爱上海

【说明与解析】

什(shen)么是(shi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)？这是(shi)一个很有意思的(de)问题。《索隐》引《释(shi)名》说：“律(lv)(lv)(lv)，述也(ye)(ye)，所以述阳气也(ye)(ye)”。这原是(shi)从《尔雅》翻出的(de)话，《尔雅》还把律(lv)(lv)(lv)释(shi)为(wei)铨、法等(deng)，都不能究其窍要。其实(shi)，律(lv)(lv)(lv)就是(shi)率的(de)同音字(zi)，律(lv)(lv)(lv)学(xue)就是(shi)关于万(wan)物(wu)形体比(bi)例(li)的(de)学(xue)问。《律(lv)(lv)(lv)书》开篇(pian)说：“王者(zhe)制(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)立(li)法，物(wu)度规则，壹(yi)禀于六律(lv)(lv)(lv)，六律(lv)(lv)(lv)为(wei)万(wan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)根本(ben)焉(yan)”。万(wan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)都有比(bi)率，尤其“物(wu)度规则”四字(zi)把律(lv)(lv)(lv)铨释(shi)得再(zai)也(ye)(ye)明白不过(guo)了。这句话包(bao)含了古(gu)人一基(ji)本(ben)认(ren)识，即万(wan)物(wu)之(zhi)间都存(cun)在(zai)一种(zhong)比(bi)例(li)，比(bi)例(li)的(de)大小是(shi)像六律(lv)(lv)(lv)那(nei)种(zhong)“三分损益”的(de)关系。

探索宇宙万物(wu)间的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)量(liang)关(guan)系，这是许多古老民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)先民们都曾走过的(de)(de)(de)路。欧洲有(you)个毕达(da)(da)哥(ge)拉(la)斯，认为宇宙存在一种数(shu)学的(de)(de)(de)和谐(xie)。此后的(de)(de)(de)柏(bo)拉(la)图、托(tuo)勒密、哥(ge)白尼、开(kai)普勒，以至伽利略等都曾对(dui)此做过有(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)研究。律学便(bian)是中国先民中的(de)(de)(de)毕达(da)(da)哥(ge)拉(la)斯们留下的(de)(de)(de)足迹(ji)。

《律(lv)(lv)书》分三部分：律(lv)(lv)与(yu)(yu)兵(bing)、与(yu)(yu)星历(li)的关系(xi)(xi)(xi)，以及律(lv)(lv)数(shu)(shu)本身的学(xue)问。《律(lv)(lv)书》说，律(lv)(lv)“与(yu)(yu)兵(bing)械(xie)(xie)(xie)尤所重”。兵(bing)械(xie)(xie)(xie)指军事器械(xie)(xie)(xie)，它与(yu)(yu)律(lv)(lv)的关系(xi)(xi)(xi)从今(jin)本《考工记(ji)》中(zhong)还能(neng)看到一(yi)些影子，儒者只(zhi)注重“望气知(zhi)吉凶，闻(wen)声效胜(sheng)负”，那是买椟还珠了。与(yu)(yu)星历(li)的关系(xi)(xi)(xi)只(zhi)讲了与(yu)(yu)八(ba)方、十(shi)二(er)月(yue)、十(shi)二(er)支、二(er)十(shi)八(ba)宿的对应关系(xi)(xi)(xi)，至于数(shu)(shu)量关系(xi)(xi)(xi)的变(bian)化就不是这篇短文所能(neng)包括得(de)了的了。律(lv)(lv)数(shu)(shu)部分舛(chuan)误颇多，兹借译注的机会一(yi)一(yi)订正之如(ru)后。

　　【译文】

帝王制(zhi)定(ding)事(shi)则，建立(li)法(fa)度(du)，确(que)定(ding)万物的度(du)数(shu)和(he)准(zhun)则，一切都遵(zun)照六(liu)(liu)律，六(liu)(liu)律是万事(shi)万物的根本。

六律对于兵械尤(you)其重要，所以说(shuo)“望敌气而知(zhi)道(dao)吉凶(xiong)，闻声音而决定胜负”，这是(shi)百代不变的法则。

武王伐纣(zhou)时，吹(chui)律管听声(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)而(er)占卜吉凶，自孟春至季冬的音(yin)律，都有杀(sha)气并声(sheng)(sheng)而(er)出(chu)，而(er)军声(sheng)(sheng)与宫音(yin)相合。同声(sheng)(sheng)相从，这是事物自然(ran)的道理(li)，有什么(me)可奇怪的呢？

兵事，是(shi)圣人(ren)用来讨伐强暴，平(ping)定乱世，夷除险阻，挽(wan)救危殆局面的(de)工具。下自含齿戴角(jiao)的(de)兽类，遇到外物的(de)侵犯，尚且要与它角(jiao)力反抗，何(he)况是(shi)怀有好(hao)恶之(zhi)心，喜怒之(zhi)情的(de)人(ren)了？欢喜就(jiu)(jiu)有爱心产生(sheng)，愤怒就(jiu)(jiu)会以毒(du)螫相加，这是(shi)人(ren)性情的(de)必然道理。

以往黄帝(di)时有过涿(zhuo)鹿地区的战(zhan)斗，以平(ping)定(ding)炎(yan)帝(di)造成(cheng)的灾害；颛顼有与共(gong)工氏的对阵，以平(ping)定(ding)少昊(hao)氏造成(cheng)的灾害；成(cheng)汤(tang)有伐(fa)桀到(dao)南巢的战(zhan)斗，以殄灭夏(xia)朝的祸(huo)乱。一(yi)代(dai)又一(yi)代(dai)，迭(die)兴迭(die)废，战(zhan)胜得以统治天(tian)下，那是受命于天(tian)的原因。

从此之后，名士重迭(die)产生(sheng)，晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)任用(yong)(yong)咎犯，而齐国(guo)(guo)任用(yong)(yong)王子(zi)成(cheng)父，吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)任用(yong)(yong)孙武，名自(zi)都申明军纪(ji)，赏(shang)罚(fa)必守(shou)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)，结(jie)(jie)果成(cheng)为诸侯霸(ba)主，兼并(bing)别(bie)国(guo)(guo)土地(di)，虽然比不(bu)上(shang)三代时(shi)(shi)受诰誓(shi)封赏(shang)的荣(rong)(rong)耀(yao)，然而同样是(shi)自(zi)身宠(chong)荣(rong)(rong)，君主尊显，当世显名扬声，能说不(bu)荣(rong)(rong)耀(yao)吗？怎能与那些不(bu)明大势(shi)，不(bu)权轻(qing)重，终日啰索要(yao)以德化世，不(bu)该用(yong)(yong)兵，结(jie)(jie)果重者君亲受辱(ru)，国(guo)(guo)土失守(shou)，轻(qing)者遭人侵(qin)犯，国(guo)(guo)家(jia)削弱(ruo)，终至于不(bu)可挽救的世儒(ru)相提并(bing)论呢！所以家(jia)庭中不(bu)能没(mei)(mei)有(you)教诲和鞭笞，国(guo)(guo)家(jia)不(bu)可没(mei)(mei)有(you)刑(xing)罚(fa)，天下不(bu)可没(mei)(mei)有(you)诛杀和征伐，不(bu)过使用(yong)(yong)起来有(you)巧(qiao)有(you)拙(zhuo)，施行时(shi)(shi)有(you)顺(shun)有(you)逆(ni)罢了。

夏桀、殷纣王(wang)能(neng)赤手(shou)空拳与豺狼搏斗(dou)，奔跑起(qi)来(lai)能(neng)追得上四(si)匹马拉(la)的(de)车子，其勇力(li)(li)并不(bu)(bu)弱；他们(men)曾百战百胜，诸侯对(dui)他们(men)恐(kong)惧服从，权力(li)(li)也不(bu)(bu)算轻。秦二世屯军于(yu)四(si)郊，连兵(bing)(bing)于(yu)边陲(chui)，力(li)(li)量不(bu)(bu)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)强；北与匈奴结怨，南(nan)在(zai)诸越招惹祸(huo)端，势力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)算寡弱，等到他们(men)的(de)威风(feng)使尽，势力(li)(li)盛极，闾巷中(zhong)的(de)平民也成(cheng)了(le)敌国。错就在(zai)于(yu)他们(men)穷兵(bing)(bing)黩武不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)止足(zu)，贪得之心不(bu)(bu)能(neng)停息。

高祖(zu)统一(yi)天下后，三方边境(jing)叛乱于外，国内大国诸侯王名虽称为(wei)(wei)天子(zi)的(de)屏藩辅佐，并不太象个为(wei)(wei)臣(chen)子(zi)的(de)样子(zi)。赶(gan)上高祖(zu)厌烦再有战事，也是由于有萧(xiao)何、张良的(de)计谋，所(suo)以一(yi)时得以停止武事，与民休息，对他们只稍加约束(shu)，不深防备。

直到(dao)孝(xiao)文帝即位，将军陈武等(deng)建议说：“南(nan)越、朝(chao)鲜(xian)自从秦(qin)朝(chao)统一时内(nei)(nei)属为(wei)臣子(zi)(zi)，后来才拥(yong)兵守(shou)险(xian)，踌(chou)躇观望。高祖时天下(xia)初定，人民刚(gang)刚(gang)得(de)(de)到(dao)一点安宁，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可再次用兵。如(ru)今陛下(xia)以仁德、惠(hui)爱抚(fu)治百(bai)姓(xing)，四海(hai)以内(nei)(nei)都(dou)受(shou)恩泽，应该乘此时士民乐为(wei)陛下(xia)所用的(de)(de)机会，讨伐叛逆(ni)的(de)(de)党(dang)徒(tu)，以统一疆土(tu)。”孝(xiao)文帝说：“朕自从能胜衣冠，从来没有(you)想到(dao)这(zhei)些。赶(gan)上吕(lv)氏之(zhi)乱，功臣和(he)(he)(he)宗室都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以我(wo)的(de)(de)微贱(jian)出身为(wei)耻，阴差阳错使(shi)我(wo)得(de)(de)了皇帝的(de)(de)大位，我(wo)常(chang)战战兢(jing)兢(jing)，害怕事情(qing)有(you)始无终。况且(qie)兵是凶器，纵(zong)然(ran)能达到(dao)目的(de)(de)，发动起来也必有(you)耗损和(he)(he)(he)创病，又怎能避免得(de)(de)了百(bai)姓(xing)抛家离业远方征(zheng)讨？先皇帝知道劳乏的(de)(de)百(bai)姓(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可再加使(shi)用，所以不(bu)(bu)(bu)把南(nan)越、朝(chao)鲜(xian)等(deng)事放(fang)在心上。朕岂(qi)能自以为(wei)有(you)能耐(nai)？如(ru)今匈奴入侵内(nei)(nei)地，军吏御敌(di)无功，边地百(bai)姓(xing)父死子(zi)(zi)继，服兵役的(de)(de)日子(zi)(zi)已经很(hen)久，朕时常(chang)为(wei)此不(bu)(bu)(bu)安和(he)(he)(he)伤痛，没有(you)一天能够忘记。如(ru)今既(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能销毁兵器，长守(shou)安定，但愿暂(zan)且(qie)坚守(shou)边防，远设斥候(hou)，派遣使(shi)者，缔盟结好，使(shi)北部边陲得(de)(de)到(dao)休息安宁，功劳就算(suan)大得(de)(de)很(hen)了。且(qie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可再议兴兵的(de)(de)事了”。因此百(bai)姓(xing)内(nei)(nei)外都(dou)无徭役，得(de)(de)到(dao)休息以致(zhi)(zhi)力(li)于农(nong)事，致(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)天下(xia)殷实富(fu)足，粮食每(mei)斗降至十余文钱，国内(nei)(nei)鸡(ji)鸣狗吠相闻，烟火万里不(bu)(bu)(bu)惊，可说是够和(he)(he)(he)平安乐的(de)(de)了。

太(tai)史公(gong)说：文帝时，赶上天(tian)下刚从(cong)水火(huo)中(zhong)解脱(tuo)出来，人民安(an)心生产，顺着他们的(de)(de)意愿，能作到不加扰乱(luan)，所以百姓安(an)不思(si)乱(luan)。就连六七十岁的(de)(de)老翁也未曾(ceng)到过集市之中(zhong)，终日守在乡里敖游玩耍，象个孩子(zi)一样。这岂不就是(shi)孔子(zi)称(cheng)道(dao)的(de)(de)有德君子(zi)！

书中记载(zai)，七正二十八(ba)舍(she)和律历，是(shi)天(tian)用来勾通五行八(ba)正之气(qi)的(de)(de)，是(shi)天(tian)用来产生和养育(yu)万(wan)物的(de)(de)。舍(she)的(de)(de)意思就(jiu)是(shi)日月止(zhi)宿(su)的(de)(de)地方。舍(she)就(jiu)是(shi)休(xiu)息一下缓(huan)口气(qi)的(de)(de)意思。

不(bu)周(zhou)风在(zai)西北方，主(zhu)管(guan)杀生(sheng)的事。东(dong)(dong)(dong)壁宿(su)在(zai)不(bu)周(zhou)风以东(dong)(dong)(dong)，主(zhu)持(chi)开辟生(sheng)气(qi)(qi)使往(wang)东(dong)(dong)(dong)行，到达(da)营室(shi)。营室(shi)，主(zhu)管(guan)胎育阳气(qi)(qi)并把它产(chan)生(sheng)出(chu)来。再向东(dong)(dong)(dong)到达(da)危宿(su)。危，就(jiu)是(shi)垝的意思，是(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)(qi)的垝，所(suo)以称为危。以上星宿(su)与(yu)十(shi)月相(xiang)对(dui)(dui)应(ying)，于(yu)(yu)十(shi)二律(lv)与(yu)应(ying)钟(zhong)相(xiang)对(dui)(dui)应(ying)。应(ying)钟(zhong)，就(jiu)是(shi)阳气(qi)(qi)的反应(ying)，阳气(qi)(qi)这时(shi)还不(bu)主(zhu)事。于(yu)(yu)十(shi)二子(zi)与(yu)亥(hai)相(xiang)对(dui)(dui)应(ying)。亥(hai)，就(jiu)是(shi)该的意思。是(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)(qi)藏在(zai)它下面，所(suo)以是(shi)它成了阳气(qi)(qi)出(chu)现(xian)的隔核(按：同该)。

广莫风在北方。广莫，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)在下(xia)，阴(yin)气(qi)没有(you)(you)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)广大，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)广莫。广莫风以(yi)东(dong)(dong)到虚(xu)(xu)宿(su)(su)。虚(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)意(yi)思，是(shi)(shi)指能实能虚(xu)(xu)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)冬季则蕴藏于空虚(xu)(xu)之(zhi)中，到冬至日就会有(you)(you)一(yi)分(fen)阴(yin)气(qi)下(xia)藏，一(yi)分(fen)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)上升(sheng)发(fa)散出(chu)(chu)来(lai)(lai)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)称(cheng)虚(xu)(xu)。再向东(dong)(dong)到达须女(nv)宿(su)(su)。须女(nv)(按(an)：同如)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)物的(de)(de)位置发(fa)生(sheng)变(bian)动(dong)，阴(yin)气(qi)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)没有(you)(you)分(fen)离开，尚且互相(xiang)胥如的(de)(de)意(yi)思，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)须女(nv)。月份与(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)月相(xiang)对应(ying)(ying)(ying)，律与(yu)(yu)黄钟相(xiang)对应(ying)(ying)(ying)。黄钟的(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)踵随黄泉而出(chu)(chu)。于十(shi)(shi)二(er)子(zi)与(yu)(yu)子(zi)相(xiang)对应(ying)(ying)(ying)。子(zi)就是(shi)(shi)滋长(zhang)的(de)(de)滋字；滋，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)物滋长(zhang)于下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。于十(shi)(shi)母与(yu)(yu)壬癸相(xiang)对应(ying)(ying)(ying)。壬就是(shi)(shi)任(ren)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)负担(dan)着在下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)养育(yu)万(wan)物的(de)(de)重任(ren)。癸就是(shi)(shi)揆，说(shuo)万(wan)物可以(yi)揆度，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)癸。向东(dong)(dong)到牵牛(niu)宿(su)(su)。牵牛(niu)的(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气(qi)牵引(yin)万(wan)物而出(chu)(chu)。牛(niu)就是(shi)(shi)冒，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)地虽冻，能冒出(chu)(chu)地面(mian)(mian)(mian)生(sheng)长(zhang)出(chu)(chu)来(lai)(lai)。牛(niu)又指耕耘种植万(wan)物的(de)(de)意(yi)思。再向东(dong)(dong)到建星。建星，就是(shi)(shi)建立起诸有(you)(you)生(sheng)命之(zhi)物的(de)(de)意(yi)思。与(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)二(er)月相(xiang)对应(ying)(ying)(ying)，十(shi)(shi)二(er)律与(yu)(yu)大吕(lv)相(xiang)对应(ying)(ying)(ying)。大吕(lv)的(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)。十(shi)(shi)二(er)子(zi)与(yu)(yu)丑(chou)相(xiang)对应(ying)(ying)(ying)。

条风在东(dong)北方，主管万(wan)物(wu)(wu)的(de)产生(sheng)和出(chu)现。条风意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)条治万(wan)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)使它们产生(sheng)出(chu)来，所以(yi)称为(wei)条风。条风向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)到(dao)箕(ji)宿(su)。箕(ji)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)的(de)根(gen)柢，所以(yi)称为(wei)箕(ji)。与正月对应，律与泰蔟相对应。泰蔟，是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)蔟拥而(er)(er)生(sheng)的(de)意思(si)，所以(yi)称为(wei)泰蔟。于十二(er)子与寅相对应。寅是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)初(chu)生(sheng)如(ru)蚯螾(蚓(yin))之行螾然弯(wan)(wan)曲的(de)样子，所以(yi)称为(wei)寅。向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)到(dao)达(da)尾宿(su)，尾是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)初(chu)生(sheng)象(xiang)尾巴(ba)一样弯(wan)(wan)曲。向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)到(dao)达(da)心(xin)宿(su)，心(xin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)初(chu)生(sheng)都有(you)象(xiang)花(hua)(华)一般的(de)顶心(xin)。再向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)到(dao)房宿(su)。房，是(shi)(shi)(shi)指为(wei)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)的(de)门(men)户，到(dao)门(men)前就(jiu)要(yao)出(chu)来了。

明庶(shu)风在东方(fang)。明庶(shu)的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，表明众(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)全(quan)都(dou)出土萌(meng)发出来(lai)了(le)。与(yu)(yu)二月相(xiang)应(ying)，律(lv)与(yu)(yu)夹(jia)钟相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying)。夹(jia)钟，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阴阳相(xiang)夹(jia)，厕(侧)身于(yu)中(zhong)的(de)意(yi)思。十二子与(yu)(yu)卯相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying)。卯就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)茂，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)长茂盛。于(yu)十母与(yu)(yu)甲(jia)乙(yi)相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying)。甲(jia)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)冲破符(fu)(按：同莩(fu))甲(jia)萌(meng)发出来(lai)；乙(yi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)长时轧轧乙(yi)乙(yi)艰(jian)难而顽(wan)强的(de)样子。向(xiang)(xiang)南到(dao)(dao)达氐宿。氐的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)已(yi)抵达、来(lai)到(dao)(dao)的(de)意(yi)思。向(xiang)(xiang)南到(dao)(dao)达亢宿。亢的(de)意(yi)思，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)渐渐长高了(le)。再向(xiang)(xiang)南到(dao)(dao)角宿。角的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)已(yi)有了(le)枝叉(cha)就象角一(yi)样。十二月中(zhong)与(yu)(yu)三(san)月相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying)，律(lv)中(zhong)与(yu)(yu)姑洗相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying)。姑洗的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)初生(sheng)(sheng)，颜(yan)色光鲜如洗。于(yu)十二子与(yu)(yu)辰相(xiang)对(dui)应(ying)。辰，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)已(yi)蠕动起来(lai)。

清(qing)明风(feng)在东南方，主管吹动万(wan)物(wu)(wu)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)发展(zhan)。先(xian)到(dao)(dao)达轸宿(su)。轸，是说(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)生长得(de)殷殷轸轸，更加盛大了。向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)到(dao)(dao)达翼宿(su)。翼，是说(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)都(dou)已(yi)(yi)长大，如同有(you)了羽翼。以(yi)上两宿(su)为(wei)(wei)四月(yue)宿(su)，于(yu)律为(wei)(wei)中(zhong)吕。中(zhong)吕的意思是说(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)全(quan)都(dou)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)旅行。于(yu)十二子为(wei)(wei)巳。巳的意思是说(shuo)阳(yang)气(qi)已(yi)(yi)尽了。向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)到(dao)(dao)达七(qi)星(xing)。七(qi)星(xing)，是由(you)于(yu)阳(yang)数成(cheng)于(yu)七(qi)，所(suo)以(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)七(qi)星(xing)。向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)到(dao)(dao)张(zhang)(zhang)宿(su)。张(zhang)(zhang)，是说(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)都(dou)已(yi)(yi)张(zhang)(zhang)大。再向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)到(dao)(dao)注(zhu)宿(su)。注(zhu)，是说(shuo)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)开始衰(shuai)落，阳(yang)气(qi)下注(zhu)，所(suo)以(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)注(zhu)。以(yi)上三宿(su)为(wei)(wei)五月(yue)宿(su)，于(yu)律为(wei)(wei)蕤宾。蕤宾的意思，是说(shuo)阴(yin)气(qi)幼小(xiao)，所(suo)以(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)蕤；衰(shuai)落的阳(yang)气(qi)已(yi)(yi)不(bu)主事(shi)，所(suo)以(yi)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)宾。

景(jing)(jing)风(feng)在(zai)南方。景(jing)(jing)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)之道已(yi)竟(尽)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称为(wei)景(jing)(jing)风(feng)。于(yu)十二子为(wei)午(wu)(wu)。午(wu)(wu)，就是(shi)(shi)阴阳交午(wu)(wu)的(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称为(wei)午(wu)(wu)。于(yu)十母为(wei)丙(bing)(bing)丁。丙(bing)(bing)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳道彪(biao)炳明(ming)著，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称丙(bing)(bing)；丁，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物已(yi)长成(cheng)丁壮，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称丁。向西到弧(hu)宿。弧(hu)的(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物鹜落(luo)，很(hen)快就要(yao)死亡(wang)了(le)。向西到狼宿。狼，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万(wan)(wan)物都可度量，量断万(wan)(wan)物，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称狼。

凉风在西南方(fang)，主宰地(di)。地(di)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沉夺(duo)万物之气(qi)(qi)的意(yi)思。与(yu)六月(yue)(yue)相应，律属林钟。林钟，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万物走向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)死(si)亡的气(qi)(qi)象懔然恐惧的样子。于(yu)十(shi)二子为(wei)未。未与(yu)味同音，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万物都(dou)已(yi)长成(cheng)，有滋有味了。向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)罚(fa)宿(su)(su)。罚(fa)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万物气(qi)(qi)势已(yi)夺(duo)，可以斩伐了。向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)参(can)(can)宿(su)(su)。参(can)(can)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万物都(dou)可参(can)(can)验，所(suo)以称参(can)(can)。以上两宿(su)(su)属七月(yue)(yue)，律属夷则(ze)。夷则(ze)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阴(yin)气(qi)(qi)贼害万物的意(yi)思。于(yu)十(shi)二子为(wei)申。申，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阴(yin)气(qi)(qi)主事，一再贼害万物，所(suo)以名(ming)为(wei)申。向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)浊宿(su)(su)。浊，与(yu)触音相近，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万物都(dou)触阴(yin)气(qi)(qi)而(er)死(si)，所(suo)以名(ming)为(wei)浊。向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)留宿(su)(su)。留，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)(qi)稽留没有去尽，所(suo)以名(ming)为(wei)留。以上两宿(su)(su)为(wei)八(ba)月(yue)(yue)宿(su)(su)，于(yu)律属南吕。南吕，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)(qi)旅行入于(yu)藏所(suo)，就(jiu)要被(bei)收藏起来了。于(yu)十(shi)二子属于(yu)酉(you)。酉(you)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)万物已(yi)经(jing)成(cheng)熟(shu)，所(suo)以名(ming)为(wei)酉(you)。

阊阖(he)风在西方(fang)。阊，就是(shi)(shi)倡导(dao)；阖(he)，就是(shi)(shi)闭(bi)藏(zang)。是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)倡导(dao)万物，阖(he)藏(zang)于(yu)黄泉(quan)之下(xia)。于(yu)十母为(wei)庚(geng)辛(xin)。庚(geng)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阴气(qi)变更万物，所以(yi)称为(wei)庚(geng)；辛(xin)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万物生存(cun)艰辛(xin)，所以(yi)称为(wei)辛(xin)。向北(bei)是(shi)(shi)胃(wei)宿(su)。胃(wei)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阳气(qi)被收(shou)藏(zang)，都(dou)(dou)偎偎然缩聚起来。向北(bei)是(shi)(shi)娄(lou)(lou)宿(su)。娄(lou)(lou)，就是(shi)(shi)呼唤(huan)万物而(er)且要拽(zhuai)拉使(shi)入于(yu)内的意思。向北(bei)是(shi)(shi)奎(kui)宿(su)。奎(kui)，主(zhu)管以(yi)毒螫(shi)杀万物，举而(er)收(shou)藏(zang)起来。以(yi)上三宿(su)为(wei)九月宿(su)，律属无射(she)。无射(she)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)阴气(qi)正盛，主(zhu)宰事(shi)物，阳气(qi)隐藏(zang)无所余，所以(yi)称为(wei)无射(she)。于(yu)十二(er)子属戌。戌，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)万物全都(dou)(dou)灭亡了，所以(yi)称为(wei)戌。

　　律数：

五声之间的比例关系，以九(jiu)九(jiu)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一作(zuo)为(wei)宫的大小，将(jiang)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一分(fen)为(wei)三(san)分(fen)，除(chu)去(qu)一分(fen)，余(yu)二(er)(er)分(fen)得五十(shi)(shi)(shi)四就(jiu)是徵(zhi)。将(jiang)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)四分(fen)为(wei)三(san)分(fen)，加上一分(fen)，得四分(fen)，为(wei)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)，就(jiu)是商。把七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)分(fen)为(wei)三(san)分(fen)，除(chu)去(qu)一分(fen)，余(yu)二(er)(er)分(fen)为(wei)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)就(jiu)是羽。将(jiang)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)分(fen)为(wei)三(san)分(fen)，加上一分(fen)，得四分(fen)为(wei)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四就(jiu)是角。

黄钟(zhong)的长(zhang)度为(wei)(wei)八寸(cun)(cun)(cun)十(shi)(七)分(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)之一(yi)，其声(sheng)为(wei)(wei)宫。大吕(lv)的长(zhang)是(shi)七寸(cun)(cun)(cun)五(wu)又(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。太(tai)蔟长(zhang)为(wei)(wei)七寸(cun)(cun)(cun)二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，为(wei)(wei)角(jiao)声(sheng)。夹钟(zhong)长(zhang)六寸(cun)(cun)(cun)七又(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之一(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。姑洗长(zhang)六寸(cun)(cun)(cun)四分(fen)(fen)(fen)，为(wei)(wei)羽声(sheng)。仲吕(lv)长(zhang)五(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)九又(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，为(wei)(wei)徵(zhi)声(sheng)。蕤宾长(zhang)五(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)六又(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。林钟(zhong)长(zhang)五(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)四分(fen)(fen)(fen)，为(wei)(wei)角(jiao)声(sheng)。夷则长(zhang)五(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)零三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。为(wei)(wei)商声(sheng)。南(nan)吕(lv)长(zhang)为(wei)(wei)四寸(cun)(cun)(cun)八分(fen)(fen)(fen)，为(wei)(wei)徵(zhi)声(sheng)。无射(she)长(zhang)四寸(cun)(cun)(cun)四又(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。应钟(zhong)长(zhang)四寸(cun)(cun)(cun)二(er)(er)又(you)(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，为(wei)(wei)羽声(sheng)。

生钟律数方法的(de)运用：

子一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，丑为三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。寅为九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)八分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。卯(mao)为二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。辰为八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。巳为二(er)(er)百(bai)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。午为七(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五百(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。未为二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)零二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。申为六千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)五百(bai)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)(si)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)零九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。酉为一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)万(wan)九(jiu)(jiu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)六百(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)八千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。戊(wu)为五万(wan)九(jiu)(jiu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)零四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)万(wan)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)七(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。亥为十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)万(wan)七(qi)(qi)(qi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六万(wan)五千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)五百(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。

由(you)(you)(you)黄(huang)钟(zhong)产生(sheng)十(shi)二律的(de)(de)(de)方法是：由(you)(you)(you)长律管生(sheng)短(duan)(duan)律管将分子(zi)加倍，分母(mu)乘(cheng)三。由(you)(you)(you)短(duan)(duan)律管生(sheng)长律管则(ze)(ze)是将分子(zi)乘(cheng)四(si)，分母(mu)乘(cheng)三。数(shu)最大为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)，音数(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)，所以以宫为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)；宫生(sheng)徵(zhi)，以徵(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)；徵(zhi)生(sheng)商，以商为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)；商生(sheng)羽(yu)，以羽(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)；羽(yu)生(sheng)角，以角为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六。以“生(sheng)钟(zhong)律数(shu)”中的(de)(de)(de)黄(huang)钟(zhong)大数(shu)十(shi)七(qi)万余(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分子(zi)，另把一(yi)枚算筹(chou)放置(zhi)在算盘上，用三去乘(cheng)，一(yi)乘(cheng)得(de)(de)(de)三，再乘(cheng)得(de)(de)(de)九(jiu)(jiu)，依次(ci)乘(cheng)下去，直(zhi)乘(cheng)到(dao)“生(sheng)钟(zhong)律数(shu)”中的(de)(de)(de)酉数(shu)一(yi)万九(jiu)(jiu)千余(yu)。以每次(ci)乘(cheng)得(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分母(mu)，用分母(mu)除分子(zi)，得(de)(de)(de)到(dao)一(yi)些长度(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)，直(zhi)到(dao)得(de)(de)(de)到(dao)九(jiu)(jiu)寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)止，将此数(shu)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“黄(huang)钟(zhong)律的(de)(de)(de)宫声(sheng)”。由(you)(you)(you)此用“生(sheng)黄(huang)钟(zhong)术”得(de)(de)(de)到(dao)其余(yu)各音，所以说(shuo)五(wu)音是由(you)(you)(you)宫声(sheng)开始(shi)(shi)(shi)，角声(sheng)结(jie)束的(de)(de)(de)。而(er)数(shu)由(you)(you)(you)一(yi)开始(shi)(shi)(shi)，到(dao)十(shi)终止，变化则(ze)(ze)由(you)(you)(you)三来完成。节(jie)气则(ze)(ze)由(you)(you)(you)冬至开始(shi)(shi)(shi)，周而(er)复始(shi)(shi)(shi)。

神是从(cong)无(wu)中(zhong)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)体则是自有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)中(zhong)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)体然(ran)(ran)后才有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)数(shu)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)体才能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成声音，所以(yi)说是神能运(yun)用气，气要依(yi)附于(yu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)体。形(xing)(xing)(xing)体的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)是大都能以(yi)类加以(yi)区别。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)未有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)体因(yin)(yin)而(er)不(bu)(bu)可分类，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)体相(xiang)同因(yin)(yin)而(er)属(shu)于(yu)同一类，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)类就(jiu)能把(ba)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)表示出来(lai)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)类就(jiu)能加以(yi)识(shi)(shi)别。圣(sheng)人(ren)懂(dong)得天、地等有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)体之物与人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意识(shi)(shi)这(zhei)种无(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)体之物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区别，所以(yi)是从(cong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)质(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西(xi)推(tui)断无(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、无(wu)质(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西(xi)，从(cong)而(er)得到轻(qing)细如(ru)气体，微小如(ru)声音那样东(dong)西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)关知识(shi)(shi)。然(ran)(ran)而(er)圣(sheng)人(ren)是通过那些本质(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)为神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西(xi)认(ren)识(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，本质(zhi)或(huo)神无(wu)论(lun)何(he)(he)等微妙必然(ran)(ran)要在情性中(zhong)表现出来(lai)，审核研究事(shi)(shi)物外(wai)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)同花(hua)叶一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表象特(te)征(zheng)，内部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本质(zhi)特(te)征(zheng)也就(jiu)明(ming)瞭了(le)。若没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一颗圣(sheng)人(ren)之心(xin)再(zai)加上相(xiang)当的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聪(cong)明(ming)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)谁(shei)能够既(ji)懂(dong)得天地万(wan)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本质(zhi)或(huo)神，又能推(tui)知其形(xing)(xing)(xing)体的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性情等外(wai)部特(te)征(zheng)呢？本质(zhi)或(huo)神，是指(zhi)事(shi)(shi)物具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)它(ta)(ta)而(er)不(bu)(bu)自知何(he)(he)时具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)或(huo)失(shi)去(qu)它(ta)(ta)，所以(yi)圣(sheng)人(ren)十分重视并希望(wang)能够保留(认(ren)识(shi)(shi))它(ta)(ta)。唯其希望(wang)保留它(ta)(ta)，本质(zhi)或(huo)神这(zhei)些内在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)西(xi)也就(jiu)能把(ba)那些希望(wang)保留它(ta)(ta)们的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圣(sheng)人(ren)之心(xin)保留下(xia)来(lai)。所以(yi)它(ta)(ta)们是无(wu)比(bi)宝贵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

太史公说(shuo)：以旋玑玉衡整齐(qi)七政，即指(zhi)天地、二(er)十八(ba)宿，十母(mu)、十二(er)子、钟律等，自上古时(shi)就(jiu)加以调配，建立(li)起一定比率以运算历法编造(zao)日月度数，日月等的(de)运行就(jiu)可以量度出来。平常所说(shuo)合符节(jie)，通道德，就(jiu)是(shi)指(zhi)此(ci)而言(yan)的(de)。

【原文及注释】

王者(zhe)制事(shi)立法，物度轨(gui)则(ze)，壹禀于六律<1>，六律为万事(shi)根(gen)本焉。

　　其于兵械尤所重，故云“望敌知吉凶，闻声效(xiao)胜负(fu)”，百王不(bu)易之(zhi)道也。

　　武王伐纣，吹律(lv)听(ting)声<2>，推(tui)孟(meng)春以(yi)至(zhi)于(yu)季冬<3>，杀气(qi)相(xiang)并<4>，而(er)音(yin)尚宫<;5>。同声相(xiang)从<6>，物之自然，何足怪哉？

　　兵者，圣人所以讨强暴，平乱世，夷(yi)险阻，救危殆<7>。自含(血)[齿]戴角(jiao)之兽见(jian)犯则(ze)校(xiao)<8>，而况于人怀(huai)好(hao)恶喜(xi)怒之气？喜(xi)则(ze)爱(ai)心生(sheng)，怒则(ze)毒(du)螫加，情(qing)性之理也(ye)。

　　昔黄帝有涿(zhuo)鹿(lu)之战<9>，以(yi)(yi)定火灾<10>；颛顼有共工(gong)之陈(11)，以(yi)(yi)平水害(12)；成汤有南巢之伐(13)，以(yi)(yi)殄夏乱(luan)。递(di)兴递(di)废，胜者用事，所受于天也(14)。

　　自是(shi)之后，名士迭兴，晋用(yong)咎犯，而齐用(yong)王子，吴用(yong)孙(sun)武，申(shen)明军(jun)约，赏罚必信，卒(zu)伯诸侯(15)，兼列邦土，虽不(bu)(bu)及三代之诰誓(16)，然身崇君尊，当(dang)(dang)世(shi)显(xian)扬，可不(bu)(bu)谓荣焉？岂与世(shi)儒暗(an)于(yu)大校(17)，不(bu)(bu)权轻重(zhong)，猥云(yun)德化(hua)(18)，不(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)用(yong)兵，大至君辱失(shi)守(shou)，小乃侵犯削弱(ruo)，遂(sui)执(zhi)不(bu)(bu)移等哉(19)！故教笞(chi)不(bu)(bu)可废于(yu)家(20)，刑罚不(bu)(bu)可捐(juan)于(yu)国，诛伐不(bu)(bu)可偃于(yu)天(tian)下<21>，用(yong)之有(you)巧(qiao)拙，行(xing)之有(you)逆顺耳(er)。

〔注释〕

　　<1>一切都是(shi)根(gen)(gen)据六(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)。禀，承(cheng)受，引(yin)申(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)(gen)据；六(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)，《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“律(lv)(lv)(lv)有(you)十(shi)二(er)(er)。阳六(liu)(liu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)律(lv)(lv)(lv)：黄种、太蔟、姑洗(xi)、蕤(rui)宾、夷则(ze)(ze)(ze)、无射(she)(she)；阴六(liu)(liu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)吕(lv)(lv)：大(da)(da)(da)吕(lv)(lv)、夹(jia)(jia)钟(zhong)、中(zhong)吕(lv)(lv)、林钟(zhong)、南(nan)(nan)吕(lv)(lv)、应钟(zhong)是(shi)也。”阴阳二(er)(er)义(yi)，以(yi)阳为(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，阴为(wei)(wei)(wei)从，所以(yi)六(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)六(liu)(liu)吕(lv)(lv)有(you)时(shi)迳称十(shi)二(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)或六(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)(lv)，如(ru)(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)医十(shi)寺经络(六(liu)(liu)经六(liu)(liu)络)只(zhi)(zhi)称六(liu)(liu)经一样。　<2>《周礼(li)·太师(shi)(shi)》载：“太师(shi)(shi)执(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)律(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)听军(jun)(jun)声(sheng)(sheng)而(er)诏吉凶“。按(an)郑(zheng)玄的(de)(de)解释(shi)(shi)，古时(shi)候(hou)王(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)出兵(bing)的(de)(de)日(ri)子，授给大(da)(da)(da)冼弓(gong)矢(shi)，大(da)(da)(da)将(jiang)整(zheng)顿士卒张弓(gong)试射(she)(she)，与(yu)士卒一起大(da)(da)(da)呼口号。太师(shi)(shi)以(yi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)管(guan)确定(ding)将(jiang)卒呼号的(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)是(shi)属于(yu)(yu)十(shi)二(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)那(nei)一律(lv)(lv)(lv)，由此占卜(bu)出兵(bing)的(de)(de)吉凶。如(ru)(ru)是(shi)商声(sheng)(sheng)则(ze)(ze)(ze)战(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)；角(jiao)声(sheng)(sheng)军(jun)(jun)心(xin)不(bu)(bu)定(ding)，可能(neng)发生军(jun)(jun)变；宫声(sheng)(sheng)士卒同(tong)(tong)(tong)心(xin)等(deng)等(deng)。武(wu)王(wang)(wang)伐(fa)纣时(shi)也搞(gao)了这一套，《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，太史公必有(you)根(gen)(gen)据，只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)今(jin)人(ren)已不(bu)(bu)知根(gen)(gen)据是(shi)什么(me)了。　<3>十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)与(yu)十(shi)二(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)应，如(ru)(ru)孟(meng)春(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)(正月(yue)(yue))为(wei)(wei)(wei)太蔟，仲春(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)(二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue))为(wei)(wei)(wei)夹(jia)(jia)钟(zhong)，……季冬(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)(十(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue))为(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)吕(lv)(lv)。本句的(de)(de)意思(si)实际(ji)是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)自太蔟至于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)(da)吕(lv)(lv)，通推十(shi)二(er)(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)以(yi)与(yu)军(jun)(jun)声(sheng)(sheng)，相(xiang)(xiang)比较(jiao)。　<4>律(lv)(lv)(lv)声(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)含着杀气(qi)。《正义(yi)》解释(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“人(ren)君暴(bao)虐酷急，即常(chang)寒(han)应。寒(han)生北方，乃杀气(qi)也”。　<5>军(jun)(jun)声(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)宫声(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)合。《正义(yi)》引(yin)《兵(bing)书(shu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“夫战(zhan)，太师(shi)(shi)吹律(lv)(lv)(lv)，合商则(ze)(ze)(ze)战(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)，……宫则(ze)(ze)(ze)军(jun)(jun)和，主(zhu)卒同(tong)(tong)(tong)心(xin)。”对武(wu)王(wang)(wang)是(shi)个好兆头。　<6>声(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)则(ze)(ze)(ze)能(neng)互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)谐调。这里指能(neng)以(yi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)确定(ding)军(jun)(jun)声(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)原因。　<7>挽救危(wei)机局面(mian)。殆(dai)，危(wei)险。　<8>见犯则(ze)(ze)(ze)校：见有(you)来犯者(zhe)(zhe)则(ze)(ze)(ze)与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角(jiao)斗、较(jiao)量。校，同(tong)(tong)(tong)较(jiao)。　<9>黄帝与(yu)蚩(chi)尤(you)战(zhan)于(yu)(yu)涿鹿(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野，杀蚩(chi)尤(you)，诸侯始(shi)尊黄帝为(wei)(wei)(wei)天子，取代了神(shen)(shen)农(nong)氏(shi)(shi)。参见《五帝本纪》。　<10>神(shen)(shen)农(nong)氏(shi)(shi)号炎帝，按(an)五德(de)终(zhong)(zhong)始(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，是(shi)因火德(de)而(er)王(wang)(wang)，所以(yi)代神(shen)(shen)农(nong)氏(shi)(shi)有(you)天下(xia)，称为(wei)(wei)(wei)“定(ding)火灾(zai)”。　<11>传说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)颛(zhuan)顼氏(shi)(shi)曾与(yu)共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)争为(wei)(wei)(wei)帝，共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)失(shi)败了。参见《淮(huai)(huai)南(nan)(nan)子·天文训》。陈，同(tong)(tong)(tong)阵。军(jun)(jun)阵，指战(zhan)争。　<12>《淮(huai)(huai)南(nan)(nan)子·兵(bing)略(lve)训》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“共(gong)工(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)害，故(gu)颛(zhuan)顼诛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。按(an)：“为(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)害”就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)以(yi)水(shui)(shui)德(de)而(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)害天下(xia)的(de)(de)意思(si)，与(yu)上(shang)文以(yi)神(shen)(shen)农(nong)氏(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)火灾(zai)义(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)德(de)见《汉书(shu)·律(lv)(lv)(lv)历(li)志下(xia)》。又《淮(huai)(huai)南(nan)(nan)子·原道训》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)共(gong)工(gong)“与(yu)高辛(xin)争为(wei)(wei)(wei)帝”，高辛(xin)即帝喾(ku)，是(shi)继颛(zhuan)顼为(wei)(wei)(wei)帝者(zhe)(zhe)。高诱注又说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“共(gong)工(gong)以(yi)水(shui)(shui)行，霸于(yu)(yu)伏牺(xi)神(shen)(shen)农(nong)间者(zhe)(zhe)”。则(ze)(ze)(ze)远在(zai)颛(zhuan)顼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)。王(wang)(wang)符《潜夫论》又说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)颛(zhuan)顼就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)共(gong)工(gong)。古代传说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，不(bu)(bu)可过于(yu)(yu)执(zhi)着。　<13>按(an)《尚(shang)书(shu)》的(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)，汤(tang)伐(fa)桀(jie)，战(zhan)于(yu)(yu)鸣(ming)条(tiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野。桀(jie)兵(bing)败，走保三(san)朡，汤(tang)又伐(fa)三(san)朡，桀(jie)走南(nan)(nan)巢，汤(tang)收兵(bing)回亳。所以(yi)《仲虺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诰》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“成汤(tang)放桀(jie)于(yu)(yu)南(nan)(nan)巢”。由此知“成汤(tang)有(you)南(nan)(nan)巢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)伐(fa)”的(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)，汤(tang)伐(fa)桀(jie)直到南(nan)(nan)巢才结(jie)束(shu)战(zhan)斗。　<14>受命于(yu)(yu)天的(de)(de)意思(si)。指战(zhan)争胜(sheng)(sheng)利，得(de)以(yi)用(yong)事(shi)天下(xia)，是(shi)按(an)照天的(de)(de)意旨(zhi)才这么(me)干的(de)(de)。　<15>结(jie)果(guo)做了诸侯霸主(zhu)。卒，最终(zhong)(zhong)，结(jie)果(guo)；伯，同(tong)(tong)(tong)霸。　<16>虽然不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)三(san)代时(shi)受诰誓(shi)封为(wei)(wei)(wei)诸侯那(nei)样荣耀。诰誓(shi)，帝王(wang)(wang)封诸侯所下(xia)文告、命令。誓(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)命令。见《周礼(li)·典命》。　<17>暗(an)于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)(da)校：大(da)(da)(da)事(shi)胡涂。对事(shi)物的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)方面(mian)认(ren)识不(bu)(bu)清。校(qiāo，敲)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)“骹”，器足。引(yin)伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)(gen)本、重要(yao)方面(mian)。　<18>猥(wei)(wei)云(yun)：唠(lao)唠(lao)叨(tao)叨(tao)地说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。猥(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)琐屑、絮烦(fan)貌；云(yun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。德(de)化(hua)：以(yi)德(de)化(hua)人(ren)。　<19>遂(sui)执(zhi)不(bu)(bu)移：终(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)陷于(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)可挽回、无法(fa)改(gai)变的(de)(de)局面(mian)。遂(sui)，达(da)到，或译作于(yu)(yu)是(shi)；执(zhi)，守、处于(yu)(yu)；不(bu)(bu)移，不(bu)(bu)可移。　<20>笞；以(yi)竹片或荆(jing)条(tiao)打人(ren)。　<21>偃：停止。

　　夏桀、殷纣手搏(bo)豺狼，足追四(si)马(ma)<1>，勇(yong)非(fei)微也(ye)；百(bai)战克(ke)胜<2>，诸(zhu)侯慑服，权非(fei)轻也(ye)。秦二世宿(su)军无用之(zhi)地<3>，连(lian)兵于边(bian)陲(chui)，力非(fei)弱也(ye)；结怨匈奴，絓祸于越<4>，势非(fei)寡也(ye)。及其威尽势极，闾(lv)巷之(zhi)人为敌国。咎(jiu)生(sheng)穷武之(zhi)不知足，甘得之(zhi)心不息也(ye)<5>。

高祖有天下，三边外畔<6>；大国之(zhi)(zhi)王虽称蕃辅(fu)，臣(chen)节未尽。会高祖厌苦军事，亦有萧(xiao)、张之(zhi)(zhi)谋，故偃武一休息，羁縻不备<7>。

历至孝文即位(wei)，将军(jun)陈武(wu)等议(yi)曰(yue)：“南越、朝鲜自(zi)全秦时内属为臣(chen)子(zi)，后且(qie)拥兵(bing)阻阸<8>，选蠕(ru)观望<9>。高祖时天(tian)(tian)下新定(ding)，人民小(xiao)安(an)，未(wei)可(ke)复兴兵(bing)。今(jin)(jin)陛下仁惠抚百(bai)姓(xing)，恩泽加海内，宜(yi)及(ji)士兵(bing)乐用，征讨逆党，以一(yi)封(feng)疆。”孝文曰(yue)：“朕能(neng)任衣冠<10>，念不(bu)到此。会(hui)吕氏(shi)之(zhi)乱，功(gong)臣(chen)宗室共(gong)不(bu)羞(xiu)耻，误居(ju)正位(wei)，常(chang)战战栗栗，恐事之(zhi)不(bu)终。且(qie)兵(bing)凶器，虽(sui)克所愿，动(dong)亦秏(hao)病<11>，谓(wei)百(bai)姓(xing)远方何<12>？又先(xian)帝知劳民不(bu)可(ke)烦(fan)，故不(bu)以为意(yi)。朕岂自(zi)谓(wei)能(neng)？今(jin)(jin)匈(xiong)奴内侵，军(jun)吏无(wu)(wu)功(gong)，边民父子(zi)荷(he)兵(bing)日(ri)久，朕常(chang)为动(dong)心(xin)伤痛(tong)，无(wu)(wu)日(ri)忘之(zhi)。今(jin)(jin)未(wei)能(neng)销(xiao)距<13>，愿且(qie)坚边设候<14>，结和通使，休宁北陲(chui)，为功(gong)多矣。且(qie)无(wu)(wu)议(yi)军(jun)。”故百(bai)姓(xing)无(wu)(wu)内外之(zhi)繇<15>，得息肩于田亩，天(tian)(tian)下殷富，粟至十余钱，鸣(ming)鸡吠狗，烟(yan)火万(wan)里，可(ke)谓(wei)和乐者乎！

太史(shi)公曰：文帝时，会天下新去汤火<16>，人民(min)乐业，因其(qi)欲(yu)然，能(neng)不扰乱(luan)，故百姓遂安。自(zi)年(nian)六(liu)七十翁亦(yi)未尝至市井，游敖嬉戏如(ru)小儿状。孔子所称有(you)德君子者邪！

<1>四马：即驷马。四匹马拉的(de)(de)车。　<2>克(ke)胜：克(ke)敌致胜。克(ke)，胜敌。　<3>《索(suo)隐(yin)》解(jie)释说(shuo)：“谓常拥(yong)兵于(yu)郊野之(zhi)(zhi)外也。”　<4>絓(gua)(guà，挂)祸：召(zhao)(zhao)祸、惹祸。絓(gua)，丝(si)结牵缠。引伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)召(zhao)(zhao)惹。　<5>甘得之(zhi)(zhi)心：以(yi)得为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)心，引伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贪(tan)得之(zhi)(zhi)心。甘，乐(le)。见《玉篇(pian)》。　<6>三边(bian)：三方边(bian)境(jing)。由下(xia)文知是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)东方的(de)(de)朝(chao)鲜，北方的(de)(de)匈奴，南边(bian)的(de)(de)于(yu)越。畔：同(tong)叛。　<7>羁縻(mi)：笼络、稍(shao)加(jia)约(yue)束。　<8>阸(ài爱)：同(tong)厄。厄塞，狭隘的(de)(de)通道。　<9>选蠕(ruán，软)：《索(suo)隐(yin)》说(shuo)：“谓动身欲有(you)进(jin)取之(zhi)(zhi)状也。”全句(ju)是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)欲有(you)进(jin)取而又观望不前，是(shi)(shi)踌躇不决，首鼠而狼顾的(de)(de)意思。　<10>能(neng)任(ren)衣冠：指(zhi)长大(da)成人以(yi)来。古时男子二十岁(sui)行加(jia)冠礼(li)后(hou)，始可(ke)任(ren)职事，居(ju)士位。表(biao)示(shi)已进(jin)入成年(nian)。加(jia)冠以(yi)前称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幼学。　<11>秏(hao)(hao)病(bing)：损(sun)耗和创伤病(bing)痛。秏(hao)(hao)，同(tong)耗。　<12>可(ke)译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：你说(shuo)百姓(xing)执(zhi)役(yi)远方有(you)什么办法(fa)可(ke)以(yi)避免(mian)？　<13>销(xiao)距：销(xiao)毁御敌的(de)(de)武(wu)器。比(bi)喻停止争战(zhan)。距：刃锋、倒(dao)刺。这(zhei)里(li)泛指(zhi)一切武(wu)器。　<14>坚(jian)边(bian)设候(hou)：坚(jian)守边(bian)境(jing)，远设斥候(hou)。候(hou)，斥候(hou)。即巡罗、候(hou)望敌情的(de)(de)兵卒(zu)。　<15>繇(zhou)：同(tong)徭。徭役(yi)。　<16>新去汤火：刚刚脱离水深火热的(de)(de)处境(jing)。

书曰：“七正”二十八(ba)舍(she)<1>、律历，天所(suo)以通五(wu)行八(ba)正之气<2>，天所(suo)以成熟(shu)万物也。舍(she)者，日(ri)月所(suo)舍(she)。舍(she)者，舒气也。

不(bu)周风居西北<3>，主(zhu)杀生(sheng)(sheng)。东壁居不(bu)周风东<4>，主(zhu)辟生(sheng)(sheng)气而东之<5>。至于营(ying)室。营(ying)室者(zhe)，主(zhu)营(ying)胎(tai)阳(yang)气而产之<6>。东至于危。危，垝(gui)也<7>。言阳(yang)气之(危)垝(gui)，故曰(yue)危。十(shi)(shi)月也<8>，律(lv)中(zhong)应钟(zhong)。应钟(zhong)者(zhe)，阳(yang)气之应，不(bu)用事也<9>。其(qi)于十(shi)(shi)二子为亥<10>。亥者(zhe)，该(gai)也&lt;11>。言阳(yang)气藏(zang)于下(xia)，故该(gai)也。

　　广(guang)莫(mo)风居北方。广(guang)莫(mo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气在(zai)下(xia)，阴(yin)莫(mo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)广(guang)大(da)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，故曰广(guang)莫(mo)。东(dong)至于(yu)(yu)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)。虚(xu)(xu)(xu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，能(neng)实能(neng)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)，言阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气冬(dong)则(ze)(ze)宛藏于(yu)(yu)虚(xu)(xu)(xu)<12>，日(ri)冬(dong)至则(ze)(ze)一阴(yin)下(xia)藏<13>，一阳(yang)(yang)(yang)上舒，故曰虚(xu)(xu)(xu)。东(dong)至于(yu)(yu)须女。言万(wan)(wan)物变动其(qi)所，阴(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气未相离，尚(shang)相(如(ru))胥[如(ru)]也(ye)(ye)(ye)，故曰须女。十(shi)一月(yue)(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，律(lv)中黄(huang)钟。黄(huang)钟者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气踵黄(huang)泉而出也(ye)(ye)(ye)<14>。其(qi)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)二子为(wei)子。子者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，滋(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)；滋(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言万(wan)(wan)物滋(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)下(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)母为(wei)壬癸<15>。壬之为(wei)言任(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，言阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气任(ren)养万(wan)(wan)物于(yu)(yu)下(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。癸之为(wei)言揆也(ye)(ye)(ye)，言万(wan)(wan)物可(ke)揆度(du)，故曰癸。东(dong)至牵(qian)(qian)牛(niu)。牵(qian)(qian)牛(niu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言阳(yang)(yang)(yang)气牵(qian)(qian)引万(wan)(wan)物出之也(ye)(ye)(ye)。牛(niu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，冒也(ye)(ye)(ye)，言地虽(sui)冻，能(neng)冒而生也(ye)(ye)(ye)。牛(niu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，耕植种万(wan)(wan)物也(ye)(ye)(ye)。东(dong)至于(yu)(yu)建(jian)星。建(jian)星者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，建(jian)诸生也(ye)(ye)(ye)。十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，律(lv)中大(da)吕(lv)。大(da)吕(lv)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，〔有脱文〕。其(qi)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)二子为(wei)丑。

　　条(tiao)风居东北，主(zhu)出万(wan)(wan)物(wu)。条(tiao)之(zhi)言(yan)(yan)条(tiao)治(zhi)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)而出之(zhi)，故曰(yue)条(tiao)风。南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)于(yu)箕。箕者，言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)根棋(qi)，故曰(yue)箕。正月也(ye)(ye)，律中泰(tai)蔟。泰(tai)蔟者，言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)蔟生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)，故曰(yue)泰(tai)蔟。其于(yu)十二子为寅。寅言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)始(shi)生(sheng)螾然也(ye)(ye)，故曰(yue)寅<16>。南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)于(yu)尾(wei)，言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)始(shi)生(sheng)如尾(wei)也(ye)(ye)。南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)于(yu)心，言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)始(shi)生(sheng)有华心也(ye)(ye)。南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)于(yu)房(fang)。房(fang)者，言(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)门户(hu)也(ye)(ye)，至(zhi)于(yu)门则出矣(yi)。

　　明庶风(feng)居东方。明庶者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，明众(zhong)物(wu)(wu)尽出(chu)也(ye)(ye)。二月也(ye)(ye)，律(lv)中(zhong)夹(jia)钟。夹(jia)钟者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)阴阳相夹(jia)厕也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于十二子(zi)为(wei)(wei)卯。卯之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)茂也(ye)(ye)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万物(wu)(wu)茂也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于十母为(wei)(wei)甲乙。甲者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万物(wu)(wu)剖符甲而出(chu)也(ye)(ye)<17>；乙者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)轧(ya)轧(ya)也(ye)(ye)<18>。南至(zhi)于氐(di)。氐(di)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万物(wu)(wu)皆(jie)至(zhi)也(ye)(ye)<19>。南至(zhi)于亢。亢者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万物(wu)(wu)亢见(jian)也(ye)(ye)。南至(zhi)于角(jiao)。角(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万物(wu)(wu)皆(jie)有枝格如角(jiao)也(ye)(ye)。三月也(ye)(ye)，律(lv)中(zhong)姑洗。姑洗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万物(wu)(wu)洗生(sheng)<20>。其(qi)于十二子(zi)为(wei)(wei)辰(chen)。辰(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)万物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)蜄(zhen)也(ye)(ye)<21>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>七正(zheng)(zheng)：日(ri)、月(yue)(yue)(yue)、五星(xing)(xing)。《索隐》以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)“可(ke)正(zheng)(zheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)”；又引孔安国注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)它们各(ge)(ge)有(you)所(suo)主(“各(ge)(ge)异政”)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)七正(zheng)(zheng)。二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)舍(she)，又称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)星(xing)(xing)、二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)宿(su)等(deng)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)赤道附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)个(ge)恒星(xing)(xing)座(zuo)，古人用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作测天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)参(can)照物(wu)。星(xing)(xing)名(见后所(suo)附(fu)《律(lv)星(xing)(xing)历表》)与(yu)《天(tian)(tian)(tian)官(guan)书(shu)》、《淮(huai)南(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)》等(deng)均有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)，可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)体系。　<2>五行(xing)：木、火、土(tu)、金、水。八(ba)(ba)正(zheng)(zheng)：四(si)(si)立(li)(立(li)春(chun)、立(li)夏、立(li)秋(qiu)、立(li)冬(dong))与(yu)二(er)至(zhi)(zhi)(夏至(zhi)(zhi)、冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi))二(er)分(fen)(fen)(春(chun)分(fen)(fen)、秋(qiu)分(fen)(fen))合为(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)节，又称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)八(ba)(ba)正(zheng)(zheng)，言其(qi)(qi)得(de)四(si)(si)时(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。其(qi)(qi)五行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)，即(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五行(xing)代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五个(ge)季节：春(chun)、夏、长夏、秋(qiu)、冬(dong)。八(ba)(ba)正(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)，泛(fan)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)每年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)节气(qi)(qi)(qi)。　<3>不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周风(feng)(feng)(feng)：古人所(suo)说(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八(ba)(ba)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)风(feng)(feng)(feng)名之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。八(ba)(ba)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)风(feng)(feng)(feng)与(yu)星(xing)(xing)、律(lv)、辰之(zhi)(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)关系见附(fu)图(tu)(律(lv)星(xing)(xing)历表)，以(yi)(yi)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。　<4>东(dong)(dong)壁(bi)：二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)舍(she)星(xing)(xing)名，为(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)七宿(su)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。《天(tian)(tian)(tian)官(guan)书(shu)》无(wu)东(dong)(dong)壁(bi)名。其(qi)(qi)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)、与(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)、律(lv)、辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)对(dui)应关系见《律(lv)星(xing)(xing)历表》，以(yi)(yi)后各(ge)(ge)宿(su)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)另注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周风(feng)(feng)(feng)东(dong)(dong)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)西北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周风(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)东(dong)(dong)行(xing)。即(ji)顺(shun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)球旋(xuan)转的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)视方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)行(xing)走，附(fu)图(tu)(律(lv)星(xing)(xing)历表)中(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)最末一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)箭(jian)头所(suo)示方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)，从中(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出(chu)(chu)，或(huo)(huo)东(dong)(dong)、或(huo)(huo)南(nan)(nan)、或(huo)(huo)西、或(huo)(huo)北(bei)，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)顺(shun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)球旋(xuan)转的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)行(xing)走。以(yi)(yi)后不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)另注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。　<5>辟：开(kai)辟、打开(kai)通道。生气(qi)(qi)(qi)：生长之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)气(qi)(qi)(qi)变(bian)(bian)化到子(zi)(zi)位(wei)(wei)时(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)阳(yang)生，东(dong)(dong)壁(bi)，营(ying)室(shi)在(zai)(zai)子(zi)(zi)位(wei)(wei)前而(er)(er)临(lin)近子(zi)(zi)位(wei)(wei)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)未(wei)雨绸缪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)(shi)(shi)期，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo)东(dong)(dong)壁(bi)打开(kai)了生气(qi)(qi)(qi)产(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通道，使向(xiang)东(dong)(dong)行(xing)，而(er)(er)营(ying)室(shi)胎(tai)(tai)孕之(zhi)(zhi)。　<6>营(ying)胎(tai)(tai)：营(ying)造而(er)(er)胎(tai)(tai)养之(zhi)(zhi)。　<7>垝(guǐ，鬼)：土(tu)筑矮(ai)墙(qiang)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)来放置(zhi)物(wu)品，又称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)坫(dian)。这里是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)围(wei)墙(qiang)。　<8>以(yi)(yi)上危(wei)、室(shi)、壁(bi)三(san)宿(su)与(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)相应。按《淮(huai)南(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)·天(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)训》十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)在(zai)(zai)尾宿(su)，与(yu)危(wei)相差(cha)约90°，黄(huang)昏时(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)从西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)落下(xia)，危(wei)宿(su)恰在(zai)(zai)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)正(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)古人所(suo)说(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“日(ri)昏中(zhong)”。《律(lv)书(shu)》中(zhong)所(suo)说(shuo)某星(xing)(xing)与(yu)某月(yue)(yue)(yue)相配(pei)(pei)(pei)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)该月(yue)(yue)(yue)昏时(shi)(shi)(shi)斗(dou)柄指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)向(xiang)某星(xing)(xing)。以(yi)(yi)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。　<9>不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事：不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)主事。阳(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)潜(qian)藏未(wei)生，对(dui)事物(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起主宰(zai)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。　<10>十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)子(zi)(zi)：即(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)支，或(huo)(huo)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)辰。以(yi)(yi)亥(hai)配(pei)(pei)(pei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)子(zi)(zi)配(pei)(pei)(pei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)顺(shun)次(ci)而(er)(er)得(de)，子(zi)(zi)配(pei)(pei)(pei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因可(ke)能与(yu)古时(shi)(shi)(shi)曾以(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)岁首有(you)关。余不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)另注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。　<11>该：读如(ru)核，义为(wei)(wei)(wei)隔核之(zhi)(zhi)核。　<12>宛(wan)：《正(zheng)(zheng)义》说(shuo)读如(ru)蕴。宛(wan)藏就是(shi)(shi)(shi)蕴藏。　<13>意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)，到了冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)(zi)，阴气(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)三(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藏于(yu)(yu)地下(xia)(即(ji)消失(shi))了。古人计数法，阴阳(yang)各(ge)(ge)分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)份，称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)阴三(san)阳(yang)，中(zhong)医学中(zhong)又各(ge)(ge)有(you)专名(略(lve))。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)阴指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)份阴气(qi)(qi)(qi)。下(xia)文(wen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)阳(yang)义同(tong)。　<14>踵黄(huang)泉(quan)而(er)(er)出(chu)(chu)：即(ji)自(zi)黄(huang)泉(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)而(er)(er)出(chu)(chu)。黄(huang)泉(quan)，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地下(xia)深处。　<15>十(shi)(shi)(shi)母：自(zi)甲(jia)至(zhi)(zhi)癸十(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)干。称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)“母”是(shi)(shi)(shi)相对(dui)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)子(zi)(zi)而(er)(er)言。　<16>以(yi)(yi)下(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)段末为(wei)(wei)(wei)错(cuo)简文(wen)，应放在(zai)(zai)下(xia)段第(di)二(er)句“明(ming)众物(wu)尽出(chu)(chu)也(ye)”之(zhi)(zhi)后。理由(you)有(you)二(er)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)据以(yi)(yi)上文(wen)例：西北(bei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周风(feng)(feng)(feng)占(zhan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)辰，接(jie)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)广(guang)漠风(feng)(feng)(feng)，占(zhan)二(er)辰，后面(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)东(dong)(dong)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)条(tiao)风(feng)(feng)(feng)，也(ye)应该只(zhi)隔一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)辰便接(jie)东(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)明(ming)庶风(feng)(feng)(feng)。二(er)据《淮(huai)南(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)·天(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)训》：“东(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)曰苍天(tian)(tian)(tian)，其(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)房(fang)、心、尾；东(dong)(dong)北(bei)曰变(bian)(bian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)，其(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)箕、斗(dou)、牵牛。房(fang)心尾为(wei)(wei)(wei)东(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)宿(su)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)应置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)东(dong)(dong)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)条(tiao)风(feng)(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)。　<17>符甲(jia)：即(ji)莩甲(jia)。植物(wu)种子(zi)(zi)外面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬壳(qiao)，如(ru)稻壳(qiao)、谷壳(qiao)等(deng)。破符甲(jia)而(er)(er)出(chu)(chu)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)萌发生芽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。　<18>轧(ya)轧(ya)：曲折、艰难(nan)貌。　<19>至(zhi)(zhi)：抵达。与(yu)氐音相谐。　<20>《正(zheng)(zheng)义》引《白(bai)虎通》说(shuo)：“洗者，鲜也(ye)。言万(wan)物(wu)去故就新，莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)鲜明(ming)也(ye)。”　<21>蜄：动。

清明风居东南维<1>，主(zhu)风吹(chui)万(wan)物而(er)西(xi)(xi)之。〔至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)〕轸(zhen)(zhen)。轸(zhen)(zhen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言万(wan)物益大(da)而(er)轸(zhen)(zhen)轸(zhen)(zhen)然<2>。西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)翼(yi)。翼(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言万(wan)物皆有羽翼(yi)也(ye)。四月(yue)也(ye)，律中(zhong)中(zhong)吕。中(zhong)吕者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言万(wan)物尽(jin)旅而(er)西(xi)(xi)行也(ye)。其于(yu)(yu)十二子为(wei)巳(si)。巳(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言阳(yang)气之已尽(jin)也(ye)<3>。西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)七星。七星者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，阳(yang)数成于(yu)(yu)七<4>，故(gu)曰七星。西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)张(zhang)。张(zhang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言万(wan)物皆张(zhang)也(ye)。西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)注(zhu)<5>。注(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言万(wan)物之始衰，阳(yang)气下注(zhu)，故(gu)曰注(zhu)。五(wu)月(yue)也(ye)，律中(zhong)蕤(rui)宾。蕤(rui)宾者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，言阴气幼少，故(gu)曰蕤(rui)<6>；痿阳(yang)不用事<7>，故(gu)曰宾。

　　景(jing)风居南方。景(jing)者(zhe)，言(yan)阳气道竟<8>，故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰景(jing)风。其(qi)于(yu)十(shi)二子(zi)为(wei)午(wu)(wu)。午(wu)(wu)者(zhe)，阴阳交，故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰午(wu)(wu)。其(qi)于(yu)十(shi)母为(wei)丙丁(ding)。丙者(zhe)，言(yan)阳道著明，故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰丙<9>；丁(ding)者(zhe)，言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)之丁(ding)壮也(ye)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰丁(ding)。西至于(yu)弧<10>。弧者(zhe)，言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)之吴落且就死也(ye)&lt;11>。西至于(yu)狼<12>。狼者(zhe)，言(yan)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)可度量<13>，断万(wan)(wan)物(wu)，故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰狼。

　　凉风居西南(nan)维，主地。地者(zhe)(zhe)，沈夺(duo)万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)气(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<14>。六月也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，律(lv)中林钟。林钟者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)就死，气(qi)(qi)(qi)林林然(ran)<15>。其(qi)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)二(er)子为未。未者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)皆(jie)成，有滋味也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)罚。罚者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)气(qi)(qi)(qi)夺(duo)可伐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)参<16>。参言(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)可参也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<17>，故(gu)曰参。七月也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，律(lv)中夷(yi)则(ze)。夷(yi)则(ze)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)阴气(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)贼万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<18>。其(qi)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)二(er)子为申(shen)(shen)。申(shen)(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)阴用事，申(shen)(shen)贼万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)<19>，故(gu)曰申(shen)(shen)<20>。北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)浊(zhuo)<21>。浊(zhuo)者(zhe)(zhe)，触也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)皆(jie)触死也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，故(gu)曰浊(zhuo)。北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)留<22>。留者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)阳(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)稽留也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，故(gu)曰留。八月也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，律(lv)中南(nan)吕(lv)。南(nan)吕(lv)者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)阳(yang)(yang)气(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)旅入藏也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)二(er)子为酉(you)。酉(you)者(zhe)(zhe)，万(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)老也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<23>，故(gu)曰酉(you)。

　　阊阖风居西方。阊者(zhe)(zhe)，倡也(ye)；阖者(zhe)(zhe)，藏也(ye)。言(yan)阳(yang)气道万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)<24>，阖黄泉也(ye)。其于(yu)十母为庚辛(xin)。庚者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)阴(yin)气庚万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)，故(gu)曰庚；辛(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)之辛(xin)生，故(gu)曰辛(xin)。北(bei)至(zhi)于(yu)胃。胃者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)阳(yang)气就藏，皆胃胃也(ye)<25>。北(bei)至(zhi)于(yu)娄。娄者(zhe)(zhe)<26>，呼万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)且(qie)内之也(ye)。北(bei)至(zhi)于(yu)奎。奎者(zhe)(zhe)，主(zhu)毒螫杀万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)也(ye)，奎而藏之<27>。九(jiu)月也(ye)，律中无(wu)(wu)射(she)。无(wu)(wu)射(she)者(zhe)(zhe)，阴(yin)气盛用事，阳(yang)气无(wu)(wu)余(yu)也(ye)，故(gu)曰无(wu)(wu)射(she)<28>。其于(yu)十二子为戌。戌者(zhe)(zhe)，言(yan)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)尽(jin)灭<29>，故(gu)曰戌。

〔注释〕

　　<1>东南(nan)(nan)(nan)维(wei)：东方(fang)与(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)相连接处，即东南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)。维(wei)，维(wei)系(xi)；连接。　<2>轸轸然：众盛貌。　<3>古巳(si)、已二字通读(du)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)释(shi)“巳(si)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“已”尽。以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)所(suo)(suo)(suo)述(shu)注、七(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)、张三宿(su)(su)(su)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)宿(su)(su)(su)；又按(an)行文顺序，应(ying)(ying)该先(xian)(xian)述(shu)张，次及七(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)，知为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)错简(jian)。应(ying)(ying)把(ba)下(xia)(xia)段“景风居南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)”至“故曰景风”移(yi)到此(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)“尽也(ye)”之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)。而把(ba)下(xia)(xia)句(ju)(ju)(ju)“西(xi)至于(yu)七(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)”至“故曰七(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)”间的(de)(de)文字移(yi)到更下(xia)(xia)句(ju)(ju)(ju)“万(wan)物(wu)皆张也(ye)”之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(参(can)见(jian)前附《律星(xing)(xing)(xing)历表(biao)》)。　<4>阳(yang)数有(you)(you)五(wu)个(1、3、5、7、9)，始于(yu)1，成于(yu)7，终于(yu)9。　<5>注：即柳宿(su)(su)(su)。按(an)《天官书(shu)》的(de)(de)说(shuo)法，南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)朱(zhu)雀，其中(zhong)柳宿(su)(su)(su)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鸟(niao)喙，又称鸟(niao)咮(zhou)，咮(zhou)音转成了(le)“注”字。　<6>蕤(ruí锐，阳(yang)平(ping))：有(you)(you)柔弱意，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“幼少”。　<7>痿阳(yang)：阳(yang)盛已极，极则衰，因(yin)(yin)称痿阳(yang)。　<8>竟：终、穷(qiong)、结束(shu)。　<9>“丙”释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)著明，见(jian)《说(shuo)文》。　<10>弧(hu)：在赤道经度(du)7-8时，南(nan)(nan)(nan)纬25°-40°之(zhi)(zhi)间。汉(han)代已不在二十八宿(su)(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)内，《天官书(shu)》附于(yu)西(xi)方(fang)参(can)宿(su)(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)。　<11>吴(wu)落(luo)：《集解(jie)》说(shuo)：“吴(wu)，一(yi)作柔。”柔落(luo)亦不可(ke)解(jie)。按(an)：吴(wu)当是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鹜(wu)的(de)(de)同(tong)音假(jia)借(jie)(jie)字，叶落(luo)如鹜(wu)，渐近枯死了(le)。　<12>狼(lang)：即天狼(lang)星(xing)(xing)(xing)，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)弧(hu)矢(shi)座α星(xing)(xing)(xing)，汉(han)代也(ye)不在二十八宿(su)(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)内。　<13>古代传说(shuo)：“狼(lang)善卜，将远(yuan)出扑食，先(xian)(xian)倒(dao)立(li)以(yi)(yi)卜所(suo)(suo)(suo)向(xiang)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)猎(lie)人遇狼(lang)则喜，以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)狼(lang)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)向(xiang)，必有(you)(you)禽兽。这里由狼(lang)善断(duan)，引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)度(du)量。　<14>这一(yi)段自(zi)开头“凉风”至此(ci)处，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)错简(jian)，应(ying)(ying)移(yi)到后(hou)面“有(you)(you)滋味也(ye)”之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)。　<15>林林然：犹(you)懔懔然，有(you)(you)畏惧意。　<16>参(can)：读(du)shēn申。　<17>前一(yi)个“参(can)”读(du)“申”，指参(can)宿(su)(su)(su)；第二个读(du)cān，餐(can)。义(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)弹(dan)劾(he)、抨击。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)借(jie)(jie)同(tong)字异音以(yi)(yi)立(li)解(jie)。　<18>夷为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斩杀，则是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贼的(de)(de)假(jia)借(jie)(jie)字，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)解(jie)释(shi)。　<19>申释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)，重(zhong)贼万(wan)物(wu)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)(读(du)zhòng种)重(zhong)地，或狠狠地贼害万(wan)物(wu)。　<20>以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)浊、留(liu)(liu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)方(fang)宿(su)(su)(su)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)知有(you)(you)错简(jian)，应(ying)(ying)把(ba)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)段自(zi)开始“阊阖”二字至“阖黄泉也(ye)”移(yi)到此(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)。　<21>浊：毕宿(su)(su)(su)。见(jian)《尔(er)雅·释(shi)天》。　<22>留(liu)(liu)：昴(mao)宿(su)(su)(su)。昴(mao)古文为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，俗误为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)留(liu)(liu)，因(yin)(yin)名为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)留(liu)(liu)。　<23>《说(shuo)文》释(shi)酉为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)就(jiu)，徐(xu)铉解(jie)释(shi)就(jiu)意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成熟。物(wu)成熟就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)了(le)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)此(ci)处释(shi)酉为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)老(lao)。　<24>道：同(tong)导。引(yin)导。　<25>胃胃：缩(suo)聚之(zhi)(zhi)貌。　<26>娄(lou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)系(xi)牛的(de)(de)绳(见(jian)《公羊传·昭(zhao)25》“牛马维(wei)娄(lou)”注)，引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)牵引(yin)、招(zhao)呼。　<27>这一(yi)句(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)的(de)(de)“奎”，读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)kǔi，亏。同(tong)跬(kui)，义(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)举足、开步(bu)，即行动起(qi)来。　<28>律名无射(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)(de)“射(she)(she)”，读(du)yè，夜。此(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)shè，射(she)(she)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)射(she)(she)，取(qu)而得之(zhi)(zhi)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)射(she)(she)。无所(suo)(suo)(suo)余，则无可(ke)射(she)(she)取(qu)，因(yin)(yin)称无射(she)(she)。　<29>《说(shuo)文》释(shi)戌为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灭，与(yu)此(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)同(tong)义(yi)。

律数<1>：

九九八十一为(wei)宫<2>。三分(fen)去一<3>，五十四(si)以(yi)为(wei)徵<4>。三分(fen)益(yi)一<5>，七十二(er)以(yi)为(wei)商。三分(fen)去一，四(si)十八以(yi)为(wei)羽(yu)。三分(fen)益(yi)一，六十四(si)以(yi)为(wei)角。

黄钟长(zhang)八(ba)(ba)寸七(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)<6>，宫(gong)<7>。大吕长(zhang)七(qi)(qi)寸五分(fen)(fen)(fen)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(一(yi)(yi))[二(er)(er)(er)(er)]<8>。太蔟长(zhang)七(qi)(qi)寸(七(qi)(qi))[十]分(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)，角<9>。夹钟长(zhang)六(liu)寸(一(yi)(yi))[七(qi)(qi)]分(fen)(fen)(fen)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)。姑洗长(zhang)六(liu)寸(七(qi)(qi))[十]分(fen)(fen)(fen)四(si)(si)(si)(si)，羽。仲吕长(zhang)五寸九分(fen)(fen)(fen)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)，徵(zhi)。蕤宾(bin)长(zhang)五寸六(liu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(一(yi)(yi))[二(er)(er)(er)(er)]。林钟长(zhang)五寸(七(qi)(qi))[十]分(fen)(fen)(fen)四(si)(si)(si)(si)，角。夷则长(zhang)五寸(四(si)(si)(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen))三分(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)，商。南吕长(zhang)四(si)(si)(si)(si)寸(七(qi)(qi))[十]分(fen)(fen)(fen)八(ba)(ba)，徵(zhi)。无射长(zhang)四(si)(si)(si)(si)寸四(si)(si)(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)。应钟长(zhang)四(si)(si)(si)(si)寸二(er)(er)(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)，羽。

生(sheng)钟(zhong)分<10>：

　　子(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)<11>。丑三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)二(er)<12>。寅(yin)九(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)八(ba)<13>。卯二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。辰八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)。巳二(er)百(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)。午七(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)。未二(er)千(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)。申(shen)六(liu)(liu)(liu)千(qian)五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)四(si)千(qian)九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。酉一(yi)(yi)(yi)万九(jiu)千(qian)六(liu)(liu)(liu)百(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)八(ba)千(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)。戌五(wu)(wu)万九(jiu)千(qian)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)三(san)万二(er)千(qian)七(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)。亥十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)万七(qi)(qi)(qi)千(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)六(liu)(liu)(liu)万五(wu)(wu)千(qian)五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。

生(sheng)黄(huang)钟术曰(yue)<14>：以(yi)(yi)下生(sheng)者(zhe)倍其(qi)(qi)实(shi)<15>，三(san)其(qi)(qi)法(fa)<16>。以(yi)(yi)上(shang)生(sheng)者(zhe)<17>，四(si)其(qi)(qi)实(shi)，三(san)其(qi)(qi)法(fa)。上(shang)九<18>，商(shang)八<19>，羽七，角(jiao)六，宫(gong)(gong)五，徵九。置一(yi)而九三(san)之以(yi)(yi)为法(fa)<20>。实(shi)如法(fa)<21>，得(de)长一(yi)寸(cun)<22>。凡得(de)九寸(cun)<23>，命曰(yue)“黄(huang)钟之宫(gong)(gong)”。故曰(yue)音始于(yu)宫(gong)(gong)<24>，穷于(yu)角(jiao)<25>；数始于(yu)一(yi)，终于(yu)十<26>，成(cheng)于(yu)三(san)<27>；气始于(yu)冬至(zhi)<28>，周(zhou)而复生(sheng)。

〔注释〕

　　<1>就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)五音以及十二(er)(er)律管长度的(de)比率数。　<2>设定宫声为(wei)81，作为(wei)比率的(de)基数。　<3>三(san)分(fen)(fen)除去一(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)去掉三(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，留三(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)二(er)(er)。　<4>留下的(de)三(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)二(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)54，以此(ci)作为(wei)徵声。　<5>三(san)分(fen)(fen)加一(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)4/3。以下同(tong)此(ci)，不(bu)另(ling)注。五音比率的(de)计算(suan)式(shi)如下：

宫：81；

　　徵(zhi)：宫×2/3=81×2/3=54；

　　商(shang)：徵×4/3=54×4/3=72；

　　羽(yu)：商×2/3=72×2/3=48；

　　角(jiao)：羽(yu)×4/3=48×4/3=64。

<6>宫(gong)数81，黄(huang)钟(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)，其长(zhang)(zhang)8寸(cun)1分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，用古(gu)代(dai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)数的(de)表示法(fa)就是八(ba)寸(cun)十(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)，翻译时(shi)把(ba)最(zui)靠(kao)近分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)数(“十(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)”)的(de)量词(“寸(cun)”)移到分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)数之后，而在量词原来的(de)位置上加(jia)一(yi)(yi)个“又”字(zi)，即(ji)(ji)译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“八(ba)又十(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之一(yi)(yi)寸(cun)”。后仿此，不另注。此句中(zhong)原文分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)数为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“七分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)”，误，“七”改为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“十(shi)”。　<7>表示以上述长(zhang)(zhang)度的(de)黄(huang)钟(zhong)管(guan)发出的(de)声(sheng)音作为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)声(sheng)。这完(wan)全是一(yi)(yi)种假定，因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)古(gu)代(dai)有“旋相为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)”的(de)理论，十(shi)二律中(zhong)任何一(yi)(yi)律都可当作宫(gong)声(sheng)，同时(shi)又认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以长(zhang)(zhang)度八(ba)寸(cun)一(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)黄(huang)钟(zhong)管(guan)作为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)声(sheng)，最(zui)得五(wu)声(sheng)之正，即(ji)(ji)高(gao)低最(zui)合适。　<8>用注　<6>所说(shuo)的(de)翻译法(fa)可译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：大(da)吕长(zhang)(zhang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七寸(cun)五(wu)又三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之二分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，此处(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)数部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)近似值。古(gu)人习惯于把(ba)数的(de)奇零部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，接(jie)近1/3便(bian)说(shuo)是1/3；接(jie)近2/3便(bian)说(shuo)是2/3；有的(de)还要加(jia)上强、弱(ruo)二字(zi)。大(da)吕的(de)实际(ji)长(zhang)(zhang)度为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。以下同，不另注。各律管(guan)长(zhang)(zhang)度的(de)计算法(fa)如下：

　　黄钟：81分(fen)(即(ji)八(ba)寸一分(fen)，以下不注)

　　林钟(zhong)：81分(fen)×2/3=54分(fen)；

　　太蔟：54分×4/3=72分；

　　南(nan)吕：72分×2/3=48分；

　　姑洗：48分(fen)×4/3=64分(fen)；

又(you)《索隐(yin)》说：“谓十一月以(yi)黄(huang)钟为(wei)宫，五行相次，土生(sheng)金，故以(yi)大吕为(wei)商(shang)者”。可知(zhi)小司马所见本此句后尚有(you)“商(shang)”字，今(jin)本脱。有(you)“商(shang)”字是。　<9>以(yi)太(tai)蔟为(wei)角，与《淮南子(zi)·天文训》不(bu)同。兹将《淮南子(zi)》与《律书》中五音(yin)列表如(ru)下，以(yi)比较其优(you)劣：

古时(shi)采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)七音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阶(jie)，除表中五音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)外(wai)，还有(you)变徵、变宫，《淮(huai)南(nan)子》称为(wei)谬、和，并以应(ying)钟为(wei)和，管长(zhang)分(fen)(fen)；以蕤宾为(wei)谬，管长(zhang)分(fen)(fen)。将这(zhei)两(liang)律(lv)(lv)插入(ru)上表，谬为(wei)变徵，在林(lin)钟之(zhi)上，和为(wei)变宫，在南(nan)吕之(zhi)下。这(zhei)样《天文训(xun)》与(yu)《律(lv)(lv)书》中最高音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)与(yu)最低音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管长(zhang)差相(xiang)同(tong)，说明(ming)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域宽相(xiang)同(tong)。而《天文训(xun)》各音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)长(zhang)度差(音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)程(cheng)(cheng)差)的(de)(de)(de)(de)变化(hua)比较(jiao)均(jun)(jun)匀。《律(lv)(lv)书》中还有(you)四种(zhong)律(lv)(lv)管指明(ming)了五音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)名称，将其中任意(yi)二个(ge)插入(ru)上表中，使成七音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阶(jie)，音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)变化(hua)仍不够(gou)均(jun)(jun)匀。这(zhei)说明(ming)《律(lv)(lv)书》时(shi)代必早(zao)于《淮(huai)南(nan)子》，或者文字有(you)误，已难以确考了。

<10>产生钟律积实(shi)的方法。积实(shi)就是(shi)分(fen)(fen)子。　<11>十(shi)二律与(yu)十(shi)二辰对应(ying)，所(suo)以以十(shi)二辰表示，首(shou)先假定子为一分(fen)(fen)，再推算其(qi)余(yu)(yu)各辰。　<12>子三分(fen)(fen)去一得(de)丑，所(suo)以丑为三分(fen)(fen)之二，古时说是(shi)“三分(fen)(fen)二”。　<13>丑三分(fen)(fen)益一，即丑的4/3倍是(shi)寅，得(de)九分(fen)(fen)之八(ba)，古人说是(shi)“九分(fen)(fen)八(ba)”。其(qi)余(yu)(yu)各辰同，总列如下：〔略〕

<14>产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)计算(suan)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)律(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。然而(er)不(bu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)律(lv)(lv)(lv)术(shu)(shu)”说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)成(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)术(shu)(shu)”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)音(yin)律(lv)(lv)(lv)循环相生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，自黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)81分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)开始，经(jing)过变化产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)各律(lv)(lv)(lv)，最(zui)后(hou)应该能(neng)(neng)重(zhong)新回复(fu)(fu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)81分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)长度(du)，如同(tong)现在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八度(du)音(yin)，自1(读dōu)经(jing)2(ruái)、3(mī)……等重(zhong)新到(dao)(dao)(dao)高(gao)八度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1(dōu)。古(gu)人(ren)(ren)用(yong)三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)损(sun)益法(fa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)达到(dao)(dao)(dao)这个目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，由(you)(you)注(zhu)　<8>若(ruo)将(jiang)仲吕(lv)长分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)乘(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)4/3，约等于(yu)(yu)80分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)知只能(neng)(neng)近似恢(hui)复(fu)(fu)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)长度(du)。汉代京房(fang)用(yong)三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)损(sun)益法(fa)从(cong)仲吕(lv)继续做(zuo)下(xia)(xia)去得(de)(de)60律(lv)(lv)(lv)，宋元嘉中，太史钱乐之(zhi)(zhi)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)360律(lv)(lv)(lv)，始终(zhong)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)恢(hui)复(fu)(fu)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)长度(du)。称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)术(shu)(shu)”就反(fan)映了古(gu)人(ren)(ren)这种目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)。　<15>下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)：由(you)(you)长律(lv)(lv)(lv)管生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)短律(lv)(lv)(lv)管为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。《索隐》引蔡邕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“阳生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阴(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”误(wu)(wu)。如蕤宾(bin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳，大(da)吕(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)，由(you)(you)蕤宾(bin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)吕(lv)(阳生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阴(yin))是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“四其实，三(san)(san)其法(fa)”，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。实：被除(chu)(chu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、乘(cheng)积或分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)都称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)实，这里指分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)。　<16>将(jiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)母乘(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)3。法(fa)，指除(chu)(chu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)或分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)母。　<17>由(you)(you)短律(lv)(lv)(lv)管产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长律(lv)(lv)(lv)管为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。《索隐》谓“阴(yin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阳为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”，误(wu)(wu)。由(you)(you)注(zhu)　<8>可(ke)(ke)(ke)见(jian)，大(da)吕(lv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)阴(yin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阳皆为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。　<18>数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)起于(yu)(yu)一(yi)，终(zhong)于(yu)(yu)十(shi)(shi)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)九(jiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)最(zui)大(da)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，因称(cheng)“上九(jiu)”。郭嵩(song)焘以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“所(suo)(suo)(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)九(jiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上”，亦可(ke)(ke)(ke)。　<19>五音(yin)中宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，与五行中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土相应，土数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五；宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)徵(参见(jian)“律(lv)(lv)(lv)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”)，五行中除(chu)(chu)了宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)声之(zhi)(zhi)外，徵产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)得(de)(de)最(zui)早，其余(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)声都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)徵产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)徵数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)9，成(cheng)了最(zui)大(da)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；徵生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)商(shang)，商(shang)自应是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8；同(tong)样，商(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)羽(yu)，羽(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)7；羽(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角(jiao)，角(jiao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6。梁(liang)玉绳(sheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“旋相为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”法(fa)，颇繁复(fu)(fu)，不(bu)取(qu)。　<20>置一(yi)：古(gu)人(ren)(ren)做(zuo)乘(cheng)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步骤，先(xian)将(jiang)一(yi)根(gen)算(suan)筹(chou)放置在算(suan)盘上，称(cheng)置一(yi)。九(jiu)三(san)(san)之(zhi)(zhi)：依次(ci)用(yong)三(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倍数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)相乘(cheng)，乘(cheng)一(yi)次(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)3，再(zai)乘(cheng)一(yi)次(ci)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)9，一(yi)直(zhi)乘(cheng)下(xia)(xia)去称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“九(jiu)三(san)(san)之(zhi)(zhi)”。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)：用(yong)乘(cheng)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)作除(chu)(chu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。　<21>实除(chu)(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)。实，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)”中所(suo)(suo)(suo)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)实十(shi)(shi)七(qi)万(wan)七(qi)千一(yi)百四十(shi)(shi)七(qi)。　<22>得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)个长度(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字。这是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)算(suan)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)术(shu)(shu)语，并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)实如法(fa)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)得(de)(de)商(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)寸(cun)。　<23>“凡得(de)(de)九(jiu)寸(cun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)除(chu)(chu)了许多次(ci)，直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)九(jiu)寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)至(zhi)。由(you)(you)前面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)”法(fa)可(ke)(ke)(ke)知，将(jiang)子(zi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)一(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)“九(jiu)三(san)(san)”之(zhi)(zhi)，直(zhi)乘(cheng)到(dao)(dao)(dao)第十(shi)(shi)次(ci)，得(de)(de)酉数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)一(yi)万(wan)九(jiu)千六(liu)百八十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)除(chu)(chu)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)实数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)才能(neng)(neng)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)九(jiu)寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。24)由(you)(you)九(jiu)寸(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，用(yong)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)术(shu)(shu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)依次(ci)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)其余(yu)(yu)(yu)各律(lv)(lv)(lv)，黄(huang)(huang)(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)声，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“音(yin)始于(yu)(yu)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。　<25>由(you)(you)“律(lv)(lv)(lv)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)可(ke)(ke)(ke)知宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)徵，徵生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)商(shang)，商(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)羽(yu)，羽(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角(jiao)。五音(yin)中最(zui)后(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角(jiao)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“穷(qiong)于(yu)(yu)角(jiao)”。　<26>1至(zhi)10为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中国数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)个基本(ben)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，变化而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)其余(yu)(yu)(yu)各数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)起于(yu)(yu)1，终(zhong)于(yu)(yu)10。　<27>数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变化是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)基本(ben)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)乘(cheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)3完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，反(fan)映古(gu)人(ren)(ren)对3的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比率重(zhong)要性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)认(ren)识。《淮南子(zi)·天文(wen)训》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“一(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)二、二生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san)、三(san)(san)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)万(wan)物。”万(wan)物都由(you)(you)3生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)”。　<28>气(qi)(qi)：节气(qi)(qi)。冬至(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)月中气(qi)(qi)，阳气(qi)(qi)从(cong)冬至(zhi)开始产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，由(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)到(dao)(dao)(dao)灭，再(zai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)复(fu)(fu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，一(yi)岁毕(bi)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)节气(qi)(qi)由(you)(you)冬至(zhi)始。

　　神(shen)(shen)(shen)生(sheng)于(yu)无<1>，形(xing)成(cheng)于(yu)有(you)(you)<2>，形(xing)然(ran)后数(shu)<3>，形(xing)而成(cheng)声<4>，故曰神(shen)(shen)(shen)使气(qi)<5>，气(qi)就(jiu)形(xing)<6>。形(xing)理如类(lei)有(you)(you)可(ke)类(lei)<7>。或未(wei)形(xing)而未(wei)类(lei)<8>，或同形(xing)而同类(lei)<9>，类(lei)而可(ke)班<10>，类(lei)而可(ke)识<11>。圣人知天(tian)地识之别，故从有(you)(you)以至未(wei)有(you)(you)<12>，以得细若气(qi)，微(wei)若声。然(ran)圣人因(yin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)而存之<13>，虽妙必效情<14>，核(he)其华(hua)<15>，道者(zhe)(zhe)明(ming)矣<16>。非有(you)(you)圣心以乘聪明(ming)<17>，孰(shu)能存天(tian)地之神(shen)(shen)(shen)而成(cheng)形(xing)之情哉<18>？神(shen)(shen)(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)，物受(shou)之而不能知(及)其去来，故圣人畏而欲(yu)存之。唯欲(yu)存之，神(shen)(shen)(shen)之亦(yi)存其欲(yu)存之者(zhe)(zhe)<19>，故莫(mo)贵焉<20>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>神(shen)(shen)(shen)：精(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)、本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、规律(lv)、原(yuan)理(li)等一(yi)切内涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念(nian)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西，都(dou)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)，古(gu)人(ren)(ren)概(gai)括为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“道”、“理(li)”。生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)无(wu)：先天(tian)产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，强调精(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)独立性(xing)，认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)它(ta)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以不依附(fu)于(yu)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)。　<2>形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：是(shi)(shi)由看得(de)见(jian)(jian)、摸(mo)得(de)着的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you))形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。　<3>有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)然后(hou)才有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)数(shu)(shu)量。即(ji)(ji)(ji)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)数(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)从(cong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu))中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)抽象出(chu)来的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。　<4>有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)然后(hou)才能生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)声音。　<5>神(shen)(shen)(shen)使气：神(shen)(shen)(shen)使用(yong)、运用(yong)、操纵气。这(zhei)里气指(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)声和(he)(he)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)赖以存(cun)(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)气是(shi)(shi)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)古(gu)代哲学思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)华之(zhi)一(yi)。　<6>气或(huo)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)依附(fu)于(yu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，或(huo)者(zhe)说以形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式而(er)(er)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)。　<7>形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)理(li)：形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)理(li)，或(huo)说是(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征、事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征。类(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)类(lei)(lei)：大都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以分(fen)类(lei)(lei)之(zhi)处。前面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“类(lei)(lei)”作大抵、大都(dou)解(jie)释；后(hou)一(yi)个“类(lei)(lei)”解(jie)释为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)类(lei)(lei)，是(shi)(shi)名词(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动词(ci)化。　<8>神(shen)(shen)(shen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)依附(fu)于(yu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)化，就没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)类(lei)(lei)别可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)。　<9>有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依附(fu)于(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，处于(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)类(lei)(lei)别之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。这(zhei)两(liang)句(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)说没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)抽象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)类(lei)(lei)，类(lei)(lei)是(shi)(shi)对(dui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(神(shen)(shen)(shen))所(suo)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区(qu)分(fen)，没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)就没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)性(xing)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，自(zi)然也没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)性(xing)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)类(lei)(lei)；形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)相同(tong)(tong)，性(xing)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也相同(tong)(tong)，类(lei)(lei)也自(zi)相同(tong)(tong)。　<10>班(ban)：清·方苞释为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)别，说“类(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)班(ban)者(zhe)，制器而(er)(er)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)别其度(du)也”(见(jian)(jian)方苞《望(wang)溪先生(sheng)(sheng)文集》卷二《诂律(lv)书一(yi)则(ze)》)。误。班(ban)同(tong)(tong)“颁”。颁发(fa)，公诸于(yu)世，普及推广等。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征，就成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)资区(qu)别的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西，因而(er)(er)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以按特(te)征表(biao)示出(chu)来，班(ban)之(zhi)于(yu)众，而(er)(er)不与他物(wu)(wu)(wu)相混。　<11>有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)类(lei)(lei)则(ze)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)别。　<12>本(ben)(ben)(ben)句(ju)(ju)述圣人(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)别事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。即(ji)(ji)(ji)从(cong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，从(cong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)推断没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)”。　<13>是(shi)(shi)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)个方面。虽(sui)然认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)由具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)”)再(zai)到神(shen)(shen)(shen)，但(dan)具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)”)却是(shi)(shi)通过对(dui)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)于(yu)圣人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)了(le)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)类(lei)(lei)特(te)征和(he)(he)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)”，事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)才能被认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。　<14>神(shen)(shen)(shen)理(li)虽(sui)然微(wei)妙，仍然在(zai)具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)现(xian)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)性(xing)。这(zhei)一(yi)句(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)说认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)到无(wu)、由具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)到抽象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根据。郭嵩(song)焘将“情(qing)”字点入下句(ju)(ju)，亦通。　<15>审核、研究事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(华)叶(ye)。　<16>道：即(ji)(ji)(ji)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。　<17>乘：驾(jia)驭、应用(yong)、因。　<18>存(cun)(cun)天(tian)地之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)：认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)地万(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。使它(ta)不因被混淆(xiao)于(yu)他物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而(er)(er)被漏失，因称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“存(cun)(cun)”。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)情(qing)：应用(yong)于(yu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，使之(zhi)以具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)性(xing)表(biao)现(xian)出(chu)来。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就，作为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。这(zhei)还(hai)是(shi)(shi)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)，能认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)与具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)连系，仿佛是(shi)(shi)使神(shen)(shen)(shen)在(zai)具(ju)(ju)(ju)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)现(xian)出(chu)来了(le)。　<19>欲存(cun)(cun)之(zhi)者(zhe)：指(zhi)(zhi)圣人(ren)(ren)。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)说，谁(shei)希望(wang)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也能把(ba)他“圣人(ren)(ren)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名子保留(liu)下来，使不致名不符实。这(zhei)一(yi)句(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)说认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性(xing)。　<20>所(suo)以，莫此为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贵(gui)也，即(ji)(ji)(ji)再(zai)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)比(bi)这(zhei)更重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)。指(zhi)(zhi)认(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)识(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。

　　太史公(gong)曰：(故)[在]旋(xuan)玑玉(yu)衡以(yi)齐七政<1>，即天地、二十八宿、十母、十二子、钟律调自上古<2>，建律运历造(zao)日度<3>，可据(ju)而度也&lt;4>。合符节<5>，通道(dao)德<6>，即从斯之谓(wei)也<7>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>旋玑玉衡：浑仪。为(wei)测(ce)天(tian)(tian)仪器。有异说，略。七政：日(ri)、月、五(wu)星。也有异说，略。全(quan)句是(shi)(shi)说，以(yi)(yi)浑仪观测(ce)天(tian)(tian)体，使日(ri)、月、五(wu)星运(yun)行谐调(整齐)，即不(bu)(bu)致有与(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)不(bu)(bu)合(he)(不(bu)(bu)谐调)的错误判断。　<2>以(yi)(yi)上(shang)诸元的相(xiang)互关系，自上(shang)古以(yi)(yi)来不(bu)(bu)断加以(yi)(yi)调整。中华书(shu)局标点本《史(shi)记》“二十(shi)八(ba)宿”与(yu)(yu)“上(shang)古”后为(wei)句号，其余(yu)为(wei)逗号。均改。　<3>建立起相(xiang)互之间的比(bi)率，以(yi)(yi)运(yun)算历(li)(li)法，构(gou)造起日(ri)星度数来。　<4>可根据这些(指(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)句中的律(lv)、历(li)(li)、日(ri)度)对日(ri)月运(yun)行加以(yi)(yi)度量了。　<5>使符与(yu)(yu)节(jie)相(xiang)合(he)。符，指(zhi)(zhi)物候。即万物随(sui)时令不(bu)(bu)同表现出(chu)的不(bu)(bu)同状(zhuang)貌；节(jie)，节(jie)气(qi)。　<6>使各自的道德相(xiang)构(gou)通。道德，指(zhi)(zhi)规律(lv)、品性。　<7>就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)而(er)言(yan)。斯，比(bi)，这。这里是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)“齐七政”或“建律(lv)、运(yun)历(li)(li)．造日(ri)度”以(yi)(yi)度日(ri)月之行等事。

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