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晋书 载记第二十八在线阅读

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晋书--载记第二十八

慕容超


  慕容超(chao)字祖明,德(de)(de)兄北海王纳(na)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子。苻坚破鄴,以(yi)纳(na)为广(guang)武太守,数岁(sui)去官,家(jia)于(yu)(yu)张掖。德(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南征,留(liu)金(jin)刀而去。及(ji)垂起(qi)兵山东(dong),苻昌收(shou)纳(na)及(ji)德(de)(de)诸(zhu)子,皆诛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。纳(na)母公孙氏(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)耄获免(mian),纳(na)妻(qi)段氏(shi)(shi)(shi)方娠(shen),未决(jue),囚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)郡狱(yu)。狱(yu)掾呼延平(ping),德(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)吏(li)也(ye),尝有死(si)罪,德(de)(de)免(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至(zhi)是(shi),将(jiang)公孙及(ji)段氏(shi)(shi)(shi)逃于(yu)(yu)羌中(zhong),而生超(chao)焉。年十(shi)岁(sui)而公孙氏(shi)(shi)(shi)卒,临终授超(chao)以(yi)金(jin)刀,曰:“若天下太平(ping),汝得(de)东(dong)归(gui),可以(yi)此刀还(hai)汝叔也(ye)。”平(ping)又将(jiang)超(chao)母子奔于(yu)(yu)吕光(guang)。及(ji)吕隆(long)降(jiang)于(yu)(yu)姚(yao)兴,超(chao)又随凉州(zhou)人徙于(yu)(yu)长安。超(chao)母谓超(chao)曰:“吾母子全(quan)济,呼延氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)。平(ping)今虽死(si),吾欲(yu)为汝纳(na)其女以(yi)答厚惠。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)娶(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。超(chao)自以(yi)诸(zhu)父在东(dong),恐为姚(yao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)所录,乃(nai)阳狂行乞。秦人贱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),惟姚(yao)绍(shao)见而异焉,劝兴拘以(yi)爵位(wei)。召见与语,超(chao)深自晦(hui)匿,兴大鄙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓绍(shao)曰:“谚云‘妍皮不裹痴骨’,妄(wang)语耳。”由是(shi)得(de)去来无禁(jin)。德(de)(de)遣使迎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),超(chao)不告母妻(qi)乃(nai)归(gui)。及(ji)至(zhi)广(guang)固,呈以(yi)金(jin)刀,具宣祖母临终之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,德(de)(de)抚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)号恸。

超(chao)(chao)身长(zhang)八尺(chi),腰(yao)带九围,精彩(cai)秀发,容止可(ke)观(guan)(guan)。德甚(shen)加礼遇(yu),始(shi)名(ming)之(zhi)曰超(chao)(chao),封北海王,拜(bai)侍中、骠骑大(da)将军、司隶校尉(wei),开(kai)府,置佐吏。德无子,欲以超(chao)(chao)为(wei)嗣,故(gu)为(wei)超(chao)(chao)起(qi)第(di)于(yu)万春(chun)门内,朝夕观(guan)(guan)之(zhi)。超(chao)(chao)亦深达德旨,入(ru)则(ze)尽(jin)欢承(cheng)奉,出(chu)则(ze)倾身下士,于(yu)是内外(wai)称美焉。顷之(zhi),立(li)为(wei)太子。

及(ji)德(de)死,以(yi)义(yi)熙元(yuan)(yuan)年僭嗣(si)伪位(wei)(wei),大(da)(da)赦境内,改元(yuan)(yuan)曰太(tai)上。尊(zun)德(de)妻段(duan)氏为(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)太(tai)后(hou)。以(yi)慕容(rong)钟(zhong)(zhong)都督(du)中外诸军(jun)、录尚(shang)书(shu)事(shi),慕容(rong)法为(wei)(wei)(wei)征南(nan)、都督(du)徐(xu)、兗(yan)、扬、南(nan)兗(yan)四(si)州(zhou)诸军(jun)事(shi),慕容(rong)镇(zhen)加开府仪同三司(si)、尚(shang)书(shu)令,封(feng)孚(fu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)尉(wei),鞠仲为(wei)(wei)(wei)司(si)空,潘(pan)聪为(wei)(wei)(wei)左光禄大(da)(da)夫(fu),封(feng)嵩为(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)书(shu)左仆射,自(zi)余封(feng)拜各有差。后(hou)又(you)以(yi)钟(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)青州(zhou)牧,段(duan)宏(hong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)徐(xu)州(zhou)剌史,公孙五楼(lou)(lou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)武(wu)卫将(jiang)军(jun)、领(ling)屯骑校尉(wei),内参政事(shi)。封(feng)孚(fu)言于超曰:“臣(chen)闻五大(da)(da)不(bu)(bu)在(zai)边,五细不(bu)(bu)在(zai)庭。钟(zhong)(zhong),国之(zhi)宗(zong)臣(chen),社稷所赖(lai);宏(hong),外戚(qi)懿望,亲贤具瞻。正应参翼百揆,不(bu)(bu)宜远镇(zhen)方外。今锺等(deng)出籓(fan),五楼(lou)(lou)内辅,臣(chen)窃(qie)未安(an)。”超新即位(wei)(wei),害钟(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)权(quan)逼,以(yi)问(wen)五楼(lou)(lou)。五楼(lou)(lou)欲(yu)专断朝政,不(bu)(bu)欲(yu)钟(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)在(zai)内,屡(lv)有间言,孚(fu)说竟不(bu)(bu)行。钟(zhong)(zhong)、宏(hong)俱有不(bu)(bu)平之(zhi)色,相谓曰:“黄犬之(zhi)皮(pi)恐当(dang)终补(bu)狐裘也。”五楼(lou)(lou)闻之(zhi),嫌隙渐(jian)遘。

初,超(chao)自长安行至(zhi)梁父,慕容法(fa)时为兗州,镇(zhen)南长史(shi)悦寿还谓(wei)法(fa)曰:“向见(jian)北海王子(zi),天(tian)资弘雅,神爽高迈(mai),始知天(tian)族多奇,玉林皆宝。”法(fa)曰:“昔成方遂诈称卫太子(zi),人莫(mo)辩之(zhi),此复天(tian)族乎(hu)?”超(chao)闻而恚恨,形于言色(se)。法(fa)亦怒,处之(zhi)外(wai)馆,由(you)是(shi)结憾。及德死(si),法(fa)又不奔丧(sang),超(chao)遣使让焉。法(fa)常惧祸至(zhi),因此遂与慕容钟、段宏(hong)等谋(mou)反。超(chao)知而征之(zhi),钟称疾不赴,于是(shi)收其(qi)党(dang)侍(shi)中慕容统(tong)、右卫慕容根、散骑(qi)常侍(shi)段封诛之(zhi),车裂仆射(she)封嵩于东门之(zhi)外(wai)。西中郎将(jiang)封融奔于魏。

超寻遣慕容(rong)镇等(deng)攻青(qing)州(zhou)(zhou),慕容(rong)昱等(deng)攻徐州(zhou)(zhou),慕容(rong)凝(ning)、韩(han)范(fan)攻梁父(fu)。昱等(deng)攻莒城,拔之,徐州(zhou)(zhou)刺史段宏奔(ben)(ben)于魏(wei)(wei)。封融又集群(qun)盗(dao)袭(xi)(xi)石塞城,杀镇西(xi)大将军余郁,青(qing)土(tu)振恐,人(ren)怀异(yi)议(yi)。慕容(rong)凝(ning)谋杀韩(han)范(fan),将袭(xi)(xi)广固(gu)。范(fan)知而攻之,凝(ning)奔(ben)(ben)梁父(fu)。范(fan)并其众,攻梁父(fu)克(ke)之,凝(ning)奔(ben)(ben)姚兴,慕容(rong)法出奔(ben)(ben)于魏(wei)(wei)。慕容(rong)镇克(ke)青(qing)州(zhou)(zhou),钟杀其妻子(zi),为地道(dao)而出,单马奔(ben)(ben)姚兴。

于时超(chao)不恤政事,畋(tian)游是好,百姓苦之。其仆射韩讠卓切谏,不纳(na)。超(chao)议复肉刑、九等之选,乃(nai)下书于境(jing)内(nei)曰(yue):

阳九数缠(chan),永康多(duo)难。自北(bei)都(dou)倾陷,典(dian)章沦(lun)灭,律(lv)(lv)(lv)令法宪(xian),靡有(you)存(cun)者。纲理天下,此焉为(wei)本(ben),既(ji)不能导之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de),必须齐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)刑。且虞舜大(da)圣(sheng)(sheng),犹(you)(you)命咎(jiu)繇作士,刑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不可已已也(ye)如是(shi)!先(xian)帝季(ji)兴(xing)(xing),大(da)业草创,兵革尚(shang)繁(fan),未遑修制。朕猥以(yi)(yi)(yi)不德(de),嗣承大(da)统,抚御寡(gua)方,至萧墙衅(xin)发,遂戎马生郊,典(dian)仪寝废。今四境(jing)无虞,所宜修定,尚(shang)书可召集公(gong)卿。至如不忠不孝若封嵩(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辈(bei),枭斩不足以(yi)(yi)(yi)痛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),宜致烹轘(huan)(huan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,亦(yi)可附之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)条(tiao),纳以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)辟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)科。肉(rou)刑者,乃先(xian)圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经,不刊(kan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典(dian),汉(han)文(wen)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),轻(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)乖(guai)度。今犯(fan)罪弥(mi)多(duo),死者稍(shao)众。肉(rou)刑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于化也(ye),济育既(ji)广(guang),惩惨尤(you)深,光寿、建兴(xing)(xing)中(zhong)二祖已议(yi)复之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),未及而晏驾。其令博(bo)士已上参(can)考(kao)旧事,依(yi)《吕(lv)刑》及汉(han)、魏、晋(jin)律(lv)(lv)(lv)令,消息增损,议(yi)成(cheng)燕律(lv)(lv)(lv)。五刑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)三千,而罪莫大(da)于不孝。孔子曰:“非圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)者无法,非孝者无亲(qin),此大(da)乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也(ye)。”轘(huan)(huan)裂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑,烹煮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戮,虽不在五品之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例,然亦(yi)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自古。渠弥(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轘(huan)(huan),著之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春秋(qiu)》;哀(ai)公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烹,爰自中(zhong)代。世宗都(dou)齐(qi),亦(yi)愍刑罚失中(zhong),咨(zi)嗟寝食。王者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)刑纠,犹(you)(you)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左右手(shou)焉。故(gu)孔子曰:“刑罚不中(zhong),则(ze)人(ren)无所措手(shou)足。”是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)萧何定法令而受封,叔孙通以(yi)(yi)(yi)制仪为(wei)奉常。立功(gong)立事,古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所重(zhong)(zhong)。其明(ming)议(yi)损益,以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)一代准式。周、汉(han)有(you)贡士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条(tiao),魏立九品之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)选,二者孰(shu)愈,亦(yi)可详(xiang)闻(wen)。

群(qun)下议(yi)多不(bu)同,乃止。

超(chao)母妻既(ji)(ji)(ji)先在(zai)长安(an),为(wei)(wei)姚(yao)兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)所拘,责超(chao)称籓,求(qiu)太乐(le)(le)诸(zhu)伎(ji)(ji),若(ruo)不(bu)可,使(shi)送吴口(kou)(kou)千人(ren)。超(chao)下(xia)书(shu)遣群臣详议。左仆射(she)段(duan)晖议曰(yue):“太上囚(qiu)楚,高祖不(bu)回。今陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)嗣守社稷,不(bu)宜以(yi)(yi)私亲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故而(er)降(jiang)统天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊。又太乐(le)(le)诸(zhu)伎(ji)(ji),皆是(shi)前世(shi)伶人(ren),不(bu)可与彼,使(shi)移风易(yi)俗(su),宜掠吴口(kou)(kou)与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”尚(shang)书(shu)张华(hua)曰(yue):“若(ruo)侵掠吴边,必(bi)成邻怨。此(ci)既(ji)(ji)(ji)能往,彼亦能来(lai)(lai),兵连祸结,非(fei)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)福也。昔(xi)孙权(quan)重黎庶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming),屈己(ji)以(yi)(yi)臣魏(wei);惠施(shi)惜爱子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)头(tou),舍志以(yi)(yi)尊齐。况陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)慈德在(zai)秦(qin),方(fang)寸(cun)崩乱,宜暂降(jiang)大(da)号(hao),以(yi)(yi)申(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)孝(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情。权(quan)变之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),典谟所许(xu)。韩范(fan)(fan)智能回物(wu),辩足倾(qing)人(ren),昔(xi)与姚(yao)兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)俱(ju)为(wei)(wei)秦(qin)太子(zi)中(zhong)舍人(ren),可遣将命(ming),降(jiang)号(hao)修和(he)。所谓(wei)(wei)屈于(yu)(yu)(yu)一人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),申(shen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)万人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上也。”超(chao)大(da)悦(yue)(yue)曰(yue):“张尚(shang)书(shu)得吾(wu)心矣。”使(shi)范(fan)(fan)聘于(yu)(yu)(yu)兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。及(ji)至(zhi)(zhi)长安(an),兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)谓(wei)(wei)范(fan)(fan)曰(yue):“封恺前来(lai)(lai),燕王与朕(zhen)抗礼(li)(li)。及(ji)卿(qing)至(zhi)(zhi)也,款然而(er)附。为(wei)(wei)依春秋以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)事大(da)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义?为(wei)(wei)当专以(yi)(yi)孝(xiao)敬(jing)为(wei)(wei)母屈也?”范(fan)(fan)曰(yue):“周(zhou)爵(jue)五等,公侯异品,小(xiao)(xiao)大(da)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li),因(yin)而(er)生焉。今陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)命(ming)世(shi)龙兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),光(guang)宅(zhai)西秦(qin),本朝主上承(cheng)祖宗(zong)遗烈,定(ding)鼎东齐,中(zhong)分天曜,南面并(bing)帝(di)。通(tong)聘结好(hao),义尚(shang)廉冲,便至(zhi)(zhi)矜诞,苟折行(xing)人(ren),殊似吴、晋争(zheng)盟,滕、薛竞长,恐伤大(da)秦(qin)堂堂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng),有(you)损皇(huang)(huang)燕巍巍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美,彼我俱(ju)失,窃未安(an)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)怒(nu)曰(yue):“若(ruo)如卿(qing)言,便是(shi)非(fei)为(wei)(wei)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)而(er)来(lai)(lai)。”范(fan)(fan)曰(yue):“虽由(you)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,亦缘寡君纯孝(xiao)过于(yu)(yu)(yu)重华(hua),愿(yuan)陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)体敬(jing)亲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),霈然垂(chui)愍。”兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)曰(yue):“吾(wu)久不(bu)见(jian)贾(jia)生,自(zi)(zi)谓(wei)(wei)过之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),今不(bu)及(ji)矣。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)为(wei)(wei)范(fan)(fan)设旧交(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li),申(shen)叙平生,谓(wei)(wei)范(fan)(fan)曰(yue):“燕王在(zai)此(ci),朕(zhen)亦见(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),风表乃(nai)(nai)可,于(yu)(yu)(yu)机辩未也。”范(fan)(fan)曰(yue):“大(da)辩若(ruo)讷,圣(sheng)人(ren)美之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),况尔日(ri)龙潜凤(feng)戢,和(he)光(guang)同尘(chen),若(ruo)使(shi)负日(ri)月而(er)行(xing),则无继天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业矣。”兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)笑(xiao)曰(yue):“可谓(wei)(wei)使(shi)乎延誉者也。”范(fan)(fan)承(cheng)间逞(cheng)说,姚(yao)兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)悦(yue)(yue),赐(ci)范(fan)(fan)千金(jin),许(xu)以(yi)(yi)超(chao)母妻还之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。慕(mu)容凝自(zi)(zi)梁父(fu)奔于(yu)(yu)(yu)姚(yao)兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),言于(yu)(yu)(yu)兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)曰(yue):“燕王称籓,本非(fei)推德,权(quan)为(wei)(wei)母屈耳。古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)王尚(shang)兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)师征(zheng)质,岂可虚还其(qi)母乎!母若(ruo)一还,必(bi)不(bu)复臣也。宜先制其(qi)送伎(ji)(ji),然后归之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)意乃(nai)(nai)变,遣使(shi)聘于(yu)(yu)(yu)超(chao)。超(chao)遣其(qi)仆射(she)张华(hua)、给事中(zhong)宗(zong)正元入长安(an),送太乐(le)(le)伎(ji)(ji)一百二(er)(er)十(shi)人(ren)于(yu)(yu)(yu)姚(yao)兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)悦(yue)(yue),延华(hua)入宴。酒酣(han),乐(le)(le)作,兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)黄门侍郎尹雅谓(wei)(wei)华(hua)曰(yue):“昔(xi)殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)将亡,乐(le)(le)师归周(zhou);今皇(huang)(huang)秦(qin)道(dao)盛(sheng),燕乐(le)(le)来(lai)(lai)庭。废兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兆(zhao),见(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)矣。”华(hua)曰(yue):“自(zi)(zi)古帝(di)王,为(wei)(wei)道(dao)不(bu)同,权(quan)谲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,会于(yu)(yu)(yu)功成。故老子(zi)曰(yue):‘将欲(yu)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)先与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’今总章西入,必(bi)由(you)余(yu)东归,祸福之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)验,此(ci)其(qi)兆(zhao)乎!”兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)怒(nu)曰(yue):“昔(xi)齐、楚竞辩,二(er)(er)国(guo)连师。卿(qing)小(xiao)(xiao)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣,何(he)敢(gan)抗衡朝士!”华(hua)逊(xun)辞曰(yue):“奉使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始,实愿(yuan)交(jiao)欢上国(guo),上国(guo)既(ji)(ji)(ji)遗小(xiao)(xiao)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣,辱(ru)及(ji)寡君社稷,臣亦何(he)心,而(er)不(bu)仰酬!”兴(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)还超(chao)母妻。

义熙三年,追尊(zun)其(qi)(qi)父为穆皇帝,立其(qi)(qi)母段氏(shi)为皇太后,妻呼延氏(shi)为皇后。祀南郊,将登坛,有兽(shou)大(da)如马,状类鼠(shu)而色(se)赤(chi),集于圆(yuan)丘(qiu)之(zhi)侧,俄而不(bu)知所在。须(xu)臾大(da)风(feng)暴(bao)起(qi),天地昼昏,其(qi)(qi)行宫习仪皆振裂。超惧(ju),密问其(qi)(qi)太史(shi)令成公绥,对曰(yue):“陛下信用奸臣,诛(zhu)戮贤(xian)良,赋敛繁(fan)多(duo),事役殷苦所致也。”超惧(ju)而大(da)赦,谴(qian)责公孙(sun)五楼等。俄而复之(zhi)。是(shi)岁(sui)广固地震,天齐水(shui)(shui)(shui)涌,井水(shui)(shui)(shui)溢,女水(shui)(shui)(shui)竭,河、济冻合,而渑水(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)冰。

超正(zheng)旦(dan)朝群(qun)臣于东阳(yang)殿,闻乐作,叹(tan)音佾不(bu)(bu)备,悔送伎于姚兴,遂议入寇。其领军(jun)韩讠卓谏曰:“先帝以旧京倾没(mei),辑翼三(san)齐,苟时(shi)运未可,上智辍谋。今陛下嗣守(shou)成(cheng)规,宜闭关养(yang)士(shi),以待赋衅(xin),不(bu)(bu)可结怨南邻,广树仇(chou)隙。”超曰:“我计已定,不(bu)(bu)与卿言。”于是遣其将(jiang)斛(hu)谷(gu)提、公孙归等(deng)率骑寇宿(su)豫,陷之,执(zhi)阳(yang)平太(tai)守(shou)刘千载、济阴太(tai)守(shou)徐阮,大掠而去。简男女二千五百(bai),付太(tai)乐教之。

时(shi)公(gong)孙五楼为侍中、尚(shang)书,领左(zuo)卫将军,专总朝政,兄归为冠军、常山公(gong),叔父颓为武(wu)卫、兴乐公(gong)。五楼宗亲皆夹辅左(zuo)右,王公(gong)内外无不惮之。

超论宿(su)豫之功,封斛谷提等并为郡、县公。慕容镇(zhen)谏曰:“臣闻(wen)县赏待勋,非功不侯(hou),今(jin)公孙归结祸延兵,残贼(zei)百(bai)姓(xing),陛下封之,得无不可乎!夫忠言逆耳,非亲不发。臣虽庸朽,忝国戚籓,辄尽愚(yu)款,惟(wei)陛下图之。”超怒(nu),不答,自是(shi)百(bai)僚杜口(kou),莫敢开言。

尚书(shu)都令史王俨谄(chan)事五楼,迁尚书(shu)郎,出为(wei)济南太守(shou),入为(wei)尚书(shu)左(zuo)丞,时(shi)人为(wei)之语曰(yue):“欲得(de)侯,事五楼。”

又遣公(gong)孙归等率骑(qi)(qi)三千入寇济南,执太守(shou)赵元(yuan),略(lve)男女千余人而去。刘(liu)(liu)裕(yu)率师将讨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),超(chao)引见群臣于节阳殿,议(yi)距(ju)王师。公(gong)孙五楼曰:“吴兵轻果,所利在战,初锋勇锐,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可争(zheng)也。宜(yi)据(ju)大(da)(da)岘(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),使不(bu)(bu)(bu)得入,旷(kuang)日延(yan)时(shi),沮其(qi)(qi)(qi)锐气。可徐简精骑(qi)(qi)二千,循海而南。绝其(qi)(qi)(qi)粮运,别敕段晖(hui)率兗州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)军,缘山(shan)东下(xia)。腹(fu)背击之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),上(shang)策也。各命守(shou)宰,依险自固(gu),校(xiao)其(qi)(qi)(qi)资储之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),余悉焚荡,芟(shan)除粟苗(miao),使敌无所资。坚壁清野(ye)(ye),以(yi)待(dai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)衅,中策也。纵(zong)贼入岘(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),出(chu)城(cheng)逆战,下(xia)策也。”超(chao)曰:“京都殷盛,户口众(zhong)多,非可一(yi)时(shi)入守(shou)。青苗(miao)布野(ye)(ye),非可卒芟(shan)。设使芟(shan)苗(miao)城(cheng)守(shou),以(yi)全性命,朕所不(bu)(bu)(bu)能。今据(ju)五州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)强,带山(shan)河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固(gu),战车万(wan)乘,铁马万(wan)群,纵(zong)令过(guo)岘(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),至(zhi)于平(ping)地,徐以(yi)精骑(qi)(qi)践之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),此成擒也。”贺赖卢苦谏,不(bu)(bu)(bu)从,退谓五楼曰:“上(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)用吾计,亡无日矣(yi)。”慕容镇(zhen)(zhen)曰:“若如圣旨,必须平(ping)原用马为便,宜(yi)出(chu)岘(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)逆战,战而不(bu)(bu)(bu)胜,犹可退守(shou)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)纵(zong)敌入岘(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),自贻窘逼。昔成安君不(bu)(bu)(bu)守(shou)井陉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)关,终(zhong)屈(qu)于韩(han)信;诸(zhu)葛瞻不(bu)(bu)(bu)据(ju)束(shu)马之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)险,卒擒于邓艾(ai)。臣以(yi)为天时(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如地利,阻守(shou)大(da)(da)岘(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),策之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)也。”超(chao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)从。镇(zhen)(zhen)出(chu),谓韩(han)讠卓曰:“主上(shang)既不(bu)(bu)(bu)能芟(shan)苗(miao)守(shou)险,又不(bu)(bu)(bu)肯徙人逃寇,酷似刘(liu)(liu)璋矣(yi)。今年国灭,吾必死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),卿等中华之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,复为文身矣(yi)。”超(chao)闻而大(da)(da)怒,收镇(zhen)(zhen)下(xia)狱。乃摄莒、梁父二戍,修(xiu)城(cheng)隍,简士马,畜锐以(yi)待(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

其夏,王师次东莞,超(chao)遣(qian)(qian)其左军(jun)段晖(hui)、辅国贺赖卢等六(liu)将步骑(qi)(qi)五(wu)万,进(jin)据临(lin)朐(qu)。俄而王师度岘,超(chao)惧(ju),率卒四万就(jiu)晖(hui)等于(yu)(yu)临(lin)朐(qu),谓(wei)公孙五(wu)楼(lou)曰:“宜进(jin)据川源(yuan),晋军(jun)至(zhi)(zhi)而失水(shui),亦不(bu)(bu)能(neng)战矣。”五(wu)楼(lou)驰骑(qi)(qi)据之。刘(liu)裕(yu)前驱将军(jun)孟(meng)龙符已至(zhi)(zhi)川源(yuan),五(wu)楼(lou)战败(bai)而返(fan)。裕(yu)遣(qian)(qian)谘议参军(jun)檀韶率锐(rui)卒攻破临(lin)朐(qu),超(chao)大惧(ju),单骑(qi)(qi)奔段晖(hui)于(yu)(yu)城南(nan)。晖(hui)众又(you)战败(bai),裕(yu)军(jun)人(ren)斩晖(hui)。超(chao)又(you)奔还(hai)广固(gu),徙郭内人(ren)入保(bao)小城,使(shi)其尚书(shu)郎张纲乞(qi)师于(yu)(yu)姚兴。赦(she)慕容镇(zhen),进(jin)录(lu)尚书(shu)、都(dou)督中外诸军(jun)事(shi)(shi)。引见(jian)群臣(chen),谢之曰:“朕(zhen)嗣奉成业,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)委贤(xian)任善(shan),而专(zhuan)固(gu)自(zi)由,覆水(shui)不(bu)(bu)收(shou),悔将何及!智士逞谋,必在事(shi)(shi)危,忠(zhong)臣(chen)立节,亦在临(lin)难,诸君其勉思六(liu)奇(qi),共济艰运(yun)。”镇(zhen)进(jin)曰:“百(bai)姓之心(xin),系(xi)于(yu)(yu)一(yi)人(ren)。陛下既(ji)躬率六(liu)军(jun),身先奔败(bai),群臣(chen)解心(xin),士庶丧气(qi),内外之情,不(bu)(bu)可复(fu)恃。如闻西秦(qin)自(zi)有内难,恐不(bu)(bu)暇分兵救人(ren),正(zheng)当更决一(yi)战,以(yi)争天(tian)命(ming)。今(jin)散卒还(hai)者,犹(you)有数万,可悉出金帛、宫女,饵令一(yi)战。天(tian)若相我,足以(yi)破贼。如其不(bu)(bu)济,死(si)尚为美,不(bu)(bu)可闭门坐(zuo)受围击。”司(si)徒(tu)慕容惠曰:“不(bu)(bu)然。今(jin)晋军(jun)乘胜,有陵人(ren)之气(qi),败(bai)军(jun)之将,何以(yi)御(yu)之!秦(qin)虽与勃(bo)勃(bo)相持,不(bu)(bu)足为患。且(qie)二(er)国连(lian)横,势成脣(chun)齿,今(jin)有寇难,秦(qin)必救我。但(dan)自(zi)古乞(qi)援(yuan),不(bu)(bu)遣(qian)(qian)大臣(chen)则不(bu)(bu)致(zhi)重兵,是(shi)以(yi)赵隶三请(qing),楚师不(bu)(bu)出;平原一(yi)使(shi),援(yuan)至(zhi)(zhi)从成。尚书(shu)令韩范(fan)德望具瞻(zhan),燕秦(qin)所重,宜遣(qian)(qian)乞(qi)援(yuan),以(yi)济时难。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)遣(qian)(qian)范(fan)与王蒲乞(qi)师于(yu)(yu)姚兴。

未几(ji),裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)师围城(cheng)(cheng),四(si)面(mian)皆合。人(ren)有窃告裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)军(jun)(jun)曰(yue)(yue):“若(ruo)得张(zhang)纲为(wei)攻具者,城(cheng)(cheng)乃可(ke)得耳。”是(shi)月(yue),纲自长(zhang)安归,遂(sui)奔于(yu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)令纲周城(cheng)(cheng)大呼曰(yue)(yue):“勃(bo)(bo)勃(bo)(bo)大破(po)(po)秦军(jun)(jun),无兵相(xiang)救。”超怒,伏弩射之(zhi),乃退。右仆射张(zhang)华(hua)、中丞封(feng)恺并为(wei)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)军(jun)(jun)所(suo)获。裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)令华(hua)、恺与(yu)超书(shu),劝令早降。超乃遗裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)书(shu),请为(wei)籓(fan)臣,以(yi)大岘为(wei)界,并献(xian)马千(qian)区(qu),以(yi)通和好,裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)弗(fu)许。江南(nan)继兵相(xiang)寻而至(zhi)。尚书(shu)张(zhang)俊自长(zhang)安还(hai),又降于(yu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),说容曰(yue)(yue):“今燕人(ren)所(suo)以(yi)固(gu)(gu)守者,外(wai)杖韩(han)范,冀(ji)得秦援。范既时(shi)望,又与(yu)姚(yao)(yao)(yao)兴旧昵,若(ruo)勃(bo)(bo)勃(bo)(bo)败后,秦必救燕,宜密(mi)信诱范,啖以(yi)重利,范来(lai)则燕人(ren)绝望,自然降矣(yi)。”裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)从之(zhi),表范为(wei)散骑常侍,遗范书(shu)以(yi)招之(zhi)。时(shi)姚(yao)(yao)(yao)兴乃遣其将姚(yao)(yao)(yao)强率步骑一万,随范就其将姚(yao)(yao)(yao)绍于(yu)洛(luo)阳,并兵来(lai)援。会赫连勃(bo)(bo)勃(bo)(bo)大破(po)(po)秦军(jun)(jun),兴追强还(hai)长(zhang)安。范叹曰(yue)(yue):“天其灭燕乎!”会得裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)书(shu),遂(sui)降于(yu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)谓范曰(yue)(yue):“卿(qing)欲立(li)申(shen)包(bao)胥之(zhi)功,何以(yi)虚还(hai)也?”范曰(yue)(yue):“自亡祖司空世荷燕宠,故(gu)泣血(xue)秦庭,冀(ji)匡祸难。属(shu)西朝多故(gu),丹诚无效,可(ke)谓天丧弊(bi)邑而赞明公。智者见机而作,敢不至(zhi)乎!”翌日(ri),裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)将范循城(cheng)(cheng),由(you)是(shi)人(ren)情离骇(hai),无复固(gu)(gu)志,裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)谓范曰(yue)(yue):“卿(qing)宜至(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)下,告以(yi)祸福(fu)。”范曰(yue)(yue):“虽(sui)蒙殊宠,犹(you)未忍谋燕。”裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嘉而不强,左右劝超诛范家,以(yi)止后叛。超知败在旦夕,又弟讠卓尽忠无贰,故(gu)不罪焉。是(shi)岁东莱雨血(xue),广固(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)门鬼夜哭。

明年朔旦,超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)登天(tian)(tian)门,朝群臣于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)(shang),杀马以(yi)(yi)飨将(jiang)士(shi),文武皆有迁授。超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)幸姬魏(wei)夫人(ren)从(cong)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)登城(cheng)(cheng),见王师(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛,握(wo)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)手(shou)而相对泣,韩讠(yan)卓谏曰(yue):“陛下遭百六(liu)(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)会,正(zheng)是勉强之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秋,而反对女(nv)子悲泣,何其(qi)鄙也!”超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)拭(shi)目谢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)尚书(shu)令董锐(rui)劝(quan)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)出(chu)降(jiang)(jiang),超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)大怒,系之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)狱。于(yu)是贺赖卢、公(gong)孙五(wu)楼为(wei)(wei)地道出(chu)战王师(shi),不利(li)。河间人(ren)玄文说裕(yu)曰(yue):“昔(xi)赵攻曹嶷,望气者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)渑水带城(cheng)(cheng),非可攻拔,若塞五(wu)龙口(kou),城(cheng)(cheng)必自(zi)陷。石季(ji)龙从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而嶷请降(jiang)(jiang)。后慕(mu)容恪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)围段龛(kan)(kan),亦(yi)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而龛(kan)(kan)降(jiang)(jiang)。降(jiang)(jiang)后无几(ji),又震开之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。今(jin)旧基犹在(zai),可塞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”裕(yu)从(cong)其(qi)言(yan)。至(zhi)是,城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)男女(nv)患(huan)脚弱病者(zhe)(zhe)太半。超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)辇而升城(cheng)(cheng),尚书(shu)悦(yue)寿言(yan)于(yu)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)曰(yue):“天(tian)(tian)地不仁(ren),助寇(kou)为(wei)(wei)虐,战士(shi)尪病,日(ri)就(jiu)凋陨,守困(kun)穷(qiong)城(cheng)(cheng),息(xi)望外援(yuan),天(tian)(tian)时(shi)人(ren)事(shi),亦(yi)可知矣(yi)。苟历(li)运(yun)有终,尧、舜降(jiang)(jiang)位,转祸为(wei)(wei)福,圣达以(yi)(yi)先(xian)。宜追(zhui)许、郑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)踪,以(yi)(yi)全宗(zong)庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重。”超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)叹曰(yue):“废兴,命(ming)也。吾宁奋(fen)剑决(jue)死,不能(neng)衔璧求生。”于(yu)是张纲为(wei)(wei)裕(yu)造冲车(che),覆以(yi)(yi)版屋,蒙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)皮,并设诸奇巧,城(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)(shang)火石弓矢无所(suo)施用;又为(wei)(wei)飞楼、悬(xuan)梯(ti)、木幔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属,遥(yao)临(lin)城(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)(shang)。超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)大怒,悬(xuan)其(qi)母而支解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)出(chu)降(jiang)(jiang)者(zhe)(zhe)相继。裕(yu)四面(mian)进攻,杀伤(shang)其(qi)众(zhong),悦(yue)寿遂开门以(yi)(yi)纳(na)王师(shi)。超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)与左右数十(shi)骑(qi)出(chu)亡,为(wei)(wei)裕(yu)军(jun)所(suo)执。裕(yu)数之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)不降(jiang)(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状,超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)神色自(zi)若,一无所(suo)言(yan),惟以(yi)(yi)母托刘敬宣(xuan)而已。送建康市(shi)斩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),时(shi)年二(er)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)。在(zai)位六(liu)(liu)年。

德以安帝隆安四年(nian)僭位(wei),至(zhi)超二(er)世,凡十(shi)一年(nian),以义熙六年(nian)灭。

慕容钟,字道明,德(de)从弟也。少(shao)有(you)识量,喜怒不形于色,机神(shen)秀发,言(yan)论清辩(bian)。至(zhi)于临难对敌,智(zhi)勇兼济(ji),累进奇策(ce),德(de)用之颇中。由是政无大(da)小,皆以委之,遂(sui)为(wei)佐(zuo)命无勋。后公孙五楼(lou)规(gui)挟威权,虑钟抑己,因劝超诛之,钟遂(sui)谋反(fan)。事败,奔于姚兴(xing),兴(xing)拜(bai)始平太守(shou)、归义(yi)侯。

封(feng)孚,字处道,渤海蓚人也(ye)。祖悛,振威将军。父放,慕容(rong)之世吏(li)部尚书(shu)。孚幼而聪敏(min)和裕,有士君子之称(cheng)。宝僭位,累迁吏(li)部尚书(shu)。及(ji)兰汗(han)之篡,南奔辟闾浑,浑表为(wei)渤海太守(shou)。德至莒城,孚出降,德曰(yue)(yue):“朕平青州(zhou),不以(yi)(yi)为(wei)庆,喜于得(de)卿也(ye)。”常外(wai)总机事(shi),内参密谋,虽(sui)位任崇重(zhong),谦虚博纳(na),甚有大(da)臣之体(ti)。及(ji)超嗣位,政(zheng)出权(quan)嬖,多(duo)违旧(jiu)章(zhang),轨宪日颓,残虐滋甚,孚屡尽匡救,超不能纳(na)也(ye)。后(hou)临轩谓孚曰(yue)(yue):“朕于百(bai)王可(ke)方谁?”孚对曰(yue)(yue):“桀纣之主。”超大(da)惭怒。孚徐步而出,不为(wei)改容(rong)。司空鞠(ju)仲失(shi)色,谓孚曰(yue)(yue):“与天子言(yan),何其亢厉,宜应还谢(xie)。”孚曰(yue)(yue):“行年七十,墓木已(yi)拱,惟求死所耳。”竟不谢(xie)。以(yi)(yi)超三(san)年死于家,时(shi)年七十一。文笔多(duo)传于世。

史臣曰:慕容(rong)德以季父之亲,居鄴中(zhong)之重,朝危未闻其(qi)节,君(jun)存(cun)遽践其(qi)位,岂人理哉!然禀倜(ti)傥(tang)之雄姿,韫纵横之远略,属分崩之运,成角(jiao)逐之资,跨(kua)有全齐(qi),窃(qie)弄神器,抚(fu)剑(jian)而(er)(er)争衡秦、魏,练甲而(er)(er)志静荆(jing)、吴(wu),崇(chong)儒术以弘(hong)风,延(yan)谠(dang)言(yan)而(er)(er)励己,观(guan)其(qi)为国(guo),有足称焉。

超继已成之(zhi)基,居霸(ba)者(zhe)之(zhi)业,政刑莫恤,畋游(you)是好,杜(du)忠良而(er)(er)谗佞进,暗听受而(er)(er)勋戚离,先绪俄颓,家声莫振,陷宿豫而(er)(er)贻祸(huo),启大岘而(er)(er)延敌,君(jun)臣就虏(lu),宗庙为(wei)墟。迹其(qi)人谋(mou),非不幸也。

赞曰(yue):德实奸雄,转败为功。奄有青土,淫名域中。超承伪(wei)祚,挠其国步。庙失(shi)良筹,庭悲沾(zhan)露。

【晋书目录】

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