吾(wu)本寒家,世以(yi)清白相承(cheng)。吾(wu)性不(bu)喜华靡,自(zi)为乳儿,长者(zhe)加以(yi)金银华美之(zhi)服,辄羞赧弃去之(zhi)。二十忝科名,闻喜宴独不(bu)戴花(hua)。同年曰:「君赐(ci)不(bu)可违也。」乃簪一花(hua)。平(ping)生衣取蔽寒,食(shi)取充腹;亦(yi)不(bu)敢(gan)服垢弊以(yi)矫(jiao)俗干名,但顺(shun)吾(wu)性而已(yi)。
众人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)(jie)以(yi)奢靡(mi)为荣,吾心独以(yi)俭(jian)素为美。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)(jie)嗤(chi)吾固陋,吾不以(yi)为病(bing)。应之曰:孔(kong)子称「与其不逊也(ye)宁(ning)固」;又曰「以(yi)约(yue)失之者鲜(xian)矣」;又曰「士志(zhi)于道(dao),而耻恶衣恶食者,未(wei)足与议也(ye)。」古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)俭(jian)为美德,今人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)乃(nai)以(yi)俭(jian)相(xiang)诟(gou)病(bing)。嘻,异哉!
近岁风(feng)俗尤为侈靡,走卒类士(shi)服,农夫蹑丝(si)履。吾记天圣中,先公为群牧判官,客至未(wei)尝不置酒(jiu),或(huo)三行(xing)五行(xing),多(duo)不过七行(xing)。酒(jiu)酤于(yu)市,果(guo)止于(yu)梨、栗(li)、枣、柿之(zhi)(zhi)类;肴(yao)止于(yu)脯醢(hai)、菜羹,器用瓷漆。当时士(shi)大夫家(jia)(jia)皆然,人不相非(fei)也。会数而(er)礼勤,物薄而(er)情厚(hou)。近日士(shi)大夫家(jia)(jia),酒(jiu)非(fei)内(nei)法,果(guo)肴(yao)非(fei)远方珍异,食非(fei)多(duo)品,器皿非(fei)满案,不敢(gan)会宾友,常数月(yue)营(ying)聚,然后敢(gan)发书。苟(gou)或(huo)不然,人争非(fei)之(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)为鄙吝。故不随俗靡者盖鲜矣。嗟乎!风(feng)俗颓敝如是,居位(wei)者虽(sui)不能禁(jin),忍助之(zhi)(zhi)乎!
又闻昔(xi)李文(wen)(wen)靖公(gong)(gong)为相,治(zhi)居第于封丘门内(nei),听(ting)事前仅容(rong)旋马,或言其太隘,公(gong)(gong)笑(xiao)曰:「居第当传子孙,此为宰(zai)相听(ting)事诚隘,为太祝奉礼听(ting)事已(yi)宽矣。」参政鲁公(gong)(gong)为谏官,真宗遣使急召之(zhi),得于酒家(jia)(jia)(jia),既入,问(wen)其所来,以实对。上曰:「卿为清望官,奈(nai)何(he)饮于酒肆?」对曰:「臣家(jia)(jia)(jia)贫(pin),客至无(wu)器皿、肴、果,故就酒家(jia)(jia)(jia)觞之(zhi)。」上以无(wu)隐,益重(zhong)之(zhi)。张文(wen)(wen)节为相,自(zi)奉养如为河阳掌书记时,所亲或规之(zhi)曰:「公(gong)(gong)今(jin)受俸(feng)(feng)不少(shao),而自(zi)奉若此。公(gong)(gong)虽(sui)自(zi)信清约,外人颇有(you)公(gong)(gong)孙布被之(zhi)讥。公(gong)(gong)宜少(shao)从(cong)众(zhong)。」公(gong)(gong)叹(tan)曰:「吾(wu)(wu)今(jin)日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)俸(feng)(feng),虽(sui)举家(jia)(jia)(jia)锦衣(yi)玉食,何(he)患不能(neng)(neng)?顾人之(zhi)常情,由俭(jian)入奢(she)易,由奢(she)入俭(jian)难(nan)。吾(wu)(wu)今(jin)日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)俸(feng)(feng)岂(qi)(qi)能(neng)(neng)常有(you)?身(shen)(shen)岂(qi)(qi)能(neng)(neng)常存?一旦异于今(jin)日(ri)(ri),家(jia)(jia)(jia)人习奢(she)已(yi)久,不能(neng)(neng)顿俭(jian),必致失所。岂(qi)(qi)若吾(wu)(wu)居位(wei)去(qu)位(wei)、身(shen)(shen)存身(shen)(shen)亡,常如一日(ri)(ri)乎(hu)?」呜呼!大贤之(zhi)深(shen)谋远虑,岂(qi)(qi)庸人所及哉!
御孙曰:「俭(jian),德(de)之共(gong)也(ye);侈(chi),恶(e)之大(da)也(ye)。」共(gong),同也(ye),言有德(de)者(zhe)皆由俭(jian)来也(ye)。夫俭(jian)则(ze)寡(gua)欲(yu):君子(zi)寡(gua)欲(yu),则(ze)不役于物,可以(yi)直道而(er)行;小人寡(gua)欲(yu),则(ze)能谨(jin)身节(jie)用,远罪(zui)丰家(jia)。故(gu)曰:「俭(jian),德(de)之共(gong)也(ye)。」侈(chi)则(ze)多(duo)欲(yu):君子(zi)多(duo)欲(yu)则(ze)贪(tan)慕(mu)富(fu)贵(gui),枉道速(su)祸;小人多(duo)欲(yu)则(ze)多(duo)求妄用,败家(jia)丧身;是(shi)以(yi)居官必贿,居乡必盗(dao)。故(gu)曰:「侈(chi),恶(e)之大(da)也(ye)。」
昔正(zheng)考父(fu)饘粥以(yi)(yi)糊口;孟僖(xi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)知其(qi)(qi)后必有达人(ren)。季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)相(xiang)三君(jun),妾不衣帛,马不食粟,君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)为忠。管仲镂簋朱纮、山藻棁,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鄙其(qi)(qi)小器。公(gong)叔文(wen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)享卫(wei)灵公(gong),史鳅知其(qi)(qi)及祸;及戍,果以(yi)(yi)富得罪(zui)出亡(wang)。何曾日食万钱,至孙以(yi)(yi)骄溢倾(qing)家(jia)。石崇以(yi)(yi)奢靡夸人(ren),卒(zu)以(yi)(yi)此(ci)死东市。近世寇莱公(gong)豪侈冠(guan)一时(shi),然以(yi)(yi)功业大,人(ren)莫之非,子(zi)(zi)(zi)孙习其(qi)(qi)家(jia)风(feng),今(jin)多穷困(kun)。其(qi)(qi)余以(yi)(yi)俭立名,以(yi)(yi)侈自(zi)败者多矣(yi),不可遍数,聊(liao)举数人(ren)以(yi)(yi)训汝。汝非徒身当服(fu)行,当以(yi)(yi)训汝子(zi)(zi)(zi)孙,使知前辈之风(feng)俗云。
【校注】此篇不(bu)见于原本古文观止。校以四部丛刊(kan)影宋绍兴本《温(wen)国文正司马公文集》卷六十(shi)九。