答苏武书
［西汉］李陵
【作者小传】李陵(ling)（？—前74），字少(shao)卿(qing)。西(xi)汉(han)陇西(xi)成纪（今(jin)甘肃泰安）人(ren)。名将李广之(zhi)(zhi)孙。少(shao)为侍中建(jian)章(zhang)监。善骑射(she)，爱士卒，颇得美名。武(wu)帝时曾率(lv)八(ba)百骑入(ru)匈奴(nu)(nu)(nu)境二千(qian)余(yu)里(li)，观察居延（故城在今(jin)内蒙(meng)古额济(ji)纳旗东南）地形而还。后(hou)任骑都(dou)尉(wei)，在酒(jiu)泉、张掖练兵(bing)防备匈奴(nu)(nu)(nu)。天汉(han)二年（前99），率(lv)步卒五(wu)千(qian)，深(shen)入(ru)匈奴(nu)(nu)(nu)，以(yi)少(shao)击众(zhong)，力尽而降。武(wu)帝族灭(mie)其家。李陵(ling)遂(sui)留(liu)匈奴(nu)(nu)(nu)，单于以(yi)女妻之(zhi)(zhi)，立为右(you)校王。在匈奴(nu)(nu)(nu)二十余(yu)年，元平元年病死(si)。
李(li)陵(ling)被认为是五言苏武二(er)子(zi)。”（皎然《诗(shi)(shi)式》）钟(zhong)嵘《诗(shi)(shi)品(pin)》称他“文(wen)(wen)多悽(qi)怆，怨者(zhe)之流。陵(ling)，名(ming)家(jia)子(zi)，有殊才，生命不谐(xie)，声颓身(shen)(shen)丧。使陵(ling)不遭辛苦，其(qi)文(wen)(wen)亦(yi)何能至(zhi)此”，则是结合身(shen)(shen)世(shi)对其(qi)创作(zuo)的评(ping)价。杜(du)甫称“李(li)陵(ling)苏武是吾师”，苏轼称“苏李(li)之天(tian)成(cheng)”，对李(li)陵(ling)作(zuo)品(pin)的怨愤深沉、自然天(tian)成(cheng)都有激赏。
《汉(han)书(shu)·艺文(wen)志(zhi)》所(suo)录《李(li)陵(ling)集(ji)》二卷，新旧《唐书(shu)》仍见记(ji)载，至《宋史》则不见著录，是该集(ji)宋时方(fang)告亡佚。今(jin)所(suo)存李(li)陵(ling)名下之作，有(you)(you)(you)文(wen)四（内有(you)(you)(you)令、表各一为残句(ju)）、诗(shi)二十二（内有(you)(you)(you)四篇为残句(ju)），除《汉(han)书(shu)）所(suo)载之外(wai)，其余(yu)诗(shi)文(wen)，后世多(duo)有(you)(you)(you)学者指(zhi)为伪作。宋以前评价李(li)陵(ling)诗(shi)文(wen)，似非仅就(jiu)现存之作，而是根据《李(li)陵(ling)集(ji)》中所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)作品。
【题解(jie)】天(tian)汉二年，李广利率(lv)军伐匈奴(nu)右(you)贤(xian)王(wang)，武(wu)(wu)帝召李陵(ling)(ling)负责辎(zi)重。李陵(ling)(ling)请(qing)求自率(lv)一军，武(wu)(wu)帝不予增兵(bing)，只令路博(bo)德为其后援，而路按兵(bing)不动，致使李陵(ling)(ling)步卒五千，深入匈奴(nu)，面(mian)对数(shu)十倍(bei)于己(ji)的敌军。苦战之后，又逢管敢叛(pan)逃，暴露了李陵(ling)(ling)兵(bing)少(shao)无(wu)援的军情，单于遂集中(zhong)兵(bing)力围攻，李陵(ling)(ling)兵(bing)尽粮绝，北面(mian)受虏。降匈奴(nu)后，曾与被匈奴(nu)扣留的苏武(wu)(wu)数(shu)次相见。始元六(liu)年（前81），苏武(wu)(wu)得(de)归(gui)，修书劝李陵(ling)(ling)归(gui)汉，李陵(ling)(ling)以此书作(zuo)答。
这封信的主(zhu)旨是(shi)为(wei)(wei)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的投降(jiang)行(xing)为(wei)(wei)解脱。信中战斗场面写得极(ji)有声(sheng)色，显然(ran)是(shi)要说明，当(dang)时(shi)因为(wei)(wei)双(shuang)方(fang)兵力悬殊，己(ji)(ji)方(fang)将帅的不顾大局，武(wu)帝(di)处置（诛陵全家）失当(dang)，所以(yi)，自(zi)己(ji)(ji)投降(jiang)完全是(shi)出于不得已，进而(er)使读者产生(sheng)同情；此外，屡用(yong)强烈对(dui)比(bi)，如身处异域而(er)怀念故土，以(yi)寡兵深(shen)入众(zhong)敌(di)而(er)浴(yu)血奋战，苏武(wu)持节荣归而(er)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)居人篱下，确(que)实产生(sheng)了强烈的艺(yi)术效果。
这(zhei)篇文(wen)章，学者(zhe)多认(ren)为系后人伪作。但《文(wen)选》中收入，当系选自《李陵集》中，故其写(xie)作时间最迟不应晚于(yu)汉代(dai)。
子卿足下［1］：
勤宣(xuan)令德［2］，策名清时［3］，荣问休畅［4］，幸(xing)甚幸(xing)甚［5］。远托异国［6］，昔(xi)人(ren)所悲，望风(feng)怀想［7］，能(neng)不(bu)(bu)依(yi)依(yi)［8］？昔(xi)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)遗。远辱还答［9］，慰(wei)诲勤勤，有逾(yu)骨(gu)肉，陵虽不(bu)(bu)敏［10］，能(neng)不(bu)(bu)慨(kai)然(ran)［11］？
自从初降，以(yi)至今(jin)日，身之(zhi)(zhi)穷困，独(du)坐愁苦。终日无睹，但见异类［12］。韦(wei)韝(gou)毳幕［13］，以(yi)御风(feng)雨；羶肉(rou)酪浆［14］，以(yi)充(chong)饥(ji)渴。举(ju)目言(yan)笑，谁与为(wei)欢？胡(hu)地(di)玄(xuan)冰［15］，边土惨裂，但闻(wen)悲风(feng)萧条之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)。凉秋九月，塞外草衰(shuai)。夜不能(neng)，侧耳远听，胡(hu)笳互动［16］，牧马悲鸣，吟啸(xiao)成群，边声(sheng)四(si)起。晨(chen)坐听之(zhi)(zhi)，不觉泪下。嗟乎子卿(qing)［17］，陵独(du)何心［18］，能(neng)不悲哉！
与子(zi)别后，益复无(wu)聊，上念老母(mu)，临年被戮［19］；妻子(zi)无(wu)辜，并为鲸鲵(ni)［20］；身负国恩，为世所悲。子(zi)归受荣，我留受辱(ru)，命也如(ru)何(he)？身出礼义之(zhi)乡，而(er)入(ru)无(wu)知(zhi)之(zhi)俗；违(wei)弃君亲之(zhi)恩，长(zhang)为蛮(man)夷之(zhi)域，伤已！令(ling)(ling)先君之(zhi)嗣［21］，更成(cheng)戎狄之(zhi)族［22］，又自(zi)悲矣。功大罪小，不蒙明(ming)(ming)察［23］，孤负陵心(xin)区区之(zhi)意［24］。每一念至，忽然忘生(sheng)。陵不难刺心(xin)以(yi)自(zi)明(ming)(ming)［25］，刎颈以(yi)见志(zhi)，顾(gu)国家(jia)于我已矣［26］，杀身无(wu)益，适(shi)足增羞，故(gu)每攘臂(bei)忍辱(ru)［27］，辙复苟活(huo)。左右(you)之(zhi)人(ren)，见陵如(ru)此(ci)，以(yi)为不入(ru)耳之(zhi)欢，来相劝勉。异方(fang)之(zhi)乐，只令(ling)(ling)人(ren)悲，增忉怛耳［28］。
嗟乎(hu)子(zi)卿，人之相(xiang)知(zhi)，贵相(xiang)知(zhi)心(xin)，前书仓(cang)卒，未(wei)尽所怀，故(gu)复略(lve)而言之。
昔先帝授陵(ling)步(bu)(bu)卒五(wu)(wu)千［29］，出(chu)(chu)征绝域(yu)［30］。五(wu)(wu)将(jiang)失道［31］，陵(ling)独遇战，而(er)裹(guo)万(wan)里之(zhi)粮，帅徒步(bu)(bu)之(zhi)师；出(chu)(chu)天汉之(zhi)外(wai)［32］，入强胡(hu)之(zhi)域(yu)；以五(wu)(wu)千之(zhi)众，对(dui)十万(wan)之(zhi)军；策疲乏之(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)，当(dang)(dang)新(xin)羁之(zhi)马［33］。然犹(you)斩将(jiang)搴旗［34］，追奔逐(zhu)北［35］，灭迹(ji)扫(sao)尘［36］，斩其(qi)枭帅［37］，使(shi)三(san)军之(zhi)士，视死如(ru)(ru)归(gui)。陵(ling)也不(bu)才，希当(dang)(dang)大(da)任(ren)(ren)［38］，意谓此(ci)时，功难(nan)堪矣(yi)［39］。匈奴既败，举国兴(xing)师。更练(lian)精(jing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)［40］，强逾十万(wan)。单于临(lin)阵［41］，亲自合围。客主(zhu)之(zhi)形(xing)，既不(bu)相如(ru)(ru)［42］；步(bu)(bu)马之(zhi)势(shi)，又甚悬绝［43］。疲兵(bing)(bing)(bing)再战，一以当(dang)(dang)千，然犹(you)扶乘创痛(tong)［44］，决命争首［45］。死伤积野，余不(bu)满(man)百，而(er)皆扶病(bing)，不(bu)任(ren)(ren)干戈(ge)［46］，然陵(ling)振臂(bei)一呼，创病(bing)皆起(qi)，举刃指虏，胡(hu)马奔走(zou)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)尽矢穷，人无(wu)尺铁，犹(you)复徒首奋呼［47］，争为(wei)先登。当(dang)(dang)此(ci)时也，天地(di)为(wei)陵(ling)震怒，战士为(wei)陵(ling)饮(yin)血［48］。单于谓陵(ling)不(bu)可复得，便(bian)欲引还［49］，而(er)贼臣(chen)教之(zhi)［50］，遂使(shi)复战，故陵(ling)不(bu)免耳。
昔高皇帝(di)以三十万众，困于平城［51］。当(dang)此之时(shi)，猛将如云，谋臣如雨，然犹七日不(bu)食，仅(jin)乃得免。况(kuang)当(dang)陵者(zhe)(zhe)［52］，岂(qi)易为力(li)哉［53］？而执事者(zhe)(zhe)云云［54］，苟怨陵以不(bu)死(si)［55］。然陵不(bu)死(si)，罪也(ye)；子(zi)卿(qing)视(shi)陵，岂(qi)偷生之士而惜(xi)死(si)之人(ren)哉？宁有(you)背君亲，捐妻子(zi)而反为利者(zhe)(zhe)乎［56］？然陵不(bu)死(si)，有(you)所为也(ye)，故欲如前(qian)书之言，报恩于国(guo)(guo)主耳［57］，诚以虚死(si)不(bu)如立(li)节，灭名不(bu)如报德也(ye)［58］。昔范蠡不(bu)殉会稽(ji)之耻［59］，曹沬不(bu)死(si)三败之辱［60］，卒复(fu)勾践之仇［61］，报鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)之羞［62］，区(qu)区(qu)之心，窃慕此耳。何图志(zhi)未(wei)立(li)而怨已成(cheng)，计未(wei)从而骨肉(rou)受(shou)刑，此陵所以仰(yang)天椎心而泣血(xue)也(ye)［63］。
足下又(you)云(yun)：“汉(han)与功臣(chen)不薄。”子(zi)为汉(han)臣(chen)，安得不云(yun)尔乎(hu)？昔萧樊(fan)囚絷(zhi)
［64］， 韩彭葅(ju)醢［65］，晁错受(shou)(shou)戮［66］，周魏见辜［67］。其(qi)余佐命(ming)立(li)功之(zhi)(zhi)士［68］，贾谊亚夫之(zhi)(zhi)徒［69］，皆信命(ming)世之(zhi)(zhi)才，抱(bao)将相之(zhi)(zhi)具，而受(shou)(shou)小人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)谗［70］，并(bing)受(shou)(shou)祸败之(zhi)(zhi)辱［71］，卒使(shi)怀才受(shou)(shou)谤(bang)，能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)得展。彼二(er)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)遐举(ju)［72］，谁(shei)不(bu)(bu)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)痛心哉(zai)？陵(ling)先将军(jun)［73］，功略盖天地，义勇(yong)冠(guan)三军(jun)［74］，徒失贵(gui)臣之(zhi)(zhi)意［75］，刭身绝(jue)域之(zhi)(zhi)表。此功臣义士所(suo)以(yi)负戟而长(zhang)叹者也［76］。何谓不(bu)(bu)薄哉(zai)？且足下(xia)昔以(yi)单车之(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)，适万乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)虏［77］。遭时不(bu)(bu)遇(yu)，至于伏剑不(bu)(bu)顾［78］；流(liu)离辛苦，几死朔北之(zhi)(zhi)野(ye)［79］。丁年奉(feng)使(shi)［80］，皓首而归［81］；老母终堂［82］，生妻去帷(wei)［83］。此天下(xia)所(suo)希闻，古今所(suo)未有也。蛮貊之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)［84］，尚(shang)犹嘉子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)节(jie)，况为(wei)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)乎？陵(ling)谓足下(xia)当享茅土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)荐［85］，受(shou)(shou)千(qian)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)赏［86］。闻子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)归，赐(ci)不(bu)(bu)过(guo)二(er)百万，位不(bu)(bu)过(guo)典属国［87］，无尺土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)封，加(jia)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)勤［88］。而妨功害能(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)臣，尽为(wei)万户侯［89］；亲(qin)戚贪佞(ning)之(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)，悉为(wei)廊庙宰(zai)［90］。子(zi)尚(shang)如(ru)此，陵(ling)复(fu)何望(wang)哉(zai)？且汉厚(hou)诛(zhu)陵(ling)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)死［91］，薄赏子(zi)以(yi)守节(jie)，欲使(shi)远听之(zhi)(zhi)臣望(wang)风驰命(ming)，此实难矣，所(suo)以(yi)每顾而不(bu)(bu)悔者也。陵(ling)虽孤恩(en)［92］，汉亦(yi)负德(de)。昔人(ren)有言：“虽忠不(bu)(bu)烈，视(shi)死如(ru)归。”陵(ling)诚能(neng)(neng)安［93］，而主(zhu)岂复(fu)能(neng)(neng)眷(juan)眷(juan)乎？男儿生以(yi)不(bu)(bu)成名，死则葬(zang)蛮夷中(zhong)，谁(shei)复(fu)能(neng)(neng)屈身稽颡(sang)［94］，还向(xiang)北阙［95］，使(shi)刀笔(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)吏弄其(qi)文墨邪［96］？愿足下(xia)勿复(fu)望(wang)陵(ling)。
嗟乎子卿，夫复(fu)何言(yan)［97］？相去万里，人(ren)绝(jue)路殊。生为别世之(zhi)人(ren)，死(si)为异域之(zhi)鬼。长与足(zu)下(xia)，生死(si)辞矣。幸谢故人(ren)［98］，勉事圣君［99］。足(zu)下(xia)胤(yin)子无恙(yang)［100］，勿(wu)以为念。努力自爱，时因北风，复(fu)惠德音(yin)。李(li)陵顿首［101］。
——选自《文选》卷四十一
子卿足下：
您(nin)辛勤地宣扬美(mei)(mei)德，为官(guan)于太平盛世，美(mei)(mei)名流传四方(fang)，真是值得庆幸(xing)啊！我(wo)流落在(zai)远方(fang)异(yi)国，这(zhei)是前人所(suo)感(gan)悲痛的。遥(yao)望南方(fang)，怀念(nian)故人，怎(zen)能不满(man)含深情？以前承蒙您(nin)不弃，从(cong)远处赐(ci)给我(wo)回(hui)音，殷勤地安慰、教诲，超过了骨(gu)肉之(zhi)情。我(wo)虽然愚钝，又怎(zen)能不感(gan)慨万端？
我从投降(jiang)以来(lai)，身处艰难困境，一(yi)人独(du)坐，愁闷(men)苦(ku)恼。整天看不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)别的，只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)见(jian)到些异(yi)族(zu)之人。我戴不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)惯(guan)(guan)(guan)皮袖套，住不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)惯(guan)(guan)(guan)毡幕(mu)，也只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能靠它(ta)们(men)来(lai)抵御风(feng)(feng)雨(yu)；吃(chi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)惯(guan)(guan)(guan)腥羶的肉(rou)，喝 不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)惯(guan)(guan)(guan)乳浆(jiang)，也只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能用它(ta)们(men)来(lai)充饥解渴(ke)。眼看四周，有(you)谁能一(yi)起(qi)(qi)谈笑欢乐呢？胡地(di)结着(zhe)厚(hou)(hou)厚(hou)(hou)的坚冰，边(bian)塞(sai)上的土被冻得裂开，只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)听(ting)见(jian)悲(bei)惨凄凉的风(feng)(feng)声。深(shen)秋九月，塞(sai)外草木(mu)凋(diao)零，夜(ye)晚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能入睡，侧耳倾听(ting)，胡笳(jia)声此起(qi)(qi)彼伏，牧(mu)马(ma)悲(bei)哀地(di)嘶叫，乐曲声和(he)嘶鸣声相(xiang)混，在边(bian)塞(sai)的四面(mian)响起(qi)(qi)。清(qing)晨坐起(qi)(qi)来(lai)听(ting)着(zhe)这些声音，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)觉(jue)地(di)流下泪水。唉，子卿，我难道是铁石心肠，能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悲(bei)伤(shang)？
同您分别以后(hou)，更(geng)加(jia)无(wu)聊(liao)。上(shang)念老母(mu)，在(zai)垂暮之(zhi)年还被(bei)杀戮；妻子、儿(er)女们是(shi)(shi)无(wu)罪的(de)，也一起惨遭杀害。我(wo)(wo)(wo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)辜负了(le)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)之(zhi)恩(en)，被(bei)世人所悲(bei)怜。您回国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)享受荣(rong)誉，我(wo)(wo)(wo)留此地(di)蒙受羞辱(ru)。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)命(ming)中注定，有什么(me)办法(fa)？我(wo)(wo)(wo)出身于讲究礼义的(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)，却(que)进(jin)入(ru)对(dui)礼义茫然无(wu)知的(de)社(she)会。背弃了(le)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君和双亲的(de)恩(en)德，终身居(ju)住(zhu)在(zai)蛮夷(yi)的(de)区域(yu)，真是(shi)(shi)伤心(xin)(xin)极了(le)！让先父的(de)后(hou)代(dai)，变成了(le)戎(rong)狄的(de)族人，自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)怎能不感到(dao)悲(bei)痛。我(wo)(wo)(wo)在(zai)与匈奴作战中功大(da)罪小(xiao)，却(que)没(mei)有受到(dao)公(gong)正的(de)评价，辜负了(le)我(wo)(wo)(wo)微小(xiao)的(de)诚意，每当(dang)想到(dao)这(zhei)里，恍惚之(zhi)中仿佛失(shi)去(qu)了(le)对(dui)生存(cun)的(de)留恋。我(wo)(wo)(wo)不难(nan)刺(ci)心(xin)(xin)来表白自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)刎来显(xian)示(shi)志向，但国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)对(dui)我(wo)(wo)(wo)已经恩(en)断义绝，自(zi)(zi)(zi)杀毫(hao)无(wu)益处(chu)，只会增(zeng)加(jia)羞辱(ru)。因此常常愤慨(kai)地(di)忍受侮辱(ru)，就又苟且地(di)活在(zai)世上(shang)。周(zhou)围(wei)的(de)人，见我(wo)(wo)(wo)这(zhei)样，用不中听的(de)话来劝(quan)告勉励(li)，可是(shi)(shi)，异(yi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)快乐，只能令人悲(bei)伤，增(zeng)加(jia)忧愁罢了(le)。
唉，子卿！人们的相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)了(le)解，贵在相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)知心。前一封(feng)信匆(cong)忙写(xie)成，没有能够(gou)充(chong)分表达(da)我(wo)的心情，所以再作简略叙述。
从(cong)前(qian)先(xian)(xian)帝授予我(wo)(wo)步兵(bing)五千，出(chu)征远方。五员将(jiang)领(ling)迷失(shi)道路，我(wo)(wo)单(dan)独(du)与(yu)匈(xiong)奴军(jun)(jun)遭遇作战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，携带着(zhe)供(gong)征战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)万里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粮草，率领(ling)着(zhe)徒步行军(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部队；出(chu)了(le)国境(jing)之(zhi)外(wai)，进入(ru)强胡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疆土(tu)；以(yi)五千士兵(bing)，对付十(shi)万敌(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)；指挥(hui)疲(pi)敝不(bu)堪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)队伍，抵挡养(yang)精(jing)蓄锐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)马队。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，依然(ran)斩敌(di)(di)(di)将(jiang)，拔敌(di)(di)(di)旗，追逐(zhu)败逃之(zhi)敌(di)(di)(di)。在肃清残敌(di)(di)(di)时(shi)，斩杀(sha)其(qi)骁勇(yong)将(jiang)领(ling)，使(shi)我(wo)(wo)全军(jun)(jun)将(jiang)士，都能(neng)视死(si)如归。我(wo)(wo)没有(you)什(shen)么能(neng)耐，很少(shao)担当(dang)重(zhong)任，内心暗以(yi)为，此时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)功(gong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)他情(qing)况下(xia)所难(nan)以(yi)相比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)。匈(xiong)奴兵(bing)败后，全国军(jun)(jun)事动员，又挑选出(chu)十(shi)万多精(jing)兵(bing)。单(dan)于(yu)亲临阵(zhen)前(qian)，指挥(hui)对我(wo)(wo)军(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)围。我(wo)(wo)军(jun)(jun)与(yu)敌(di)(di)(di)军(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形势(shi)已(yi)不(bu)相称(cheng)，步兵(bing)与(yu)马队的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量更加悬(xuan)殊。疲(pi)兵(bing)再战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，一人要敌(di)(di)(di)千人，但(dan)仍然(ran)带伤忍痛(tong)，奋勇(yong)争(zheng)先(xian)(xian)。阵(zhen)亡与(yu)受伤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)遍地(di)(di)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，身边剩下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)满百人，而且(qie)都伤痕(hen)累累，无法持稳(wen)兵(bing)器。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，我(wo)(wo)只(zhi)要振(zhen)臂一呼，重(zhong)伤和轻伤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)都一跃(yue)而起，拿起兵(bing)器杀(sha)向(xiang)敌(di)(di)(di)人，迫使(shi)敌(di)(di)(di)骑逃奔。兵(bing)器耗尽，箭也射完(wan)，手无寸铁(tie)，还是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)着(zhe)头高呼杀(sha)敌(di)(di)(di)，争(zheng)着(zhe)冲(chong)上前(qian)去。在这(zhei)时(shi)刻，天(tian)地(di)(di)好像(xiang)为我(wo)(wo)震怒，战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士感奋地(di)(di)为我(wo)(wo)饮泣。单(dan)于(yu)认(ren)为不(bu)可能(neng)再俘获我(wo)(wo)，便打算引军(jun)(jun)班师(shi)，不(bu)料叛逃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邪(xie)臣管敢出(chu)卖军(jun)(jun)情(qing)，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)得单(dan)于(yu)重(zhong)新对我(wo)(wo)作战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，而我(wo)(wo)终于(yu)未(wei)能(neng)免于(yu)失(shi)败。
以(yi)(yi)前(qian)高皇(huang)帝率(lv)领三十万大军(jun)，被匈奴围困在平(ping)城。那时，军(jun)中猛将如云，谋臣如雨(yu)，然而(er)还是(shi)(shi)七天断粮(liang)，只(zhi)不过勉强脱身而(er)已。何况像我(wo)(wo)(wo)这样的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)，难(nan)道(dao)就容(rong)易有(you)所(suo)作为(wei)吗(ma)？而(er)当权者却议论纷(fen)纷(fen)，一(yi)(yi)味怨责我(wo)(wo)(wo)未能以(yi)(yi)死(si)殉(xun)国(guo)(guo)。不过我(wo)(wo)(wo)未以(yi)(yi)死(si)殉(xun)国(guo)(guo)，确是(shi)(shi)罪过；但您看我(wo)(wo)(wo)难(nan)道(dao)是(shi)(shi)贪生怕(pa)死(si)的(de)(de)(de)小人(ren)吗(ma)？又(you)哪(na)里(li)会有(you)背离君亲、抛弃妻(qi)儿却反而(er)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)对(dui)(dui)自己有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)？既然如此，那末，我(wo)(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)不死(si)，是(shi)(shi)因(yin)为(wei)想(xiang)(xiang)有(you)所(suo)作为(wei)。本来是(shi)(shi)想(xiang)(xiang)如前(qian)一(yi)(yi)封信上所(suo)说(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)那样，要向(xiang)皇(huang)上报(bao)恩啊。实在因(yin)为(wei)徒然死(si)去不如树立(li)名(ming)节(jie)，身死(si)名(ming)灭不如报(bao)答(da)恩德。前(qian)代范蠡(li)不因(yin)会稽(ji)山投降之(zhi)(zhi)耻而(er)殉(xun)国(guo)(guo)，曹沫(mo)不因(yin)三战三败之(zhi)(zhi)辱而(er)自杀，终于，范蠡(li)为(wei)越王勾践报(bao)了仇，曹沫(mo)为(wei)鲁国(guo)(guo)雪了耻。我(wo)(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)点赤诚心意，就是(shi)(shi)暗自景仰他们(men)的(de)(de)(de)作为(wei)。哪(na)里(li)料到志向(xiang)没(mei)有(you)实现，怨责之(zhi)(zhi)声已四(si)起；计(ji)划尚未实行，亲人(ren)作刀(dao)下之(zhi)(zhi)鬼，这就是(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)面(mian)对(dui)(dui)苍天椎心泣血的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)啊！
您(nin)(nin)又(you)说道(dao)：“汉(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)给功臣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)待(dai)遇并不(bu)(bu)菲(fei)薄。”您(nin)(nin)是(shi)(shi)汉(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)之(zhi)臣，怎(zen)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)说这(zhei)(zhei)种话？可(ke)是(shi)(shi)，以前萧何、樊哙被拘捕囚禁，韩信、彭越(yue)被剁成(cheng)(cheng)肉酱，晁(chao)错(cuo)被杀，周(zhou)勃、魏其(qi)侯(hou)被判(pan)罪处刑。其(qi)余辅助汉(han)(han)(han)室(shi)立下功劳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)，如(ru)(ru)贾谊、周(zhou)亚夫等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，都确实(shi)是(shi)(shi)当时(shi)杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)，具备担任(ren)将(jiang)相的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，却遭(zao)(zao)受小人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诽(fei)谤，他们都受迫害(hai)、屈辱，其(qi)事业也(ye)告失败(bai)。最终使有(you)(you)才(cai)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)遭(zao)(zao)到(dao)(dao)诋毁，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)无法施展。他们二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遭(zao)(zao)遇，谁不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)痛心(xin)(xin)(xin)呢(ni)？我已故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖父李广(guang)，身任(ren)将(jiang)军(jun)，其(qi)功绩(ji)略谋(mou)盖天(tian)(tian)地，忠(zhong)义勇气(qi)冠于全军(jun)，只是(shi)(shi)因为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)屑迎合当朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)权贵(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)，结果在(zai)边远的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疆场(chang)自杀身亡。这(zhei)(zhei)就是(shi)(shi)功臣义士(shi)手持兵刃叹息不(bu)(bu)止的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。怎(zen)么(me)(me)能(neng)(neng)说待(dai)遇“不(bu)(bu)薄”呢(ni)？您(nin)(nin)过(guo)去(qu)凭(ping)着(zhe)单车出使到(dao)(dao)拥有(you)(you)强兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敌(di)国(guo)，逢上时(shi)运不(bu)(bu)佳，竟(jing)至伏剑(jian)自刎也(ye)不(bu)(bu)在(zai)乎；颠沛流(liu)离，含辛茹苦，差点死在(zai)北方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荒野(ye)。壮年时(shi)奉命(ming)(ming)出使，满(man)头白发而(er)(er)归(gui)，老母在(zai)家中(zhong)亡故，妻子(zi)也(ye)改嫁离去(qu)。这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)下很少(shao)听到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，古今所没有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遭(zao)(zao)遇。异(yi)族未开化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，尚且还称赞(zan)您(nin)(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)节(jie)(jie)气(qi)，何况(kuang)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君主呢(ni)？我认(ren)为(wei)(wei)您(nin)(nin)应当享受封(feng)(feng)领地、赏(shang)(shang)千(qian)乘(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸侯(hou)待(dai)遇。可(ke)是(shi)(shi)，听说您(nin)(nin)回国(guo)后，赏(shang)(shang)赐(ci)不(bu)(bu)过(guo)二(er)百万，封(feng)(feng)官不(bu)(bu)过(guo)典属国(guo)之(zhi)职，并没有(you)(you)一尺土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)赏(shang)(shang)，来奖励您(nin)(nin)多年来对(dui)(dui)国(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效忠(zhong)。而(er)(er)那些排斥功臣、扼(e)杀人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)臣，都成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)万户侯(hou)；皇亲(qin)国(guo)戚或(huo)奉迎拍马(ma)之(zhi)流(liu)，都成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)政权的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主宰。您(nin)(nin)尚且如(ru)(ru)此，我还有(you)(you)什(shen)么(me)(me)希望呢(ni)？像这(zhei)(zhei)样，汉(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)因为(wei)(wei)我未能(neng)(neng)死节(jie)(jie)而(er)(er)施以严厉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惩罚(fa)，您(nin)(nin)坚贞守节(jie)(jie)又(you)只给予微薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奖赏(shang)(shang)，要想(xiang)叫远方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣民(min)急切地投奔效命(ming)(ming)，这(zhei)(zhei)实(shi)在(zai)是(shi)(shi)难以办到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，所以我常常想(xiang)到(dao)(dao)这(zhei)(zhei)事却不(bu)(bu)觉得后悔。我虽然(ran)辜负了(le)汉(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩情(qing)，汉(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)也(ye)亏对(dui)(dui)了(le)我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功德。前人(ren)(ren)(ren)说过(guo)这(zhei)(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话：“即使忠(zhong)诚之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)不(bu)(bu)被世人(ren)(ren)(ren)遍知，也(ye)能(neng)(neng)做到(dao)(dao)视死如(ru)(ru)归(gui)。”但如(ru)(ru)果我能(neng)(neng)够安(an)心(xin)(xin)(xin)死节(jie)(jie)，皇上难道(dao)就能(neng)(neng)对(dui)(dui)我有(you)(you)眷顾之(zhi)情(qing)吗？男子(zi)汉(han)(han)(han)活着(zhe)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)就英名，死了(le)就让他埋葬在(zai)异(yi)族之(zhi)中(zhong)吧，谁还能(neng)(neng)再(zai)弯腰(yao)下拜，回到(dao)(dao)汉(han)(han)(han)廷(ting)，听凭(ping)那帮刀笔吏舞文弄墨、随(sui)意(yi)(yi)发落呢(ni)？希望您(nin)(nin)不(bu)(bu)必(bi)再(zai)盼着(zhe)我归(gui)汉(han)(han)(han)了(le)。
唉(ai)，子卿！还有什么话可说？相(xiang)隔(ge)万里之遥，人的身份不(bu)同，人生道路也迥然相(xiang)异。活着(zhe)时(shi)是另一(yi)世间(jian)的人，死后便成了(le)异国鬼魂。我和您永诀，生死都不(bu)得相(xiang)见了(le)。请(qing)代向老朋友(you)们致意(yi)，希望(wang)他(ta)们勉(mian)力事(shi)奉(feng)圣(sheng)明的君主。您的公子很好(hao)，不(bu)要挂念。愿您努力自爱，更盼您时(shi)常依托北风的方便不(bu)断给我来(lai)信。李陵顿首(shou)。
（李祚唐）
【注释】
［1］子(zi)(zi)卿(qing)(qing)：苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)字(zi)。足下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)：古(gu)(gu)代(dai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)级或(huo)同(tong)辈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬词(ci)(ci)，周(zhou)(zhou)、秦(qin)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)君(jun)主(zhu)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)世(shi)则(ze)多用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)同(tong)辈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间。［2］令德(de)(de)(de)：美德(de)(de)(de)。令，美。［3］策(ce)名(ming)：臣(chen)(chen)(chen)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姓(xing)名(ming)书(shu)写(xie)(xie)在(zai)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)简策(ce)上(shang)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)做官(guan)。《左传·僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》：“策(ce)名(ming)委质(zhi)。”清(qing)(qing)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：政治清(qing)(qing)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)世(shi)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)昭帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)在(zai)位之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际(ji)。［4］荣(rong)问：好(hao)名(ming)声(sheng)。问通(tong)“闻”。休畅(chang)(chang)：吉祥顺(shun)利。休：美。畅(chang)(chang)：通(tong)。［5］幸甚(shen)：这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)(li)表(biao)示为(wei)(wei)(wei)对(dui)(dui)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)处(chu)(chu)境顺(shun)利而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)高(gao)(gao)(gao)兴(xing)(xing)。［6］异国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)：此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)。［7］风：此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怀念对(dui)(dui)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)风采(cai)。［8］依依：恋(lian)恋(lian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)舍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状。［9］辱：承(cheng)蒙，书(shu)信(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)谦词(ci)(ci)。［10］敏：聪慧。［11］然(ran)：此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)动词(ci)(ci)“慨(kai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)词(ci)(ci)尾。［12］异类：古(gu)(gu)代(dai)对(dui)(dui)少(shao)数民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贬称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)。［13］韦韝（ｇōｕ沟(gou)）：皮(pi)革制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)长(zhang)(zhang)袖套，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)束衣袖，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)便射箭或(huo)其(qi)他(ta)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。毳（ｃｕì脆）幕：毛毡制成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帐篷。［14］羶（ｓｈāｎ山(shan)）肉(rou)：带(dai)有腥(xing)臭气味的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羊肉(rou)。酪（ｌàｏ涝）浆：牲畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乳浆。［15］玄冰(bing)(bing)：黑(hei)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冰(bing)(bing)。形(xing)容冰(bing)(bing)结得(de)厚(hou)(hou)实，极(ji)(ji)言天(tian)气寒冷。［16］胡笳(jia)：古(gu)(gu)代(dai)我国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)北(bei)(bei)(bei)方民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)乐，其(qi)音悲(bei)(bei)(bei)凉。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胡笳(jia)吹奏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音乐。［17］嗟（ｊｕē撅）乎：叹词(ci)(ci)。［18］独(du)：反(fan)诘副词(ci)(ci)，有难(nan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。［19］临年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)：达到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)龄。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)至暮(mu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。［20］鲸(jing)鲵(ni)(ni)（ｑíｎｇｎí情(qing)泥）：鲸(jing)鱼雄(xiong)曰鲸(jing)，雌曰鲵(ni)(ni)。原指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凶恶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，《左传·宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》：“古(gu)(gu)者(zhe)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)伐不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敬，取其(qi)鲸(jing)鲵(ni)(ni)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)封(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)戮。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)借指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)牵(qian)连(lian)诛(zhu)戮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。［21］先(xian)君(jun)：对(dui)(dui)自(zi)己已(yi)故(gu)父亲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)李当(dang)(dang)户。当(dang)(dang)户早(zao)亡，李陵(ling)(ling)为(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)遗腹子(zi)(zi)。嗣：后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)，子(zi)(zi)孙。［22］戎(rong)（ｒóｎｇ荣(rong)）狄：古(gu)(gu)代(dai)对(dui)(dui)少(shao)数民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贬称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，与(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)面“蛮夷(yi)”均指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)。［23］蒙：受(shou)到(dao)。明(ming)(ming)察：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)切实公(gong)(gong)(gong)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)解。［24］孤(gu)负：亏负。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)世(shi)多写(xie)(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“辜(gu)负”。区区：小，少(shao)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)诚(cheng)恳解。［25］刺(ci)心(xin)(xin)：自(zi)刺(ci)心(xin)(xin)脏，意(yi)(yi)(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)杀(sha)(sha)(sha)。［26］已(yi)矣：表(biao)绝望(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞。［27］攘（ｒáｎｇ瓤）臂(bei)：捋起(qi)袖口，露出(chu)(chu)手臂(bei)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)准备劳作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)或(huo)搏斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。《孟子(zi)(zi)·尽心(xin)(xin)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》载(zai)，晋勇(yong)(yong)士(shi)冯(feng)妇(fu)能杀(sha)(sha)(sha)猛虎，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)来要做善(shan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，便发誓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再打虎。可是(shi)(shi)(shi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次遇上(shang)众人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制服不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)老(lao)(lao)虎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)险情(qing)，冯(feng)妇(fu)虽然(ran)明(ming)(ming)知会(hui)(hui)因(yin)(yin)违背做善(shan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诺言（不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)打虎）而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)受(shou)耻(chi)笑(xiao)，仍然(ran)“攮臂(bei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)车”去(qu)打虎。文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)暗(an)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)冯(feng)妇(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典(dian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)己开(kai)(kai)脱。［28］忉怛（ｄāｏｄá刀达）：悲(bei)(bei)(bei)痛。［29］先(xian)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)：已(yi)故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)汉(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。［30］绝域(yu)：极(ji)(ji)远的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)域(yu)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)居住(zhu)地(di)(di)区。［31］五将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)：五员将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)领，姓(xing)名(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)详。《汉(han)(han)书(shu)》未(wei)载(zai)五将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)失道(dao)(dao)事(shi)(shi)，惟《文(wen)(wen)选(xuan)》李善(shan)注(zhu)载(zai)：“《集》表(biao)云(yun)(yun)：‘臣(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)汉(han)(han)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)塞外，寻被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)诏书(shu)，责臣(chen)(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)进(jin)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)辄引(yin)师前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。到(dao)浚稽(ji)山(shan)，五将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)失道(dao)(dao)。’”［32］天(tian)汉(han)(han)：武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)号(hao)。文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)汉(han)(han)朝(chao)控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区域(yu)。［33］当(dang)(dang)：挡。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抵(di)御(yu)。［34］搴（ｑｉāｎ牵(qian)）：拔取。［35］奔(ben)：逃跑(pao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。［36］灭(mie)迹(ji)扫(sao)尘：喻肃(su)清(qing)(qing)残敌。［37］枭（ｘｉāｏ消）帅(shuai)(shuai)：骁勇(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)帅(shuai)(shuai)。［38］希：少(shao)，与(yu)(yu)“稀”通(tong)。［39］难(nan)堪：难(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相比。堪，胜（ｓｈēｎｇ升）。［40］练(lian)：同(tong)“拣”，挑选(xuan)。［41］单（ｃｈàｎ缠）于(yu)：匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)君(jun)长(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)号(hao)。［42］相如(ru)(ru)：相比。如(ru)(ru)，及，比。［43］悬绝：相差(cha)极(ji)(ji)远。［44］扶(fu)：支持，支撑。乘(cheng)：凌驾，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。《汉(han)(han)书(shu)·李陵(ling)(ling)传》：“士(shi)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)矢伤(shang)，三(san)创者(zhe)载(zai)辇，两创者(zhe)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)车，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)创者(zhe)持兵(bing)(bing)战(zhan)。”［45］决(jue)命(ming)争(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)首(shou)(shou)：效(xiao)命(ming)争(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)先(xian)。［46］干(gan)戈(ge)：此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)。［47］徒首(shou)(shou)：光(guang)(guang)着头(tou)，意(yi)(yi)(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穿防护的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲衣。［48］饮血(xue)(xue)(xue)：犹言饮泣。形(xing)容极(ji)(ji)度悲(bei)(bei)(bei)愤(fen)。《文(wen)(wen)选(xuan)》李善(shan)注(zhu)：“血(xue)(xue)(xue)即(ji)(ji)泪(lei)也。”［49］引(yin)还：退(tui)兵(bing)(bing)返(fan)回(hui)(hui)。引(yin)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)退(tui)。［50］贼(zei)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)叛(pan)(pan)投(tou)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)军候(hou)管(guan)敢。［51］“昔(xi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”二(er)(er)句(ju)：是(shi)(shi)(shi)说从(cong)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)（汉(han)(han)高(gao)(gao)(gao)祖(zu)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)200）高(gao)(gao)(gao)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)（即(ji)(ji)高(gao)(gao)(gao)祖(zu)刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)(bang)）亲率(lv)(lv)大(da)军三(san)十万(wan)(wan)(wan)驻平城（今(jin)(jin)山(shan)西省(sheng)大(da)同(tong)市(shi)东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)），准备伐匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)，被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)冒顿(dun)单于(yu)带(dai)领四十万(wan)(wan)(wan)骑兵(bing)(bing)围困七(qi)日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久(jiu)。［52］当(dang)(dang)：如(ru)(ru)，像。［53］为(wei)(wei)(wei)力(li)(li)：用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兵(bing)(bing)。［54］执事(shi)(shi)者(zhe)：掌权(quan)者(zhe)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)汉(han)(han)朝(chao)廷(ting)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)。［55］苟(gou)：但(dan)(dan)，只。［56］宁（ｎìｎｇ佞）：难(nan)道(dao)(dao)，反(fan)诘副词(ci)(ci)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)与(yu)(yu)上(shang)句(ju)连(lian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)反(fan)诘，调换反(fan)诘词(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免重复。妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)：妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)、儿女。［57］“故(gu)欲”二(er)(er)句(ju)：据2《文(wen)(wen)选(xuan)》李善(shan)注(zhu)载(zai)：“李陵(ling)(ling)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)与(yu)(yu)苏(su)(su)子(zi)(zi)卿(qing)(qing)书(shu)云(yun)(yun)：‘陵(ling)(ling)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)卿(qing)(qing)死(si)(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)然(ran)者(zhe)，冀其(qi)驱丑虏，翻然(ran)南(nan)驰，故(gu)且(qie)屈以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)求(qiu)伸(shen)。若(ruo)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)(si)，功(gong)(gong)成事(shi)(shi)立，则(ze)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)上(shang)报厚(hou)(hou)恩(en)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)显祖(zu)考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)(ming)也。’”［58］灭(mie)名(ming)：使名(ming)声(sheng)泯(min)灭(mie)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)(li)“灭(mie)名(ming)”与(yu)(yu)“虚死(si)(si)(si)”对(dui)(dui)应(ying)(ying)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)取身无谓(wei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)(si)、名(ming)也随之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俱灭(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)。［59］昔(xi)范(fan)蠡（ｌǐ李）不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)殉会(hui)(hui)（ｋｕàｉ快(kuai)）稽(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耻(chi)：鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)494）越(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)践兵(bing)(bing)败(bai)，率(lv)(lv)五千(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)围在(zai)会(hui)(hui)稽(ji)山(shan)，向吴王(wang)(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)求(qiu)和(he)，范(fan)蠡作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)质(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)往吴国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，并未(wei)因(yin)(yin)求(qiu)和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耻(chi)自(zi)杀(sha)(sha)(sha)殉国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。范(fan)蠡，字(zi)少(shao)伯，春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)楚国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)宛（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)南(nan)阳(yang)县）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)辅助勾(gou)践振兴(xing)(xing)越(yue)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、兴(xing)(xing)师灭(mie)吴重要谋士(shi)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)至齐，改(gai)名(ming)鸱(chi)夷(yi)子(zi)(zi)皮(pi)。晚经商，称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陶朱公(gong)(gong)(gong)。［60］曹(cao)沬(mei)（ｍèｉ妹）不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)(si)三(san)败(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辱：曹(cao)沬(mei)曾(ceng)与(yu)(yu)齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)战(zhan)，三(san)战(zhan)三(san)败(bai)，并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)因(yin)(yin)屡次受(shou)辱而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)自(zi)杀(sha)(sha)(sha)身死(si)(si)(si)。曹(cao)沬(mei)，春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)勇(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)事(shi)(shi)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)。庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)681），齐桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)，庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)请(qing)和(he)，会(hui)(hui)盟于(yu)柯（今(jin)(jin)山(shan)东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)省(sheng)东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阿(a)县西南(nan)），沬(mei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)匕首(shou)(shou)劫持桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)，迫使他(ta)全部(bu)归还战(zhan)争(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)侵占的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土地(di)(di)。［61］卒(zu)复勾(gou)践之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仇：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勾(gou)践灭(mie)吴，夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)自(zi)杀(sha)(sha)(sha)。［62］报鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羞：此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柯盟追回(hui)(hui)齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)侵地(di)(di)。［63］椎（ｃｈｕǐ垂）心(xin)(xin)、泣血(xue)(xue)(xue)：形(xing)容极(ji)(ji)度悲(bei)(bei)(bei)伤(shang)。椎，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)椎打击(ji)。泣血(xue)(xue)(xue)，悲(bei)(bei)(bei)痛无声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哭(ku)。［64］萧(xiao)：萧(xiao)何（？—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)193），沛(pei)（今(jin)(jin)江苏(su)(su)省(sheng)沛(pei)县）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，辅助刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)(bang)建(jian)(jian)立基业，论(lun)功(gong)(gong)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，封(feng)(feng)酂侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。他(ta)曾(ceng)因(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)请(qing)求(qiu)上(shang)林(lin)苑（专(zhuan)供皇(huang)(huang)(huang)族(zu)畋猎(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)场所(suo)(suo)(suo)）向老(lao)(lao)百(bai)姓(xing)开(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)遭(zao)囚(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)禁。樊：樊哙（？—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)189），沛(pei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。从(cong)刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)(bang)起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)，屡建(jian)(jian)功(gong)(gong)勋，封(feng)(feng)舞阳(yang)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。曾(ceng)因(yin)(yin)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)诬(wu)(wu)告与(yu)(yu)吕后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)家族(zu)结党而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)囚(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)拘。［65］韩：韩信(xin)（？—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)196），淮阴(yin)（今(jin)(jin)江苏(su)(su)省(sheng)淮阴(yin)市(shi)）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，初随项羽，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)归刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)(bang)，拜大(da)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，屡建(jian)(jian)奇(qi)功(gong)(gong)，封(feng)(feng)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)贬为(wei)(wei)(wei)淮阴(yin)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。他(ta)因(yin)(yin)要响应(ying)(ying)陈狶起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)造反(fan)，被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)吕氏斩首(shou)(shou)。彭(peng)：彭(peng)越(yue)（？—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)196），昌邑（今(jin)(jin)山(shan)东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)省(sheng)金乡县西北(bei)(bei)(bei)）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，秦(qin)末(mo)聚众起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)归刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)(bang)，多建(jian)(jian)军功(gong)(gong)，封(feng)(feng)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)。他(ta)因(yin)(yin)造反(fan)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)囚(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)祖(zu)予以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赦免，迁至蜀道(dao)(dao)，但(dan)(dan)吕氏仍将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)他(ta)处(chu)(chu)死(si)(si)(si)，并夷(yi)三(san)族(zu)。葅醢（ｚūｈǎｉ租海）：剁成肉(rou)酱，是(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)种(zhong)残酷(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)(si)(si)刑。［66］晁(chao)错（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)200—154）：颍川（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)及南(nan)部(bu)地(di)(di)，治所(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)禹(yu)县）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。景帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，他(ta)建(jian)(jian)议削各(ge)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)封(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)吴楚等(deng)七(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)反(fan)，有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)削地(di)(di)所(suo)(suo)(suo)致(zhi)，晁(chao)错因(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)杀(sha)(sha)(sha)。［67］周(zhou)(zhou)：周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)（？—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)169），沛(pei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，从(cong)刘(liu)(liu)邦(bang)(bang)起(qi)事(shi)(shi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)军功(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军，拜绛侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。吕氏死(si)(si)(si)，勃(bo)与(yu)(yu)陈平共(gong)诛(zhu)诸(zhu)(zhu)吕，立文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)曾(ceng)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)诬(wu)(wu)告欲造反(fan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)狱(yu)。魏(wei)(wei)：魏(wei)(wei)其(qi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)窦婴(ying)（？—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)131），字(zi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)孙，观(guan)津（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)省(sheng)衡水县东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，窦太后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)姪。景帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，平定(ding)吴楚七(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)有功(gong)(gong)，封(feng)(feng)魏(wei)(wei)其(qi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。与(yu)(yu)灌夫(fu)(fu)(fu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)至交(jiao)(jiao)。武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，灌夫(fu)(fu)(fu)因(yin)(yin)与(yu)(yu)丞相田蚡(fen)结仇下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)狱(yu)，婴(ying)力(li)(li)图相救(jiu)，受(shou)牵(qian)连(lian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)诛(zhu)。见(jian)：受(shou)。辜(gu)：罪。［68］佐命(ming)：辅助帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)治理国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)事(shi)(shi)。［69］贾(jia)(jia)谊（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)201—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)169）：洛阳(yang)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)洛阳(yang)市(shi)东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)）人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，自(zi)幼博(bo)学(xue)，文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)召为(wei)(wei)(wei)博(bo)士(shi)，迁太中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。积极(ji)(ji)参与(yu)(yu)政事(shi)(shi)，并勇(yong)(yong)于(yu)针砭时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)弊。亚(ya)(ya)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)：即(ji)(ji)周(zhou)(zhou)亚(ya)(ya)失夫(fu)(fu)(fu)（？—前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)143），周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)，封(feng)(feng)條侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，曾(ceng)屯军细柳（今(jin)(jin)陕西省(sheng)咸(xian)阳(yang)市(shi)西南(nan)），以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)军令严整闻名(ming)。景帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，任太尉，率(lv)(lv)师平定(ding)七(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)叛(pan)(pan)乱(luan)。［70］小人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)：包括排挤贾(jia)(jia)谊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)绛侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)有“周(zhou)(zhou)魏(wei)(wei)见(jian)辜(gu)”句(ju)，谨录备考(kao)。［71］“并受(shou)”句(ju)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贾(jia)(jia)谊被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)在(zai)朝(chao)权(quan)贵（周(zhou)(zhou)勃(bo)、灌婴(ying)、张相如(ru)(ru)、冯(feng)敬等(deng)）排斥，流放(fang)(fang)长(zhang)(zhang)沙；周(zhou)(zhou)亚(ya)(ya)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)因(yin)(yin)其(qi)子(zi)(zi)私购御(yu)物下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)狱(yu)，被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)诬(wu)(wu)谋反(fan)，绝食(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)(si)。［72］二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贾(jia)(jia)谊、周(zhou)(zhou)亚(ya)(ya)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。《文(wen)(wen)选(xuan)》李善(shan)注(zhu)则(ze)云(yun)(yun)：“二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)，谓(wei)范(fan)蠡、曹(cao)沬(mei)也。言诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)才能者(zhe)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)囚(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戮，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能雪(xue)耻(chi)报功(gong)(gong)也。”亦可备一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说。遐举：原指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)远行(xing)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)兼(jian)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)(gong)业。［73］陵(ling)(ling)先(xian)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)李广(guang)(guang)。［74］冠（ｇｕàｎ贯）：在(zai)……之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)居第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)动词(ci)(ci)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。［75］贵臣(chen)(chen)(chen)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卫(wei)青(qing)。卫(wei)青(qing)为(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军伐匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)，李广(guang)(guang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军，被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)遣出(chu)(chu)东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)道(dao)(dao)，因(yin)(yin)东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)道(dao)(dao)远而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)难(nan)行(xing)，迷惑(huo)失路，被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)卫(wei)青(qing)追逼(bi)问罪，含愤(fen)自(zi)杀(sha)(sha)(sha)。［76］戟(ji)（ｊǐ己）：古(gu)(gu)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)，合(he)戈(ge)矛为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)体，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直刺(ci)、横击(ji)。［77］万(wan)(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)（ｓｈèｎｇ胜）：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)万(wan)(wan)(wan)辆车。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)万(wan)(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)君(jun)主(zhu)。文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)武(wu)(wu)力(li)(li)强盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。虏：古(gu)(gu)代(dai)对(dui)(dui)少(shao)数民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贬称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)。［78］伏剑：以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)剑自(zi)杀(sha)(sha)(sha)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)说，苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)在(zai)卫(wei)律逼(bi)降(jiang)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，引(yin)佩刀自(zi)刺(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)。［79］朔北(bei)(bei)(bei)：北(bei)(bei)(bei)方。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)境。［80］丁年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)：成丁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)龄，即(ji)(ji)成年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)(li)强调苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)出(chu)(chu)使时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正处(chu)(chu)壮年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。［81］皓(hao)（ｈàｏ号(hao)）首(shou)(shou)：年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)老(lao)(lao)白(bai)头(tou)。皓(hao)，光(guang)(guang)亮、洁(jie)白(bai)。［82］终堂：死(si)(si)(si)在(zai)家里(li)(li)(li)。终：死(si)(si)(si)。［83］去(qu)帷：改(gai)嫁。去(qu)，离开(kai)(kai)。［84］蛮貊（ｍò末(mo)）：泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)数民族(zu)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)。貊，古(gu)(gu)代(dai)对(dui)(dui)居于(yu)东(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)区民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呼(hu)。［85］茅土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荐：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赐土地(di)(di)、封(feng)(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)社(she)祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坛(tan)共(gong)有五色土，分封(feng)(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)则(ze)按封(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)方向取坛(tan)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)色土，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)茅包之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)茅土，给所(suo)(suo)(suo)封(feng)(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)在(zai)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)内立社(she)坛(tan)。［86］千(qian)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赏：也指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)封(feng)(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)千(qian)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。［87］典(dian)属(shu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)：官(guan)名(ming)。掌管(guan)民族(zu)交(jiao)(jiao)往事(shi)(shi)务，位在(zai)三(san)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，属(shu)官(guan)有九译令。秩(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)二(er)(er)千(qian)石(shi)，即(ji)(ji)每月受(shou)俸一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)八十斛。［88］加：施。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)(li)(li)有奖(jiang)赏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)。［89］万(wan)(wan)(wan)户侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)：食(shi)(shi)邑万(wan)(wan)(wan)户之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)受(shou)重赏、居高(gao)(gao)(gao)位者(zhe)。［90］廊庙(miao)：殿(dian)四周(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廊和(he)太庙(miao)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)与(yu)(yu)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)议论(lun)政事(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)朝(chao)廷(ting)为(wei)(wei)(wei)廊庙(miao)。“廊庙(miao)宰”，即(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)廷(ting)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)掌权(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。［91］厚(hou)(hou)诛(zhu)：严重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惩罚。［92］孤(gu)恩(en)：辜(gu)负恩(en)情(qing)。恩(en)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)对(dui)(dui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)处(chu)(chu)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)句(ju)“负德(de)(de)(de)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“德(de)(de)(de)”偏(pian)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)对(dui)(dui)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)绩。［93］安：安于(yu)死(si)(si)(si)，即(ji)(ji)视死(si)(si)(si)如(ru)(ru)归之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)。［94］稽(ji)颡（ｓǎｎｇ嗓(sang)）：叩首(shou)(shou)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)额(e)触地(di)(di)。颡，额(e)。［95］北(bei)(bei)(bei)阙(que)：原指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫(gong)殿(dian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)门楼(lou)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)借指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)宫(gong)禁或(huo)朝(chao)廷(ting)。［96］刀笔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吏：主(zhu)办文(wen)(wen)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)吏，他(ta)们往往通(tong)过文(wen)(wen)辞左右(you)案情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轻重。［97］夫(fu)(fu)(fu)（ｆú扶(fu)）：发语词(ci)(ci)，无义。［98］幸：希望(wang)。故(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)：老(lao)(lao)朋友。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任立政、霍光(guang)(guang)、上(shang)官(guan)桀等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。［99］圣(sheng)君(jun)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)汉(han)(han)昭帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)刘(liu)(liu)弗陵(ling)(ling)。［100］胤(yin)（ｙìｎ印）子(zi)(zi)：儿子(zi)(zi)。苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)曾(ceng)娶匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)女为(wei)(wei)(wei)妻(qi)，生子(zi)(zi)名(ming)通(tong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，苏(su)(su)武(wu)(wu)归时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仍留匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)，宣(xuan)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)才回(hui)(hui)到(dao)汉(han)(han)朝(chao)。［101］顿(dun)首(shou)(shou)：叩头(tou)，书(shu)信(xin)结尾常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)谦辞。
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