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伯夷列传

作者:史 记 文章来源:本站整理

夫学(xue)者(zhe)载籍极(ji)博,犹考信(xin)于(yu)六艺(yi);诗书虽(sui)缺,然(ran)虞、夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文可知也(ye)。尧将(jiang)逊位(wei),让于(yu)虞舜,舜、禹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian),岳牧咸(xian)荐,乃试(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)位(wei)。典职数十(shi)年,功用既兴,然(ran)后授政。示天(tian)下重器,王(wang)者(zhe)大统,传天(tian)下若(ruo)斯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)难也(ye)。而说者(zhe)曰(yue):「尧让天(tian)下于(yu)许由(you),许由(you)不(bu)受(shou),耻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逃隐。及夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,有(you)卞随、务光者(zhe)。」何(he)以称焉?太(tai)史(shi)公曰(yue):余登箕山,其(qi)上盖有(you)许由(you)冢云。孔子序列古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁(ren)圣贤人,如吴太(tai)伯、伯夷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)伦,详矣。余以所闻,由(you)光义(yi)至(zhi)高(gao),其(qi)文辞不(bu)少概见,何(he)哉(zai)?

孔子曰(yue)(yue)(yue):「伯(bo)(bo)(bo)夷(yi)、叔(shu)(shu)齐(qi),不(bu)(bu)念旧恶,怨是(shi)用希。」「求仁(ren)得仁(ren),又何怨乎(hu)?」余悲伯(bo)(bo)(bo)夷(yi)之意(yi),睹轶诗,可异(yi)焉。其(qi)传曰(yue)(yue)(yue):「伯(bo)(bo)(bo)夷(yi)、叔(shu)(shu)齐(qi),孤竹君之二子也(ye)。父欲立(li)叔(shu)(shu)齐(qi)。及父卒,叔(shu)(shu)齐(qi)让伯(bo)(bo)(bo)夷(yi)。伯(bo)(bo)(bo)夷(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):『父命也(ye)。』遂逃去(qu)(qu)。叔(shu)(shu)齐(qi)亦不(bu)(bu)肯(ken)立(li)而(er)逃之。国人(ren)立(li)其(qi)中子。于是(shi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)夷(yi)、叔(shu)(shu)齐(qi)闻西(xi)(xi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)昌善(shan)养老,『盍往归(gui)焉!』及至,西(xi)(xi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)卒,武(wu)王载木主,号为文王,东(dong)伐纣。伯(bo)(bo)(bo)夷(yi)、叔(shu)(shu)齐(qi)叩马而(er)谏曰(yue)(yue)(yue):『父死不(bu)(bu)葬,爰及干戈,可谓(wei)孝乎(hu)?以(yi)(yi)臣弑君,可谓(wei)仁(ren)乎(hu)?』左(zuo)右欲兵之。太公曰(yue)(yue)(yue):『此义人(ren)也(ye)。』扶而(er)去(qu)(qu)之。武(wu)王已平殷(yin)乱,天下宗周(zhou);而(er)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)夷(yi)、叔(shu)(shu)齐(qi)耻之,义不(bu)(bu)食周(zhou)粟,隐于首(shou)(shou)阳(yang)山(shan),采薇而(er)食之。及饿且死,作(zuo)歌,其(qi)辞(ci)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):『登(deng)彼西(xi)(xi)山(shan)兮,采其(qi)薇矣!以(yi)(yi)暴易暴兮,不(bu)(bu)知其(qi)非矣!神(shen)农、虞、夏,忽(hu)焉没兮;我安适归(gui)矣?于嗟徂兮,命之衰矣!』遂饿死于首(shou)(shou)阳(yang)山(shan)。」由此观(guan)之,怨邪(xie)(xie)非邪(xie)(xie)?

或(huo)曰(yue):「天(tian)道(dao)无(wu)亲,常与(yu)善(shan)人。」若伯夷、叔齐,可谓善(shan)人者非邪(xie)?积(ji)仁絜行,如此而饿(e)死。且七(qi)十子之徒,仲尼独荐颜渊(yuan)为好学;然回(hui)也(ye)屡空(kong),糟(zao)糠不(bu)厌,而卒蚤夭。天(tian)之报(bao)施善(shan)人,其何(he)如哉(zai)?盗(dao)跖日杀不(bu)辜,肝人之肉,暴戾恣睢,聚(ju)党数(shu)(shu)千人,横行天(tian)下,竟以寿终,是(shi)遵何(he)德哉(zai)?此其尤大(da)彰明较著者也(ye)。若至(zhi)近世(shi),操(cao)行不(bu)轨(gui),专(zhuan)犯忌(ji)讳(hui),而终身逸乐,富厚累世(shi)不(bu)绝。或(huo)择地而蹈之,时然后出(chu)言(yan),行不(bu)由径,非公(gong)正不(bu)发愤(fen),而遇祸灾者,不(bu)可胜(sheng)数(shu)(shu)也(ye)!余(yu)甚惑焉。傥所谓天(tian)道(dao),是(shi)邪(xie)非邪(xie)?

子(zi)曰(yue):「道不(bu)(bu)同,不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)为(wei)谋。」亦各从其志也。故曰(yue):「富(fu)贵如可求(qiu),虽(sui)执(zhi)鞭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi),吾亦为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);如不(bu)(bu)可求(qiu),从吾所(suo)好。」「岁寒,然后知松柏(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后凋。」举世(shi)混独(du),清(qing)士(shi)(shi)乃见。岂以其重若彼(bi),其轻若此(ci)哉?「君子(zi)疾没世(shi)而名(ming)不(bu)(bu)称(cheng)焉。」贾子(zi)曰(yue):「贪夫徇(xun)财,烈士(shi)(shi)徇(xun)名(ming),夸者死权(quan),众庶冯生(sheng)。」「同明相(xiang)照,同类相(xiang)求(qiu)。云从龙,风从虎。圣人作而万物(wu)睹。」伯夷、叔齐虽(sui)贤,得(de)夫子(zi)而名(ming)益彰;颜(yan)渊虽(sui)笃学(xue),附(fu)骥尾(wei)而行(xing)益显。岩穴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi),趋舍有(you)时若此(ci),类名(ming)堙灭而不(bu)(bu)称(cheng),悲(bei)夫!闾巷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,欲砥行(xing)立名(ming)者,非附(fu)青云之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi),恶能施于后世(shi)哉!

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