原文：
十月，晋阴(yin)饴(yi)甥会秦伯(bo)，盟(meng)于王城(cheng)。
秦(qin)(qin)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)曰(yue)(yue)：“晋国和乎？”对曰(yue)(yue)：“不(bu)(bu)和。小(xiao)人(ren)耻(chi)失(shi)其(qi)君(jun)(jun)而(er)悼丧其(qi)亲，不(bu)(bu)惮(dan)征(zheng)缮以(yi)(yi)立圉也。曰(yue)(yue)：‘必报仇(chou)，宁事戎狄。’君(jun)(jun)子爱其(qi)君(jun)(jun)而(er)知其(qi)罪，不(bu)(bu)惮(dan)征(zheng)缮以(yi)(yi)待秦(qin)(qin)命。曰(yue)(yue)：‘必报德(de)(de)，有(you)死无二。’以(yi)(yi)此不(bu)(bu)和。”秦(qin)(qin)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)曰(yue)(yue)：“国谓(wei)君(jun)(jun)何(he)？”对曰(yue)(yue)：“小(xiao)人(ren)戚，谓(wei)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)免；君(jun)(jun)子恕，以(yi)(yi)为必归。小(xiao)人(ren)曰(yue)(yue)：‘我(wo)毒秦(qin)(qin)，秦(qin)(qin)岂归君(jun)(jun)？’君(jun)(jun)子曰(yue)(yue)：‘我(wo)知罪矣(yi)，秦(qin)(qin)必归君(jun)(jun)。贰(er)而(er)执(zhi)之(zhi)，服而(er)舍之(zhi)，德(de)(de)莫厚(hou)焉，刑莫威焉。服者怀德(de)(de)，贰(er)者畏刑，此一役也，秦(qin)(qin)可以(yi)(yi)霸。纳(na)而(er)不(bu)(bu)定，废而(er)不(bu)(bu)立，以(yi)(yi)德(de)(de)为怨，秦(qin)(qin)不(bu)(bu)其(qi)然。’”秦(qin)(qin)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)曰(yue)(yue)：“是吾心(xin)也。”
改(gai)馆(guan)晋(jin)侯，馈七牢焉(yan)。
注释
①阴饴甥(sheng)：名饴，甥(sheng)，指(zhi)他(ta)为晋(jin)侯的外(wai)甥(sheng)。因(yin)封于(yu)阴(今河南(nan)陕县至陕西(xi)(xi)商县一(yi)(yi)带)，故又(you)称阴饴甥(sheng)。晋(jin)大夫。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)伯：指(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。②王城(cheng)：今陕西(xi)(xi)朝邑县西(xi)(xi)南(nan)。③小人(ren)：指(zhi)缺乏远见的人(ren)。君：指(zhi)晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。他(ta)借(jie)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的力量才做了国(guo)(guo)君，后来和秦(qin)(qin)(qin)发生矛盾，在战争中被俘。④惮：怕。征缮：征集财赋(fu)，修缮兵器，准备打仗。圉：晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的太子名。⑤君子：指(zhi)晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)的有(you)远见的贵(gui)族。待秦(qin)(qin)(qin)命(ming)：这是委(wei)婉(wan)的说法。真正(zheng)意思(si)是：如果秦(qin)(qin)(qin)不送(song)回我们(men)的国(guo)(guo)君，就不惜一(yi)(yi)切，再(zai)打一(yi)(yi)仗。⑥必报(bao)德(de)，有(you)死无二：报(bao)答秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)对晋(jin)的恩德(de)，至死没有(you)二心。⑦戚：忧愁、悲哀。⑧毒(du)：毒(du)害，得(de)罪。指(zhi)晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)与秦(qin)(qin)(qin)为敌。以前晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)发生灾荒(huang)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)输送(song)了粮(liang)食；后来秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)发生灾荒(huang)，晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)点也不给。⑨贰：背(bei)叛。舍：释放(fang)。⑩改(gai)馆：换个(ge)住(zhu)所，改(gai)用国(guo)(guo)君之礼相待。○11馈：赠送(song)。七牢：牛(niu)、羊、猪(zhu)各一(yi)(yi)头，叫(jiao)做一(yi)(yi)牢。七牢是当时款待诸(zhu)侯的礼节。
译文
鲁(lu)僖公(gong)(gong)十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)十(shi)月，晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的阴饴甥会见(jian)(jian)秦(qin)(qin)伯，两(liang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)在王城结盟。秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)问(wen)他(ta)(ta)：“你们(men)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)内部意(yi)见(jian)(jian)和(he)协吗？”阴饴甥说(shuo)(shuo)“不(bu)和(he)。小(xiao)人(ren)以失去(qu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)君为(wei)耻，又因丧失亲人(ren)而悲(bei)伤，不(bu)怕(pa)多(duo)征赋(fu)税，舍(she)得花钱添置(zhi)武器(qi)盔(kui)甲，并且拥(yong)立太子圉继任国(guo)(guo)(guo)君。他(ta)(ta)们(men)说(shuo)(shuo)：‘宁肯奉事戎狄，也(ye)得报这个仇。’君子则(ze)爱护自己的国(guo)(guo)(guo)君，但也(ye)知道他(ta)(ta)的罪过。他(ta)(ta)们(men)也(ye)不(bu)怕(pa)多(duo)征赋(fu)税，舍(she)得花钱添置(zhi)武器(qi)盔(kui)甲，却是为(wei)了(le)等(deng)待(dai)秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的命(ming)令。他(ta)(ta)们(men)说(shuo)(shuo)：‘一(yi)定(ding)得报答秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的恩(en)德，有死无二(er)，’这样，意(yi)见(jian)(jian)就不(bu)一(yi)致。”
秦穆公(gong)又(you)(you)(you)问：“你们对(dui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)命运有(you)什(shen)么看(kan)法？”阴饴甥(sheng)说：“小(xiao)人发(fa)愁(chou)，认为国(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)不(bu)免灾祸；君(jun)(jun)子宽(kuan)心，以为国(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)必定回(hui)来。小(xiao)人说：‘我(wo)对(dui)秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)太毒了(le)，秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)岂(qi)肯还我(wo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)？’君(jun)(jun)子说：‘我(wo)已认罪(zui)了(le)，秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)必定还我(wo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)。’他(ta)(ta)背叛了(le)，就(jiu)(jiu)抓(zhua)起来；他(ta)(ta)认罪(zui)了(le)，就(jiu)(jiu)放回(hui)来。恩(en)(en)德(de)再(zai)没(mei)有(you)比(bi)这更厚的(de)(de)了(le)，刑罚也没(mei)有(you)比(bi)这更威严(yan)的(de)(de)了(le)。内心臣服的(de)(de)自然感(gan)恩(en)(en)怀德(de)，那怀有(you)二(er)心的(de)(de)也会(hui)畏惧刑罚。这一仗如此(ci)了(le)结，秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)真可成就(jiu)(jiu)霸业了(le)。不(bu)然的(de)(de)话(hua)，当初帮(bang)他(ta)(ta)回(hui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)登(deng)位，又(you)(you)(you)不(bu)让(rang)他(ta)(ta)安于其位；后来废(fei)了(le)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)位，又(you)(you)(you)不(bu)让(rang)他(ta)(ta)复位，以致原(yuan)来施的(de)(de)恩(en)(en)德(de)，反变成仇恨，秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)总不(bu)会(hui)出此(ci)下策吧！”
秦穆公说：“你讲的正合我心(xin)啊！”马上就让(rang)晋侯(hou)改(gai)住宾馆，赠送七牢，以诸侯(hou)之礼相(xiang)待。
解读
晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)本(ben)是秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)的(de)舅老爷，他靠(kao)姐(jie)夫的(de)帮助，回国(guo)(guo)登了(le)(le)君位；却以怨(yuan)报德，和秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)打了(le)(le)一仗，结果(guo)兵败(bai)被俘。阴饴甥在这时奉命到秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)求(qiu)和，实在尴尬得很。但(dan)是，他在回答秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)的(de)时候，巧妙地将国(guo)(guo)人(ren)分(fen)为“君子”、“小人(ren)”两部分(fen)，一正(zheng)一反，既(ji)承认晋(jin)侯不(bu)是，向秦(qin)服罪；又表明晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)的(de)士气不(bu)可轻侮。软(ruan)硬(ying)兼(jian)施，说得不(bu)亢不(bu)卑，恰(qia)到好处。因(yin)此赢(ying)得秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)的(de)尊敬(jing)，决心做(zuo)个顺水人(ren)情(qing)，放回晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)，以提(ti)高自(zi)己的(de)威信。
《古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)观止》编者(zhe)吴楚材的(de)评语，说(shuo)本文(wen)(wen)(wen)用(yong)的(de)是(shi)“整(zheng)对(dui)(dui)格(ge)(ge)”。现(xian)代学者(zhe)钱伯城(cheng)解(jie)释：整(zheng)对(dui)(dui)格(ge)(ge)就(jiu)是(shi)名(ming)与(yu)(yu)名(ming)对(dui)(dui)，段与(yu)(yu)段对(dui)(dui)。以本文(wen)(wen)(wen)来说(shuo)，“君子”与(yu)(yu)“小人(ren)”对(dui)(dui)，“报仇”与(yu)(yu)“报德”对(dui)(dui)，“威(wei)”与(yu)(yu)“恕”对(dui)(dui)，“怀(huai)德”与(yu)(yu)“畏刑”对(dui)(dui)。内容含意上的(de)正反开合(he)，则是(shi)意与(yu)(yu)意对(dui)(dui)。这(zhei)种整(zheng)对(dui)(dui)格(ge)(ge)，骈散结合(he)，在唐以后(hou)的(de)散文(wen)(wen)(wen)中，以韩愈为代表，曾(ceng)被大量(liang)运用(yong)。
背景
内容提要(yao)：春秋时期至此(ci)，齐(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)已成霸业，但楚成王独(du)树一帜(zhi)，宋襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)虽说气力(li)不(bu)济(ji)，也自命不(bu)凡想弄(nong)个(ge)头头当当。不(bu)过诸(zhu)侯间认(ren)得的(de)(de)只(zhi)是(shi)实(shi)力(li)！西北的(de)(de)秦穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)百里傒等的(de)(de)辅(fu)佐下，国(guo)(guo)力(li)日渐强盛。在(zai)外交上对近邻晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)更是(shi)倾注了(le)(le)心血。晋(jin)(jin)献公(gong)(gong)(gong)死后(hou)他辅(fu)佐夷吾(wu)入主。但是(shi)已成了(le)(le)晋(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)夷吾(wu)背信弃义，最后(hou)导致(zhi)秦晋(jin)(jin)韩原大战(zhan)，他也当了(le)(le)俘(fu)虏。阴饴甥作为战(zhan)败(bai)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)代表，面(mian)对仁厚(hou)的(de)(de)秦穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)，理屈不(bu)容置疑(yi)，但是(shi)他并未词穷。他利(li)用(yong)回答问题的(de)(de)机(ji)会，巧妙地(di)表述了(le)(le)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)内的(de)(de)舆(yu)论倾向，向秦穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)施加压力(li)；引用(yong)君子和小人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)认(ren)识(shi)，喻请秦穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)权衡利(li)弊，以博大的(de)(de)胸怀宽恕罪人(ren)(ren)。能在(zai)这样的(de)(de)条(tiao)件下，不(bu)卑不(bu)亢并使得晋(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)脸面(mian)尚存(cun)，阴饴甥的(de)(de)外交辞令(ling)可谓典范。
本(ben)文(wen)(wen)的两位主人公(gong)，对于(yu)晋国(guo)几次蒙秦国(guo)的帮助，一(yi)届届的国(guo)君轮番上台，从国(guo)内混战残杀到自乱而治(zhi)，直至最后(hou)(hou)晋文(wen)(wen)公(gong)称霸诸侯，都紧(jin)密相关，所(suo)以必须予以简介；而且本(ben)文(wen)(wen)所(suo)述的事件，在秦晋关系、晋国(guo)的变迁(qian)中也较重要。说明这一(yi)段(duan)历史(shi)的来龙去脉，对于(yu)理解(jie)本(ben)文(wen)(wen)，以至后(hou)(hou)面的许多文(wen)(wen)章，如《寺(si)人披见(jian)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)》、《介之(zhi)推不(bu)言禄》、《公(gong)子重耳对秦客》、《晋献公(gong)杀世(shi)子申生(sheng)》等(deng)等(deng)的时代背景，也确实是不(bu)可(ke)或缺。
阴(yin)饴（yi）甥(sheng)，即史(shi)籍所(suo)(suo)说的吕(lv)省，有(you)的称其为吕(lv)甥(sheng)，是(shi)晋国大夫(fu)，晋惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)的重(zhong)(zhong)要大臣。他(ta)并(bing)不是(shi)姓阴(yin)，阴(yin)是(shi)他(ta)封邑的名(ming)称，其复姓瑕吕(lv)。阴(yin)饴甥(sheng)所(suo)(suo)扶保(bao)的晋惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)，是(shi)晋献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)名(ming)夷吾(wu)(wu)。献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)在其父统一晋国后的第二年继位，征伐骊(li)(li)戎时虏(lu)得了(le)骊(li)(li)姬姐妹，献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)很(hen)宠爱她们(men)，二人生公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)奚齐和(he)悼子(zi)(zi)，骊(li)(li)姬为了(le)能使(shi)奚齐继位，谮恶太子(zi)(zi)，其实(shi)太子(zi)(zi)申生和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)都(dou)很(hen)有(you)贤名(ming)，得知消(xiao)息(xi)后申生不辨(bian)也不走(zou)，在曲沃自(zi)杀(sha)，重(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)和(he)夷吾(wu)(wu)逃亡(wang)。跟(gen)随重(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)的名(ming)人不少，而(er)吕(lv)省、（郤xi）芮跟(gen)随着(zhe)夷吾(wu)(wu)。奚齐则被立(li)为太子(zi)(zi)，但是(shi)这(zhei)只给他(ta)带来了(le)厄运。晋献(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死后，里克、邳郑杀(sha)太子(zi)(zi)奚齐和(he)悼子(zi)(zi)，使(shi)人迎接重(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)入(ru)朝，重(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)经(jing)过斟酌后拒绝了(le)，他(ta)们(men)就改迎夷吾(wu)(wu)。
在回晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)前(qian)(qian)，吕省认(ren)(ren)为内乱未定，另外(wai)还有其(qi)他(ta)(ta)公(gong)子在外(wai)，必须依靠强国(guo)(guo)的(de)辅助(zhu)，才能确保无虞(yu)。离晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)最近(jin)的(de)强国(guo)(guo)就是(shi)秦(qin)，于是(shi)夷吾派郤(xi)芮前(qian)(qian)往恳求(qiu)(qiu)，还应(ying)(ying)许以焦、瑕二城(cheng)答(da)谢。秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)答(da)应(ying)(ying)了(le)(le)(le)并(bing)立即(ji)出兵(bing)护送(song)，正遇(yu)齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)也(ye)派出隰朋(peng)率军来安(an)定晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)，因(yin)申生(sheng)之母(mu)是(shi)齐(qi)女，桓(huan)公(gong)是(shi)诸侯霸主，此次(ci)也(ye)是(shi)尽舅家(jia)的(de)情义。齐(qi)秦(qin)共扶晋(jin)(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)上台。但是(shi)晋(jin)(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)继位后却杀(sha)了(le)(le)(le)里(li)克、邳(pi)郑，又反(fan)(fan)悔了(le)(le)(le)当初的(de)许诺(nuo)，拒绝(jue)曾答(da)应(ying)(ying)划出的(de)土地(di)，开(kai)始(shi)和秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)交恶。晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)后来遭遇(yu)大(da)灾(zai)，百里(li)傒(xi)等力劝秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)不(bu)计前(qian)(qian)嫌，给予了(le)(le)(le)赈济，使晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)平(ping)安(an)度(du)过(guo)了(le)(le)(le)饥荒。几年后秦(qin)大(da)旱(han)歉(qian)收(shou)，自(zi)然也(ye)向晋(jin)(jin)恳求(qiu)(qiu)帮助(zhu)，但是(shi)晋(jin)(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)不(bu)仅(jin)不(bu)卖给粮(liang)食，反(fan)(fan)而大(da)举(ju)发兵(bing)伐秦(qin)。为此，秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)大(da)怒，亲自(zi)率领大(da)军讨伐晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)。两(liang)国(guo)(guo)军队战(zhan)于韩原(yuan)（山西芮城(cheng)，也(ye)有人认(ren)(ren)为是(shi)陕西韩城(cheng)）。秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)的(de)战(zhan)车陷(xian)入重围，在他(ta)(ta)仰天长叹的(de)时候，一群晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)的(de)流浪汉救了(le)(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)，并(bing)继续冲锋陷(xian)阵(zhen)，结果是(shi)晋(jin)(jin)军大(da)败，晋(jin)(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)当了(le)(le)(le)俘虏。秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)拟杀(sha)了(le)(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)祭祀(si)天地(di)。秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)的(de)夫人，即(ji)是(shi)申生(sheng)的(de)姐(jie)姐(jie)，为了(le)(le)(le)夷吾生(sheng)命身穿(chuan)孝服向穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)哀求(qiu)(qiu)。秦(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)答(da)应(ying)(ying)了(le)(le)(le)，让晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)派使臣到王城(cheng)会(hui)盟。
在晋(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)背信弃义(yi)、和(he)被伤害的秦国(guo)交锋(feng)又丧(sang)师(shi)辱国(guo)被俘后，阴饴甥(sheng)作为(wei)战败国(guo)的代表(biao)，面对仁厚的秦穆(mu)公(gong)，理屈不(bu)容置(zhi)疑，但是他并未词穷。他利(li)用回答问(wen)题的机会，巧妙地(di)表(biao)述了晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)国(guo)内(nei)的舆论倾向，向秦穆(mu)公(gong)施加压力(li)；引用君子和(he)小人的不(bu)同认识，喻请秦穆(mu)公(gong)权衡(heng)利(li)弊，以博大(da)的胸(xiong)怀宽恕罪人。能在这样的条件下，不(bu)卑不(bu)亢并使得(de)晋(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)脸面尚存，阴饴甥(sheng)的外交辞令可谓典范。
文中所述阴饴(yi)甥(sheng)的(de)辩词(ci)，确(que)实很精彩。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)须(xu)注意，这(zhei)并非(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)谈判的(de)开始，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)件的(de)整(zheng)体结果已(yi)(yi)经明(ming)确(que)，他的(de)辩词(ci)不过是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尾声随笔而(er)已(yi)(yi)。不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)阴饴(yi)甥(sheng)保住了晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)的(de)命。秦(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)没有(you)杀(sha)晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)祭祀神明(ming)，绝(jue)非(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)阴饴(yi)甥(sheng)吓住了，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周天子的(de)干涉(she)。天子以(yi)晋(jin)和周同宗为(wei)由，不允许(xu)杀(sha)。而(er)申生的(de)姐姐，也即穆公(gong)(gong)的(de)夫人穆姬(ji)“衰絰(die)涕(ti)泣”，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功不可(ke)没。最重(zhong)要的(de)，还有(you)晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)的(de)态度。当两国(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)君(jun)会盟，秦(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)许(xu)可(ke)他回(hui)国(guo)(guo)时(shi)，晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)先(xian)派阴饴(yi)甥(sheng)回(hui)晋(jin)，说明(ming)他已(yi)(yi)经没有(you)面目(mu)再回(hui)国(guo)(guo)拜社稷，请诸臣立太子圉（yu），这(zhei)就使得“晋(jin)人皆哭(ku)”。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)阴饴(yi)甥(sheng)回(hui)到王城后(hou)，才有(you)了本文的(de)问(wen)答。
晋惠(hui)公(gong)的(de)(de)(de)态度，已经埋下了(le)(le)他(ta)与秦穆(mu)公(gong)无法(fa)真正和解、也是(shi)秦晋将(jiang)继续为敌的(de)(de)(de)伏笔。实际上(shang)他(ta)回国(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，两家(jia)都未停止行(xing)动。晋惠(hui)公(gong)马(ma)上(shang)杀了(le)(le)亲秦的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)臣，秦穆(mu)公(gong)也消灭了(le)(le)梁国(guo)。这梁国(guo)是(shi)夷吾逃(tao)亡避难(nan)的(de)(de)(de)处所，也是(shi)太子圉母亲的(de)(de)(de)娘家(jia)，得知这一信(xin)息(xi)，作为会盟后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)晋国(guo)人(ren)质(zhi)，太子圉就产生(sheng)了(le)(le)逃(tao)跑回国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)念头，并很快地付诸行(xing)动。他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)逃(tao)走(zou)和继位后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)作为，促使秦穆(mu)公(gong)下定了(le)(le)决心，辅助重(zhong)耳！
秦晋韩原之战正值春秋诸侯争(zheng)霸全面展开(kai)的时候，形势是瞬息(xi)万变。文中(zhong)的人物，其命运也变幻(huan)莫测，对(dui)此(ci)，下面再作一(yi)简略的交待。
这(zhei)(zhei)一时(shi)期，郑庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)霸业(ye)不(bu)复存在，齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)早已(yi)经成为各(ge)诸(zhu)侯(hou)的(de)(de)首领；但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)楚(chu)(chu)成王在中(zhong)南独(du)树一帜(zhi)，扩展(zhan)版(ban)图夯实了(le)基础，军事(shi)上(shang)也(ye)和(he)齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)平分秋色(se)；宋襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)虽说(shuo)气力(li)(li)不(bu)济，只因(yin)(yin)为封爵最高，再满口仁(ren)义道(dao)德，就(jiu)自(zi)命不(bu)凡想弄(nong)个(ge)头头当当，不(bu)过(guo)诸(zhu)侯(hou)间认得的(de)(de)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)实力(li)(li)！没有(you)人肯买宋襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)账。齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)楚(chu)(chu)成王掣肘，手就(jiu)不(bu)能(neng)伸得太(tai)长，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，西北(bei)的(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在百里傒、蹇(jian)叔、孟明视(shi)的(de)(de)辅佐(zuo)下(xia)(xia)，发(fa)展(zhan)经济、精(jing)兵厉(li)武(wu)(wu)，国力(li)(li)日渐强盛。在外(wai)交上(shang)，他安(an)定(ding)周边诸(zhu)侯(hou)小国，平剿(jiao)作乱侵扰的(de)(de)诸(zhu)戎少数(shu)民(min)族(zu)武(wu)(wu)装，对于(yu)近邻晋(jin)(jin)(jin)国，则(ze)更是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)倾(qing)注了(le)心(xin)血(xue)。晋(jin)(jin)(jin)武(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)统一后(hou)就(jiu)撒(sa)手西去，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平顺没有(you)几年，便因(yin)(yin)家事(shi)纷(fen)争祸起萧墙。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)女(nv)婿，在晋(jin)(jin)(jin)献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死后(hou)，即辅佐(zuo)夷吾入(ru)主。俨(yan)然(ran)(ran)一派霸主形象。但(dan)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)背信弃义反与秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)为敌，最后(hou)导致韩原大(da)战。经阴(yin)饴(yi)甥努力(li)(li)，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)获(huo)释，两(liang)国缔结了(le)盟约(yue)，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)儿子(zi)太(tai)子(zi)圉(yu)到(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国为人质。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)仍然(ran)(ran)力(li)(li)求(qiu)与晋(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)和(he)平共处，就(jiu)将宗室(shi)女(nv)子(zi)许配给姬(ji)圉(yu)，这(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怀(huai)赢(ying)——后(hou)来姬(ji)圉(yu)继位(wei)，称晋(jin)(jin)(jin)怀(huai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，女(nv)为赢(ying)姓故称。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)姬(ji)圉(yu)却(que)一直对秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)囚惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)耿耿于(yu)怀(huai)，他是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)偷偷逃(tao)回晋(jin)(jin)(jin)国的(de)(de)，怀(huai)赢(ying)作为妻子(zi)、女(nv)儿，决(jue)定(ding)不(bu)负任(ren)何一方，姬(ji)圉(yu)逃(tao)走时(shi)她(ta)没有(you)声张，也(ye)拒绝同行，所以很得秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)赏(shang)识。晋(jin)(jin)(jin)怀(huai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)继位(wei)后(hou)决(jue)心(xin)铲除重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)，令跟随(sui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)的(de)(de)诸(zhu)臣立即回国，否则(ze)灭(mie)其(qi)(qi)家族(zu)！晋(jin)(jin)(jin)国国内大(da)开杀戒(jie)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)下(xia)(xia)定(ding)了(le)决(jue)心(xin)，从楚(chu)(chu)国招(zhao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)。楚(chu)(chu)成王认定(ding)“楚(chu)(chu)远秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)近，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)君贤，子(zi)其(qi)(qi)勉行”，礼送重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)到(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)将怀(huai)赢(ying)嫁给重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)，她(ta)因(yin)(yin)改嫁，以及(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)后(hou)来掌国成为晋(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，就(jiu)改称文(wen)(wen)赢(ying)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)发(fa)兵送重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)入(ru)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)，杀晋(jin)(jin)(jin)怀(huai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)。阴(yin)饴(yi)甥即吕甥阴(yin)谋(mou)烧宫殿刺杀晋(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)得知后(hou)逃(tao)走，和(he)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)会(hui)于(yu)王城。阴(yin)饴(yi)甥引兵没能(neng)杀了(le)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，反被秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所杀。
鉴赏
阴(yin)饴甥(sheng)在(zai)这时(shi)奉命到(dao)秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)求和，实在(zai)是既理(li)屈(qu)又尴尬。但(dan)是他在(zai)回答秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)的(de)(de)时(shi)候，阴(yin)饴甥(sheng)巧妙地将国(guo)人分(fen)为“君子”、“小人”两部(bu)分(fen)，一(yi)正一(yi)反(fan)，既承(cheng)认晋(jin)侯过(guo)错，向秦(qin)(qin)服罪；又表明晋(jin)国(guo)的(de)(de)士(shi)气(qi)不(bu)可(ke)轻侮，态(tai)度软(ruan)硬兼施，不(bu)亢不(bu)卑，把(ba)话说(shuo)的(de)(de)恰到(dao)好(hao)处。这个(ge)时(shi)候的(de)(de)他不(bu)但(dan)没有词穷，反(fan)而(er)能振振有词地把(ba)秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)说(shuo)服，以(yi)自己的(de)(de)庄重自持(chi)、气(qi)节凛然、才智纵(zong)横，既赢得了秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)的(de)(de)尊(zun)重与款待，又不(bu)辱使命，达到(dao)了营救自己国(guo)君的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。这真是一(yi)篇饱含思想智慧的(de)(de)的(de)(de)外交辞令。阴(yin)饴甥(sheng)的(de)(de)精彩辩词，让他的(de)(de)外交辞令可(ke)称典(dian)范。