庞统法正传
庞统字士元,襄阳人也。少时朴钝,未有识者。颍川司马徽清雅有知人鉴,统弱冠< 往见徽,徽采桑于树上,坐统在树下,共语自昼至夜。徽甚异之,称统当为南州士之冠 冕,由是渐显。后郡命为功曹。性好人伦,勤于长养。每所称述,多过其才,时人怪而 问之,统答曰:“当今天下大乱,雅道陵迟,善人少而恶人多。方欲兴风俗,长道业, 不美其谭即声名不足慕企,不足慕企而为善者少矣。今拔十失五,犹得其半,而可以崇 迈世教,使有志者自劢,不亦可乎?”吴将周瑜助先主取荆州,因领南郡太守。瑜卒, 统送丧至吴,吴人多闻其名。及当西还,并会昌门,陆绩、顾劭、全琮皆往。统曰: “陆子可谓驽马有逸足之力,顾子可谓驽牛能负重致远也。”谓全琮曰:“卿好施慕名, 有似汝南樊子昭。虽智力不多,亦一时之佳也。”绩、劭谓统曰:“使天下太平,当与 卿共料四海之士。”深与统相结而还。
先(xian)主领荆州,统(tong)以从(cong)事守耒阳令,在县(xian)不治,免官。吴将鲁肃(su)遣(qian)先(xian)主书曰(yue):“庞士 元(yuan)非(fei)百里才也,使处治中、别驾之(zhi)任,始当展(zhan)其骥(ji)足耳(er)。”诸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)亦(yi)言之(zhi)于先(xian)主,先(xian)主 见与善谭(tan),大器之(zhi),以为治中从(cong)事。亲待亚于诸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang),遂与亮(liang)并为军师中郎(lang)将。亮(liang)留(liu)镇 荆州。统(tong)随从(cong)入蜀。
益州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)牧刘璋与先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)会涪(fu),统(tong)进策曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“今因(yin)此(ci)(ci)会,便(bian)可(ke)(ke)执之(zhi),则(ze)将(jiang)军(jun)无用(yong)兵(bing)之(zhi)劳而 坐定一州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)也(ye)(ye)。”先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“初(chu)入(ru)他国,恩(en)信未著,此(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye)。”璋既(ji)还(hai)成都(dou),先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)当为(wei) 璋北(bei)征汉中(zhong),统(tong)复说(shuo)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“阴选(xuan)精兵(bing),昼夜兼道,径袭(xi)成都(dou),璋既(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)武,又素无预备, 大(da)军(jun)卒(zu)至,一举便(bian)定,此(ci)(ci)上计(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)。杨(yang)怀(huai)、高沛(pei),璋之(zhi)名将(jiang),各仗强兵(bing),据守(shou)关头,闻(wen)数 有笺谏璋,使发遣(qian)将(jiang)军(jun)还(hai)荆(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。将(jiang)军(jun)未至,遣(qian)与相(xiang)闻(wen),说(shuo)荆(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)有急,欲(yu)还(hai)救之(zhi),并(bing)使装 束,外作归形;此(ci)(ci)二子既(ji)服将(jiang)军(jun)英名,又喜将(jiang)军(jun)之(zhi)去,计(ji)(ji)必乘轻骑来见,将(jiang)军(jun)因(yin)此(ci)(ci)执之(zhi), 进取其(qi)兵(bing),乃向成都(dou),此(ci)(ci)中(zhong)计(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)。退还(hai)白帝,连(lian)引(yin)(yin)荆(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),徐还(hai)图之(zhi),此(ci)(ci)下计(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)沉吟 不(bu)(bu)(bu)去,将(jiang)致大(da)困(kun),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)久矣。”先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)然其(qi)中(zhong)计(ji)(ji),即斩怀(huai)、沛(pei),还(hai)向成都(dou),所过辄克。于(yu) 涪(fu)大(da)会,置酒作乐(le),谓(wei)统(tong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“今日(ri)之(zhi)会,可(ke)(ke)谓(wei)乐(le)矣。”统(tong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“伐人之(zhi)国而以为(wei)欢, 非仁(ren)者(zhe)之(zhi)兵(bing)也(ye)(ye)。”先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)醉,怒曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“武王伐纣,前歌后舞,非仁(ren)者(zhe)邪?卿言不(bu)(bu)(bu)当,宜速 起出!”于(yu)是(shi)统(tong)逡巡(xun)引(yin)(yin)退。先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)寻悔(hui),请还(hai)。统(tong)复故位,初(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顾(gu)谢,饮(yin)食自若(ruo)。先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)谓(wei) 曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“向者(zhe)之(zhi)论,阿(a)谁为(wei)失(shi)?”统(tong)对曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君臣(chen)俱(ju)失(shi)。”先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)大(da)笑,宴乐(le)如初(chu)。 进围雒县(xian),统(tong)率众攻战,为(wei)流矢所中(zhong),卒(zu),时年三十(shi)六。先主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)痛惜,言则(ze)流涕。拜(bai)(bai) 统(tong)父为(wei)议郎,迁谏议大(da)夫,诸葛亮亲为(wei)之(zhi)拜(bai)(bai)。追赐统(tong)爵关内(nei)侯(hou),谥曰(yue)(yue)(yue)靖侯(hou)。统(tong)子宏(hong),字(zi) 巨师(shi),刚(gang)简有臧否,轻傲尚书令陈祗,为(wei)祗所抑,卒(zu)于(yu)涪(fu)陵太(tai)守(shou)。统(tong)弟(di)林,以荆(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治(zhi)中(zhong) 从事参镇北(bei)将(jiang)军(jun)黄(huang)权征吴,值军(jun)败(bai),随权入(ru)魏(wei),魏(wei)封列侯(hou),至巨鹿太(tai)守(shou)。
法正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)字孝(xiao)直,右扶(fu)风(feng)郿(mei)人也(ye)。祖父真,有(you)清(qing)节高(gao)名。建安初(chu),天(tian)(tian)下饥(ji)荒(huang),正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)与同郡 孟达俱入(ru)蜀依刘璋(zhang)(zhang),久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)新(xin)都令,后召(zhao)署军议(yi)校尉。既不(bu)任用(yong),又(you)为(wei)其(qi)州(zhou)邑俱侨客者 所谤无行(xing),志意不(bu)得。益州(zhou)别驾张(zhang)松与正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相善,??璋(zhang)(zhang)不(bu)足与有(you)为(wei),常窃叹(tan)息。松于荆州(zhou) 见曹公还(hai),劝璋(zhang)(zhang)绝曹公而自结先(xian)主(zhu)。璋(zhang)(zhang)曰:“谁可使者?”松乃举正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)辞让,不(bu)得已 而往。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)既还(hai),为(wei)松称说先(xian)主(zhu)有(you)雄略,密谋协规,愿(yuan)共戴奉,而未有(you)缘。后因璋(zhang)(zhang)闻曹公 欲遣将征张(zhang)鲁(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)惧心也(ye),松遂说璋(zhang)(zhang)宣迎先(xian)主(zhu),使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)讨鲁(lu),复令正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)衔(xian)命。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)既宣旨,阴 献策于先(xian)主(zhu)曰:“以明(ming)将军之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)英才(cai),乘(cheng)刘牧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)懦(nuo)弱;张(zhang)松,州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)股肱(gong),以响应于内;然 后资益州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殷富,冯(feng)天(tian)(tian)府之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)险阻(zu),以此成(cheng)业(ye),犹反掌也(ye)。”先(xian)主(zhu)然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),溯江而西,与璋(zhang)(zhang) 会涪。北至葭萌,南还(hai)取璋(zhang)(zhang)。
郑度说璋曰:“左将(jiang)军(jun)悬(xuan)军(jun)袭(xi)我,兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)满万,士(shi)众(zhong)(zhong)未附(fu),野(ye)谷(gu)(gu)是资(zi),军(jun)无(wu)辎重。其(qi) 计莫(mo)若(ruo)尽驱巴(ba)西(xi)、梓潼民(min)(min)内涪(fu)水西(xi),其(qi)仓廪野(ye)谷(gu)(gu),一(yi)(yi)皆烧除,高垒深沟,静以(yi)待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。彼 至(zhi),请(qing)战,勿许,久无(wu)所(suo)资(zi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)百日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),必将(jiang)自(zi)走。走而(er)(er)击之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则必禽耳(er)。”先主闻而(er)(er) 恶(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)问正(zheng)。正(zheng)曰:“终不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)用(yong),无(wu)可(ke)忧也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”璋果如正(zheng)言,谓其(qi)群下曰:“吾闻拒 敌(di)以(yi)安民(min)(min),未闻动民(min)(min)以(yi)避敌(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”于(yu)是黜度,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)其(qi)计。及(ji)军(jun)围雒(luo)城(cheng),正(zheng)笺(jian)与(yu)璋曰: “正(zheng)受(shou)性无(wu)术(shu),盟好(hao)违损,惧(ju)左右(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)本末,必并(bing)归咎,蒙耻没身,辱(ru)及(ji)执事,是以(yi)捐 身于(yu)外,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢反命。恐圣听秽恶(e)其(qi)声,故中(zhong)间不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)笺(jian)敬,顾(gu)念(nian)宿遇,瞻望悢(liang)悢(liang)。然惟前 后披露腹心,自(zi)从(cong)始初至(zhi)于(yu)终,实不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)藏情有(you)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽,但(dan)愚暗策薄,精诚(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)感,以(yi)致于(yu)此 耳(er)。今国(guo)事已(yi)(yi)危(wei),祸害在速,虽(sui)捐放(fang)于(yu)外,言足憎(zeng)尤,犹(you)贪极所(suo)怀,以(yi)尽余忠。明(ming)(ming)将(jiang)军(jun) 本心,正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),实为(wei)区区不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲(yu)失左将(jiang)军(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,而(er)(er)卒至(zhi)于(yu)是者,左右(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)达英雄(xiong)从(cong)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 道,谓可(ke)违信黩誓,而(er)(er)以(yi)意气相致,日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)月(yue)相迁,趋(qu)求(qiu)顺耳(er)悦目,随(sui)阿(a)遂指,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)图远(yuan)(yuan)虑为(wei) 国(guo)深计故也(ye)(ye)(ye)。事变既(ji)成(cheng),又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)量强弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)为(wei)左将(jiang)军(jun)县远(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众(zhong)(zhong),粮(liang)(liang)谷(gu)(gu)无(wu)储(chu),欲(yu)得以(yi)多 击少,旷日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)相持。而(er)(er)从(cong)关至(zhi)此,所(suo)历辄破,离宫别(bie)屯,日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)自(zi)零落。雒(luo)下虽(sui)有(you)万兵(bing),皆坏(huai) 阵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒,破军(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)将(jiang),若(ruo)欲(yu)争(zheng)一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战,则兵(bing)将(jiang)势(shi)(shi)(shi)力,实不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相当。各[若(ruo)]欲(yu)远(yuan)(yuan)期计粮(liang)(liang)者, 今此营守(shou)已(yi)(yi)固,谷(gu)(gu)米已(yi)(yi)积,而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)将(jiang)军(jun)土地日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)削,百姓(xing)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)困,敌(di)对遂多,所(suo)供远(yuan)(yuan)旷。愚意 计之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓必先竭,将(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)复以(yi)持久也(ye)(ye)(ye)。空尔(er)相守(shou),犹(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相堪,今张(zhang)益德数(shu)万之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)众(zhong)(zhong),已(yi)(yi)定巴(ba) 东,入犍(jian)为(wei)界,分(fen)平资(zi)中(zhong)、德阳,三道并(bing)侵,将(jiang)何以(yi)御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?本为(wei)明(ming)(ming)将(jiang)军(jun)计者,必谓此军(jun) 县远(yuan)(yuan)无(wu)粮(liang)(liang),馈运不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji),兵(bing)少无(wu)继(ji)。今荆州道通(tong),众(zhong)(zhong)数(shu)十(shi)(shi)倍,加孙车(che)骑遣弟及(ji)李异、甘宁 等为(wei)其(qi)后继(ji)。若(ruo)争(zheng)客主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)土地相胜者,今此全有(you)巴(ba)东,广汉(han)、犍(jian)为(wei),过(guo)半已(yi)(yi)定, 巴(ba)西(xi)一(yi)(yi)郡(jun),复非明(ming)(ming)将(jiang)军(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。计益州所(suo)仰惟蜀(shu),蜀(shu)亦破坏(huai);三分(fen)亡(wang)二,吏民(min)(min)疲(pi)困,思 为(wei)乱者十(shi)(shi)户而(er)(er)八;若(ruo)敌(di)远(yuan)(yuan)则百姓(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)堪役,敌(di)近则一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)易主矣。广汉(han)诸(zhu)县,是明(ming)(ming)比也(ye)(ye)(ye)。 又(you)鱼复与(yu)关头实为(wei)益州福祸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)门,今二门悉开,坚城(cheng)皆下,诸(zhu)军(jun)并(bing)破,兵(bing)将(jiang)俱尽,而(er)(er)敌(di) 家数(shu)道并(bing)进,已(yi)(yi)入心腹,坐守(shou)都、雒(luo),存亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势(shi)(shi)(shi),昭(zhao)然可(ke)见。斯乃大略,其(qi)外较耳(er),其(qi) 余屈曲(qu),难以(yi)辞(ci)极也(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)正(zheng)下愚,犹(you)知(zhi)此事不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)复成(cheng),况明(ming)(ming)将(jiang)军(jun)左右(you)明(ming)(ming)智用(yong)谋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi),岂 当不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见此数(shu)哉?旦(dan)夕(xi)偷幸,求(qiu)容(rong)取媚,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虑远(yuan)(yuan)图,莫(mo)肯尽心献良计耳(er)。若(ruo)事穷势(shi)(shi)(shi)迫,将(jiang) 各索生,求(qiu)济门户,展转反复,与(yu)今计异,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)明(ming)(ming)将(jiang)军(jun)尽死难也(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)尊(zun)门犹(you)当受(shou)其(qi)忧。
正虽获不忠之谤,然心自谓不负圣德,顾惟分义,实窃痛心。左将军从本举来,旧心依 依,实无薄意。愚以为可图变化,以保尊门。”
十九年,进围成都,璋蜀郡太守许靖将逾城降,事觉,不果。璋以危亡在近,故不 诛靖。璋既稽服,先主以此薄靖不用也。正说曰:“天下有获虚誉而无其实者,许靖是 也。然今主公始创大业,天下之人不可户说,靖之浮称,播流四海,若其不礼,天下之 人以是谓主公为贱贤也。宜加敬重,以眩远近,追昔燕王之待郭隗。”先主于是乃厚待 靖。以正为蜀郡太守、扬武将军,外统都畿,内为谋主。一餐之德,睚眦之怨,无不报 复,擅杀毁伤已者数人。或谓诸葛亮曰:“法正于蜀郡太纵横,将军宜启主公,抑其威 福。”亮答曰:“主公之在公安也,北畏曹公之强,东惮孙权之逼,近则惧孙夫人生变 于肘腋之下;当斯之时,进退狼跋,法孝直为之辅翼,令翻然翱翔,不可复制,如何禁 止法正使不得行其意邪!”初,孙权以妹妻先主,妹才捷刚猛,有诸兄之风,侍婢百余 人,皆亲执刀侍立,先主每入,衷心常凛凛;亮又知先主雅爱信正,故言如此。
二(er)十二(er)年,正说先主(zhu)(zhu)曰:“曹操一举而降张(zhang)(zhang)鲁,定汉中,不(bu)(bu)因此势以(yi)图(tu)巴、蜀,而 留夏侯渊、张(zhang)(zhang)郃(he)屯守(shou),身(shen)遽北还,此非其(qi)(qi)智(zhi)不(bu)(bu)逮而力不(bu)(bu)足也(ye),必将(jiang)(jiang)内有(you)忧(you)逼故(gu)耳(er)。今策 渊、郃(he)才略(lve),不(bu)(bu)胜国(guo)之(zhi)将(jiang)(jiang)帅,举众往讨,则(ze)必可(ke)(ke)克。克之(zhi)之(zhi)日(ri),广(guang)农积(ji)谷,观衅伺隙, 上(shang)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)倾覆寇敌,尊奖王室,中可(ke)(ke)以(yi)蚕食雍(yong)、凉,广(guang)拓(tuo)境土(tu),下可(ke)(ke)以(yi)固守(shou)要害,为持久(jiu) 之(zhi)计。此盖(gai)天(tian)以(yi)与我,时(shi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)失也(ye)。”先主(zhu)(zhu)善其(qi)(qi)策,乃(nai)率诸将(jiang)(jiang)进兵(bing)汉中,正亦从(cong)行。二(er) 十四年,先主(zhu)(zhu)自阳(yang)平南(nan)渡沔水(shui),缘山(shan)稍前,于定军兴[山(shan)]势作营。渊将(jiang)(jiang)兵(bing)来争(zheng)其(qi)(qi)地(di)。正 曰:“可(ke)(ke)击矣。”先主(zhu)(zhu)命黄忠乘高(gao)鼓(gu)噪攻(gong)之(zhi),大破渊军,渊等授(shou)首。曹公西(xi)征,闻正之(zhi) 策,曰:“吾故(gu)知(zhi)玄德(de)不(bu)(bu)办有(you)此,必为人所教也(ye)。”
先主立(li)为汉中王,以(yi)正为尚书令(ling)(ling)、护军将(jiang)军。明年(nian)卒,时(shi)年(nian)四十五。先主为之流涕 者累日(ri)。谥曰翼侯。赐(ci)子邈(miao)爵关内(nei)侯,官至奉车都尉(wei)、汉阳太(tai)守。诸葛亮与正,虽好尚 不同,以(yi)公义相取。亮每奇正智术。先主既即尊号,将(jiang)东征孙权以(yi)复关羽之耻,群臣多 谏,一(yi)不从。章武二年(nian),大(da)军败(bai)绩,还往(wang)白帝(di)。亮叹曰:“法孝(xiao)直若在,则能制主上令(ling)(ling) 不东行;就复东行,必不倾(qing)危矣。”
评曰:庞统雅好人流,经学思谋(mou),于(yu)时荆、楚谓(wei)之高(gao)俊。法正著见成(cheng)败,有奇画(hua)策(ce) 算,然不以德素称(cheng)也。儗(ni)之魏臣,统其荀彧之仲叔,正其程、郭之俦儷邪?
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