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柳子厚墓志铭

柳子厚墓志铭

[唐]韩愈

【题解】此文(wen)是(shi)韩愈(yu)于元和十(shi)五年(820),在袁州任刺(ci)史时所作(zuo)。韩愈(yu)和柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)元同是(shi)唐代古文(wen)运动中桴鼓相(xiang)应的(de)(de)领袖。私交甚深,友(you)情(qing)(qing)笃厚。柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)元卒于元和十(shi)四年,韩愈(yu)写(xie)过不(bu)少哀悼和纪念文(wen)字,这(zhei)是(shi)其(qi)中较(jiao)有代表(biao)性的(de)(de)一篇。文(wen)章综括(kuo)柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)元的(de)(de)家世、生平、交友(you)、文(wen)章,着重论述其(qi)治(zhi)柳(liu)(liu)政绩(ji)和文(wen)学(xue)风义。韩愈(yu)赞扬宗(zong)元的(de)(de)政治(zhi)才(cai)能,称(cheng)颂其(qi)勇于为(wei)人,急朋友(you)之(zhi)(zhi)难的(de)(de)美德(de)和刻(ke)苦自励的(de)(de)精神。对他长(zhang)期迁(qian)谪的(de)(de)坎坷(ke)遭遇,满掬同情(qing)(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)泪。然(ran)而对于宗(zong)元早年参加(jia)王叔文(wen)集团,企(qi)图改革政治(zhi)的(de)(de)行为(wei),却(que)极为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)讳,措词隐约,表(biao)现了(le)作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)保守思想。文(wen)中,韩愈(yu)肯定了(le)柳(liu)(liu)宗(zong)元文(wen)学(xue)上的(de)(de)卓越成就,并揭示出(chu)柳(liu)(liu)文(wen)愤(fen)世嫉俗之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)及其(qi)现实意义。全(quan)文(wen)写(xie)得酣姿(zi)淋漓,顿挫(cuo)盘郁,乃韩愈(yu)至(zhi)性至(zhi)情(qing)(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)所发(fa)。

墓(mu)(mu)志铭(ming),是古代文(wen)(wen)体的(de)一(yi)种(zhong)(zhong),刻石纳入(ru)墓(mu)(mu)内或(huo)墓(mu)(mu)旁,表(biao)(biao)示对死(si)者(zhe)的(de)纪(ji)念,以便后人稽考(kao)。文(wen)(wen)章通常分(fen)两部分(fen),前一(yi)部分(fen)是序文(wen)(wen),叙述死(si)者(zhe)的(de)姓(xing)氏、爵里(li)、世系和(he)生平事迹;后一(yi)部分(fen)是铭(ming)文(wen)(wen),缀以韵语,表(biao)(biao)示对死(si)者(zhe)的(de)悼念和(he)颂赞(zan)。这一(yi)篇(pian)墓(mu)(mu)志铭(ming)的(de)铭(ming)文(wen)(wen)极(ji)短(duan),是一(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)变(bian)格。

子(zi)厚,讳(hui)宗(zong)元[1]。七世(shi)祖(zu)庆,为(wei)拓跋(ba)魏侍中(zhong),封济阴公[2]。曾伯(bo)祖(zu)奭[3],为(wei)唐宰相,与褚遂良(liang)、韩瑗俱得罪武后[4],死高(gao)宗(zong)朝。皇考(kao)讳(hui)镇[5],以事(shi)母弃太常博士,求为(wei)县令(ling)江南(nan)[6]。其后以不能媚(mei)权(quan)贵[7],失(shi)御史。权(quan)贵人(ren)死[8],乃复(fu)拜侍御史[9]。号为(wei)刚直[10],所与游皆当世(shi)名人(ren)[11]。

子厚少(shao)精敏,无不通达(da)。逮(dai)其父(fu)时(shi)[12],虽少(shao)年(nian),已自成(cheng)人[13],能取进士第[14],崭(zhan)然(ran)见(jian)头角[15]。众(zhong)谓柳氏(shi)有子矣[16]。其后以博学宏词,授集(ji)贤殿正字[17]。俊杰(jie)廉(lian)悍(han)[18],议论证(zheng)据今古(gu)[19],出入经史百(bai)子[20],踔厉(li)风发(fa)[21],率常屈其座人[22]。名声大振,一时(shi)皆慕与之交。诸公要人,争欲令出我(wo)门(men)下[23],交口荐誉之[24]。

贞元十九年,由蓝田尉拜监察御(yu)史[25]。顺宗即(ji)位,拜礼部员外(wai)郎[26]。遇用事者得罪(zui)[27],例出为刺(ci)史[28]。未至,又例贬永州(zhou)司(si)马[29]。居闲[30],益自(zi)刻苦,务记(ji)览[31],为词章,泛滥停蓄[32],为深博无(wu)涯涘[33]。而自(zi)肆于山水间[34]。

元和(he)中,尝例(li)召至京(jing)师;又偕出为(wei)刺史(shi)[35],而(er)(er)子(zi)厚得柳州[36]。既至,叹曰(yue):“是岂不足为(wei)政邪(xie)[37]?”因(yin)其(qi)(qi)土俗[38],为(wei)设(she)教禁(jin)[39],州人(ren)顺赖(lai)[40]。其(qi)(qi)俗以(yi)男女质钱(qian)[41],约(yue)不时赎(shu)(shu)[42],子(zi)本相侔[43],则(ze)没为(wei)奴婢[44]。子(zi)厚与设(she)方(fang)计[45],悉令赎(shu)(shu)归[46]。其(qi)(qi)尤贫力(li)不能者(zhe)(zhe),令书其(qi)(qi)佣[47],足相当,则(ze)使(shi)(shi)归其(qi)(qi)质[48]。观察使(shi)(shi)下(xia)其(qi)(qi)法于他(ta)州[49],比一岁[50],免而(er)(er)归者(zhe)(zhe)且千人(ren)。衡(heng)湘以(yi)南为(wei)进士者(zhe)(zhe)[51],皆(jie)以(yi)子(zi)厚为(wei)师,其(qi)(qi)经(jing)承子(zi)厚口讲指画为(wei)文词者(zhe)(zhe),悉有(you)法度可观。

[52] 其召(zhao)至京师而(er)复为刺史也,中山(shan)刘梦(meng)得(de)禹(yu)锡亦在遣中[53],当诣播州(zhou)[54]。子(zi)厚泣(qi)曰:“播州(zhou)非人(ren)所居,而(er)梦(meng)得(de)亲(qin)在堂[55],吾不(bu)忍梦(meng)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)穷[56],无辞(ci)以白(bai)(bai)其大人(ren)[57];且万无母子(zi)俱往理。”请于(yu)朝,将拜疏[58],愿以柳易播[59],虽重(zhong)得(de)罪[60],死不(bu)恨。遇有以梦(meng)得(de)事白(bai)(bai)上(shang)者[61],梦(meng)得(de)于(yu)是改(gai)刺连州(zhou)[62]。呜呼!士穷乃见节义(yi)。今夫(fu)平居里巷相(xiang)(xiang)慕悦(yue),酒食游(you)戏相(xiang)(xiang)徵逐[63],诩诩强笑(xiao)语以相(xiang)(xiang)取下[64],握手(shou)(shou)出肺(fei)肝(gan)相(xiang)(xiang)示(shi)[65],指天日涕(ti)泣(qi),誓生死不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)背负[66],真若(ruo)不(bu)信;一(yi)旦(dan)临(lin)小利害,仅如毛发比[67],反眼(yan)若(ruo)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)识(shi)。落陷穽[68],不(bu)一(yi)引手(shou)(shou)救,反挤之(zhi)(zhi),又下石(shi)焉者,皆是也。此(ci)宜禽(qin)兽夷狄所不(bu)忍为,而(er)其人(ren)自视以为得(de)计。闻子(zi)厚之(zhi)(zhi)风,亦可以少愧矣(yi)[69]。

子厚(hou)前时(shi)少年,勇(yong)于(yu)(yu)为(wei)人(ren)(ren)[70],不(bu)自(zi)贵重顾籍[71],谓功业可立(li)就(jiu)[72],故坐废退(tui)[73]。既退(tui),又(you)无(wu)相知有气力得位(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)推挽[74],故卒死于(yu)(yu)穷裔(yi)[75],材不(bu)为(wei)世用(yong),道不(bu)行于(yu)(yu)时(shi)也。使子厚(hou)在台省时(shi)[76],自(zi)持其身,已能(neng)如司(si)马刺史时(shi),亦自(zi)不(bu)斥(chi);斥(chi)时(shi),有人(ren)(ren)力能(neng)举之,且(qie)必复(fu)用(yong)不(bu)穷。然子厚(hou)斥(chi)不(bu)久,穷不(bu)极,虽有出(chu)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren),其文学辞(ci)章,必不(bu)能(neng)自(zi)力[77],以致必传(chuan)于(yu)(yu)后如今,无(wu)疑也。虽使子厚(hou)得所愿,为(wei)将(jiang)相于(yu)(yu)一时(shi)[78],以彼易(yi)此,孰得孰失,必有能(neng)辨(bian)之者(zhe)(zhe)。

子(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)以元和十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)十(shi)一月(yue)八日卒[79],年(nian)(nian)四(si)十(shi)七。以十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)七月(yue)十(shi)日,归(gui)葬(zang)万年(nian)(nian)先人墓侧[280]。子(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)有子(zi)(zi)男二人:长曰周六,始四(si)岁(sui);季(ji)曰周七[81],子(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)卒乃生(sheng)。女子(zi)(zi)二人,皆幼。其(qi)得归(gui)葬(zang)也,费皆出观察使(shi)河东裴君行立[82]。行立有节概(gai)[83],重(zhong)然诺[84],与子(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)结交,子(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)亦为之尽[85],竟赖其(qi)力。葬(zang)子(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)于万年(nian)(nian)之墓者,舅弟卢(lu)遵[86]。遵,涿人[87],性(xing)谨慎(shen),学问不厌。自子(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)之斥,遵从而家(jia)焉[88],逮(dai)其(qi)死不去。既往葬(zang)子(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou),又(you)将经纪其(qi)家(jia),庶几有始终者[89]。铭曰:

是惟子厚(hou)之室[90],既固(gu)既安,以利(li)其嗣(si)人[91]。  

子厚,名叫(jiao)宗(zong)元。七世祖柳(liu)(liu)庆(qing),做过(guo)(guo)北魏(wei)的侍(shi)中,被封为济阴公(gong)。高伯祖柳(liu)(liu)奭,做过(guo)(guo)唐朝(chao)的宰相,同褚(chu)遂良、韩(han)瑗(yuan)一起得罪了(le)武则天皇后,在高宗(zong)时(shi)被处(chu)死(si)。父亲叫(jiao)柳(liu)(liu)镇,为了(le)侍(shi)奉母(mu)亲,放弃了(le)太常(chang)博士的官位,请求到江南做县令。后来(lai)因为他(ta)(ta)不肯向权贵献媚,丢掉(diao)了(le)御(yu)史(shi)官。直到那位权贵死(si)了(le),才又被任命(ming)为侍(shi)御(yu)史(shi)。人们都(dou)说他(ta)(ta)刚毅正(zheng)直,与他(ta)(ta)交往的都(dou)是(shi)当(dang)时(shi)名人。

子(zi)厚少年时就很精(jing)(jing)明(ming)能(neng)干(gan),没有(you)不明(ming)白通晓的(de)(de)事。当他的(de)(de)父亲还在(zai)世的(de)(de)时候(hou),他虽然(ran)很年轻,但已经成才(cai),能(neng)够(gou)考取进士科第,显露(lu)出(chu)出(chu)众的(de)(de)才(cai)华,大家都说(shuo)柳家有(you)个好儿子(zi)。后(hou)来又通过博学宏词科的(de)(de)考试,被授为(wei)集贤(xian)殿正字。他才(cai)智突出(chu),清廉刚毅(yi),发(fa)表议(yi)论时能(neng)引证今古事例为(wei)依据,精(jing)(jing)通经史典籍和诸(zhu)子(zi)百(bai)家,言(yan)谈(tan)纵横上下,意气风发(fa),常常使满(man)座的(de)(de)人为(wei)之叹服。因此名声哄动,一时之间人们都敬慕而希(xi)望与(yu)他交往。那(nei)些公卿贵人争着要收他做自己(ji)的(de)(de)门(men)生,众口一辞(ci)地推荐(jian)称赞他。

贞(zhen)元(yuan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian),子(zi)厚由蓝(lan)(lan)田县(xian)尉调任(ren)监(jian)察(cha)(cha)御史(shi)。顺(shun)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)即(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei),又(you)(you)升为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)礼(li)部员(yuan)(yuan)外郎。逢遇当(dang)(dang)(dang)权(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)获罪(zui),他也(ye)被(bei)援例(li)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)京(jing)城(cheng)当(dang)(dang)(dang)刺(ci)史(shi),还(hai)未(wei)到(dao)任(ren),又(you)(you)被(bei)依例(li)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)永(yong)州(zhou)司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)。身(shen)处(chu)清(qing)闲(xian)(xian)之(zhi)地(di)(di),自(zi)(zi)(zi)己更加刻(ke)(ke)苦为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)学,专心(xin)诵(song)读(du),写作(zuo)(zuo)刘(liu)(liu)禹锡作(zuo)(zuo)集(ji)(ji)序云:“子(zi)厚始以(yi)(yi)童子(zi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)奇名于贞(zhen)元(yuan)初(chu)。”[14]取(qu)进士(shi)第(di):贞(zhen)元(yuan)九年(nian)(nian)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)进士(shi)及(ji)第(di),年(nian)(nian)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)一。[15]崭(zhan)然:高(gao)峻突(tu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)貌。见(jian)(xiàn现):同(tong)(tong)“现”。[16]有(you)(you)(you)(you)子(zi):意谓(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)光耀(yao)楣门之(zhi)子(zi)。[17]博学宏(hong)词(ci)(ci):柳(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)贞(zhen)元(yuan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(796)中(zhong)(zhong)博学宏(hong)词(ci)(ci)科,年(nian)(nian)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)四。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)制,进士(shi)及(ji)第(di)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)应(ying)博学宏(hong)词(ci)(ci)考选,取(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)即(ji)(ji)授(shou)予官(guan)职(zhi)。集(ji)(ji)贤殿:集(ji)(ji)贤殿书院,掌(zhang)刊辑经籍,搜求佚书。正字:集(ji)(ji)贤殿置学士(shi)、正字等官(guan),正字掌(zhang)管(guan)编校典(dian)籍、刊正文(wen)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)岁授(shou)集(ji)(ji)贤殿正字。[18]廉(lian)悍:方(fang)正、廉(lian)洁和(he)(he)坚毅有(you)(you)(you)(you)骨气。[19]证据(ju)(ju)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)古:引据(ju)(ju)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)古事(shi)(shi)(shi)例(li)作(zuo)(zuo)证。[20]出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)入(ru):融会贯(guan)通,深入(ru)浅出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。[21]踔(chuo)(zhuó酌)厉风发:议论纵横,言(yan)辞(ci)奋发,见(jian)识高(gao)远。踔(chuo),远。厉,高(gao)。[22]率:每每。屈:使之(zhi)屈服。[23]令出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)我门下(xia):意谓(wei)(wei)都想叫他做(zuo)(zuo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)门生以(yi)(yi)沾光彩(cai)。[24]交口:异(yi)口同(tong)(tong)声。[25]蓝(lan)(lan)田:今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)属(shu)(shu)陕西(xi)(xi)。尉:县(xian)府管(guan)理治安(an),缉(ji)捕盗贼(zei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)吏。监(jian)察(cha)(cha)御史(shi):御史(shi)台的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)属(shu)(shu)官(guan),掌(zhang)分察(cha)(cha)百僚(liao),巡按(an)(an)郡县(xian),纠视刑狱,整肃朝(chao)仪诸(zhu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。[26]礼(li)部员(yuan)(yuan)外郎:官(guan)名,掌(zhang)管(guan)辨别和(he)(he)拟定礼(li)制之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)及(ji)学校贡举之(zhi)法(fa)。柳(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)得做(zuo)(zuo)此(ci)官(guan)是王(wang)(wang)叔(shu)文(wen)、韦(wei)执谊等所荐引。[27]用(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe):掌(zhang)权(quan)者(zhe),指(zhi)王(wang)(wang)叔(shu)文(wen)。顺(shun)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)做(zuo)(zuo)太子(zi)时(shi)(shi),王(wang)(wang)叔(shu)文(wen)任(ren)太子(zi)属(shu)(shu)官(guan),顺(shun)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)登位(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou),王(wang)(wang)叔(shu)文(wen)任(ren)户(hu)部侍郎,深得顺(shun)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)信任(ren)。于是引用(yong)新进,施行(xing)改革(ge)。旧派世族和(he)(he)藩镇宦官(guan)拥立(li)(li)其子(zi)李纯为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong),将(jiang)王(wang)(wang)叔(shu)文(wen)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)黜(chu),后(hou)(hou)来(lai)又(you)(you)将(jiang)其杀戮。和(he)(he)柳(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)同(tong)(tong)时(shi)(shi)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)作(zuo)(zuo)司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)八(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren),号“八(ba)司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)”。[28]例(li)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu):按(an)(an)规定遣出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。永(yong)贞(zhen)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(805),宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)被(bei)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)邵州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)湖南邵阳)刺(ci)史(shi)。[29]例(li)贬(bian)(bian)(bian):依照(zhao)“条例(li)”贬(bian)(bian)(bian)官(guan)。永(yong)州(zhou):今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)湖南零陵县(xian)。司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma):本(ben)是州(zhou)刺(ci)史(shi)属(shu)(shu)下(xia)掌(zhang)管(guan)军事(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副职(zhi),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)时(shi)(shi)已成为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)职(zhi)无(wu)(wu)权(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冗(rong)员(yuan)(yuan)。[30]居闲(xian)(xian):指(zhi)公事(shi)(shi)(shi)清(qing)闲(xian)(xian)。[31]记(ji)览:记(ji)诵(song)阅览。此(ci)喻(yu)(yu)刻(ke)(ke)苦为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)学。[32]泛(fan)滥(lan):文(wen)笔汪洋恣肆。停蓄:文(wen)笔雄厚凝炼。[33]无(wu)(wu)涯涘(sì四):无(wu)(wu)边际。涯、涘,均是水边。[34]肆:放情(qing)。[35]偕出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu):元(yuan)和(he)(he)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(815),宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)等“八(ba)司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)”同(tong)(tong)时(shi)(shi)被(bei)召(zhao)(zhao)回长安(an),但又(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)被(bei)迁往更远的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)。[36]柳(liu)州(zhou):唐(tang)(tang)(tang)置,属(shu)(shu)岭(ling)南道(dao),即(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)广(guang)西(xi)(xi)柳(liu)州(zhou)市。[37]是岂不(bu)(bu)足为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政邪:意谓(wei)(wei)柳(liu)州(zhou)地(di)(di)虽僻(pi)远,也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)做(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)政绩(ji)。是,指(zhi)柳(liu)州(zhou)。[38]因:顺(shun)着,按(an)(an)照(zhao)。土俗:当(dang)(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)风俗。[39]教禁(jin):教谕和(he)(he)禁(jin)令。[40]顺(shun)赖:顺(shun)从(cong)信赖。[41]质(zhi):典(dian)当(dang)(dang)(dang),抵押。[42]不(bu)(bu)时(shi)(shi)赎(shu)(shu):不(bu)(bu)按(an)(an)时(shi)(shi)赎(shu)(shu)取(qu)。[43]子(zi):子(zi)金(jin)(jin),即(ji)(ji)利息。本(ben):本(ben)金(jin)(jin)。相侔(móu谋):相等。[44]没(mei):没(mei)收。[45]与设方(fang)计:替(ti)债务(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)想方(fang)设法(fa)。[46]悉:全部。[47]书:写,记(ji)下(xia)。佣(yong):当(dang)(dang)(dang)雇工(gong)。此(ci)指(zhi)雇工(gong)劳动所值,即(ji)(ji)工(gong)资。[48]足相当(dang)(dang)(dang):意谓(wei)(wei)佣(yong)工(gong)所值足以(yi)(yi)抵消借款本(ben)息。质(zhi):人(ren)(ren)(ren)质(zhi)。[49]观(guan)察(cha)(cha)使:又(you)(you)称观(guan)察(cha)(cha)处(chu)置使,是中(zhong)(zhong)央派往地(di)(di)方(fang)掌(zhang)管(guan)监(jian)察(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)。下(xia)其法(fa):推行(xing)赎(shu)(shu)回人(ren)(ren)(ren)质(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办法(fa)。[50]比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bì避):及(ji),等到(dao)。[51]衡(heng)湘:衡(heng)山(shan)(shan)、湘水,泛(fan)指(zhi)岭(ling)南地(di)(di)区。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):应(ying)试。[52]法(fa)度(du):规范。[53]中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan):今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)定县(xian)。刘(liu)(liu)梦得:名禹锡,彭城(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)江苏铜山(shan)(shan)县(xian))人(ren)(ren)(ren),中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)郡望。其祖先(xian)汉景帝(di)子(zi)刘(liu)(liu)胜曾封中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)王(wang)(wang)。王(wang)(wang)叔(shu)文(wen)失(shi)败(bai)后(hou)(hou),刘(liu)(liu)被(bei)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)郎州(zhou)司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma),这次召(zhao)(zhao)还(hai)入(ru)京(jing)后(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)州(zhou)刺(ci)史(shi)。[54]诣(yi):前往。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)州(zhou):今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)贵州(zhou)绥阳县(xian)。[55]亲在(zai)堂:母(mu)(mu)亲健在(zai)。[56]穷:困窘。[57]大人(ren)(ren)(ren):父母(mu)(mu)。此(ci)指(zhi)刘(liu)(liu)母(mu)(mu)。句谓(wei)(wei)这种不(bu)(bu)幸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)处(chu)境难以(yi)(yi)向(xiang)老母(mu)(mu)讲(jiang)。[58]拜疏(shu)(shù树):向(xiang)皇帝(di)上(shang)疏(shu)。[59]以(yi)(yi)柳(liu)易播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo):意指(zhi)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)自(zi)(zi)(zi)愿到(dao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)州(zhou)去(qu),让刘(liu)(liu)禹锡去(qu)柳(liu)州(zhou)。[60]重(zhong)(zhong)(chóng虫)得罪(zui):再加一重(zhong)(zhong)罪(zui)。[61]“遇有(you)(you)(you)(you)”句:指(zhi)当(dang)(dang)(dang)时(shi)(shi)御史(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)丞裴度(du)、崔群上(shang)疏(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刘(liu)(liu)禹锡陈情(qing)一事(shi)(shi)(shi)。[62]刺(ci):用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)动词(ci)(ci)。连(lian)州(zhou):唐(tang)(tang)(tang)属(shu)(shu)岭(ling)南道(dao),州(zhou)治在(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)广(guang)东连(lian)县(xian)。[63]徵:约之(zhi)来(lai),逐:随之(zhi)去(qu)。徵逐,往来(lai)频(pin)繁(fan)。[64]诩诩(xǔ许):夸大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)样(yang)(yang)子(zi)。强(qiǎng抢):勉强,做(zuo)(zuo)作(zuo)(zuo),取(qu)下(xia):指(zhi)采取(qu)谦下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)态(tai)度(du)。[65]出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)肺肝相示:譬喻(yu)(yu)做(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)非常诚恳和(he)(he)坦白的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)样(yang)(yang)子(zi)。[66]背(bei)负:背(bei)叛,变心(xin)。[67]如毛发比(bi)(bi)(bi):譬喻(yu)(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)之(zhi)细(xi)微(wei)(wei)。比(bi)(bi)(bi),类似。[68]陷穽(jǐng井)圈套,祸难。[69]少:稍微(wei)(wei)。[70]为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren):助人(ren)(ren)(ren)。此(ci)处(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)柳(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)参加王(wang)(wang)叔(shu)文(wen)集(ji)(ji)团是政治上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)慎(shen)之(zhi)意。故(gu)下(xia)云“不(bu)(bu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)贵重(zhong)(zhong)”。[71]顾籍:顾惜。[72]立(li)(li)就:即(ji)(ji)刻(ke)(ke)成功。[73]坐:因他人(ren)(ren)(ren)获罪(zui)而受(shou)牵连(lian)。废退(tui):指(zhi)远谪边地(di)(di),不(bu)(bu)用(yong)于朝(chao)廷。[74]有(you)(you)(you)(you)气力(li)(li):有(you)(you)(you)(you)权(quan)势和(he)(he)力(li)(li)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。推挽(wan):推举提携。[75]穷裔:穷困的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)边远地(di)(di)方(fang)。[76]台省(sheng):御史(shi)台和(he)(he)尚书省(sheng)。[77]自(zi)(zi)(zi)力(li)(li):自(zi)(zi)(zi)我努力(li)(li)。[78]为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)将(jiang)相于一时(shi)(shi):被(bei)贬(bian)(bian)(bian)“八(ba)司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)”中(zhong)(zhong),只有(you)(you)(you)(you)程异(yi)后(hou)(hou)来(lai)得到(dao)李巽推荐,位(wei)(wei)至宰相,但不(bu)(bu)久便死,也(ye)没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)什么政绩(ji)。此(ci)处(chu)暗借程异(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)(bi)(bi)。[79]元(yuan)和(he)(he):唐(tang)(tang)(tang)宪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)年(nian)(nian)号。十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian),即(ji)(ji)819年(nian)(nian)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)一月(yue)八(ba)日:一作(zuo)(zuo)“十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)五日”。[80]万年(nian)(nian):在(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)陕西(xi)(xi)临(lin)潼县(xian)东北(bei)。先(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)墓:在(zai)万年(nian)(nian)县(xian)之(zhi)栖凤(feng)原。见(jian)柳(liu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)《先(xian)侍御史(shi)府君(jun)神道(dao)表》。[81]周七:即(ji)(ji)柳(liu)告,字用(yong)益(yi),宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)遗腹子(zi)。[82]河(he)东:今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)永(yong)济(ji)县(xian)。裴行(xing)立(li)(li):绛州(zhou)稷山(shan)(shan)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)稷山(shan)(shan)县(xian))人(ren)(ren)(ren),时(shi)(shi)任(ren)桂(gui)管(guan)观(guan)察(cha)(cha)使,是宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)司(si)。[83]节(jie)概:节(jie)操(cao)度(du)量。[84]重(zhong)(zhong)然诺(nuo):看重(zhong)(zhong)许下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诺(nuo)言(yan)。[85]尽(jin):尽(jin)心(xin),尽(jin)力(li)(li)。[86]卢遵:宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)舅父之(zhi)子(zi)。[87]涿(zhuó卓):今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)涿县(xian)。[88]从(cong)而家:跟从(cong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)元(yuan)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)己家。[89]庶几(ji):近似,差不(bu)(bu)多。[90]惟:就是。室:幽室,即(ji)(ji)墓穴(xue)。[91]嗣人(ren)(ren)(ren):子(zi)孙后(hou)(hou)代(dai)。

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