春王正月
元年者何(he)(he)?君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始年也。春(chun)者何(he)(he)?岁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始也。王者孰谓(wei)?谓(wei)文王也。曷为先言(yan)王而后言(yan)正(zheng)月(yue)?王正(zheng)月(yue)也。何(he)(he)言(yan)乎王正(zheng)月(yue)?大一统也。公(gong)(gong)何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)言(yan)即位?成公(gong)(gong)意也。何(he)(he)成乎公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意?公(gong)(gong)将平国而反(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桓。曷为反(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桓?桓幼而贵(gui)(gui),隐长而卑;其(qi)为尊(zun)卑也微,国人(ren)莫知。隐长又贤(xian),诸大夫(fu)扳隐而立(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。隐于是焉而辞(ci)立(li)(li),则未知桓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)将必得立(li)(li)也。且(qie)如桓立(li)(li),则恐诸大夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)相(xiang)幼君(jun)也。故凡(fan)隐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立(li)(li),为桓立(li)(li)也。隐长又贤(xian),何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)立(li)(li)?立(li)(li)适(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)长不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)贤(xian);立(li)(li)子(zi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)贵(gui)(gui)不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)长。桓何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)贵(gui)(gui)?母(mu)贵(gui)(gui)也。母(mu)贵(gui)(gui)则子(zi)何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)贵(gui)(gui)?子(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)母(mu)贵(gui)(gui),母(mu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)贵(gui)(gui)。
注释
①元年(nian):指鲁隐公(gong)元年(nian)。
②文王:周文王。
③曷:为什么。正月:阴(yin)历每年(nian)第一个月。
④王正(zheng)月(yue):指(zhi)周(zhou)历正(zheng)月(yue)。古时(shi)改(gai)朝换代(dai)即改(gai)正(zheng)朔(正(zheng)月(yue)的第一天)。周(zhou)历以建子(zi)之月(yue)(即夏(xia)历的十(shi)一月(yue))为岁首。
⑤大一(yi)统:天下统一(yi)。
⑥平国而(er)反之桓(huan)(huan):隐公打算平治鲁国后,把政(zheng)权归还桓(huan)(huan)公。
⑦隐长而卑、桓幼而贵(gui):桓公的(de)母亲仲子是鲁惠公的(de)夫人。隐公的(de)母亲声(sheng)子只(zhi)是随嫁来的(de)姐妹。
⑧扳:拥戴。
⑨适:同“嫡”。
⑩立子:立庶子。
名句:
“立适以(yi)长不以(yi)贤,立子以(yi)贵(gui)不以(yi)长。”
立夫人(ren)所生的嫡子为国(guo)君(jun)(jun),只(zhi)(zhi)凭年长(zhang),不凭贤明;立妾的儿(er)子为国(guo)君(jun)(jun),只(zhi)(zhi)凭尊贵,不凭年长(zhang)。
译文
“元年(nian)(nian)”两(liang)个字是(shi)(shi)什(shen)(shen)么意(yi)(yi)思(si)?是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)国君(jun)(jun)即位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)头一年(nian)(nian)。“春”字是(shi)(shi)什(shen)(shen)么意(yi)(yi)思(si)?是(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)开始。“王(wang)(wang)”指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)谁?是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)周文王(wang)(wang)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么先(xian)说(shuo)王(wang)(wang)而(er)后说(shuo)正月,这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)说(shuo)明是(shi)(shi)周王(wang)(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)正月。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么说(shuo)周王(wang)(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)正月?是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)重周天(tian)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)一统(tong)天(tian)下(xia)。隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么不说(shuo)即位(wei)?是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)成全(quan)隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)愿。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)成全(quan)隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)愿?因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)准(zhun)备治理(li)好国家,然后还政(zheng)于(yu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么还政(zheng)于(yu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)?因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)(nian)幼(you)却地(di)位(wei)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)贵(gui),隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)(nian)长却地(di)位(wei)卑(bei)下(xia);他(ta)们之(zhi)间尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)卑(bei)的(de)(de)(de)差别(bie)是(shi)(shi)很小的(de)(de)(de),国都里的(de)(de)(de)人没有(you)知道的(de)(de)(de)。隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)(nian)长而(er)有(you)德(de)行,众大夫(fu)攀援隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)而(er)立他(ta)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国君(jun)(jun)。隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)这(zhei)时要是(shi)(shi)推辞即位(wei),就不知道桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)否一定能立为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国君(jun)(jun);如果桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国君(jun)(jun),又恐怕众大夫(fu)不能辅佐幼(you)君(jun)(jun)。所以,总的(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)来(lai),隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)即位(wei),正是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)将(jiang)来(lai)即位(wei)。隐(yin)(yin)(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)(nian)长而(er)有(you)德(de)行,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么不宜立为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国君(jun)(jun)?这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),立嫡子(zi),凭(ping)年(nian)(nian)长不凭(ping)德(de)行;立庶子(zi),凭(ping)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)贵(gui)不凭(ping)年(nian)(nian)长。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)贵(gui)?因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)母亲尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)贵(gui)。母亲尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)贵(gui),儿子(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么就尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)贵(gui)?母凭(ping)子(zi)贵(gui),子(zi)凭(ping)母贵(gui)。
读解
本篇(pian)选自《公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)》。《公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)》相传(chuan)为子夏的(de)(de)学生公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)高所作,它和《左传(chuan)》、《谷(gu)梁传(chuan)》合称《春秋(qiu)(qiu)三(san)传(chuan)》,都是解(jie)(jie)释《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》的(de)(de)。《左传(chuan)》详于记事,《公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)》、《谷(gu)梁传(chuan)》着(zhe)重解(jie)(jie)释经(jing)文。本篇(pian)是《公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)传(chuan)》的(de)(de)第一篇(pian),解(jie)(jie)释《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》鲁隐公元(yuan)年第一句经(jing)文“元(yuan)年,春王正月”,阐明君位继(ji)承的(de)(de)原则:“立嫡以(yi)长不以(yi)贤,立子以(yi)贵不以(yi)长”,目的(de)(de)是防(fang)止因争夺(duo)君位而引起祸(huo)乱。
《公(gong)(gong)羊传(chuan)》、《谷(榖)梁传(chuan)》、《左传(chuan)》是(shi)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)三传(chuan)。《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》的(de)(de)(de)文字简(jian)约,意义(yi)晦涩,单(dan)读经(jing)文,不(bu)能明(ming)白其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)涵义(yi),《公(gong)(gong)羊传(chuan)》就是(shi)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》的(de)(de)(de)注释本,解释经(jing)文中隐微语(yu)言的(de)(de)(de)深远意义(yi)。他的(de)(de)(de)体例是(shi)先引(yin)用(yong)经(jing)文,然后自(zi)问自(zi)答(da),逐句解说,解说的(de)(de)(de)重点是(shi)儒家的(de)(de)(de)思想。
“元(yuan)年”的“元(yuan)”字(zi)与(yu)《易(yi)经(jing)》中的“元(yuan)亨利贞”联系起来看(kan),是(shi)“始”的意思(si)。天道由“元(yuan)”开(kai)始,《春秋》以“元(yuan)”开(kai)始,其中每(mei)代君(jun)王的纪(ji)年都从“元(yuan)年”开(kai)始,意味着《春秋》源于效(xiao)法天道,国(guo)君(jun)治政首先要效(xiao)法天道。
依夏历,“春”是一(yi)年四(si)(si)季(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)开(kai)始(shi),是万物(wu)(wu)发(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)季(ji)(ji)节。地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao)顺应天(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao),在(zai)人(ren)间表现(xian)(xian)(xian)为四(si)(si)季(ji)(ji)循环(huan),由此(ci)而体(ti)现(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)生(sheng)不息,所以,“春”意味(wei)着国君治政要(yao)效法(fa)地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。“王(wang)”是人(ren)中最高者,是效法(fa)天(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao)而且能贯彻人(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)象征性(xing)人(ren)物(wu)(wu),“王(wang)”意味(wei)着君王(wang)治政需要(yao)贯通(tong)天(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、人(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。在(zai)夏历中,“正月(yue)”是十二(er)月(yue)之(zhi)首,概括起(qi)来(lai)(lai)就(jiu)是四(si)(si)季(ji)(ji),再概括起(qi)来(lai)(lai)就(jiu)是春秋,十二(er)月(yue)无非就(jiu)是阴(yin)阳的(de)(de)消长。正月(yue)对应《易经》的(de)(de)“泰卦”,是阳气(qi)已经占主要(yao)地(di)位的(de)(de)一(yi)卦,正道(dao)(dao)(dao)由此(ci)而开(kai)始(shi)。总之(zhi),元年体(ti)现(xian)(xian)(xian)天(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao),春体(ti)现(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao),王(wang)体(ti)现(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao),正月(yue)体(ti)现(xian)(xian)(xian)对天(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、人(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)开(kai)始(shi)贯彻。
鲁(lu)(lu)隐(yin)(yin)公(gong)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诸侯国(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)位(wei)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun),诸侯国(guo)的(de)(de)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)权称(cheng)“元(yuan)年”的(de)(de),也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)无(wu)权“立元(yuan)”、“改元(yuan)”,只有(you)统辖各诸侯国(guo)的(de)(de)天(tian)子(zi)才有(you)此(ci)权。在(zai)(zai)此(ci),称(cheng)“鲁(lu)(lu)隐(yin)(yin)公(gong)元(yuan)年”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《春秋》认为(wei),周天(tian)子(zi)已经(jing)失去其德、位(wei)、权,亦即已经(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)下无(wu)“王(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)时(shi)代(dai),因此(ci),《春秋》要(yao)“改元(yuan)”,而(er)另立其“元(yuan)”。王(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)都(dou)可以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)“君(jun)(jun)(jun)”,君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)治国(guo)的(de)(de)道(dao)理是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相同的(de)(de)。此(ci)处是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)假(jia)(jia)托(tuo)为(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)地方,叫(jiao)做“王(wang)(wang)(wang)鲁(lu)(lu)说(shuo)”。为(wei)什么假(jia)(jia)托(tuo)鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)之(zhi)地呢?为(wei)了说(shuo)明君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)治国(guo)如何实行王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)。历史事实之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“王(wang)(wang)(wang)”,在(zai)(zai)此(ci)孔子(zi)也不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)把鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)当作王(wang)(wang)(wang),而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)国(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)假(jia)(jia)托(tuo)为(wei)实行王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)的(de)(de)现实之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)象征。“年”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)十二(er)月的(de)(de)总称(cheng),由“元(yuan)”开始的(de)(de)“元(yuan)年”,意味着(zhe)王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)要(yao)开始落实到(dao)政治之(zhi)上,而(er)且首要(yao)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)效法天(tian)道(dao)。在(zai)(zai)“元(yuan)亨(heng)利贞”之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),四(si)者(zhe)各自对应着(zhe)“仁(ren)礼(li)义智”,所(suo)以(yi)(yi),“元(yuan)年”意味着(zhe)王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)从“仁(ren)”开始。
在(zai)“元亨利贞”之(zhi)(zhi)中,四者各(ge)自(zi)对应着(zhe)“春(chun)夏(xia)秋(qiu)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)”。无论(lun)人世间(jian)有(you)多少年,无非春(chun)夏(xia)秋(qiu)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)无限循(xun)(xun)环,而春(chun)季是(shi)其(qi)每次(ci)循(xun)(xun)环的(de)(de)开(kai)始。四时是(shi)阴阳之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)的(de)(de)消长(zhang)(zhang),因此,无论(lun)多少次(ci)循(xun)(xun)环,也都(dou)只(zhi)是(shi)一气(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)转换,君王的(de)(de)变换,朝代(dai)的(de)(de)变迁,其(qi)中不(bu)能断绝的(de)(de)是(shi)这一气(qi)的(de)(de)贯(guan)通。阳气(qi)产生于冬(dong)(dong)(dong)至,到立春(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)时,已是(shi)三(san)阳开(kai)泰的(de)(de)时候(hou),天气(qi)开(kai)始转暖(nuan),万物(wu)开(kai)始发生,庄稼开(kai)始播种。春(chun)季不(bu)去播种,秋(qiu)季不(bu)得(de)收获;国君不(bu)行仁(ren)政(zheng),庶民不(bu)得(de)安宁。四时之(zhi)(zhi)中,生长(zhang)(zhang)敛藏,只(zhi)不(bu)过是(shi)天地之(zhi)(zhi)道生生不(bu)息(xi)的(de)(de)体(ti)现。
王(wang)(wang)指(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)谁?说的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)假设(she)出来的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符合(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德礼义的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“文(wen)王(wang)(wang)”。这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)“王(wang)(wang)”不是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)周朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)何一位“王(wang)(wang)”,也不是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)鲁国(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)君(jun),而是(shi)假托出来能(neng)(neng)够贯彻(che)王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“王(wang)(wang)”,目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)要说明人(ren)(ren)类如(ru)何依照王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)来治理天(tian)下。什(shen)么样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才能(neng)(neng)叫做(zuo)“王(wang)(wang)”?必(bi)须是(shi)能(neng)(neng)够效法天(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、人(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而且(qie)将三者贯通起来的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。现(xian)实的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌(zhang)握政(zheng)权的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)君(jun),假如(ru)治理天(tian)下不遵循王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),就是(shi)不合(he)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang);背离了王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),国(guo)(guo)君(jun)却自(zi)称为王(wang)(wang),便(bian)是(shi)窃取王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名号的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“僭(jian)称王(wang)(wang)”。因此(ci),这(zhei)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“王(wang)(wang)”,是(shi)“王(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原则(ze)与(yu)标(biao)准(zhun),可以(yi)用来指(zhi)(zhi)导现(xian)实的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)君(jun);当(dang)现(xian)实的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)君(jun)依据(ju)这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)原则(ze)与(yu)标(biao)准(zhun)去治理天(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时候,便(bian)是(shi)在逐渐接近“王(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标(biao)准(zhun);不符合(he)这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)原则(ze)与(yu)标(biao)准(zhun),可以(yi)依据(ju)这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)原则(ze)和标(biao)准(zhun)进行批判。为什(shen)么说是(shi)“文(wen)王(wang)(wang)”?因为“文(wen)”是(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德礼乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si),“文(wen)王(wang)(wang)”便(bian)是(shi)遵循道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德礼乐(le)并且(qie)推(tui)行道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德礼乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。
为(wei)(wei)什么先说王(wang)(wang)然后才说正(zheng)月?因为(wei)(wei)是(shi)文王(wang)(wang)所颁布的(de)历(li)(li)法的(de)正(zheng)月。为(wei)(wei)什么说是(shi)“王(wang)(wang)正(zheng)月”?是(shi)为(wei)(wei)了(le)强(qiang)(qiang)调王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)统(tong)(tong)一于道(dao)(dao)(dao)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)统(tong)(tong)一于王(wang)(wang)。“元年”体现(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao),“春”体现(xian)地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao),“王(wang)(wang)”体现(xian)人道(dao)(dao)(dao)而且要(yao)贯(guan)彻天(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和人道(dao)(dao)(dao),所以(yi),“王(wang)(wang)正(zheng)月”是(shi)强(qiang)(qiang)调王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)统(tong)(tong)一于道(dao)(dao)(dao)。国(guo)(guo)君(jun)治理天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia),不(bu)能(neng)没有统(tong)(tong)一的(de)历(li)(li)法。《论语》中说“行(xing)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)时”,《孔丛子(zi)》中说,夏(xia)(xia)时合天(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao),所以(yi),王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)政治使用(yong)夏(xia)(xia)代所用(yong)的(de)历(li)(li)法形式,以(yi)正(zheng)月为(wei)(wei)一岁之(zhi)首,并由(you)国(guo)(guo)君(jun)颁布于天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia),共(gong)同遵行(xing)。所以(yi),正(zheng)月必(bi)须是(shi)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)正(zheng)月,不(bu)能(neng)各(ge)国(guo)(guo)各(ge)地(di)自行(xing)制(zhi)订颁行(xing)。这(zhei)就是(shi)“大一统(tong)(tong)”的(de)意思,也就是(shi)强(qiang)(qiang)调天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)统(tong)(tong)于“一”,这(zhei)个“一”在原则(ze)上是(shi)指(zhi)“道(dao)(dao)(dao)”,在现(xian)实中则(ze)是(shi)指(zhi)“王(wang)(wang)”。“道(dao)(dao)(dao)”不(bu)行(xing)于天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia),就无所谓“王(wang)(wang)”;“王(wang)(wang)”的(de)政令(ling)不(bu)行(xing)于天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia),天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)必(bi)乱。
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