管仲论
管(guan)仲相桓(huan)公(gong)，霸诸侯(hou)，攘夷(yi)狄，终其(qi)(qi)身(shen)齐(qi)国富强，诸侯(hou)不(bu)(bu)敢叛。管(guan)仲死，竖刁(diao)、易(yi)牙、开(kai)方用(yong)，桓(huan)公(gong)薨于(yu)(yu)乱(luan)，五(wu)公(gong)子(zi)争立，其(qi)(qi)祸蔓(man)延，讫(qi)简公(gong)，齐(qi)无宁(ning)岁。夫(fu)(fu)功之(zhi)成，非(fei)成于(yu)(yu)成之(zhi)日(ri)，盖必(bi)有(you)(you)所由起；祸之(zhi)作(zuo)，不(bu)(bu)作(zuo)于(yu)(yu)作(zuo)之(zhi)日(ri)，亦必(bi)有(you)(you)所由兆。故齐(qi)之(zhi)治也(ye)(ye)，吾不(bu)(bu)曰(yue)(yue)管(guan)仲，而(er)曰(yue)(yue)鲍叔。及其(qi)(qi)乱(luan)也(ye)(ye)，吾不(bu)(bu)曰(yue)(yue)竖刁(diao)、易(yi)牙、开(kai)方，而(er)曰(yue)(yue)管(guan)仲。何则？竖刁(diao)、易(yi)牙、开(kai)方三(san)子(zi)，彼固乱(luan)人(ren)国者，顾(gu)其(qi)(qi)用(yong)之(zhi)者，桓(huan)公(gong)也(ye)(ye)。夫(fu)(fu)有(you)(you)舜而(er)后知(zhi)放四凶，有(you)(you)仲尼而(er)后知(zhi)去(qu)少正卯。彼桓(huan)公(gong)何人(ren)也(ye)(ye)？顾(gu)其(qi)(qi)使桓(huan)公(gong)得用(yong)三(san)子(zi)者，管(guan)仲也(ye)(ye)。仲之(zhi)疾也(ye)(ye)，公(gong)问(wen)之(zhi)相。当(dang)是(shi)时也(ye)(ye)，吾意以(yi)仲且举天下(xia)之(zhi)贤(xian)者以(yi)对。而(er)其(qi)(qi)言(yan)乃不(bu)(bu)过(guo)曰(yue)(yue)：竖刁(diao)、易(yi)牙、开(kai)方三(san)子(zi)，非(fei)人(ren)情，不(bu)(bu)可近而(er)已。
呜(wu)(wu)呼(hu)！仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)果(guo)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)用三(san)子矣(yi)乎？仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)与桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)处几年矣(yi)，亦知桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为人(ren)矣(yi)乎？桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)声不(bu)(bu)(bu)绝于耳(er)(er)，色不(bu)(bu)(bu)绝于目，而(er)(er)(er)(er)非(fei)三(san)子者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)则(ze)无以(yi)(yi)(yi)遂其欲。彼其初之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)用者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，徒(tu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)焉耳(er)(er)。一日无仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，则(ze)三(san)子者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)弹冠(guan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)相庆矣(yi)。仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为将死(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)絷桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手足耶？夫(fu)齐国(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)患(huan)有(you)三(san)子，而(er)(er)(er)(er)患(huan)无仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，则(ze)三(san)子者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，三(san)匹夫(fu)耳(er)(er)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)然，天(tian)下岂少三(san)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)哉？虽(sui)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)幸(xing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)听仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，诛此三(san)人(ren)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)其余(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能悉数而(er)(er)(er)(er)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耶？呜(wu)(wu)呼(hu)！仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)知本(ben)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)矣(yi)。因桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)问(wen)，举天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自代，则(ze)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)虽(sui)死(si)(si)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)齐国(guo)未为无仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也。夫(fu)何患(huan)三(san)子者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)？不(bu)(bu)(bu)言可(ke)(ke)也。五伯莫(mo)盛(sheng)于威、文(wen)(wen)，文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才，不(bu)(bu)(bu)过桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)，其臣又皆不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；灵公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虐，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如孝公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宽厚。文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)死(si)(si)，诸侯不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢叛晋，晋习文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余(yu)威，犹得为诸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盟(meng)主百余(yu)年。何者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)？其君虽(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)尚有(you)老成(cheng)人(ren)焉。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薨(hong)也，一乱涂(tu)地，无惑也，彼独恃一管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)则(ze)死(si)(si)矣(yi)。
夫天下未(wei)尝(chang)无贤者(zhe)(zhe)，盖有(you)(you)有(you)(you)臣而(er)(er)无君者(zhe)(zhe)矣。桓公在焉，而(er)(er)曰天下不(bu)复有(you)(you)管(guan)仲(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)，吾不(bu)信(xin)也(ye)。仲(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)书，有(you)(you)记其将死(si)(si)论鲍(bao)叔(shu)、宾胥无之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)人，且各疏其短。是(shi)其心(xin)以为(wei)数子(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)皆不(bu)足以托国。而(er)(er)又逆(ni)知其将死(si)(si)，则其书诞谩不(bu)足信(xin)也(ye)。吾观史鰌(qiu)，以不(bu)能进蘧伯(bo)玉(yu)，而(er)(er)退弥子(zi)瑕，故(gu)有(you)(you)身后之(zhi)(zhi)谏(jian)。萧何且死(si)(si)，举(ju)曹参以自代。大臣之(zhi)(zhi)用心(xin)，固宜如此也(ye)。夫国以一人兴，以一人亡。贤者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)悲其身之(zhi)(zhi)死(si)(si)，而(er)(er)忧其国之(zhi)(zhi)衰，故(gu)必复有(you)(you)贤者(zhe)(zhe)，而(er)(er)后可以死(si)(si)。彼管(guan)仲(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)，何以死(si)(si)哉？
译文
管仲(zhong)作(zuo)丞(cheng)相辅佐桓公，称霸于诸(zhu)侯，排斥打击夷、狄等异族，终其一生都使齐国(guo)富强(qiang)，诸(zhu)侯不敢背叛。管仲(zhong)死后，竖刁(diao)、易牙、开方被(bei)重(zhong)用(yong)。桓公死于宫廷内(nei)乱，五位(wei)公子争抢君(jun)位(wei)，此祸蔓延，直到齐简(jian)公，齐国(guo)无一年(nian)安宁。
功(gong)业的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)成，不是(shi)(shi)完(wan)成在成功(gong)之(zhi)日(ri)，必(bi)然(ran)由(you)(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素而引起(qi)；祸乱(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)发生(sheng)，不是(shi)(shi)发作于作乱(luan)之(zhi)时，也必(bi)有(you)其(qi)根源而预兆。因此(ci)，齐(qi)国的(de)(de)(de)(de)安定强盛，我不说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)于管仲，而说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)于鲍叔。至于齐(qi)国的(de)(de)(de)(de)祸乱(luan)，我不说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)于竖刁(diao)(diao)、易牙、开(kai)(kai)(kai)方(fang)，而说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)于管仲。为什么呢？竖刁(diao)(diao)、易牙、开(kai)(kai)(kai)方(fang)三(san)人(ren)本(ben)就是(shi)(shi)乱(luan)国者，但重(zhong)用(yong)他们的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。有(you)了舜才知(zhi)道(dao)流放四凶，有(you)了仲尼然(ran)后(hou)才知(zhi)道(dao)杀掉少正卯，那桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)什么人(ren)，回头(tou)看来，使(shi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)重(zhong)用(yong)这三(san)个人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)管仲啊！管仲病(bing)危时，桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)询问(wen)丞(cheng)相的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)选。此(ci)时，我想管仲将推荐(jian)天下(xia)最贤能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)来作答，但他的(de)(de)(de)(de)话不过是(shi)(shi)“竖刁(diao)(diao)、易牙、开(kai)(kai)(kai)方(fang)三(san)个人(ren)，不讲人(ren)情(qing)，不能(neng)亲近”罢了。
唉，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)果(guo)然能(neng)够不(bu)(bu)(bu)用这(zhei)三(san)(san)个人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)吗(ma)(ma)？管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)相(xiang)处多年了(le)(le)，该知道(dao)他的(de)为(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)了(le)(le)吧(ba)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)个音(yin)乐不(bu)(bu)(bu)停歇(xie)于耳，美色不(bu)(bu)(bu)离开眼的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。如(ru)无(wu)此(ci)三(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)无(wu)法满足他的(de)欲(yu)望。他开始不(bu)(bu)(bu)重用他们，只是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在，一(yi)旦管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)没(mei)了(le)(le)，这(zhei)三(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)弹冠(guan)相(xiang)庆了(le)(le)。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)自(zi)己的(de)遗言就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)束(shu)缚(fu)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)吗(ma)(ma)？齐(qi)国不(bu)(bu)(bu)怕有这(zhei)三(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)怕没(mei)有管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在，那(nei)这(zhei)三(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)普通人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)罢了(le)(le)。若不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)样，天下难(nan)道(dao)缺跟这(zhei)三(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)样的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)吗(ma)(ma)？即使桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)侥幸而听(ting)了(le)(le)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)话，杀了(le)(le)这(zhei)三(san)(san)个人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，但其余的(de)这(zhei)类人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)一(yi)个也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)剩地除掉他们吗(ma)(ma)？唉！管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)懂得从(cong)根本(ben)上(shang)着(zhe)眼的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)啊！如(ru)果(guo)他乘着(zhe)齐(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)询问(wen)时(shi)，推(tui)荐天下贤人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)来代(dai)替自(zi)己，那(nei)么管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)虽(sui)死，齐(qi)国也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)算是(shi)(shi)(shi)失去了(le)(le)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。这(zhei)三(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)又有什(shen)么可(ke)怕的(de)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)提他们也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)啊！
五霸中没(mei)有(you)比齐(qi)桓公、晋(jin)文(wen)公再强的了(le)。晋(jin)文(wen)公的才能比不上齐(qi)桓公，他(ta)的大臣(chen)也都(dou)赶不上管(guan)仲。晋(jin)灵公暴(bao)虐，不如齐(qi)孝公宽厚。可晋(jin)文(wen)公死(si)后，诸侯(hou)不敢背(bei)叛晋(jin)国。晋(jin)国承袭(xi)文(wen)公的余威，还(hai)能在一百(bai)年里充(chong)当盟(meng)主。为什么呢？因为它的君(jun)主虽不贤明，但是还(hai)有(you)老成练(lian)达的大臣(chen)存(cun)在。桓公死(si)后，齐(qi)国一败涂地，这没(mei)有(you)什么疑(yi)问奇(qi)啊！他(ta)仅(jin)依(yi)靠一个管(guan)仲，管(guan)仲却死(si)了(le)。
天(tian)下并非(fei)无(wu)贤人(ren)，确实是(shi)有贤臣而(er)(er)没有明君。桓公在世(shi)时，就说天(tian)下再(zai)没有管(guan)仲(zhong)这样的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)才。我(wo)不(bu)相信(xin)。管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)书里有记载他(ta)将死(si)时论及鲍叔牙、宾胥(xu)无(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)为(wei)人(ren)，并列出他(ta)们各(ge)自(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短处。这是(shi)他(ta)心中(zhong)认为(wei)这几个(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)都(dou)不(bu)能托(tuo)以国家重任。而(er)(er)且预料自(zi)(zi)己将死(si)。这部书实在是(shi)荒诞，不(bu)值得相信(xin)。我(wo)看(kan)史鳅，因为(wei)活着(zhe)不(bu)能荐用蘧伯(bo)玉和(he)斥退弥子瑕，为(wei)此(ci)有身后劝谏之事(shi)。萧何(he)临(lin)死(si)，推荐曹参代(dai)替自(zi)(zi)己。大臣的(de)(de)(de)(de)用心，本来(lai)应该如此(ci)啊！国家因一个(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)而(er)(er)兴(xing)盛，一个(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)而(er)(er)灭亡。贤人(ren)不(bu)悲痛自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡，而(er)(er)忧虑国家的(de)(de)(de)(de)衰败。因此(ci)必须再(zai)推选出贤明的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)来(lai)，然后才可以放(fang)心死(si)去。那管(guan)仲(zhong)，凭什么可以死(si)掉呢？
赏析
管(guan)仲是历史(shi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名相之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。他辅(fu)佐齐桓公尊周室，攘夷狄(di)，九合诸侯，一(yi)匡天下(xia)。他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功绩一(yi)向为人称道，连孔(kong)子对(dui)他都给予了很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)评(ping)价。对(dui)于这(zhei)样一(yi)个典范人物，作者(zhe)独能从(cong)其不(bu)能推荐(jian)贤(xian)人这(zhei)一(yi)要害之(zhi)(zhi)处进行(xing)评(ping)说(shuo)，其立论新(xin)奇，合乎情理。在(zai)封建社会(hui)中，一(yi)个有作为的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去(qu)世往往会(hui)给国家(jia)带来(lai)消极的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甚至(zhi)是灾难性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影响，这(zhei)种(zhong)例子在(zai)历史(shi)上是不(bu)罕见(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此，作者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)见(jian)解是正确的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
本文(wen)文(wen)笔犀利(li)，逻(luo)辑严密，令(ling)人(ren)无(wu)懈可击，正如(ru)(ru)(ru)清人(ren)吴楚材所(suo)说：“立论一层深(shen)一层，引(yin)证一段系一段，似(si)此卓识雄文(wen)，方能令(ling)古人(ren)心(xin)服。”例如(ru)(ru)(ru)，为了说明管(guan)仲提出的竖刁等三(san)(san)人(ren)“非人(ren)情不可近”只是(shi)一句毫无(wu)意义(yi)的空话，他把齐(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)和舜(shun)、孔(kong)子进行比(bi)较，说明齐(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)不可能除掉(diao)这三(san)(san)个人(ren)。退(tui)一步说，即使是(shi)除掉(diao)了这三(san)(san)个人(ren)，“天下岂少三(san)(san)子之徒哉”。又如(ru)(ru)(ru)，在谈(tan)到(dao)管(guan)仲在临死时(shi)没有向桓公(gong)(gong)举荐贤人(ren)是(shi)一重大失(shi)误时(shi)，作者(zhe)又用(yong)史(shi)、萧何的事(shi)迹进行对比(bi)，得出了“大臣(chen)之用(yong)心(xin)，固宜如(ru)(ru)(ru)此也”的结论，可以(yi)说是(shi)丝丝入扣，令(ling)人(ren)拍(pai)案叫绝。
本文批评(ping)了(le)(le)管仲在(zai)临死前未能荐(jian)贤自(zi)代，以(yi)致在(zai)他死后(hou)齐国发生了(le)(le)内乱。作者的观点(dian)颇为(wei)新(xin)奇(qi)，可(ke)以(yi)称为(wei)“翻案文章”。
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