圣心哉!
温今此举,诚欲(yu)大(da)览始(shi)(shi)终(zhong),为(wei)国(guo)远图(tu)。向无(wu)山陵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急,亦(yi)未首决(jue)大(da)谋(mou),独任天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)难也。今发愤忘(wang)食(shi),忠慨亮到(dao),凡在有(you)(you)(you)心(xin),孰(shu)不(bu)致(zhi)感(gan)!而百姓震骇(hai),同(tong)怀危惧者(zhe),岂不(bu)以(yi)反旧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐赊(she),而趣死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忧促(cu)哉(zai)!何者(zhe)?植根于(yu)(yu)江外数(shu)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)矣(yi),一(yi)朝拔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),顿(dun)驱(qu)踧于(yu)(yu)空荒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),提(ti)挈(qie)万(wan)里,逾险浮深,离(li)坟墓,弃生业,富(fu)者(zhe)无(wu)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粮,贫者(zhe)无(wu)一(yi)餐(can)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饭,田宅不(bu)可复售,舟车无(wu)从(cong)而得,舍安(an)乐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo),适习乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乡,出(chu)必安(an)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),就累卵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危,将顿(dun)仆道涂,飘溺江川,仅有(you)(you)(you)达(da)者(zhe)。夫(fu)国(guo)以(yi)人为(wei)本,疾寇所(suo)(suo)以(yi)为(wei)人,众丧而寇除,亦(yi)安(an)所(suo)(suo)取裁(cai)?此仁者(zhe)所(suo)(suo)宜哀矜(jin),国(guo)家(jia)所(suo)(suo)宜深虑(lv)也。自(zi)古今帝(di)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)都,岂有(you)(you)(you)常所(suo)(suo),时隆则(ze)宅中而图(tu)大(da),势(shi)屈则(ze)遵(zun)养以(yi)待会。使德不(bu)可胜,家(jia)有(you)(you)(you)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)积(ji),然(ran)后始(shi)(shi)可谋(mou)太平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事耳。今天时人事,有(you)(you)(you)未至(zhi)者(zhe)矣(yi),一(yi)朝欲(yu)一(yi)宇(yu)宙,无(wu)乃顿(dun)而难举乎?
臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)愚计(ji),以(yi)(yi)为且可更遣(qian)一(yi)将有(you)威名(ming)资实者,先镇洛阳,于(yu)陵(ling)所(suo)筑二垒以(yi)(yi)奉卫山(shan)陵(ling),扫平梁、许,清一(yi)河南,运漕之(zhi)(zhi)路既(ji)通,然(ran)后尽力于(yu)开垦,广田积谷(gu),渐为徙(xi)者之(zhi)(zhi)资。如(ru)此(ci),贼见(jian)亡征,势必(bi)远窜。如(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)迷逆(ni)不(bu)化,复欲送死者,南北诸(zhu)军风驰(chi)电赴,若身(shen)手之(zhi)(zhi)救痛痒,率然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)应首尾,山(shan)陵(ling)既(ji)固,中(zhong)夏(xia)小康。陛下且端委紫极,增修德政,躬行(xing)汉(han)文简(jian)朴之(zhi)(zhi)至,去小惠,节游费,审官人(ren),练甲(jia)兵(bing),以(yi)(yi)养士灭寇为先。十年行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi),无使(shi)隳废,则贫者殖其(qi)(qi)(qi)财,怯者充其(qi)(qi)(qi)勇,人(ren)知天(tian)(tian)德,赴死如(ru)归(gui),以(yi)(yi)此(ci)致政,犹运诸(zhu)掌握。何故舍百胜之(zhi)(zhi)长理,举(ju)天(tian)(tian)下而一(yi)掷哉!陛下春秋(qiu)方富(fu),温(wen)克壮其(qi)(qi)(qi)猷,君臣(chen)相与,弘养德业,括囊(nang)元吉,岂(qi)不(bu)快(kuai)乎!
今温唱(chang)高议,圣朝互同(tong),臣以(yi)轻微,独献管见。出言之(zhi)(zhi)难,实(shi)在今日,而臣区(qu)区(qu)必闻天(tian)听者,窃以(yi)无讳之(zhi)(zhi)朝,狂瞽进说,刍荛之(zhi)(zhi)谋,圣贤所察,所以(yi)不(bu)胜至忧(you),触冒干陈。若陛下垂神,温少留思,岂非屈于一人而允亿(yi)兆之(zhi)(zhi)顾哉!如以(yi)干忤罪(zui)大,欲加显戮,使(shi)丹诚上达,退受刑(xing)诛,虽没泉壤,尸且不(bu)朽。
桓温见绰(chuo)表,不悦,曰:“致意兴(xing)公,何(he)不寻(xun)(xun)君《遂初(chu)赋》,知人家(jia)国事(shi)邪!”寻(xun)(xun)转廷(ting)尉卿,领著作。绰(chuo)少(shao)以文才垂称,于时(shi)文士,绰(chuo)为其(qi)冠。温、王、郗、庾诸公之薨,必须绰(chuo)为碑文,然后刊石焉。年五(wu)十八,卒。
子嗣(si),有(you)绰风,文章相亚,位至中(zhong)军(jun)参军(jun),早亡。
史臣曰:江统(tong)风检操行,良有可(ke)称,陈留多士,斯为其(qi)冠。《徙戎》之(zhi)(zhi)论,实(shi)乃(nai)经国远图。然运(yun)距中衰,陵(ling)替有渐,假其(qi)言(yan)见用(yong),恐速祸招怨,无(wu)救于将颠也。逮愍怀废徙,冒禁拜辞(ci),所谓(wei)命(ming)轻鸿毛,义贵熊掌。[A170]位隆端(duan)石,竭诚(cheng)献替。惇遗(yi)忽荣利(li),聿修天爵。虽出(chu)处(chu)异途(tu),俱难兄(xiong)弟矣。孙楚体(ti)英绚之(zhi)(zhi)姿,超然出(chu)类,见知武子,诚(cheng)无(wu)愧色。览(lan)其(qi)贻皓之(zhi)(zhi)书,谅曩(nang)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)佳笔也。而(er)负(fu)才诞傲,蔑苞忿奕,违逊让之(zhi)(zhi)道,肆陵(ling)愤(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)气,丁年(nian)沈废,谅自取矣。统(tong)、绰棣华秀(xiu)发,名显中兴,可(ke)谓(wei)无(wu)忝尔祖(zu)。统(tong)竟沦(lun)迹下邑,穷观胜地,会其(qi)心焉(yan)。绰献直论辞(ci),都不慑元子,有匪躬之(zhi)(zhi)节,岂徒文雅而(er)已哉!
赞曰:应元蹈(dao)义,子(zi)荆越(yue)俗。江寡悔尤(you),孙贻摈辱。[A170]、统(tong)昆(kun)弟,江左(zuo)驰(chi)声。彬彬藻思,绰冠群英。
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