这(zhei)首词作于(yu)辛(xin)弃疾(ji)(ji)(ji)闲(xian)(xian)居(ju)(ju)(ju)上饶带湖(hu)期(qi)间。黄沙(sha)，即(ji)黄沙(sha)岭(ling)，在(zai)江西(xi)上饶县西(xi)，风景优美，所谓“溪山一(yi)片画图开”(辛(xin)弃疾(ji)(ji)(ji)《鹧鸪天·黄沙(sha)道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)即(ji)事(shi)》)。辛(xin)弃疾(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)其(qi)附近建(jian)有书堂，经常往(wang)来于(yu)黄沙(sha)道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)。辛(xin)弃疾(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)南(nan)宋曾(ceng)做到(dao)(dao)封(feng)疆大(da)(da)吏，但他(ta)(ta)那英伟磊落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)议(yi)论和果断干练(lian)的(de)(de)(de)作风，特别是(shi)力主(zhu)抗战恢复(fu)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治主(zhu)张，却遭(zao)到(dao)(dao)同(tong)僚的(de)(de)(de)嫉(ji)恨和最(zui)高统(tong)治阶层的(de)(de)(de)打击。宋孝(xiao)宗淳(chun)熙八年(nian)(1181)，他(ta)(ta)终于(yu)被(bei)弹(dan)劾罢(ba)官(guan)，回到(dao)(dao)带湖(hu)家(jia)居(ju)(ju)(ju)，过着投闲(xian)(xian)置散的(de)(de)(de)退隐生(sheng)活。辛(xin)弃疾(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)直重视(shi)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业生(sheng)产和同(tong)情民间疾(ji)(ji)(ji)苦。在(zai)任湖(hu)南(nan)转运副使(shi)期(qi)间，他(ta)(ta)曾(ceng)奏进《论盗贼札子》，为(wei)(wei)民请命，历数百姓(xing)“嗷嗷痛苦之状(zhuang)”，指出“官(guan)逼民反”的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)实，大(da)(da)声疾(ji)(ji)(ji)呼朝(chao)廷要“以(yi)惠养元(yuan)元(yuan)为(wei)(wei)意”。他(ta)(ta)在(zai)罢(ba)官(guan)闲(xian)(xian)居(ju)(ju)(ju)以(yi)前(qian)就说：“人生(sheng)在(zai)勤，当以(yi)力田为(wei)(wei)先。”遂以(yi)稼轩(xuan)名，自号稼轩(xuan)居(ju)(ju)(ju)士。而(er)长(zhang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)闲(xian)(xian)居(ju)(ju)(ju)生(sheng)活，更使(shi)他(ta)(ta)接近了(le)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)，和农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民建(jian)立了(le)较深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)感情，以(yi)至农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)事(shi)一(yi)物都引起他(ta)(ta)极大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)兴(xing)趣。因(yin)而(er)他(ta)(ta)对(dui)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)苦很关切：“父(fu)老争言雨水匀(yun)，眉头不(bu)(bu)似去(qu)年(nian)颦(pin)。殷勤谢(xie)却甑(zeng)中(zhong)(zhong)尘(chen)。”(《浣溪沙(sha)》)风调雨顺，老百姓(xing)不(bu)(bu)致饿(e)肚子了(le)，他(ta)(ta)也感到(dao)(dao)很高兴(xing)。在(zai)这(zhei)些农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)词中(zhong)(zhong)，辛(xin)弃疾(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)把和平宁静的(de)(de)(de)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)同(tong)污浊倾轧的(de)(de)(de)“市朝(chao)”对(dui)立起来的(de)(de)(de)。“古今陵谷(gu)茫茫，市朝(chao)往(wang)往(wang)耕桑。”(《清平乐·题上卢桥(qiao)》)他(ta)(ta)在(zai)官(guan)场里遭(zao)受排挤迫害，而(er)在(zai)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)可(ke)以(yi)得到(dao)(dao)暂时的(de)(de)(de)慰藉，寻求精神的(de)(de)(de)寄托。正如他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)朋友陆游说的(de)(de)(de)那样：“农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)乐复(fu)乐，不(bu)(bu)比市朝(chao)争夺恶(e)”(《岳(yue)池(chi)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)》)。正是(shi)在(zai)这(zhei)种(zhong)复(fu)杂感情的(de)(de)(de)促(cu)使(shi)下，辛(xin)弃疾(ji)(ji)(ji)才(cai)写出了(le)像《西(xi)江月·夜行(xing)黄沙(sha)道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)》这(zhei)样轻快活泼(po)的(de)(de)(de)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)词，也只有联系(xi)作者的(de)(de)(de)身世遭(zao)遇和思想(xiang)抱(bao)负，我们才(cai)能更深(shen)刻地体会到(dao)(dao)这(zhei)类词的(de)(de)(de)妙处。
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