秦岭

①秦岭(ling)横亘于中(zhong)国中(zhong)东(dong)部，西(xi)起甘(gan)肃临潭县(xian)白石山(shan)，东(dong)经天水(shui)麦积山(shan)，穿(chuan)越陕(shan)西(xi)，直至河南(nan)，全长约(yue)1600公里，南(nan)北(bei)宽数十公里至二三(san)百(bai)公里，气(qi)势磅礴。

②巍峨的秦岭造就了关中的雄胜。关中盆地“四塞以为固”(《史记·刘敬叔孙通(tong)列传》)。关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“四(si)塞(sai)(sai)”之(zhi)(zhi)东(dong)、南(nan)(nan)、西(xi)三塞(sai)(sai)均由秦(qin)岭(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脉所成(cheng)，东(dong)边(bian)华(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、王顺山(shan)(shan)(shan)、骊山(shan)(shan)(shan)，东(dong)延(yan)为肴山(shan)(shan)(shan)，横亘于(yu)黄河与洛(luo)(luo)水之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian)；南(nan)(nan)边(bian)太白山(shan)(shan)(shan)、终南(nan)(nan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)，雄峙于(yu)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平原的(de)南(nan)(nan)部；西(xi)边(bian)岐(qi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、陈仓山(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)，阻隔于(yu)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)部。另外再(zai)加上尧(yao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、黄龙山(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)逶(wei)迤连绵的(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部山(shan)(shan)(shan)系(xi)，一(yi)起组(zu)成(cheng)了关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)四(si)面环山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)地(di)形地(di)势。在四(si)周绵延(yan)起伏、层峦叠嶂(zhang)的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脉之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian)，藏有许多雄关(guan)(guan)(guan)险(xian)(xian)隘。举(ju)其要(yao)者则有四(si)处：东(dong)为潼关(guan)(guan)(guan)或函谷(gu)关(guan)(guan)(guan)，南(nan)(nan)为武关(guan)(guan)(guan)，西(xi)为散关(guan)(guan)(guan)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)为萧关(guan)(guan)(guan)。潼关(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)东(dong)部进入关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)天然防线，南(nan)(nan)依秦(qin)岭(ling)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)有渭洛(luo)(luo)并黄河之(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)，西(xi)有华(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)屏，东(dong)面山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰连接，谷(gu)深(shen)崖绝，险(xian)(xian)厄(e)峻(jun)极；函谷(gu)关(guan)(guan)(guan)则扼崤函之(zhi)(zhi)险(xian)(xian)，控制着关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)与中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)(jian)的(de)往来咽喉；武关(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)南(nan)(nan)方门户，建在秦(qin)岭(ling)南(nan)(nan)麓(lu)陕南(nan)(nan)商山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)谷(gu)涧，悬崖深(shen)壑(he)，号称(cheng)“三秦(qin)要(yao)塞(sai)(sai)”；散关(guan)(guan)(guan)则西(xi)扼关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)交通(tong)要(yao)道，南(nan)(nan)依秦(qin)岭(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脉，乃蜀秦(qin)往来之(zhi)(zhi)咽喉，兵(bing)家必争(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)。另外北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方的(de)萧关(guan)(guan)(guan)居六盘山(shan)(shan)(shan)东(dong)麓(lu)，控扼塞(sai)(sai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)向关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)道。因恃(shi)秦(qin)岭(ling)，关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)进可攻、退可守，形成(cheng)了“制内御外”的(de)绝佳态势。占据关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，就意味着掌握了天下“要(yao)领”、扼制了九(jiu)州(zhou)“咽喉”。

③秦岭形成了八百里秦川的肥沃富饶。秦岭北翼塑造了两条大河——泾水和渭水，秦岭北麓又发源了六条河流——灞水、浐水、沣水、滈水、潏水和涝水，泾水与灞水等六条河流最后一并汇入渭水。八百里秦川即为八水的冲积平原，土质疏松肥沃，地势舒展平坦。早在《尚书·禹贡》中，关中之地即被列为最上等的土地。加上历代所修渠道，如秦国的郑国渠，汉代的漕渠、龙首渠、六辅、白渠等水利工程，以及汉唐诸运河的开通，关中平原的灌溉条件获得扩展，为农耕生产提供了优良条件。张良称关中“沃野千里，南有巴蜀之饶，北有胡苑之利”，乃“金城千里,天府之国”(《史记·留侯世家》)。《史记》称(cheng)“关中之(zhi)地(di)，于天(tian)下(xia)三分之(zhi)一，而人众(zhong)不过什(shen)三；然量其(qi)富，什(shen)居其(qi)六”(《货殖列传》)。至隋(sui)唐时代，关中仍有“天(tian)府”美称(cheng)。

④秦岭(ling)的山(shan)林以(yi)及河流、湖泊(bo)不仅为关(guan)中提供了充足的水(shui)源，还改善(shan)了关(guan)中环(huan)境(jing)，使得关(guan)中气(qi)候清爽(shuang)，山(shan)水(shui)相(xiang)间，风景如画(hua)。秦岭(ling)自(zi)古以(yi)来就是(shi)皇家(jia)园林和离宫别馆的首选(xuan)之地，关(guan)中山(shan)水(shui)也激发了众多文人墨客的雅(ya)兴(xing)，仅一本(ben)《全唐诗》就留下诗篇百余(yu)首。

⑤由于(yu)秦(qin)岭(ling)与关中(zhong)(zhong)的战略地理优(you)势(shi)与富(fu)庶，关中(zhong)(zhong)成为(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)古代政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心的首选之地。先后(hou)有周、秦(qin)、汉、唐等13个王朝在此建都(dou)。长安政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心地位前后(hou)长达一千一百多(duo)年(nian)，成为(wei)我国(guo)(guo)建都(dou)时(shi)代最(zui)早、建都(dou)王朝最(zui)多(duo)、定都(dou)时(shi)间最(zui)久、都(dou)城(cheng)规模最(zui)大、历(li)史(shi)文化遗址最(zui)丰富(fu)的中(zhong)(zhong)华古代首要政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心。这在我国(guo)(guo)乃至世界各国(guo)(guo)历(li)史(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)极其罕见(jian)。以致古人称(cheng)秦(qin)岭(ling)为(wei)“龙脉(mai)”，称(cheng)关中(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)原的龙首。

8．秦(qin)岭有哪些(xie)重要(yao)作用?结(jie)合(he)文意简要(yao)概括。(3分)

9．第③段结尾引用《史记(ji)》中的文字，有什么作(zuo)用?(2分(fen))

10．揣摩下列句子中(zhong)加点的(de)词语，回答括(kuo)号内的(de)问(wen)题。(4分)

(1)占据关中，就意(yi)(yi)味着掌握(wo)了天下“要(yao)领(ling)”，扼制了九州“咽喉”。(“要(yao)领(ling)“在(zai)文中是什么(me)意(yi)(yi)思?有何作用(yong)?)

(2)秦岭自古(gu)以来(lai)就是皇家园林和离官别馆的(de)首选之(zhi)地。(句中加(jia)点(dian)的(de)词语(yu)能否去掉?为什么?)

11．下列表述与原文相符(fu)的一项是(shi)(　)(3分)

A．关中东(dong)边(bian)(bian)(bian)有(you)华山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、骊(li)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、肴山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等，南(nan)边(bian)(bian)(bian)有(you)太白山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、终南(nan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、王(wang)顺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等，西边(bian)(bian)(bian)有(you)歧山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、陈仓山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等，北部有(you)尧山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、黄(huang)龙(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等。

B．潼关(guan)(guan)是东(dong)部进人关(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的天然防线，武关(guan)(guan)则(ze)西扼关(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)交通要道(dao)，散关(guan)(guan)是关(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的南方门户(hu)，萧关(guan)(guan)则(ze)控扼塞北通向关(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之要道(dao)。

C.八(ba)百(bai)里秦(qin)川为八(ba)水(shui)(shui)的冲击平原，其中(zhong)“八(ba)水(shui)(shui)”指泾水(shui)(shui)、渭水(shui)(shui)、灞水(shui)(shui)、浐(chan)水(shui)(shui)、沣水(shui)(shui)、滈水(shui)(shui)、潏水(shui)(shui)和洛水(shui)(shui)。

D．秦国(guo)的郑国(guo)渠，汉代(dai)的漕(cao)渠、龙(long)首渠．六辅、白渠以及汉唐(tang)诸运河等工(gong)程，为关中平原的农(nong)耕生产提供了(le)优良条件。

参考答案：

8．秦岭造就了关中(zhong)的雄胜(地理优(you)势)；秦岭形成了八百里秦川的肥沃(wo)富饶；秦岭改善(shan)了关中(zhong)环境；秦岭使关中(zhong)成为中(zhong)国古代政治中(zhong)心(xin)的首选之地。(3分)

9．引用《史记》中的文字，说明了八百里…历年中考说明文阅读训练答案１００则…皇家园林(lin)和离宫别馆首选之地由(you)来已久(jiu)。如果去掉就不能(neng)体现这(zhei)一(yi)点。(2分(fen))11.D(3分(fen))