第16课 舌战群儒 课文原文 鄂教八下

罗贯中

张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)等见(jian)(jian)孔(kong)明(ming)丰神飘(piao)洒，器(qi)宇轩昂，料道此(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)必来游说。张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)先以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言挑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)：“昭(zhao)乃(nai)江(jiang)东微末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士，久闻先生(sheng)高(gao)(gao)卧隆中，自(zi)(zi)比(bi)管；乐(le)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)语果有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)？”孔(kong)明(ming)曰(yue)：“此(ci)(ci)(ci)亮平(ping)生(sheng)小(xiao)可之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)也(ye)。”昭(zhao)曰(yue)：“近闻刘豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)三顾先生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)草(cao)庐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，幸得(de)(de)先生(sheng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)如(ru)(ru)鱼得(de)(de)水，思欲席卷荆襄。今一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦(dan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)属(shu)曹(cao)操，未(wei)审是(shi)何(he)主(zhu)见(jian)(jian)？”孔(kong)明(ming)自(zi)(zi)思张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)乃(nai)孙权(quan)手下(xia)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)个谋士，若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)先难(nan)倒他，如(ru)(ru)何(he)说得(de)(de)孙权(quan)，遂答(da)曰(yue)：“吾(wu)观(guan)取汉上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，易如(ru)(ru)反掌。我主(zhu)刘豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)躬行仁(ren)义(yi)，不(bu)(bu)忍夺同(tong)宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基业(ye)，故力辞(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。刘琮孺子(zi)，听(ting)信佞言，暗自(zi)(zi)投降，致使曹(cao)操得(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猖獗。今我主(zhu)屯兵江(jiang)夏，别有(you)良图，非(fei)等闲可知也(ye)。”昭(zhao)曰(yue)：“若(ruo)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，是(shi)先生(sheng)言行相违也(ye)。先生(sheng)自(zi)(zi)比(bi)管、乐(le)，管仲(zhong)相桓公，霸(ba)诸(zhu)侯，一(yi)(yi)(yi)匡天(tian)下(xia)；乐(le)毅扶持微弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)燕(yan)，下(xia)齐七十余(yu)城：此(ci)(ci)(ci)二人(ren)者，真济世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才也(ye)。先生(sheng)在草(cao)庐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，但(dan)笑傲风月，抱膝危坐(zuo)(zuo)。今既(ji)从事刘豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)，当为(wei)(wei)生(sheng)灵(ling)兴利除害，剿灭乱贼(zei)。且刘豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)未(wei)得(de)(de)先生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，尚且纵横寰宇，割据(ju)城池；今得(de)(de)先生(sheng)，人(ren)皆仰(yang)望(wang)。虽三尺童(tong)蒙(meng)，亦谓彪虎生(sheng)翼，将(jiang)见(jian)(jian)汉室复兴，曹(cao)氏即灭矣(yi)。朝廷旧臣，山林隐士，无(wu)不(bu)(bu)拭目(mu)而(er)(er)待：以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)拂高(gao)(gao)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云翳，仰(yang)日(ri)月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光辉(hui)，拯民于(yu)(yu)水火(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，措(cuo)天(tian)下(xia)于(yu)(yu)衽席之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上，在此(ci)(ci)(ci)时(shi)也(ye)。何(he)先生(sheng)自(zi)(zi)归豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)，曹(cao)兵一(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)，弃(qi)甲(jia)抛戈，望(wang)风而(er)(er)窜(cuan)；上不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)报(bao)刘表以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)(an)庶(shu)民，下(xia)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)辅孤(gu)子(zi)而(er)(er)据(ju)疆土；乃(nai)弃(qi)新(xin)野，走樊城，败(bai)(bai)当阳，奔夏口(kou)，无(wu)容(rong)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：是(shi)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)既(ji)得(de)(de)先生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，反不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)其初也(ye)。管仲(zhong)、乐(le)毅，果如(ru)(ru)是(shi)乎(hu)？愚直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言，幸勿见(jian)(jian)怪！”孔(kong)明(ming)听(ting)罢，哑(ya)然而(er)(er)笑曰(yue)：“鹏飞(fei)万(wan)里，其志岂群鸟能(neng)(neng)识哉？譬如(ru)(ru)人(ren)染沉疴，当先用糜(mi)粥以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，和药以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；待其腑脏调和，形体(ti)渐安(an)(an)，然后用肉(rou)食(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)补之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，猛(meng)药以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：则(ze)病(bing)根尽去(qu)，人(ren)得(de)(de)全生(sheng)也(ye)。若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)待气脉(mai)和缓，便投以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猛(meng)药厚味，欲求安(an)(an)保，诚为(wei)(wei)难(nan)矣(yi)。吾(wu)主(zhu)刘豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)，向日(ri)军(jun)败(bai)(bai)于(yu)(yu)汝(ru)南(nan)，寄(ji)迹刘表，兵不(bu)(bu)满千(qian)，将(jiang)止关(guan)、张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、赵云而(er)(er)已：此(ci)(ci)(ci)正(zheng)如(ru)(ru)病(bing)势(shi)尫羸已极之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)也(ye)，新(xin)野山僻小(xiao)县，人(ren)民稀少，粮(liang)食(shi)鲜薄(bo)，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)(bu)过暂借以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)容(rong)身(shen)，岂真将(jiang)坐(zuo)(zuo)守(shou)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)耶(ye)？夫以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甲(jia)兵不(bu)(bu)完(wan)，城郭不(bu)(bu)固，军(jun)不(bu)(bu)经练，粮(liang)不(bu)(bu)继日(ri)，然而(er)(er)博(bo)望(wang)烧屯，白河用水，使夏侯惇，曹(cao)仁(ren)辈心(xin)惊胆(dan)裂：窃谓管仲(zhong)、乐(le)毅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用兵，未(wei)必过此(ci)(ci)(ci)。至于(yu)(yu)刘琮降操，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)实出(chu)不(bu)(bu)知；且又不(bu)(bu)忍乘(cheng)乱夺同(tong)宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基业(ye)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)真大仁(ren)大义(yi)也(ye)。当阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)败(bai)(bai)，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)见(jian)(jian)有(you)数十万(wan)赴义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民，扶老携幼相随，不(bu)(bu)忍弃(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，日(ri)行十里，不(bu)(bu)思进取江(jiang)陵，甘与(yu)同(tong)败(bai)(bai)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)亦大仁(ren)大义(yi)也(ye)。寡不(bu)(bu)敌众，胜负乃(nai)其常事。昔高(gao)(gao)皇数败(bai)(bai)于(yu)(yu)项(xiang)羽，而(er)(er)垓下(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)战成(cheng)功，此(ci)(ci)(ci)非(fei)韩(han)信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良谋乎(hu)？夫信久事高(gao)(gao)皇，未(wei)尝累胜。盖(gai)国家大计，社稷安(an)(an)危，是(shi)有(you)主(zhu)谋。非(fei)比(bi)夸辩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虚誉欺人(ren)：坐(zuo)(zuo)议(yi)立谈，无(wu)人(ren)可及(ji)；临机应变，百(bai)无(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)(neng)。诚为(wei)(wei)天(tian)下(xia)笑耳！”这一(yi)(yi)(yi)篇言语，说得(de)(de)张(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)并无(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)言回答(da)。

座上(shang)忽一人抗声问曰(yue)(yue)：“今曹公兵屯(tun)百(bai)万(wan)，将列千员，龙骧虎视，平吞江夏(xia)，公以为何如(ru)？”孔明视之(zhi)(zhi)，乃虞翻(fan)也。孔明曰(yue)(yue)：“曹操收袁绍蚁聚之(zhi)(zhi)兵，劫刘表乌(wu)合之(zhi)(zhi)众，虽数(shu)百(bai)万(wan)不(bu)足惧也。”虞翻(fan)冷笑(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)：“军(jun)败于当阳，计穷于夏(xia)口(kou)，区(qu)区(qu)求(qiu)教于人，而犹言(yan)‘不(bu)惧’，此真大言(yan)欺人也！”孔明曰(yue)(yue)：“刘豫州(zhou)以数(shu)千仁义之(zhi)(zhi)师，安能(neng)敌百(bai)万(wan)残暴之(zhi)(zhi)众？退守夏(xia)口(kou)，所以待时也。今江东兵精(jing)粮足，且有长江之(zhi)(zhi)险，犹欲使(shi)其(qi)主屈膝(xi)降贼(zei)，不(bu)顾天下耻笑(xiao)。由(you)此论之(zhi)(zhi)，刘豫州(zhou)真不(bu)惧操贼(zei)者矣！”虞翻(fan)不(bu)能(neng)对(dui)。

座(zuo)间(jian)又一(yi)人(ren)(ren)问曰：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)欲效仪(yi)、秦(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舌(she)，游(you)说(shuo)东(dong)吴耶？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)视之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，乃(nai)步(bu)骘(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰：“步(bu)子(zi)山以(yi)苏秦(qin)(qin)张(zhang)仪(yi)为(wei)辩士(shi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知苏秦(qin)(qin)、张(zhang)仪(yi)亦(yi)豪杰也(ye)(ye)。苏秦(qin)(qin)佩六(liu)国相(xiang)(xiang)印，张(zhang)仪(yi)两次相(xiang)(xiang)秦(qin)(qin)，皆有匡扶人(ren)(ren)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谋(mou)，非(fei)比畏强凌弱，惧(ju)刀避剑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。君等(deng)闻曹(cao)操(cao)虚发诈(zha)伪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)词(ci)，便畏惧(ju)请(qing)降，敢笑苏秦(qin)(qin)、张(zhang)仪(yi)乎？”步(bu)骘(zhi)默然无(wu)(wu)(wu)语(yu)。忽一(yi)人(ren)(ren)问曰：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)以(yi)曹(cao)操(cao)何如人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)视其人(ren)(ren)，乃(nai)薛(xue)综(zong)也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)答(da)曰：“曹(cao)操(cao)乃(nai)汉(han)贼也(ye)(ye)，又何必问？”综(zong)曰：“公(gong)(gong)言(yan)(yan)差矣(yi)。汉(han)传世(shi)至今，天(tian)(tian)数(shu)将终。今曹(cao)公(gong)(gong)已有天(tian)(tian)下(xia)三分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)，人(ren)(ren)皆归(gui)心。刘豫州(zhou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)识(shi)天(tian)(tian)时(shi)，强欲与争，正如以(yi)卵击石，安(an)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)败乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)厉声曰：“薛(xue)敬文安(an)得出此无(wu)(wu)(wu)父无(wu)(wu)(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)乎！夫人(ren)(ren)生天(tian)(tian)地间(jian)，以(yi)忠孝(xiao)为(wei)立身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本。公(gong)(gong)既(ji)为(wei)汉(han)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)，则见有不(bu)(bu)(bu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，当誓共戮(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。今曹(cao)操(cao)祖(zu)宗叨食(shi)汉(han)禄，不(bu)(bu)(bu)思报(bao)效，反怀(huai)(huai)篡逆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所共愤(fen)；公(gong)(gong)乃(nai)以(yi)天(tian)(tian)数(shu)归(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，真无(wu)(wu)(wu)父无(wu)(wu)(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)！不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)与语(yu)！请(qing)勿复言(yan)(yan)！”薛(xue)综(zong)满面羞惭，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能对答(da)。座(zuo)上又一(yi)人(ren)(ren)应声问曰：“曹(cao)操(cao)虽(sui)挟天(tian)(tian)子(zi)以(yi)令诸侯，犹是相(xiang)(xiang)国曹(cao)参之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后。刘豫州(zhou)虽(sui)云中(zhong)山靖王苗裔，却无(wu)(wu)(wu)可稽考(kao)，眼见只是织席贩屦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫耳，何足(zu)与曹(cao)操(cao)抗衡哉！”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)视之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，乃(nai)陆绩(ji)也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)笑曰：“公(gong)(gong)非(fei)袁术座(zuo)间(jian)怀(huai)(huai)桔(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陆郎乎？请(qing)安(an)坐，听吾一(yi)言(yan)(yan)：曹(cao)操(cao)既(ji)为(wei)曹(cao)相(xiang)(xiang)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，则世(shi)为(wei)汉(han)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)矣(yi)；今乃(nai)专权肆横，欺凌君父，是不(bu)(bu)(bu)惟无(wu)(wu)(wu)君，亦(yi)且(qie)蔑祖(zu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)惟汉(han)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱臣(chen)(chen)(chen)，亦(yi)曹(cao)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贼子(zi)也(ye)(ye)。刘豫州(zhou)堂堂帝胄(zhou)，当今皇帝，按谱赐爵，何云无(wu)(wu)(wu)可稽考(kao)？且(qie)高祖(zu)起(qi)身(shen)亭(ting)长，而终有天(tian)(tian)下(xia)；织席贩屦，又何足(zu)为(wei)辱(ru)乎？公(gong)(gong)小(xiao)儿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)见，不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)与高士(shi)共语(yu)！”陆绩(ji)语(yu)塞。

座上一(yi)人(ren)忽曰：“孔明(ming)所言，皆强词夺理，均非正论，不(bu)必(bi)再言。且请(qing)问孔明(ming)治(zhi)何经典(dian)？”孔明(ming)视之(zhi)(zhi)，乃严酸也(ye)。孔明(ming)曰：“寻(xun)章摘句，世之(zhi)(zhi)腐儒也(ye)，何能(neng)兴邦立事？且古耕莘伊尹，钓(diao)渭子牙(ya)，张良、陈平之(zhi)(zhi)流。邓(deng)禹、耿弇(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)辈，皆有(you)匡扶宇宙之(zhi)(zhi)才，未(wei)审(shen)其生平治(zhi)何经典(dian)。岂(qi)亦效书生，区区于笔砚之(zhi)(zhi)间，数黑论黄(huang)，舞文弄(nong)墨而(er)已(yi)乎？”严峻低(di)头丧气而(er)不(bu)能(neng)对。

忽又(you)一(yi)人(ren)大声曰：“公好为大言(yan)(yan)，未必真有(you)实(shi)(shi)学，恐适为儒(ru)(ru)者所笑耳。”孔明视其(qi)人(ren)，乃汝阳程德枢也(ye)。孔明答曰：“儒(ru)(ru)有(you)君子(zi)小(xiao)人(ren)之别。君子(zi)之儒(ru)(ru)，忠君爱国(guo)，守(shou)正(zheng)恶(e)邪，务使(shi)泽及当时，名留后世。若夫小(xiao)人(ren)之儒(ru)(ru)，惟务雕虫，专工翰(han)墨，青春作(zuo)赋，皓首(shou)穷(qiong)经；笔下虽有(you)千言(yan)(yan)，胸(xiong)中实(shi)(shi)无一(yi)策(ce)。且如(ru)杨雄以(yi)文(wen)章名世，而(er)屈身(shen)事莽(mang)，不免投阁(ge)而(er)死，此所谓小(xiao)人(ren)之儒(ru)(ru)也(ye)；虽日赋万言(yan)(yan)，亦何取哉！”程德枢不能(neng)对。众(zhong)人(ren)见孔明对答如(ru)流，尽皆失色。

注：课文节选自罗贯中《三国演义》第四十(shi)三回(hui)“诸葛亮舌战(zhan)群儒 鲁子敬力(li)排众议”。