似(si)顺(shun)(shun)一曰:事多(duo)似(si)倒(dao)(dao)而顺(shun)(shun),多(duo)似(si)顺(shun)(shun)而倒(dao)(dao)。有知顺(shun)(shun)之为倒(dao)(dao)、倒(dao)(dao)之为顺(shun)(shun)者,则可(ke)与言(yan)化矣。至长(zhang)反短(duan),至短(duan)反长(zhang),天(tian)之道(dao)也。
荆庄(zhuang)王欲(yu)伐(fa)(fa)陈(chen)(chen)(chen),使人视之。使者曰(yue):“陈(chen)(chen)(chen)不可(ke)伐(fa)(fa)也(ye)(ye)。”庄(zhuang)王曰(yue):“何(he)故?”对曰(yue):“城郭(guo)高,沟(gou)(gou)洫深,蓄(xu)积(ji)多(duo)也(ye)(ye)。”宁国曰(yue):“陈(chen)(chen)(chen)可(ke)伐(fa)(fa)也(ye)(ye)。夫陈(chen)(chen)(chen),小国也(ye)(ye),而蓄(xu)积(ji)多(duo),赋敛(lian)重(zhong)也(ye)(ye),则民怨上矣。城郭(guo)高,沟(gou)(gou)洫深,则民力(li)罢矣。兴兵伐(fa)(fa)之,陈(chen)(chen)(chen)可(ke)取也(ye)(ye)。”庄(zhuang)王听之,遂取陈(chen)(chen)(chen)焉(yan)。
田(tian)(tian)成(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)得有国(guo)(guo)至今(jin)者(zhe),有兄(xiong)曰完(wan)子(zi)(zi)(zi),仁且有勇。越人兴师诛田(tian)(tian)成(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi),曰:“奚故杀君而取国(guo)(guo)?”田(tian)(tian)成(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)患之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。完(wan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)请率士大夫以(yi)(yi)逆越师,请必战(zhan)(zhan),战(zhan)(zhan)请必败(bai)(bai),败(bai)(bai)请必死(si)(si)。田(tian)(tian)成(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:“夫必与(yu)越战(zhan)(zhan)可也(ye)(ye)(ye),战(zhan)(zhan)必败(bai)(bai),败(bai)(bai)必死(si)(si),寡(gua)人疑焉。”完(wan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:“君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有国(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye),百(bai)姓怨(yuan)上(shang),贤良(liang)又有死(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣蒙(meng)耻。以(yi)(yi)完(wan)观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),国(guo)(guo)已惧(ju)矣。今(jin)越人起师,臣与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan)(zhan),战(zhan)(zhan)而败(bai)(bai),贤良(liang)尽死(si)(si),不死(si)(si)者(zhe)不敢入於国(guo)(guo)。君与(yu)诸(zhu)孤处(chu)於国(guo)(guo),以(yi)(yi)臣观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),国(guo)(guo)必安(an)矣。”完(wan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)行,田(tian)(tian)成(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)泣而遗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫死(si)(si)败(bai)(bai),人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所恶也(ye)(ye)(ye),而反以(yi)(yi)为安(an),岂一道哉?故人主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)听者(zhe)与(yu)士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学者(zhe),不可不博。
尹铎(duo)(duo)为(wei)晋(jin)阳,下,有请於(wu)赵(zhao)简子(zi)。简子(zi)曰(yue):“往(wang)而夷夫垒(lei)。我将往(wang),往(wang)而见(jian)(jian)垒(lei),是见(jian)(jian)中行寅与(yu)范吉射也(ye)。”铎(duo)(duo)往(wang)而增(zeng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。简子(zi)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晋(jin)阳,望见(jian)(jian)垒(lei)而怒(nu)曰(yue):“嘻(xi)!铎(duo)(duo)也(ye)欺我!”於(wu)是乃舍於(wu)郊(jiao),将使人诛铎(duo)(duo)也(ye)。孙(sun)明进谏曰(yue):“以(yi)(yi)臣(chen)私之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),铎(duo)(duo)可赏也(ye)。铎(duo)(duo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)固曰(yue):见(jian)(jian)乐则(ze)(ze)淫侈,见(jian)(jian)忧则(ze)(ze)诤治,此人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)。今(jin)君见(jian)(jian)垒(lei)念忧患(huan)(huan),而况群臣(chen)与(yu)民乎?夫便国(guo)而利於(wu)主,虽兼於(wu)罪,铎(duo)(duo)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫顺令以(yi)(yi)取容者,众(zhong)能(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而况铎(duo)(duo)欤?君其图之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)!”简子(zi)曰(yue):“微(wei)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),寡(gua)人几过。”於(wu)是乃以(yi)(yi)免(mian)难之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赏赏尹铎(duo)(duo)。人主太上喜怒(nu)必循理,其次不(bu)循理,必数更,虽未至大贤,犹足以(yi)(yi)盖浊世(shi)矣。简子(zi)当此。世(shi)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)(huan),耻不(bu)知(zhi)而矜(jin)自(zi)用,好愎过而恶听谏,以(yi)(yi)至於(wu)危。耻无(wu)大乎危者。
别类二曰:知(zhi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi),上矣。过者之(zhi)(zhi)患,不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)而(er)自(zi)以为(wei)(wei)知(zhi)。物多类然(ran)而(er)不(bu)(bu)然(ran),故(gu)亡国戮民无已。夫草有莘有藟(lei),独食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)杀人,合而(er)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)益(yi)寿。万堇不(bu)(bu)杀,漆淖水(shui)淖,合两淖则(ze)为(wei)(wei)蹇,湿(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)为(wei)(wei)干。金柔(rou)(rou)锡柔(rou)(rou),合两柔(rou)(rou)则(ze)为(wei)(wei)刚,燔之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)为(wei)(wei)淖。或湿(shi)(shi)而(er)干,或燔而(er)淖,类固不(bu)(bu)必,可推(tui)知(zhi)也(ye)?小方,大方之(zhi)(zhi)类也(ye);小马(ma),大马(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)类也(ye);小智(zhi),非大智(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)类也(ye)。
鲁(lu)人有公孙绰者(zhe)(zhe),告人曰(yue):“我能(neng)起死(si)人。”人问其故,对曰(yue):“我固能(neng)治(zhi)偏枯,今吾倍所以(yi)为偏枯之药,则可以(yi)起死(si)人矣。”物固有可以(yi)为小,不可以(yi)为大,可以(yi)为半(ban),不可以(yi)为全(quan)者(zhe)(zhe)也。
相(xiang)剑(jian)者曰:“白(bai)所以为坚(jian)也(ye),黄所以为牣(ren)(ren)也(ye),黄白(bai)杂(za)则(ze)坚(jian)且牣(ren)(ren),良剑(jian)也(ye)。”难者曰:“白(bai)所以为不牣(ren)(ren)也(ye),黄所以为不坚(jian)也(ye),黄白(bai)杂(za)。则(ze)不坚(jian)且不牣(ren)(ren)也(ye)。
又柔则锩(juan),坚则折(zhe)(zhe)。剑折(zhe)(zhe)且锩(juan),焉(yan)得为利(li)剑?”剑之(zhi)(zhi)情未革,而或(huo)以(yi)为良,或(huo)以(yi)为恶,说使之(zhi)(zhi)也。故有(you)以(yi)聪明听(ting)说,则妄说者(zhe)止(zhi);无(wu)以(yi)聪明听(ting)说,则尧、桀无(wu)别矣。此忠臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)所患也,贤者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)废也。
义,小(xiao)(xiao)为之则小(xiao)(xiao)有(you)(you)福(fu),大为之则大有(you)(you)福(fu)。於祸则不(bu)然(ran),小(xiao)(xiao)有(you)(you)之不(bu)若其亡也。
射招者欲(yu)其(qi)中小也(ye),射兽者欲(yu)其(qi)中大也(ye)。物固不必,安可推也(ye)?高(gao)阳应将为(wei)(wei)室家,匠对曰:“未可也(ye)。木尚生,加(jia)途其(qi)上(shang),必将挠。以生为(wei)(wei)室,今虽善(shan),后(hou)将必败(bai)(bai)(bai)。”高(gao)阳应曰:“缘(yuan)子之言(yan),则室不败(bai)(bai)(bai)也(ye)。木益枯则劲,途益干(gan)则轻,以益劲任益轻,则不败(bai)(bai)(bai)。”匠人无辞而(er)(er)对。受令(ling)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)之。室之始成也(ye)善(shan),其(qi)后(hou)果败(bai)(bai)(bai)。高(gao)阳应好小察,而(er)(er)不通乎大理也(ye)。
骥、骜、绿(lv)耳背日(ri)而西走,至(zhi)乎夕则日(ri)在(zai)其(qi)前矣。目固有不(bu)见也(ye)(ye),智固有不(bu)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye),数固有不(bu)及也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)知(zhi)其(qi)说所以然而然,圣人(ren)因而兴制,不(bu)事心焉。
有度三曰:贤主有度而(er)听(ting),故不(bu)(bu)(bu)过。有度而(er)以听(ting),则(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)欺(qi)矣(yi)(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)惶矣(yi)(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)恐(kong)矣(yi)(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)喜(xi)矣(yi)(yi)。以凡人(ren)之知,不(bu)(bu)(bu)昏(hun)乎(hu)(hu)其所已知,而(er)昏(hun)乎(hu)(hu)其所未知,则(ze)人(ren)之易欺(qi)矣(yi)(yi),可(ke)(ke)惶矣(yi)(yi),可(ke)(ke)恐(kong)矣(yi)(yi),可(ke)(ke)喜(xi)矣(yi)(yi),知之不(bu)(bu)(bu)审也。
客(ke)有问(wen)季(ji)子曰(yue):“奚以知舜(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)也?”季(ji)子曰(yue):“尧固已治天(tian)下(xia)矣(yi),舜(shun)言治天(tian)下(xia)而合己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)符,是以知其(qi)能(neng)也。”“若(ruo)虽知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),奚道知其(qi)不(bu)(bu)为(wei)私?”季(ji)子曰(yue):“诸能(neng)治天(tian)下(xia)者,固必通乎(hu)性命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情者,当无私矣(yi)。”夏不(bu)(bu)衣裘(qiu),非爱裘(qiu)也,暖有馀也。冬不(bu)(bu)用{⺮翣}。非爱{⺮翣}也,清有馀也。圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)为(wei)私也,非爱费也,节(jie)(jie)乎(hu)己也。节(jie)(jie)己,虽贪(tan)污之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心犹若(ruo)止,又况乎(hu)圣(sheng)人(ren)?许由非强(qiang)也,有所乎(hu)通也。有所通则贪(tan)污之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利外矣(yi)。
孔(kong)墨之(zhi)(zhi)弟子(zi)徒属(shu)充满(man)天(tian)下(xia),皆以仁义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)术(shu)教(jiao)导於天(tian)下(xia),然而(er)无所(suo)行(xing)。教(jiao)者术(shu)犹不能(neng)行(xing),又况(kuang)乎所(suo)教(jiao)?是何(he)也?仁义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)术(shu)外(wai)也。夫(fu)以外(wai)胜内(nei),匹夫(fu)徒步不能(neng)行(xing),又况(kuang)乎人主?唯(wei)通乎性(xing)命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)情,而(er)仁义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)术(shu)自行(xing)矣(yi)。
先王不(bu)能(neng)尽(jin)知,执一(yi)而(er)万物(wu)治(zhi)。使人(ren)不(bu)能(neng)执一(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),物(wu)惑之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。故曰(yue):通意之(zhi)悖(bei),解心之(zhi)缪(mou),去(qu)德之(zhi)累,通道之(zhi)塞。贵富显(xian)严名利,六者(zhe)(zhe)悖(bei)意者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。容动色理气意,六者(zhe)(zhe)缪(mou)心者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。恶欲喜怒(nu)哀乐,六者(zhe)(zhe)累德者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。智能(neng)去(qu)就(jiu)取舍,六者(zhe)(zhe)塞道者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。此四(si)六者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)荡乎(hu)胸中则正(zheng)。正(zheng)则静,静则清(qing)明,清(qing)明则虚(xu),虚(xu)则无(wu)为(wei)而(er)无(wu)不(bu)为(wei)也(ye)(ye)。
分职(zhi)四曰(yue):先王用非其有如己有之,通乎(hu)君道(dao)者也。夫君也者,处虚素(su)服而(er)无智(zhi)(zhi),故能(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)众(zhong)智(zhi)(zhi)也。智(zhi)(zhi)反无能(neng)(neng)(neng),故能(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)众(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)也。能(neng)(neng)(neng)执(zhi)无为(wei),故能(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)众(zhong)为(wei)也。无智(zhi)(zhi)无能(neng)(neng)(neng)无为(wei),此君之所执(zhi)也。人(ren)主之所惑者则不(bu)然。以其智(zhi)(zhi)强(qiang)(qiang)智(zhi)(zhi),以其能(neng)(neng)(neng)强(qiang)(qiang)能(neng)(neng)(neng),以其为(wei)强(qiang)(qiang)为(wei)。此处人(ren)臣(chen)之职(zhi)也。处人(ren)臣(chen)之职(zhi),而(er)欲无壅(yong)塞,虽舜不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)为(wei)。
武(wu)(wu)王之佐五人,武(wu)(wu)王之於五人者之事无能也(ye),然(ran)而世皆曰取天(tian)下者武(wu)(wu)王也(ye)。
故武王取非其(qi)(qi)有如己有之,通乎(hu)君(jun)道也。通乎(hu)君(jun)道,则能(neng)令(ling)智者(zhe)谋矣,能(neng)令(ling)勇者(zhe)怒矣,能(neng)令(ling)辩者(zhe)语矣。夫马(ma)者(zhe),伯乐相之,造父御(yu)之,贤(xian)主乘之,一日千里(li)。无御(yu)相之劳而有其(qi)(qi)功,则知所(suo)乘矣。
今召客者(zhe),酒(jiu)酣(han)歌舞,鼓瑟吹竽,明(ming)日不拜(bai)乐(le)己者(zhe)而拜(bai)主人,主人使之也。
先(xian)王之(zhi)(zhi)立(li)功(gong)(gong)名有似(si)於(wu)此(ci)。使众(zhong)能(neng)与众(zhong)贤,功(gong)(gong)名大(da)立(li)於(wu)世,不(bu)予佐(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),而(er)予其(qi)主,其(qi)主使之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。譬之(zhi)(zhi)若为(wei)宫(gong)(gong)室(shi),必任(ren)巧(qiao)匠(jiang),奚故(gu)?曰(yue):匠(jiang)不(bu)巧(qiao)则宫(gong)(gong)室(shi)不(bu)善(shan)。夫国(guo),重物也(ye)(ye),其(qi)不(bu)善(shan)也(ye)(ye)岂特(te)宫(gong)(gong)室(shi)哉!巧(qiao)匠(jiang)为(wei)宫(gong)(gong)室(shi),为(wei)圆必以规,为(wei)方必以矩,为(wei)平直(zhi)必以准绳(sheng)。功(gong)(gong)已就,不(bu)知(zhi)规矩绳(sheng)墨,而(er)赏匠(jiang)巧(qiao)匠(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)。宫(gong)(gong)室(shi)已成,不(bu)知(zhi)巧(qiao)匠(jiang),而(er)皆(jie)曰(yue):“善(shan),此(ci)某(mou)(mou)君、某(mou)(mou)王之(zhi)(zhi)宫(gong)(gong)室(shi)也(ye)(ye)。”此(ci)不(bu)可(ke)不(bu)察也(ye)(ye)。人主之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)通(tong)主道者(zhe)则不(bu)然。
自(zi)为人则不(bu)能,任贤(xian)者则恶之(zhi),与不(bu)肖者议之(zhi)。此功名之(zhi)所以伤,国家之(zhi)所以危。
枣,棘之(zhi)有(you);裘,狐之(zhi)有(you)也(ye)。食(shi)棘之(zhi)枣,衣狐之(zhi)皮,先王固用非(fei)其有(you)而己有(you)之(zhi)。汤武一日而尽有(you)夏商之(zhi)民(min),尽有(you)夏商之(zhi)地,尽有(you)夏商之(zhi)财(cai)。以其民(min)安,而天(tian)(tian)下(xia)莫(mo)敢之(zhi)危;以其地封,而天(tian)(tian)下(xia)莫(mo)敢不(bu)说;以其财(cai)赏,而天(tian)(tian)下(xia)皆竞(jing)。无费乎(hu)郼与岐周,而天(tian)(tian)下(xia)称(cheng)大仁,称(cheng)大义,通(tong)乎(hu)用非(fei)其有(you)。
白(bai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)胜得荆国,不(bu)(bu)能以(yi)其(qi)(qi)府库分人(ren)(ren)(ren)。七(qi)日,石乞(qi)曰:“患至矣(yi),不(bu)(bu)能分人(ren)(ren)(ren)则焚之(zhi),毋令人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)害我。”白(bai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)又不(bu)(bu)能。九日,叶公(gong)(gong)(gong)入,乃发(fa)太(tai)府之(zhi)货(huo)予(yu)众,出高库之(zhi)兵(bing)以(yi)赋(fu)民(min),因攻之(zhi)。十(shi)有九日而白(bai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死。国非其(qi)(qi)有也,而欲有之(zhi),可(ke)谓至贪(tan)矣(yi)。不(bu)(bu)能为(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren),又不(bu)(bu)能自(zi)为(wei),可(ke)谓至愚(yu)矣(yi)。譬白(bai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)啬,若枭之(zhi)爱其(qi)(qi)子也。
卫灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)天寒(han)(han)凿池(chi),宛春谏(jian)曰(yue)(yue):“天寒(han)(han)起(qi)役,恐伤民(min)。”公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“天寒(han)(han)乎?”宛春曰(yue)(yue):“公(gong)(gong)衣狐裘,坐熊席,陬隅有(you)(you)灶,是以(yi)(yi)不(bu)寒(han)(han)。今(jin)民(min)衣弊不(bu)补,履决不(bu)组,君则(ze)不(bu)寒(han)(han)矣(yi),民(min)则(ze)寒(han)(han)矣(yi)。”公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“善(shan)。”令(ling)(ling)罢役。左右以(yi)(yi)谏(jian)曰(yue)(yue):“君凿池(chi),不(bu)知(zhi)天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寒(han)(han)也,而(er)(er)春也知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)(yi)春之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也而(er)(er)令(ling)(ling)罢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),福(fu)将归於(wu)春也,而(er)(er)怨将归於(wu)君。”公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)然(ran)。夫春也,鲁(lu)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匹(pi)夫也,而(er)(er)我举之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),夫民(min)未(wei)有(you)(you)见(jian)焉。今(jin)将令(ling)(ling)民(min)以(yi)(yi)此见(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。曰(yue)(yue)春也有(you)(you)善(shan)於(wu)寡(gua)(gua)人(ren)有(you)(you)也,春之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)非寡(gua)(gua)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)欤?”灵(ling)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)论宛春,可谓知(zhi)君道(dao)矣(yi)。君者固无任,而(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)职受任。工拙,下也;赏(shang)罚,法也;君奚(xi)事哉?若是则(ze)受赏(shang)者无德,而(er)(er)抵诛者无怨矣(yi),人(ren)自反而(er)(er)已。此治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至也。
处方五曰:凡(fan)为(wei)(wei)治(zhi)必先定分(fen):君臣父子夫(fu)妇(fu)。君臣父子夫(fu)妇(fu)六者当位,则下不(bu)逾节而上(shang)不(bu)苟为(wei)(wei)矣(yi),少不(bu)悍辟而长(zhang)不(bu)简慢矣(yi)。金木异(yi)任,水火殊事,阴阳不(bu)同(tong),其为(wei)(wei)民利一也。故异(yi)所以安(an)同(tong)也,同(tong)所以危异(yi)也。同(tong)异(yi)之(zhi)分(fen),贵贱之(zhi)别(bie),长(zhang)少之(zhi)义,此先王之(zhi)所慎(shen),而治(zhi)乱(luan)之(zhi)纪也。
今夫射者仪(yi)豪而(er)(er)(er)失墙,画者仪(yi)发而(er)(er)(er)易貌,言(yan)审(shen)本也(ye)(ye)(ye)。本不审(shen),虽尧(yao)舜不能以(yi)治(zhi)。故(gu)凡乱(luan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)者,必(bi)始(shi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)近而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)及远,必(bi)始(shi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)本而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)及末。治(zhi)亦(yi)然。故(gu)百里(li)奚处(chu)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)虞而(er)(er)(er)虞亡,处(chu)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)秦(qin)而(er)(er)(er)秦(qin)霸;向(xiang)挚处(chu)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)商(shang)而(er)(er)(er)商(shang)灭,处(chu)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)周而(er)(er)(er)周王。百里(li)奚之(zhi)处(chu)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)虞,智(zhi)非(fei)愚也(ye)(ye)(ye);向(xiang)挚之(zhi)处(chu)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)商(shang),典非(fei)恶也(ye)(ye)(ye):无(wu)其(qi)(qi)本也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)处(chu)於秦(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye),智(zhi)非(fei)加益也(ye)(ye)(ye);其(qi)(qi)处(chu)於周也(ye)(ye)(ye),典非(fei)加善也(ye)(ye)(ye):有(you)其(qi)(qi)本也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)本也(ye)(ye)(ye)者,定分之(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
齐令章(zhang)子将而与(yu)韩魏攻荆(jing),荆(jing)令唐蔑将而拒之。军(jun)相当,六月而不(bu)战(zhan)(zhan)。齐令周最趣(qu)章(zhang)子急战(zhan)(zhan),其(qi)辞甚(shen)刻。章(zhang)子对周最曰:“杀之免之,残其(qi)家,王(wang)能得此(ci)(ci)於臣。不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)战(zhan)(zhan)而战(zhan)(zhan),可(ke)以(yi)战(zhan)(zhan)而不(bu)战(zhan)(zhan),王(wang)不(bu)能得此(ci)(ci)於臣。”与(yu)荆(jing)人夹(jia)沘水而军(jun)。
章(zhang)子(zi)(zi)令(ling)人(ren)视水可(ke)绝者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),荆(jing)(jing)人(ren)射之(zhi),水不可(ke)得近。有刍(chu)水旁者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),告齐候(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰:“水浅(qian)深(shen)易(yi)知。荆(jing)(jing)人(ren)所(suo)(suo)盛守(shou),尽其浅(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也;所(suo)(suo)简(jian)守(shou),皆其深(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也。”候(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)载刍(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),与(yu)见章(zhang)子(zi)(zi)。章(zhang)子(zi)(zi)甚喜,因练卒以夜奄荆(jing)(jing)人(ren)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)盛守(shou),果杀唐蔑。章(zhang)子(zi)(zi)可(ke)谓知将(jiang)分矣。
韩(han)昭(zhao)(zhao)釐侯出弋,靷(yin)偏缓。昭(zhao)(zhao)釐侯居车上(shang)。谓其(qi)仆:“靷(yin)不偏缓乎?”其(qi)仆曰:“然”至,舍昭(zhao)(zhao)釐侯射鸟,其(qi)右摄其(qi)一靷(yin),适之(zhi)。昭(zhao)(zhao)釐侯已(yi)射,驾而归(gui)。
上车,选间(jian),曰:“乡者釐偏(pian)缓,今(jin)适,何也(ye)?”其(qi)右从后对(dui)曰:“今(jin)者臣(chen)适之(zhi)(zhi)。”昭釐侯至,诘车令,各避舍。故擅为妄意(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)道,虽当,贤主不由也(ye)。
今有人於此(ci),擅(shan)矫(jiao)行则(ze)免(mian)国家,利轻重则(ze)若(ruo)衡石,为(wei)方圜则(ze)若(ruo)规矩,此(ci)则(ze)工矣巧矣,而不足法。法也(ye)者,众之(zhi)所同也(ye),贤不肖之(zhi)所以其(qi)力(li)也(ye)。谋出乎不可用,事出乎不可同,此(ci)为(wei)先王之(zhi)所舍也(ye)。
慎小(xiao)(xiao)六曰:上(shang)尊(zun)下卑(bei)。卑(bei)则(ze)(ze)不得以小(xiao)(xiao)观上(shang)。尊(zun)则(ze)(ze)恣,恣则(ze)(ze)轻小(xiao)(xiao)物,轻小(xiao)(xiao)物则(ze)(ze)上(shang)无(wu)(wu)道(dao)(dao)知(zhi)下,下无(wu)(wu)道(dao)(dao)知(zhi)上(shang)。上(shang)下不相(xiang)知(zhi),则(ze)(ze)上(shang)非下,下怨(yuan)上(shang)矣。人臣之情,不能(neng)(neng)为所怨(yuan);人主之情,不能(neng)(neng)爱所非。此上(shang)下大相(xiang)失道(dao)(dao)也。故(gu)贤主谨小(xiao)(xiao)物以论好恶(e)。
巨(ju)防容蝼(lou),而(er)漂邑杀人。突泄(xie)一(yi)(yi)熛,而(er)焚宫烧积。将失一(yi)(yi)令。而(er)军破身死。
主过一言,而国残名(ming)辱,为后世笑。
卫(wei)献(xian)公(gong)(gong)戒孙林父、甯殖(zhi)食。鸿(hong)集于囿,虞人以告,公(gong)(gong)如(ru)囿射鸿(hong)。二(er)子待君(jun),日晏,公(gong)(gong)不(bu)来(lai)至。来(lai),不(bu)释皮冠(guan)而见二(er)子。二(er)子不(bu)说,逐献(xian)公(gong)(gong),立公(gong)(gong)子黚。
卫庄(zhuang)公(gong)立,欲逐石圃。登台以望,见戎(rong)州,而(er)问之曰(yue):“是何为者也?”侍者曰(yue):“戎(rong)州也。”庄(zhuang)公(gong)曰(yue):“我姬姓也,戎(rong)人安敢居国?”使夺之宅,残(can)其州。晋人适攻卫,戎(rong)州人因与(yu)石圃杀庄(zhuang)公(gong),立公(gong)子起。此小物不审(shen)也。人之情(qing),不蹶(jue)於(wu)山而(er)蹶(jue)於(wu)垤(die)。
齐桓公(gong)即位(wei),三年三言,而(er)天(tian)下(xia)称贤,群臣皆说。去肉食之(zhi)兽,去食粟(su)之(zhi)鸟,去丝罝之(zhi)网(wang)。
吴起治西河,欲谕其信於民,夜日置表於南门之外,令於邑中曰:“明日有人偾南门之外表者,仕长大夫。”明日日晏矣,莫有偾表者。民相谓曰:“此必不信。”有一人曰:“试往偾表,不得赏而已,何伤?”往偾表,来谒吴起。吴起自见而出,仕之长大夫。夜日又复立表,又令於邑中如前。邑人守门争表,表加植,不得所赏。自是之后,民信吴起之赏罚。赏罚信乎民,何事而不成,岂独兵乎?