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吕氏春秋--《贵直论第三》

作者:佚名 文章来源:会员整理

贵(gui)(gui)直(zhi)(zhi)一曰(yue):贤主(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)贵(gui)(gui)莫(mo)如士。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)贵(gui)(gui)士,为其(qi)直(zhi)(zhi)言也(ye)(ye)。言直(zhi)(zhi)则枉者见矣(yi)。人主(zhu)(zhu)之患(huan),欲闻枉而(er)(er)恶(e)直(zhi)(zhi)言。是障其(qi)源(yuan)而(er)(er)欲其(qi)水也(ye)(ye),水奚(xi)自(zi)至(zhi)?是贱其(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)欲而(er)(er)贵(gui)(gui)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)恶(e)也(ye)(ye),所(suo)(suo)(suo)欲奚(xi)自(zi)来?能(neng)意(yi)(yi)见齐宣(xuan)王(wang)。宣(xuan)王(wang)曰(yue):“寡人闻子好直(zhi)(zhi),有(you)之乎(hu)(hu)?”对(dui)曰(yue):“意(yi)(yi)恶(e)能(neng)直(zhi)(zhi)?意(yi)(yi)闻好直(zhi)(zhi)之士,家不(bu)处(chu)乱国,身(shen)不(bu)见污君。身(shen)今得见王(wang),而(er)(er)家宅乎(hu)(hu)齐,意(yi)(yi)恶(e)能(neng)直(zhi)(zhi)?”宣(xuan)王(wang)怒(nu)曰(yue):“野(ye)士也(ye)(ye)!”将(jiang)罪之。能(neng)意(yi)(yi)曰(yue):“臣少而(er)(er)好事,长(zhang)而(er)(er)行之,王(wang)胡不(bu)能(neng)与野(ye)士乎(hu)(hu),将(jiang)以(yi)彰其(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)好耶?”王(wang)乃舍(she)之。能(neng)意(yi)(yi)者,使谨乎(hu)(hu)论(lun)於主(zhu)(zhu)之侧,亦必不(bu)阿主(zhu)(zhu)。不(bu)阿,主(zhu)(zhu)之所(suo)(suo)(suo)得岂(qi)少哉?此贤主(zhu)(zhu)之所(suo)(suo)(suo)求,而(er)(er)不(bu)肖主(zhu)(zhu)之所(suo)(suo)(suo)恶(e)也(ye)(ye)。

狐援说(shuo)齐湣王曰:“殷(yin)之(zhi)鼎陈(chen)於周(zhou)之(zhi)廷(ting),其社(she)盖於周(zhou)之(zhi)屏(ping),其干戚之(zhi)音在人之(zhi)游。亡(wang)国之(zhi)音不得至於庙,亡(wang)国之(zhi)社(she)不得见於天,亡(wang)国之(zhi)器陈(chen)於廷(ting),所以为戒。

王(wang)必勉之(zhi)(zhi)!其无使齐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)大吕(lv)陈之(zhi)(zhi)廷(ting),无使太公之(zhi)(zhi)社盖之(zhi)(zhi)屏(ping),无使齐(qi)音充(chong)人之(zhi)(zhi)游。”齐(qi)王(wang)不受。狐援出(chu)而哭国(guo)三(san)日,其辞曰:“先(xian)出(chu)也,衣絺纻;后出(chu)也,满囹圄(yu)。

吾今见民之(zhi)洋(yang)洋(yang)然东走(zou)而不知所(suo)处。”齐王(wang)问吏曰(yue)(yue):“哭国之(zhi)法若何?”吏曰(yue)(yue):“斮(zhuo)(zhuo)。”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“行(xing)法!”吏陈斧质于东闾,不欲杀之(zhi),而欲去之(zhi)。狐(hu)援(yuan)闻(wen)而蹶往过之(zhi)。吏曰(yue)(yue):“哭国之(zhi)法斮(zhuo)(zhuo),先生之(zhi)老欤(yu)?昏(hun)欤(yu)?”狐(hu)援(yuan)曰(yue)(yue):“曷为昏(hun)哉?”於是乃言曰(yue)(yue):“有(you)人(ren)自南方来,鲋(fu)入(ru)而鲵居,使人(ren)之(zhi)朝(chao)为草而国为墟。殷(yin)有(you)比(bi)干,吴有(you)子胥,齐有(you)狐(hu)援(yuan)。已(yi)不用若言,又斮(zhuo)(zhuo)之(zhi)东闾,每斮(zhuo)(zhuo)者以吾参(can)夫二子者乎!”狐(hu)援(yuan)非乐(le)斮(zhuo)(zhuo)也(ye)(ye),国已(yi)乱(luan)矣,上已(yi)悖(bei)矣,哀社稷与民人(ren),故出(chu)若言。出(chu)若言非平(ping)论也(ye)(ye),将以救(jiu)败(bai)也(ye)(ye),固嫌(xian)於危。此触子之(zhi)所(suo)以去之(zhi)也(ye)(ye),达子之(zhi)所(suo)以死之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。

赵简(jian)(jian)子攻卫,附郭。自(zi)将兵,及(ji)战,且远(yuan)立(li),又居(ju)於犀(xi)蔽(bi)屏(ping)(ping)橹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)。鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)士(shi)(shi)不起。简(jian)(jian)子投桴而(er)叹(tan)曰(yue):“呜呼(hu)!士(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速弊(bi)一(yi)若此乎!”行(xing)人烛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)过(guo)免胄横戈而(er)进曰(yue):“亦有君不能耳(er),士(shi)(shi)何(he)(he)弊(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有?”简(jian)(jian)子艴然作色曰(yue):“寡人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)使,而(er)身(shen)自(zi)将是众(zhong)也(ye),子亲(qin)谓(wei)寡人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)能,有说则可,无(wu)说则死!”对曰(yue):“昔吾(wu)先君献公即(ji)位(wei)五年(nian),兼国十九,用(yong)(yong)(yong)此士(shi)(shi)也(ye)。惠公即(ji)位(wei)二年(nian),淫色暴(bao)慢,身(shen)好玉女,秦人袭我,逊去(qu)绛七十,用(yong)(yong)(yong)此士(shi)(shi)也(ye)。文公即(ji)位(wei)二年(nian),厎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以勇(yong),故三年(nian)而(er)士(shi)(shi)尽果敢;城濮(pu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战,五败(bai)荆人,围卫取曹,拔石(shi)社(she),定(ding)天子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei),成(cheng)尊名於天下(xia)(xia),用(yong)(yong)(yong)此士(shi)(shi)也(ye)。亦有君不能耳(er),士(shi)(shi)何(he)(he)弊(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有?”简(jian)(jian)子乃(nai)去(qu)犀(xi)蔽(bi)屏(ping)(ping)橹,而(er)立(li)於矢石(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所及(ji),一(yi)鼓(gu)而(er)士(shi)(shi)毕乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。简(jian)(jian)子曰(yue):“与吾(wu)得革车千乘(cheng)也(ye),不如闻行(xing)人烛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)过(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)言(yan)。”行(xing)人烛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)过(guo)可谓(wei)能谏其(qi)君矣。战斗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,桴鼓(gu)方用(yong)(yong)(yong),赏不加(jia)厚,罚不加(jia)重,一(yi)言(yan)而(er)士(shi)(shi)皆乐为其(qi)上死。

直谏二曰(yue):言极则(ze)怒,怒则(ze)说者(zhe)危(wei)。非贤者(zhe)孰肯(ken)犯危(wei)?而(er)非贤者(zhe)也(ye),将以(yi)(yi)要利矣;要利之(zhi)(zhi)人,犯危(wei)何益?故不(bu)肖(xiao)主(zhu)无(wu)贤者(zhe)。无(wu)贤则(ze)不(bu)闻极言,不(bu)闻极言,则(ze)奸人比周,百邪悉起(qi)。若此(ci)则(ze)无(wu)以(yi)(yi)存矣。凡国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)存也(ye),主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)安(an)也(ye),必(bi)有以(yi)(yi)也(ye)。不(bu)知(zhi)所以(yi)(yi),虽存必(bi)亡(wang),虽安(an)必(bi)危(wei)。所以(yi)(yi)不(bu)可不(bu)论也(ye)。

齐桓(huan)公、管仲、鲍(bao)叔(shu)、甯(ning)戚相与(yu)饮。酒酣,桓(huan)公谓鲍(bao)叔(shu)曰(yue):“何不(bu)起为寿?”鲍(bao)叔(shu)奉杯而(er)进曰(yue):“使(shi)公毋(wu)(wu)忘(wang)(wang)(wang)出(chu)奔在(zai)於莒也(ye)(ye),使(shi)管仲毋(wu)(wu)忘(wang)(wang)(wang)束缚(fu)而(er)在(zai)於鲁也(ye)(ye),使(shi)甯(ning)戚毋(wu)(wu)忘(wang)(wang)(wang)其(qi)饭牛而(er)居(ju)於车(che)下。”桓(huan)公避席再拜曰(yue):“寡人与(yu)大夫能(neng)皆毋(wu)(wu)忘(wang)(wang)(wang)夫子之(zhi)言(yan),则齐国之(zhi)社稷幸於不(bu)殆矣(yi)!”当此时也(ye)(ye),桓(huan)公可与(yu)言(yan)极(ji)言(yan)矣(yi)。可与(yu)言(yan)极(ji)言(yan),故可与(yu)为霸。

荆(jing)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)得(de)茹黄(huang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狗(gou)(gou),宛路(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矰,以畋於(wu)(wu)(wu)云梦(meng),三月不(bu)(bu)(bu)反(fan)。得(de)丹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姬,淫,期(qi)年(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听朝(chao)。葆(bao)申(shen)曰:“先(xian)王(wang)(wang)卜(bu)以臣为葆(bao),吉(ji)。今王(wang)(wang)得(de)茹黄(huang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狗(gou)(gou),宛路(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矰,畋三月不(bu)(bu)(bu)反(fan);得(de)丹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姬,淫,期(qi)年(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听朝(chao)。王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)当(dang)笞(chi)。”王(wang)(wang)曰:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)谷(gu)免衣襁褓(bao)而(er)齿於(wu)(wu)(wu)诸侯,愿(yuan)请变(bian)(bian)更而(er)无笞(chi)。”葆(bao)申(shen)曰:“臣承先(xian)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling),不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢废也(ye)。王(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)受笞(chi),是废先(xian)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)也(ye)。臣宁抵罪(zui)於(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang),毋抵罪(zui)於(wu)(wu)(wu)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)。”王(wang)(wang)曰:“敬诺。”引席,王(wang)(wang)伏(fu)。葆(bao)申(shen)束细荆(jing)五十,跪而(er)加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于背,如此(ci)(ci)者再,谓王(wang)(wang):“起矣!”王(wang)(wang)曰:“有笞(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名一也(ye),遂(sui)致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)!”申(shen)曰:“臣闻君子耻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),小人痛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。耻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)变(bian)(bian),痛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何益?”葆(bao)申(shen)趣出,自流(liu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)渊,请死罪(zui)。文(wen)王(wang)(wang)曰:“此(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)谷(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过(guo)也(ye),葆(bao)申(shen)何罪(zui)?”王(wang)(wang)乃变(bian)(bian)更,召葆(bao)申(shen),杀茹黄(huang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狗(gou)(gou),析(xi)宛路(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矰,放丹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姬。后(hou)荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)兼国(guo)(guo)三十九。

令(ling)荆国广大至於此者(zhe),葆申之(zhi)力也,极言之(zhi)功也。

知(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)三曰:夫以(yi)勇(yong)事人者,以(yi)死也。未死而言死,不论(lun)。以(yi)虽知(zhi)(zhi)之,与勿知(zhi)(zhi)同。

凡(fan)智之(zhi)(zhi)贵也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),贵知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。人(ren)主之(zhi)(zhi)惑者(zhe)则(ze)不(bu)然。化未至则(ze)不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);化已至,虽知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi),与勿知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一贯也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。事有可以(yi)过者(zhe),有不(bu)可以(yi)过者(zhe)。而(er)身死国亡,则(ze)胡可以(yi)过?此贤(xian)主之(zhi)(zhi)所重,惑主之(zhi)(zhi)所轻也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。所轻,国恶得不(bu)危?身恶得不(bu)困?危困之(zhi)(zhi)道,身死国亡,在於不(bu)先知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。吴王夫差是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。子胥非不(bu)先知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),谏而(er)不(bu)听,故吴为丘墟,祸(huo)及(ji)阖庐。

吴王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)将伐齐,子胥曰:“不(bu)可(ke)。夫(fu)(fu)齐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与吴也(ye)(ye)(ye),习俗(su)不(bu)同,言(yan)语不(bu)通,我(wo)得(de)(de)其(qi)地不(bu)能(neng)处,得(de)(de)其(qi)民不(bu)得(de)(de)使。夫(fu)(fu)吴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与越也(ye)(ye)(ye),接土邻境,壤交通属(shu),习俗(su)同,言(yan)语通,我(wo)得(de)(de)其(qi)地能(neng)处之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),得(de)(de)其(qi)民能(neng)使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),越於(wu)(wu)(wu)我(wo)亦(yi)然。夫(fu)(fu)吴越之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势不(bu)两(liang)立。越之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)吴也(ye)(ye)(ye),譬若(ruo)心腹(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疾也(ye)(ye)(ye),虽无作,其(qi)伤(shang)深而(er)(er)在内也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫(fu)(fu)齐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)吴也(ye)(ye)(ye),疥癣(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病也(ye)(ye)(ye),不(bu)苦(ku)其(qi)已也(ye)(ye)(ye),且其(qi)无伤(shang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今释越而(er)(er)伐齐,譬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犹惧(ju)虎(hu)而(er)(er)刺猏(jian),虽胜(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)后患(huan)未央。”太宰(zai)嚭曰:“不(bu)可(ke)。君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令所以(yi)不(bu)行(xing)於(wu)(wu)(wu)上国者(zhe),齐、晋(jin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)若(ruo)伐齐而(er)(er)胜(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),徙其(qi)兵以(yi)临晋(jin),晋(jin)必听(ting)命矣。是君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)一举而(er)(er)服两(liang)国也(ye)(ye)(ye),君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令必行(xing)於(wu)(wu)(wu)上国。”夫(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)以(yi)为(wei)然,不(bu)听(ting)子胥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),而(er)(er)用太宰(zai)嚭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谋。子胥曰:“天(tian)将亡(wang)吴矣,则使君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)战(zhan)而(er)(er)胜(sheng);天(tian)将不(bu)亡(wang)吴矣,则使君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)战(zhan)而(er)(er)不(bu)胜(sheng)。”夫(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)不(bu)听(ting)。

子(zi)胥两袪高蹶而出(chu)於廷,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“嗟乎!吴朝必生(sheng)荆棘(ji)矣(yi)!”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)兴师(shi)伐齐(qi),战於艾陵(ling),大败齐(qi)师(shi),反而诛子(zi)胥。子(zi)胥将死,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“与吾安得一(yi)目以视越(yue)人之(zhi)入吴也(ye)(ye)?”乃(nai)自(zi)杀。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)乃(nai)取其(qi)(qi)(qi)身而流之(zhi)江,抉其(qi)(qi)(qi)目,著之(zhi)东门,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“女(nv)胡视越(yue)人之(zhi)入我(wo)也(ye)(ye)?”居数(shu)年,越(yue)报吴,残其(qi)(qi)(qi)国,绝其(qi)(qi)(qi)世(shi),灭(mie)其(qi)(qi)(qi)社稷,夷其(qi)(qi)(qi)宗(zong)庙。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)身为禽。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)将死,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“死者(zhe)如(ru)有知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),吾何面(mian)以见子(zi)胥於地(di)下(xia)?”乃(nai)为幎以冒(mao)面(mian)死。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)患未至(zhi),则不可告也(ye)(ye);患既至(zhi),虽知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)无及(ji)矣(yi)。故夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)之(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)惭於子(zi)胥也(ye)(ye),不若(ruo)勿知(zhi)(zhi)。

过理四曰:亡国之主一贯。天时(shi)虽异(yi),其(qi)(qi)事虽殊,所以亡同者(zhe),乐不适(shi)(shi)(shi)也。乐不适(shi)(shi)(shi)则不可以存。糟丘(qiu)酒池,肉圃为格,雕柱而桔诸(zhu)侯,不适(shi)(shi)(shi)也。刑鬼(gui)侯之女而取其(qi)(qi)瑰,截涉者(zhe)胫(jing)而视其(qi)(qi)髓,杀梅伯而遗(yi)文(wen)王其(qi)(qi)醢,不适(shi)(shi)(shi)也。文(wen)王貌受以告诸(zhu)侯。

作(zuo)为璇室,筑为顷宫,剖(pou)孕妇(fu)而(er)观其化,杀比干而(er)视(shi)其心,不(bu)(bu)适也。孔(kong)子闻(wen)之曰:“其窍通则比干不(bu)(bu)死矣。”夏(xia)、商之所以亡(wang)也。

晋灵公无道,从上弹人,而观其避(bi)丸(wan)也(ye)。使宰人臑(nao)熊蹯,不(bu)(bu)(bu)熟,杀之,令(ling)妇人载(zai)而过(guo)朝(chao)以示威,不(bu)(bu)(bu)适也(ye)。赵(zhao)盾骤谏而不(bu)(bu)(bu)听,公恶之,乃(nai)使沮(ju){鹿弥(mi)(mi)}。沮(ju){鹿弥(mi)(mi)}见之不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍贼,曰(yue):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)忘恭敬,民(min)(min)之主也(ye)。贼民(min)(min)之主,不(bu)(bu)(bu)忠;弃君(jun)之命,不(bu)(bu)(bu)信(xin)。

一於(wu)此,不若死。”乃触廷槐(huai)而死。

齐湣(min)王(wang)亡居卫,谓公(gong)王(wang)丹曰(yue):“我何如主(zhu)也?”王(wang)丹对曰(yue):“王(wang)贤(xian)主(zhu)也。臣(chen)闻古(gu)人有辞天(tian)下(xia)而(er)无恨色者,臣(chen)闻其声(sheng),於(wu)王(wang)而(er)见其实。王(wang)名称东帝,实辨天(tian)下(xia)。

去(qu)国(guo)居(ju)卫,容貌充满,颜(yan)色(se)发扬(yang),无重(zhong)国(guo)之(zhi)意。”王曰(yue):“甚善(shan)!丹知寡(gua)人(ren)。寡(gua)人(ren)自去(qu)国(guo)居(ju)卫也,带益(yi)三副矣。”宋王筑为(wei)蘖帝,鸱(chi)夷血,高悬之(zhi),射著(zhu)甲胄,从下,血坠流地(di)。左右(you)皆贺曰(yue):“王之(zhi)贤过汤、武(wu)矣。汤、武(wu)胜人(ren),今王胜天,贤不可以加(jia)矣。”宋王大(da)说,饮酒。室中(zhong)有呼万岁者,堂(tang)(tang)上尽应(ying)。堂(tang)(tang)上已应(ying),堂(tang)(tang)下尽应(ying)。门外庭中(zhong)闻之(zhi),莫敢(gan)不应(ying)。不适也。

壅塞(sai)五曰:亡国之主不可以直(zhi)言。不可以直(zhi)言,则过无(wu)道闻,而(er)善无(wu)自(zi)至矣(yi)。无(wu)自(zi)至则壅。

秦缪公时,戎强(qiang)大。秦缪公遗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女乐二八与良宰焉。戎主大喜(xi),以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)故数(shu)饮食,日夜不(bu)(bu)(bu)休。左右有言秦寇(kou)(kou)(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),因(yin)扞(han)弓而(er)(er)射之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。秦寇(kou)(kou)(kou)果至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),戎主醉而(er)(er)卧於樽(zun)下,卒生缚而(er)(er)擒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。未擒则不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)知(zhi),已擒则又不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)。虽善说者(zhe),犹若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)此(ci)(ci)(ci)何哉?齐(qi)(qi)(qi)攻宋(song)(song),宋(song)(song)王(wang)使(shi)(shi)人(ren)候(hou)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)寇(kou)(kou)(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)还,曰(yue)(yue):“齐(qi)(qi)(qi)寇(kou)(kou)(kou)近(jin)(jin)矣,国人(ren)恐(kong)(kong)矣。”左右皆谓(wei)宋(song)(song)王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“此(ci)(ci)(ci)所(suo)谓(wei)‘肉(rou)自生虫’者(zhe)也。以(yi)(yi)宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)强(qiang),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)兵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弱,恶能如此(ci)(ci)(ci)?”宋(song)(song)王(wang)因(yin)怒而(er)(er)诎杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。又使(shi)(shi)人(ren)往视(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)寇(kou)(kou)(kou),使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)报如前,宋(song)(song)王(wang)又怒诎杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。如此(ci)(ci)(ci)者(zhe)三,其(qi)(qi)后又使(shi)(shi)人(ren)往视(shi)(shi)(shi)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)寇(kou)(kou)(kou)近(jin)(jin)矣,国人(ren)恐(kong)(kong)矣。使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)遇其(qi)(qi)兄,曰(yue)(yue):“国危(wei)甚矣,若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)将安(an)适?”其(qi)(qi)弟曰(yue)(yue):“为(wei)王(wang)视(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)寇(kou)(kou)(kou)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)意其(qi)(qi)近(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)国人(ren)恐(kong)(kong)如此(ci)(ci)(ci)也。今又私(si)患,乡(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先(xian)视(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)寇(kou)(kou)(kou)者(zhe),皆以(yi)(yi)寇(kou)(kou)(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)近(jin)(jin)也报而(er)(er)死(si)(si);今也报其(qi)(qi)情(qing),死(si)(si),不(bu)(bu)(bu)报其(qi)(qi)情(qing),又恐(kong)(kong)死(si)(si)。将若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)何?”其(qi)(qi)兄曰(yue)(yue):“如报其(qi)(qi)情(qing),有且先(xian)夫死(si)(si)者(zhe)死(si)(si),先(xian)夫亡者(zhe)亡。”於是报於王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“殊不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)寇(kou)(kou)(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在,国人(ren)甚安(an)。”王(wang)大喜(xi)。左右皆曰(yue)(yue):“乡(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)(si)者(zhe)宜矣。”王(wang)多(duo)赐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)金。寇(kou)(kou)(kou)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),王(wang)自投(tou)车上,驰而(er)(er)走,此(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)得以(yi)(yi)富於他国。夫登山(shan)而(er)(er)视(shi)(shi)(shi)牛若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)羊(yang)(yang),视(shi)(shi)(shi)羊(yang)(yang)若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)豚(tun),牛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性不(bu)(bu)(bu)若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)羊(yang)(yang),羊(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性不(bu)(bu)(bu)若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)豚(tun),所(suo)自视(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)势过也。而(er)(er)因(yin)怒於牛羊(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小也,此(ci)(ci)(ci)狂(kuang)(kuang)夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)。狂(kuang)(kuang)而(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)行赏罚(fa),此(ci)(ci)(ci)戴氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)绝也。

齐王欲以(yi)淳于髡傅太(tai)子(zi),髡辞(ci)(ci)曰:“臣不(bu)(bu)肖,不(bu)(bu)足以(yi)当此大任(ren)也(ye),王不(bu)(bu)若择国之(zhi)(zhi)长者而(er)使之(zhi)(zhi)。”齐王曰:“子(zi)无(wu)辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)。寡(gua)人岂责(ze)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)太(tai)子(zi)必(bi)如寡(gua)人也(ye)哉?寡(gua)人固(gu)生而(er)有之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。子(zi)为寡(gua)人令(ling)太(tai)子(zi)如尧(yao)乎?其如舜也(ye)?”凡说(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)行也(ye),道不(bu)(bu)智听智,从自非(fei)受是也(ye)。今自以(yi)贤(xian)过於尧(yao)舜,彼且胡可以(yi)开说(shuo)哉?说(shuo)必(bi)不(bu)(bu)入,不(bu)(bu)闻存(cun)君。

齐宣(xuan)(xuan)王好(hao)射,说人之(zhi)谓己能(neng)用(yong)强弓也。其(qi)尝(chang)所用(yong)不(bu)过(guo)三(san)石(shi),以(yi)(yi)示左(zuo)(zuo)右,左(zuo)(zuo)右皆试引之(zhi),中(zhong)关而止。皆曰:“此不(bu)下九(jiu)石(shi),非王其(qi)孰(shu)能(neng)用(yong)是?”宣(xuan)(xuan)王之(zhi)情(qing),所用(yong)不(bu)过(guo)三(san)石(shi),而终身自以(yi)(yi)为(wei)用(yong)九(jiu)石(shi),岂(qi)不(bu)悲(bei)哉!非直士(shi)其(qi)孰(shu)能(neng)不(bu)阿主?世(shi)之(zhi)直士(shi),其(qi)寡(gua)不(bu)胜(sheng)众,数也。故乱国之(zhi)主,患存乎用(yong)三(san)石(shi)为(wei)九(jiu)石(shi)也。

原乱(luan)(luan)(luan)六曰:乱(luan)(luan)(luan)必有弟(di),大乱(luan)(luan)(luan)五(wu),小乱(luan)(luan)(luan)三(san),讠刂(dao)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)三(san)。故《诗》曰“毋过乱(luan)(luan)(luan)门”。

所以远之也(ye)。虑福(fu)未及(ji),虑祸之,所以完之也(ye)。武王以武得之,以文持之,倒戈(ge)弛弓,示天下不(bu)用(yong)兵,所以守之也(ye)。

晋(jin)献(xian)公立骊姬以(yi)(yi)为夫人(ren)(ren),以(yi)(yi)奚齐(qi)为太子(zi)(zi)。里克率国人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)攻杀(sha)之。荀(xun)息(xi)立其弟公子(zi)(zi)卓。已(yi)葬(zang),里克又率国人(ren)(ren)攻杀(sha)之。於(wu)(wu)是(shi)晋(jin)无君(jun)。公子(zi)(zi)夷吾(wu)重赂秦以(yi)(yi)地而求入,秦缪公率师以(yi)(yi)纳之。晋(jin)人(ren)(ren)立以(yi)(yi)为君(jun),是(shi)为惠公。惠公既定於(wu)(wu)晋(jin),背(bei)秦德而不予地。

秦缪公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率师(shi)攻晋(jin),晋(jin)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)逆(ni)之(zhi),与秦人战於韩原(yuan)。晋(jin)师(shi)大败,秦获惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)归(gui),囚(qiu)之(zhi)於灵台。十月,乃与晋(jin)成,归(gui)惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)而(er)(er)(er)质太(tai)子(zi)圉。太(tai)子(zi)圉逃归(gui)也。惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死,圉立为(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)怀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。秦缪公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)怒其逃归(gui)也,起奉公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)重(zhong)耳(er)以(yi)(yi)攻怀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),杀之(zhi)於高梁,而(er)(er)(er)立重(zhong)耳(er),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)施舍,振废滞,匡(kuang)乏困,救灾患(huan),禁淫慝,薄赋(fu)敛,宥罪戾,节器用(yong),用(yong)民(min)以(yi)(yi)时(shi),败荆(jing)人于城濮,定襄王,释宋,出谷戍(shu),外内皆服(fu),而(er)(er)(er)后晋(jin)乱(luan)(luan)止。故献公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)听骊(li)姬(ji),近(jin)梁五(wu)、优施,杀太(tai)子(zi)申生,而(er)(er)(er)大难随之(zhi)者五(wu),三(san)君(jun)(jun)死,一君(jun)(jun)虏,大臣卿士(shi)之(zhi)死者以(yi)(yi)百数,离咎二十年。自(zi)上世以(yi)(yi)来,乱(luan)(luan)未尝一。

而乱(luan)人(ren)之(zhi)患也,皆(jie)曰(yue)一而已,此事虑不(bu)同(tong)情也。事虑不(bu)同(tong)情者,心(xin)异也。故凡(fan)作(zuo)乱(luan)之(zhi)人(ren),祸希不(bu)及身。

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