管晏列传
王学孟 译注
【说明】这(zhei)是管(guan)仲(zhong)、晏(yan)婴两位大政(zheng)治家(jia)的(de)合传(chuan)。在这(zhei)篇列传(chuan)中,作者对他们采取了赞(zan)美和褒扬的(de)态度。管(guan)仲(zhong)相齐(qi),凭借海(hai)滨(bin)的(de)有利条件,发展经济,聚(ju)集财(cai)物,使国富兵(bing)强,与百(bai)姓同好恶。他善于“因祸而为福,转败而为功。贵轻重、慎权衡(heng)”,内政(zheng)、外交功名(ming)垂著。他辅佐(zuo)桓(huan)公,一(yi)匡天下,使桓(huan)公成(cheng)为春(chun)秋时期第一(yi)个霸主。晏(yan)婴事齐(qi)三(san)世,节俭力(li)行,严于律(lv)己,三(san)世显名(ming)于诸候。二人虽隔(ge)百(bai)余年,但他们都是齐(qi)人,都是名(ming)相,又都为齐(qi)国作出(chu)了卓越的(de)贡献,故合传(chuan)为一(yi)。
本文通过(guo)鲍叔(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)晏(yan)(yan)子知(zhi)(zhi)贤、荐贤和(he)(he)让贤的(de)故事,刻意(yi)探索和(he)(he)说(shuo)明(ming)了(le)如何对待贤才(cai)的(de)问题。管仲其人,经商多(duo)分财(cai)利,谋(mou)事反而(er)更糟(zao),作官被(bei)逐,打仗逃跑。鲍叔(shu)(shu)却(que)(que)不(bu)认为他贪、愚、不(bu)肖(xiao)、怯和(he)(he)无耻。反而(er)从囚(qiu)(qiu)禁(jin)中(zhong)把他解放(fang)出来,并推荐给桓(huan)公,使之(zhi)有机会一展才(cai)能。晏(yan)(yan)子贵为国相(xiang),却(que)(que)以(yi)(yi)石父为知(zhi)(zhi)己,即(ji)使他在囚(qiu)(qiu)禁(jin)中(zhong),也(ye)要(yao)迫不(bu)及(ji)待地解放(fang)他,尊重他。一个地位卑贱的(de)车夫(fu),只要(yao)知(zhi)(zhi)过(guo)自(zi)改,便予以(yi)(yi)提拔(ba),荐为大(da)夫(fu)。司(si)马迁极力赞(zan)美鲍叔(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)晏(yan)(yan)子,正(zheng)是慨叹(tan)自(zi)己未遇解骖赎罪的(de)知(zhi)(zhi)己。所以(yi)(yi),他在赞(zan)语中(zhong)说(shuo):“假令(ling)晏(yan)(yan)子而(er)在,余虽为之(zhi)执(zhi)鞭,所忻慕焉。”此实(shi)乃本传之(zhi)真意(yi)。
作(zuo)者善(shan)于用特定人物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动作(zuo)、个性化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)语言(yan)刻画(hua)人物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内心(xin)(xin)(xin)世界。石父虽贤(xian)(xian),不幸而(er)为囚(qiu)犯。晏(yan)子(zi)遇到他解左(zuo)骖(can)把他赎出(chu),载回家(jia)去,只因“弗谢,入(ru)闺,久之,”就被石父深(shen)责并(bing)要求(qiu)绝交。行文到此,作(zuo)者写道,“晏(yan)子(zi)戄然,摄衣冠谢曰:‘婴虽不仁,免子(zi)于厄,何子(zi)求(qiu)绝之速也?’……晏(yan)子(zi)于是(shi)延人为上客。”首句(ju)写出(chu)晏(yan)子(zi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)灵深(shen)处的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)震撼(han),以(yi)及由震撼(han)而(er)形于外在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惶惑之色;二句(ju)补写了由震撼(han)而(er)引(yin)发出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)严肃(su)、敬畏、谦虚、惶惑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表情;晏(yan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)问话又以(yi)谦虑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口吻写出(chu)他由解骖(can)赎人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壮举而(er)引(yin)发的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自矜心(xin)(xin)(xin)理;末句(ju)晏(yan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)转变也正是(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)理转变的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)结果。廖(liao)廖(liao)三十余字,把晏(yan)子(zi)由求(qiu)贤(xian)(xian)到礼贤(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)个过(guo)程和心(xin)(xin)(xin)灵深(shen)处的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变化(hua)层次、一个完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)态,形神毕肖地(di)表现出(chu)来(lai)。
通过典型细节,以借宾形主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手法刻画人物。作者(zhe)抓住(zhu)车夫(fu)妻(qi)子(zi)从(cong)门间窥视(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)细节,来揭示一个女(nv)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)内心(xin)(xin)隐秘。从(cong)瞬间的(de)(de)(de)(de)窥视(shi)到提出离婚,御(yu)(yu)(yu)妻(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神色、姿态(tai)、心(xin)(xin)理(li)已然活现(xian),不仅闪跃(yue)着个性的(de)(de)(de)(de)光芒(mang),也表现(xian)了(le)她的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)计、意念和独特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)看人标准。然而写石父、写御(yu)(yu)(yu)妻(qi)、写御(yu)(yu)(yu)者(zhe),又是为了(le)写晏子(zi)。这种借宾形主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手法,使晏子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象更(geng)加丰(feng)满了(le)。
由于管、晏的事(shi)迹已见于卷三十二《齐太公世家》,故本传只“论其轶事(shi)”。此《史(shi)记》一书(shu)之互见法又(you)一显例也。
管(guan)仲,名(ming)夷吾,是(shi)颍(ying)上(shang)人。他年轻的时候(hou),常(chang)和鲍(bao)(bao)(bao)叔牙交往,鲍(bao)(bao)(bao)叔牙知(zhi)道(dao)他贤明、有才干。管(guan)仲家贫,经(jing)常(chang)占鲍(bao)(bao)(bao)叔的便宜(yi),但鲍(bao)(bao)(bao)叔始终很好地对待他,不因为这(zhei)(zhei)些事而有什么怨(yuan)言。不久,鲍(bao)(bao)(bao)叔侍奉(feng)齐(qi)国公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai),管(guan)促待奉(feng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠。等到(dao)小(xiao)白(bai)即位,立(li)为齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)以后,桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)让鲁(lu)国杀了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠,管(guan)仲被囚禁(jin)。于(yu)是(shi)鲍(bao)(bao)(bao)叔向齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)推荐管(guan)仲。管(guan)仲被任(ren)用以后,在齐(qi)国执政,桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)凭借着管(guan)仲而称霸(ba),并以霸(ba)主(zhu)的身份,多次(ci)会合诸(zhu)候(hou),使(shi)天下归正于(yu)一,这(zhei)(zhei)都是(shi)管(guan)仲的智谋。
管(guan)仲说:“我(wo)(wo)当初贫(pin)困时(shi)(shi),曾(ceng)经和鲍叔一起做(zuo)生意,分财(cai)利时(shi)(shi)自己总是(shi)多要一些(xie),鲍叔并(bing)不(bu)(bu)认(ren)为(wei)我(wo)(wo)贪财(cai),而(er)(er)是(shi)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)我(wo)(wo)家里贫(pin)穷。我(wo)(wo)曾(ceng)经替鲍叔谋划事情,反(fan)而(er)(er)使他更(geng)加困顿(dun)不(bu)(bu)堪,陷(xian)于窘境,鲍叔不(bu)(bu)认(ren)为(wei)我(wo)(wo)愚笨,他知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)时(shi)(shi)运有(you)时(shi)(shi)顺利,有(you)时(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)顺利。我(wo)(wo)曾(ceng)经多次作官(guan)多次都被国君驱(qu)逐(zhu),鲍叔不(bu)(bu)认(ren)为(wei)我(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)器,他知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)我(wo)(wo)没遇上好时(shi)(shi)机。我(wo)(wo)曾(ceng)经多次打仗多次逃跑。鲍叔不(bu)(bu)认(ren)为(wei)我(wo)(wo)胆小,他知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)我(wo)(wo)家里有(you)老母需要赡养(yang)。公子纠失败,召忽为(wei)之殉(xun)难,我(wo)(wo)被囚禁遭受(shou)屈辱,鲍叔不(bu)(bu)认(ren)为(wei)我(wo)(wo)没有(you)廉耻,知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)我(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)因小的过失而(er)(er)感到羞愧,却以功名不(bu)(bu)显(xian)扬(yang)于天下而(er)(er)感到耻辱。生养(yang)我(wo)(wo)的是(shi)父母,真正了解我(wo)(wo)的是(shi)鲍叔啊(a)。”
鲍叔推荐了管(guan)仲(zhong)以后,情愿把自身置于管(guan)仲(zhong)之下(xia)。他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)子孙世世代代在齐国享有(you)俸禄,得到封地的(de)(de)(de)有(you)十几代,多数是著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)大夫(fu)。因此,天下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)不称赞管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)才干,反而(er)赞美鲍叔能够识别人(ren)才。
管(guan)仲出(chu)任齐(qi)相(xiang)执政以(yi)后,凭借着小小的(de)(de)齐(qi)国在(zai)海滨的(de)(de)条件,流(liu)通货物,积(ji)聚财富,使得(de)国富兵(bing)强,与百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)同(tong)好恶。所以(yi),他在(zai)《管(guan)子》一书中称述说:“仓库储(chu)备充(chong)实(shi)了,百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)才(cai)(cai)懂得(de)礼节;衣食丰(feng)足了,百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)才(cai)(cai)能分辨荣辱;国君的(de)(de)作为合乎法度,“六亲”才(cai)(cai)会(hui)得(de)以(yi)稳固”“不提倡礼义(yi)廉耻(chi),国家就(jiu)会(hui)灭亡(wang)。”“国家下(xia)达(da)政令就(jiu)像(xiang)流(liu)水的(de)(de)源(yuan)头(tou),顺着百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)的(de)(de)心意流(liu)下(xia)。”所以(yi)政令符(fu)合下(xia)情就(jiu)容易(yi)推行。百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)想要得(de)到的(de)(de),就(jiu)给他们(men);百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)所反对的(de)(de),就(jiu)替他们(men)废(fei)除。
管(guan)仲执政的(de)时候,善(shan)于把祸患化(hua)为吉祥,使(shi)失败(bai)转化(hua)为成功(gong)。他重(zhong)视分别(bie)事物的(de)轻(qing)重(zhong)缓急,慎重(zhong)地权(quan)衡事情的(de)利弊得(de)失。齐桓公实际上(shang)是(shi)(shi)怨恨(hen)少姬改嫁而(er)向(xiang)南袭击(ji)蔡(cai)国(guo),管(guan)仲就(jiu)寻(xun)找借口攻(gong)打楚国(guo),责备它(ta)没有向(xiang)周王(wang)室进贡菁(jing)茅。桓公实际上(shang)是(shi)(shi)向(xiang)北出兵攻(gong)打山戎,而(er)管(guan)仲就(jiu)趁机让燕国(guo)整顿(dun)召公时期的(de)政教。在柯地会盟,桓公想背弃曹沫逼(bi)迫他订(ding)立的(de)盟约(yue),管(guan)仲就(jiu)顺应形势劝他信守盟约(yue),诸候们因此归顺齐国(guo)。所以说:“懂得(de)给予正是(shi)(shi)为了取(qu)得(de)的(de)道理,这是(shi)(shi)治(zhi)理国(guo)家(jia)的(de)法宝(bao)。”
管仲富(fu)贵(gui)得可以跟(gen)国君相比拟,拥有设置化丽(li)的(de)三归台(tai)和国君的(de)宴饮设备,齐国人(ren)却不认为他(ta)奢侈僭(jian)越。管仲逝世后(hou),齐国仍遵(zun)循(xun)他(ta)的(de)政策,常常比其它诸候(hou)国强大(da)。此后(hou)过了(le)(le)百(bai)余年(nian),齐国又出(chu)了(le)(le)个晏婴。
晏平仲(zhong),名婴,是齐(qi)国(guo)莱地(di)夷维人(ren)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)辅佐(zuo)了齐(qi)灵(ling)公、庄(zhuang)(zhuang)公、景公三(san)代国(guo)君,由于节(jie)约俭仆又努力(li)工作,在(zai)齐(qi)国(guo)受到人(ren)们的(de)尊重。他(ta)(ta)(ta)做了齐(qi)国(guo)宰(zai)相,食不兼味,妻(qi)妾不穿丝绸(chou)衣服。在(zai)朝廷(ting)上,国(guo)君说话涉及(ji)到他(ta)(ta)(ta),就(jiu)正(zheng)(zheng)直地(di)陈(chen)述自己的(de)意见;国(guo)君的(de)话不涉及(ji)他(ta)(ta)(ta),就(jiu)正(zheng)(zheng)直地(di)去办事。国(guo)君能行正(zheng)(zheng)道(dao),就(jiu)顺着(zhe)(zhe)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)命(ming)令去做,不能行正(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)时,就(jiu)对命(ming)令斟酌(zhuo)着(zhe)(zhe)去办。因此(ci),他(ta)(ta)(ta)在(zai)齐(qi)灵(ling)公、庄(zhuang)(zhuang)公、景公三(san)代,名声显扬于各国(guo)诸候(hou)。
越石(shi)父(fu)是(shi)个贤才,正在(zai)(zai)(zai)囚禁之中。晏子(zi)外出,在(zai)(zai)(zai)路上遇(yu)到他,就(jiu)解(jie)开乘车左边的(de)(de)马(ma),把(ba)他赎出来(lai),用车拉回家。晏子(zi)没有向越石(shi)父(fu)告辞(ci),就(jiu)走进内(nei)室,过了好久没出来(lai),越石(shi)父(fu)就(jiu)请求与晏子(zi)绝(jue)交。晏子(zi)大吃一(yi)惊(jing),匆忙整理(li)好衣帽道(dao)歉说:“我即使说不(bu)上善良宽厚,也总算帮助(zhu)您从困境(jing)中解(jie)脱出来(lai),您为(wei)(wei)什么这么快就(jiu)要(yao)求绝(jue)交呢?”越石(shi)父(fu)说:“不(bu)是(shi)这样的(de)(de),我听说君子(zi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)了解(jie)自(zi)己的(de)(de)人那(nei)里受到委(wei)屈而在(zai)(zai)(zai)了解(jie)自(zi)己的(de)(de)人面前(qian)意志就(jiu)会得(de)到伸张。当我在(zai)(zai)(zai)囚禁之中,那(nei)些人不(bu)了解(jie)我。你既(ji)然(ran)已经受到感动而醒悟,把(ba)我赎买(mai)出来(lai),这就(jiu)是(shi)了解(jie)我;了解(jie)我却不(bu)能以礼相待(dai)(dai),还不(bu)如(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)囚禁之中”于是(shi)晏子(zi)就(jiu)请他进屋(wu)待(dai)(dai)为(wei)(wei)贵宾。
晏(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)做(zuo)齐国宰相时(shi),一(yi)次坐车(che)(che)外(wai)出,车(che)(che)夫的(de)(de)妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)从门(men)缝(feng)里偷偷地看她的(de)(de)丈夫。他(ta)(ta)丈夫替宰相驾车(che)(che),头(tou)上遮着(zhe)大伞,挥动(dong)着(zhe)鞭子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)赶着(zhe)四匹马,神气十足(zu),洋洋得意。不久(jiu)回到家(jia)(jia)里,妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)就(jiu)要(yao)求(qiu)离(li)(li)婚,车(che)(che)夫问(wen)她离(li)(li)婚的(de)(de)原因,妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)说:“晏(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)高(gao)不过六(liu)尺,却做(zuo)了(le)车(che)(che)的(de)(de)宰相,名(ming)声在(zai)各(ge)国显扬,我看他(ta)(ta)外(wai)出,志向思想都非常深沉,常有那种甘居人(ren)下(xia)的(de)(de)态(tai)度。现在(zai)你身(shen)高(gao)八尺,才不过做(zuo)人(ren)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)车(che)(che)夫,看你的(de)(de)神态(tai),却自以为挺满足(zu),因此我要(yao)求(qiu)和你离(li)(li)婚。”从此以后,车(che)(che)夫就(jiu)谦虚恭(gong)谨起来。晏(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)发现了(le)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)变化,感(gan)到很奇怪,就(jiu)问(wen)他(ta)(ta),车(che)(che)夫也如实相告。晏(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)就(jiu)推荐他(ta)(ta)做(zuo)了(le)大夫。
太史公说:我读了管仲的(de)《牧民》、《山高》、《乘(cheng)马(ma)》、《轻重》、《九(jiu)府》和《晏子春秋》,这些书(shu)上(shang)说的(de)太详细了!读了他(ta)们(men)的(de)著作(zuo),还想(xiang)让人们(men)了解(jie)他(ta)们(men)的(de)事迹,所以就依次编(bian)写了他(ta)们(men)的(de)合传(chuan)。至(zhi)于他(ta)们(men)的(de)著作(zuo),社会上(shang)已有很多,因此不再论述,只记载他(ta)们(men)的(de)佚事。
管(guan)仲(zhong)是世人所(suo)说(shuo)的(de)(de)贤(xian)臣,然而(er)孔子小看他(ta),难道是因为(wei)周朝统治衰(shuai)微,桓公既然贤(xian)明,管(guan)仲(zhong)不勉(mian)励他(ta)实行王道却辅佐他(ta)只(zhi)称霸主吗?古语说(shuo):“要顺势(shi)助成(cheng)君了的(de)(de)美(mei)德,纠正挽救他(ta)的(de)(de)过错,所(suo)以君臣百姓(xing)之间能亲密无间。”这大(da)概(gai)就是说(shuo)的(de)(de)管(guan)仲(zhong)吧?
当初晏子(zi)枕伏在庄(zhuang)公尸体上痛哭,完(wan)成了礼节然后离去,难道是(shi)(shi)人们所(suo)说的“遇到正义的事情不去做就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)没(mei)有勇气”的表现吗?至于晏子(zi)直(zhi)言进(jin)谏,敢于冒犯国君的威严,这(zhei)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)人们所(suo)说的“进(jin)就(jiu)想到竭尽忠(zhong)心,退就(jiu)想到弥补(bu)过失”的人啊!假使(shi)晏子(zi)还(hai)活着,我即(ji)使(shi)替他挥动着鞭子(zi)赶车,也是(shi)(shi)我非常高兴和十分向往(wang)的啊!
管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)夷吾者,颍上人也。少(shao)时常与鲍叔(shu)(shu)牙游①,鲍叔(shu)(shu)知其(qi)贤。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)贫困,常欺鲍叔(shu)(shu)②,鲍叔(shu)(shu)终善遇(yu)之(zhi),不以(yi)为言。已而(er)鲍叔(shu)(shu)事(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)子小白,管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)事(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)子纠③。及小白立,为桓公(gong)(gong),公(gong)(gong)子纠死(si),管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)囚焉④。鲍叔(shu)(shu)遂进管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)⑤。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)既用,任(ren)政于齐(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)以(yi)霸⑥,九(jiu)合(he)诸候⑦,一匡天下⑧,管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)谋也。
①游:交游,来往(wang)。③欺:此(ci)意为占便宜。指(zhi)下文(wen)“分(fen)财利多自与(yu)。”③“已而”二句:齐(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)立,政令无常(chang),数(shu)欺大(da)臣,又淫于(yu)妇人(ren),诛(zhu)杀(sha)屡不(bu)当,鲍(bao)叔担心齐(qi)国将大(da)乱。为避(bi)难,管仲、召忽奉襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)弟公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠(jiu)(jiu)出(chu)奔鲁(lu)国,鲍(bao)叔奉襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)弟小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)出(chu)奔莒国。见(jian)卷三(san)十(shi)二《齐(qi)太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)》、《左传·庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)八年》。④“及小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)”三(san)句:公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前686年襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)被杀(sha)。前685年,鲁(lu)国派兵(bing)保(bao)护公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠(jiu)(jiu)赶回齐(qi)国争夺王位,先(xian)由管仲领兵(bing)扼守(shou)莒、齐(qi)要道,以(yi)防小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)先(xian)行入齐(qi)争位。两(liang)相遭遇,管仲射(she)中小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)带钩。小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)佯死,使鲁(lu)国延误了公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠(jiu)(jiu)的(de)行程(cheng)。小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)率先(xian)入齐(qi),立为桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)军拒鲁(lu),大(da)败鲁(lu)军。鲁(lu)国被迫杀(sha)死公(gong)(gong)(gong)子纠(jiu)(jiu),召忽自杀(sha),管仲请(qing)囚。详(xiang)见(jian)卷三(san)十(shi)二《齐(qi)太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)》。⑤进:保(bao)举(ju),推荐。⑥霸(ba):称霸(ba)。⑦合:会盟。⑧匡(kuang):匡(kuang)正(zheng),纠(jiu)(jiu)正(zheng)。
管仲曰:“吾(wu)始困时(shi),尝(chang)(chang)(chang)与鲍叔贾①,分财利(li)多自与,鲍叔不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以我(wo)(wo)为(wei)贪,知我(wo)(wo)贫也(ye)。吾(wu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)为(wei)鲍叔谋事而(er)更穷困②,鲍叔不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以我(wo)(wo)为(wei)愚,知时(shi)有(you)利(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利(li)也(ye)。吾(wu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)三仕三见逐于(yu)君③,鲍叔不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以我(wo)(wo)为(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao),知我(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遭时(shi)也(ye)④。吾(wu)尝(chang)(chang)(chang)三战三走⑤,鲍叔不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以我(wo)(wo)为(wei)怯,知我(wo)(wo)有(you)老母也(ye)。公子纠(jiu)败,召忽(hu)死之⑥,吾(wu)幽(you)囚受辱,鲍叔不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以我(wo)(wo)为(wei)无耻,知我(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)羞小(xiao)节而(er)耻功名不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)显于(yu)天下也(ye)⑦。生(sheng)我(wo)(wo)者(zhe)父母,知我(wo)(wo)者(zhe)鲍子也(ye)。
①尝(chang):曾经。贾:作(zuo)买卖。②穷(qiong)困:困厄(e),窘迫(po)。③三:泛指多次。见(jian):被(bei)。④遭(zao):遇,逢。⑤走:逃(tao)跑。⑥死之:为(wei)公子(zi)纠而(er)死。⑦羞:以(yi)(yi)……为(wei)羞。耻:以(yi)(yi)……为(wei)耻。
鲍叔既进管仲(zhong),以身下之。子孙世禄于(yu)齐①,有(you)封邑者十(shi)余世,常为名(ming)大夫。天下不(bu)多管仲(zhong)之贤而多鲍叔能知人(ren)也②。
①世(shi)(shi)禄(lu):世(shi)(shi)代享受(shou)俸(feng)禄(lu)。②多:推(tui)重(zhong),赞(zan)美。
管仲既(ji)任政相齐①,以区(qu)区(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)齐在(zai)海滨(bin),通货积财(cai),富(fu)国(guo)强兵,与(yu)俗(su)(su)同好恶②。故其称曰(yue)③:“仓廪实而(er)知礼节,衣食足而(er)知荣辱,上服(fu)度则六亲固(gu)④。四维不张⑤,国(guo)乃灭亡。下令如流水之(zhi)(zhi)原⑥,令顺民心。”故论(lun)卑而(er)易(yi)行⑦。俗(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)所欲,因而(er)予之(zhi)(zhi);俗(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)所否(fou),因而(er)去之(zhi)(zhi)⑧。
①相:出任国(guo)(guo)相。②俗:指(zhi)百姓。③其(qi)(qi)称曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“他自(zi)己称述说。以下(xia)(xia)引语(yu)是对《管(guan)子·牧民(min)》篇有(you)(you)关论述的(de)(de)节(jie)(jie)(jie)录,其(qi)(qi)“仓廪实”三(san)句和“四(si)维(wei)不张”两(liang)(liang)句见于“国(guo)(guo)颂”一(yi)节(jie)(jie)(jie),“下(xia)(xia)令如(ru)流水(shui)之原”两(liang)(liang)句见于“士经(jing)”一(yi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)。④上(shang):国(guo)(guo)君(jun)。一(yi)说居上(shang)位(wei)者。服:行(xing),施行(xing)。度(du)(du):节(jie)(jie)(jie)度(du)(du)。或(huo)特指(zhi)礼(li)度(du)(du)、制度(du)(du)。六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin):《管(guan)子·牧民(min)》有(you)(you)“六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)五法”一(yi)节(jie)(jie)(jie),刘向注(zhu)云(yun):“‘以家为(wei)家’,一(yi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘以乡为(wei)乡’,二(er)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘以国(guo)(guo)为(wei)国(guo)(guo)’,三(san)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘以天(tian)下(xia)(xia)为(wei)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)’,四(si)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘毋曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不同(tong)生,远(yuan)者不听;毋曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不同(tong)乡,远(yuan)者不行(xing);毋曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不同(tong)国(guo)(guo),远(yuan)者不从(cong)。’‘如(ru)地(di)如(ru)天(tian),何(he)私(si)何(he)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)’,五亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。‘如(ru)月如(ru)日,唯(wei)君(jun)之节(jie)(jie)(jie)’,六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);天(tian)地(di)日月,取其(qi)(qi)耀(yao)临,言人君(jun)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)下(xia)(xia),当如(ru)天(tian)地(di)日月之无私(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”由此可(ke)知,这里所(suo)谓“六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”,非(fei)指(zhi)一(yi)般意义的(de)(de)六(liu)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin),即非(fei)《正(zheng)义》所(suo)云(yun)外祖(zu)父母(mu)、姊妹、妻(qi)兄(xiong)弟之子、从(cong)母(mu)之子、女子,亦(yi)非(fei)王弼所(suo)云(yun)父、母(mu)、兄(xiong)、弟、妻(qi)、子,或(huo)其(qi)(qi)他各种指(zhi)谓。固:安(an)固,稳(wen)固。⑤四(si)维(wei):《管(guan)子·牧民(min)·四(si)维(wei)》云(yun):“国(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)四(si)维(wei),一(yi)维(wei)绝(jue)则(ze)(ze)倾,二(er)维(wei)绝(jue)则(ze)(ze)危,三(san)维(wei)绝(jue)则(ze)(ze)覆,四(si)维(wei)绝(jue)则(ze)(ze)灭。倾可(ke)正(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),危可(ke)安(an)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),覆可(ke)起(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),灭不可(ke)复错也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。何(he)谓四(si)维(wei)?一(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)礼(li),二(er)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)义,三(san)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)廉,四(si)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)耻(chi)。”维(wei),纲,即网(wang)上(shang)的(de)(de)总(zong)绳(sheng),此引申为(wei)纲要、原则(ze)(ze)。⑥原:通“源(yuan)”,水(shui)的(de)(de)源(yuan)头。⑦论卑(bei):指(zhi)政令平易(yi)符合下(xia)(xia)边的(de)(de)民(min)情。⑧去:废除。
其(qi)为(wei)(wei)政也,善因(yin)祸而(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)福(fu),转败而(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)功。贵(gui)轻重①,慎权衡②。桓公(gong)(gong)实(shi)怒(nu)少姬,南袭蔡(cai)③,管(guan)仲因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)伐(fa)楚,责包(bao)茅不(bu)入贡于周室(shi)④。桓公(gong)(gong)实(shi)北征山(shan)戎,而(er)(er)(er)(er)管(guan)仲因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)令(ling)修召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)政⑤。于柯之(zhi)会(hui),桓公(gong)(gong)欲背曹沫之(zhi)约,管(guan)仲因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)信之(zhi),诸候由是归齐⑥。故曰:“知与之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)取(qu),政之(zhi)宝也⑦。”
①轻(qing)重:“轻(qing)重”一(yi)语(yu)原(yuan)是(shi)《管子(zi)(zi)》中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)个特殊经(jing)济(ji)概念,是(shi)管子(zi)(zi)经(jing)济(ji)思想(xiang)、经(jing)济(ji)理论中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)个重要(yao)组成部分,其核心问题(ti),是(shi)用货币和谷(gu)物来(lai)调节、控制(zhi)国(guo)家(jia)(jia)经(jing)济(ji)。但从本(ben)段所举史实来(lai)看,太史公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)是(shi)谈管子(zi)(zi)的(de)经(jing)济(ji)思想(xiang)。所以(yi)“轻(qing)重”一(yi)语(yu)还(hai)应理解为通常意义的(de)“轻(qing)重”,即事(shi)物的(de)轻(qing)重缓急(ji)。②权衡:比较利弊得失。③“桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)实怒”二(er)(er)句(ju)(ju):是(shi)说少姬(即蔡姬)曾荡(dang)舟戏弄桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),制(zhi)止不(bu)听,因怒,遣送回国(guo)。蔡君将其改嫁,所以(yi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)怒而(er)(er)攻(gong)蔡。见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)《齐(qi)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》、《左(zuo)(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)·僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)年(nian)》(伐(fa)(fa)蔡在(zai)“僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)”)。④“管仲(zhong)(zhong)”二(er)(er)句(ju)(ju):《左(zuo)(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)·僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)》载(zai):齐(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)伐(fa)(fa)楚,使管仲(zhong)(zhong)责之(zhi)曰(yue):“尔贡(gong)包茅(mao)(mao)不(bu)入,王祭不(bu)共,无(wu)(wu)以(yi)缩酒(jiu),寡人是(shi)征。”古代祭祀,用裹(guo)束(shu)(shu)成捆的(de)菁茅(mao)(mao)过滤去渣。包,裹(guo)束(shu)(shu)。茅(mao)(mao),菁茅(mao)(mao)。按:责楚包茅(mao)(mao)不(bu)入贡(gong)于(yu)周室,这是(shi)齐(qi)伐(fa)(fa)楚的(de)借口。事(shi)又(you)见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)《齐(qi)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》。⑤“桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)实北征”两句(ju)(ju):齐(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(前(qian)663),山(shan)戎(北狄)伐(fa)(fa)燕(yan),燕(yan)告急(ji)于(yu)齐(qi),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因伐(fa)(fa)山(shan)戎,至(zhi)于(yu)孤竹而(er)(er)还(hai)。燕(yan)庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)送桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)进入齐(qi)境。桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)说:“非天子(zi)(zi),诸(zhu)候相送不(bu)出(chu)境,吾不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)无(wu)(wu)礼于(yu)燕(yan)。”于(yu)是(shi)分沟(gou)割(ge)燕(yan)君所至(zhi)之(zhi)地(di)与(yu)燕(yan),并让燕(yan)君重修召公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)政,纳贡(gong)于(yu)周。召公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),是(shi)燕(yan)国(guo)的(de)始祖,周成王时(shi)为三(san)(san)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),“治(zhi)西方,甚得兆民和。”见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)《齐(qi)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》、卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四《燕(yan)召公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》。⑥“于(yu)柯(ke)之(zhi)会(hui)”四句(ju)(ju):齐(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五年(nian)(前(qian)681),伐(fa)(fa)鲁(lu),鲁(lu)将曹(cao)沫(mo)三(san)(san)战三(san)(san)败(bai),鲁(lu)庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)请(qing)献遂邑求和,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)许,与(yu)鲁(lu)会(hui)柯(ke)而(er)(er)盟(meng)。将盟(meng),曹(cao)沫(mo)以(yi)匕首劫(jie)持桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)坛上,威(wei)胁桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)归(gui)还(hai)“鲁(lu)之(zhi)侵地(di)”,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)先是(shi)被迫答应,继而(er)(er)“欲无(wu)(wu)与(yu)鲁(lu)地(di)而(er)(er)杀(sha)曹(cao)沫(mo)。”这时(shi),管仲(zhong)(zhong)劝桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)要(yao)图一(yi)时(shi)“小快”而(er)(er)“弃信(xin)”于(yu)诸(zhu)候,失天下之(zhi)援”。于(yu)是(shi)尽“与(yu)曹(cao)沫(mo)三(san)(san)败(bai)所亡地(di)于(yu)鲁(lu)”。“诸(zhu)候闻之(zhi),皆信(xin)齐(qi)而(er)(er)欲附(fu)焉”。见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)《齐(qi)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)》、卷(juan)(juan)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)六《刺客列传(chuan)(chuan)》。⑦“知与(yu)之(zhi)为取”二(er)(er)句(ju)(ju):语(yu)出(chu)《管子(zi)(zi)·牧(mu)民》。与(yu),给予。
管(guan)仲富拟(ni)于公室①,有三归、反坫(dian)②,齐人不以为侈③。管(guan)仲卒,齐国遵其(qi)政,常强(qiang)于诸侯(hou)。后百余年而有晏子焉(yan)。
①拟:比(bi)拟,类似。②三(san)归(gui):建筑(zhu)华(hua)丽的(de)台(tai)(tai)。另有(you)(you)多种(zhong)说(shuo)法,如三(san)姓女子(zi);三(san)处家庭(ting)、采邑、府库(ku)等(deng)。反坫(diàn,店):堂屋两柱间放(fang)置供(gong)祭祀、宴会所有(you)(you)礼器(qi)和酒的(de)土(tu)台(tai)(tai)。按“礼”,只有(you)(you)诸侯才能设有(you)(you)三(san)归(gui)和反坫。管仲是大夫,本不该(gai)享(xiang)有(you)(you)。然而,齐以管仲而强,故下文说(shuo)“齐人(ren)不以为(wei)侈(chi)。”③侈(chi):放(fang)纵,放(fang)肆。这里有(you)(you)过分(fen)的(de)意思。
晏(yan)平仲婴者,莱之(zhi)夷维人也。事齐(qi)灵(ling)公、庄(zhuang)公、景(jing)公,以节俭力行(xing)重于(yu)齐(qi)①。即(ji)(ji)相齐(qi),食不重肉②,妾不衣帛③。其在朝,君(jun)语及(ji)之(zhi)④,即(ji)(ji)危(wei)言⑤;语不及(ji)之(zhi),即(ji)(ji)危(wei)行(xing)。国(guo)有(you)道,即(ji)(ji)顺命⑥;无道,即(ji)(ji)衡命⑦。以此三世(shi)显名于(yu)诸侯。
①力(li)行:努力(li)工(gong)作。重(zhong):重(zhong)视。②重(zhong)肉(rou):两味肉(rou)食。③衣(yi):穿。④语及之:问到他。⑤危(wei)言:正(zheng)直地(di)陈(chen)述己见(jian)。危(wei),高耸貌。引申为正(zheng)真。⑥顺命(ming)(ming):服从命(ming)(ming)令去做。⑦衡命(ming)(ming):斟酌命(ming)(ming)令的情况去做。
越石(shi)(shi)父(fu)贤,在(zai)缧(lei)绁(xie)中(zhong)(zhong)①。晏(yan)子出(chu),遭(zao)之(zhi)涂②,解左骖赎(shu)之(zhi)③,载归。弗谢(xie)④,入闺⑤。久之(zhi),越石(shi)(shi)父(fu)请绝(jue)。宴子戄然(ran)⑥,摄衣冠谢(xie)曰⑦:“婴虽(sui)不(bu)仁,免(mian)子于(yu)(yu)厄⑧,何子求绝(jue)之(zhi)速也?”石(shi)(shi)父(fu)曰:“不(bu)然(ran)。吾闻君子诎于(yu)(yu)不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)己(ji)而(er)信于(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)己(ji)者(zhe)⑨。方吾在(zai)缧(lei)绁(xie)中(zhong)(zhong),彼不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)我(wo)也。夫(fu)子既已感(gan)寤而(er)赎(shu)我(wo)⑩,是知(zhi)(zhi)己(ji);知(zhi)(zhi)己(ji)而(er)无礼,固不(bu)如在(zai)缧(lei)绁(xie)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)。”晏(yan)子于(yu)(yu)是延(yan)入为上客,
①缧(lei)绁:拘系犯人的(de)绳子。引(yin)申为囚禁。②涂:同(tong)“途”。③骖:古代一车三马或(huo)四马,左右(you)两旁的(de)马叫骖。④谢:道(dao)歉。⑤闺:内(nei)室。⑥戄然:惶遽的(de)样子。⑦摄:整(zheng)理。⑧厄(é,饿):灾(zai)难。⑨诎:通(tong)“屈(qu)(qu)”,委(wei)屈(qu)(qu)。信(xin):通(tong)“伸”,伸展(zhan),伸张。⑩感寤:感动醒悟。寤,通(tong)“悟”。
晏(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)为(wei)齐相,出,其(qi)御(yu)之(zhi)妻从门间(jian)而窥(kui)其(qi)夫(fu)①。其(qi)夫(fu)为(wei)相御(yu)②,拥大(da)(da)盖③,策驷马,意气扬扬,甚自(zi)得也。既(ji)而归,其(qi)妻请(qing)去(qu)④。夫(fu)问其(qi)故。妻曰(yue):“晏(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)长不满(man)六尺(chi),身相齐国,名显诸候。今(jin)者妾观其(qi)出,志念(nian)深矣⑤,常有(you)以自(zi)下者。今(jin)子(zi)(zi)长八尺(chi),乃(nai)为(wei)人仆御(yu),然(ran)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)意自(zi)以为(wei)足,妾是以求(qiu)去(qu)也。”其(qi)后(hou)夫(fu)自(zi)抑损⑥。晏(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)怪(guai)而问之(zhi)⑦,御(yu)以实对。晏(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)荐以为(wei)大(da)(da)夫(fu)。
①御:车(che)夫。门间:门缝。窥:暗(an)中偷看。②御:驾车(che)。③拥:遮、障。④去:离(li)开。此指(zhi)离(li)婚。⑤志(zhi)念:志(zhi)向、抱(bao)负。⑥抑(yi)损(sun):谦恭、退让。抑(yi),谦下(xia)。损(sun),退损(sun)。⑦怪:感到奇怪。
太史公曰(yue):吾读(du)管氏《牧民(min)》、《山高(gao)》、《乘马》、《轻重》、《九(jiu)府》①,及《晏子(zi)春秋》②,详哉(zai)其言之也(ye)。既见其著书,欲观其行事,故次其传③。至其书,世多有之,是以(yi)不论,论其轶(yi)事。
①《牧(mu)民(min)》、《山高》、《乘马》、《轻重》、《九(jiu)府》:都是(shi)《管(guan)子》篇名。②《晏(yan)子春(chun)秋》:旧(jiu)题春(chun)秋齐晏(yan)婴撰,实际上是(shi)后(hou)人依托并(bing)采缀晏(yan)子言行(xing)而作。③次:编次、编列。
管仲,世所(suo)谓贤(xian)臣,然孔子(zi)小之(zhi)(zhi)①。岂(qi)以为周道(dao)衰微(wei),桓公既贤(xian),而不勉之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)王(wang),乃(nai)称霸哉?语曰②:“将顺其(qi)美(mei)③,匡救其(qi)恶④,故上下能(neng)相(xiang)亲也⑤。”岂(qi)管仲之(zhi)(zhi)谓乎(hu)?
①小(xiao)之:认为他器(qi)量(liang)狭(xia)小(xiao)。《论语(yu)·八(ba)佾》有“管仲之器(qi)小(xiao)哉(zai)”的话。②语(yu)引自(zi)《孝经·事君(jun)》。③将顺:顺势助(zhu)成(cheng)。④匡(kuang)救:纠(jiu)正、挽(wan)救。⑤上下(xia):指君(jun)臣(chen)百(bai)姓。
方晏(yan)子(zi)伏庄公尸哭之(zhi),成(cheng)礼然后去①,岂所谓(wei)“见义(yi)不为无勇”者邪(xie)?至其谏说,犯君之(zhi)颜②,此所谓(wei)“进思(si)尽忠,退(tui)思(si)补过”者哉③!假令晏(yan)子(zi)而在,余(yu)虽为之(zhi)执鞭,所忻慕焉(yan)④。
①“晏子伏庄公尸”二句:齐国大夫崔杼因齐庄公与他新娶棠公的寡妻私通,设谋杀死庄公。晏婴到崔家,枕庄公尸而哭之,完成君臣之礼而去。见卷三十二《齐太公世家》、《左传·襄公二十五年》。②犯:冒犯。颜:面容、脸色。③引语出自《孝经·事君》。④忻(xīn,新):同“欣”。慕:羡慕,向往。[下一章>>] [返回目录▲]
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