爱上海

【说明与解析】

什么是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)？《正义》认(ren)为(wei)“天(tian)有(you)(you)日月(yue)星辰，地(di)有(you)(you)山(shan)陵河海，岁有(you)(you)万物(wu)(wu)成(cheng)熟，……咸谓之乐(le)(le)”。意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，凡自然(ran)界中事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)一切差(cha)异与活谐，通通叫做(zuo)乐(le)(le)。这(zhei)(zhei)与前篇(pian)礼(li)的(de)(de)定义一样(yang)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后世儒者故弄(nong)玄虚，非司(si)马迁书的(de)(de)本意。司(si)马迁所(suo)说的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)与如(ru)今(jin)所(suo)说的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)之乐(le)(le)大(da)致是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相通的(de)(de)，它包括歌、舞和有(you)(you)关的(de)(de)器具(ju)(乐(le)(le)器和舞具(ju))三(san)部分(fen)；还认(ren)为(wei)乐(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于客观事(shi)物(wu)(wu)被(bei)人(ren)感(gan)知(zhi)以后产生(sheng)的(de)(de)，这(zhei)(zhei)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正确的(de)(de)。但(dan)也(ye)有(you)(you)所(suo)不同，首先，他把乐(le)(le)与音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、声(sheng)(sheng)做(zuo)了严格(ge)区分(fen)，认(ren)为(wei)心感(gan)于物(wu)(wu)而(er)动(dong)，产生(sheng)声(sheng)(sheng)；声(sheng)(sheng)与声(sheng)(sheng)相感(gan)应，发生(sheng)有(you)(you)规律(lv)的(de)(de)变化，叫做(zuo)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)；人(ren)因音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)生(sheng)欢(huan)乐(le)(le)，甚至翩(pian)翩(pian)而(er)舞，都叫做(zuo)乐(le)(le)。所(suo)以他说：“乐(le)(le)(yuè，去声(sheng)(sheng)月(yue))者，乐(le)(le)(lè，去声(sheng)(sheng)勒(le))也(ye)”。就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说，只有(you)(you)使人(ren)欢(huan)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)才是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)司(si)马迁所(suo)说的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(yuè)。而(er)且，这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)欢(huan)乐(le)(le)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)情的(de)(de)自然(ran)流露，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受着一定意识形(xing)(xing)态(tai)的(de)(de)制约，符合这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)意识形(xing)(xing)态(tai)的(de)(de)，虽无可乐(le)(le)(lè)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(yuè)，否则，纵能使内心喜乐(le)(le)也(ye)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(yuè)。因此又说：“乐(le)(le)者，所(suo)以导乐(le)(le)(lè)也(ye)”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指导人(ren)心欢(huan)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)一种(zhong)(zhong)规范。在(zai)“魏文(wen)侯”章中，把令人(ren)昏昏欲睡、毫无乐(le)(le)趣的(de)(de)古乐(le)(le)称(cheng)为(wei)德音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，认(ren)为(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)典型(xing)的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)，而(er)令人(ren)乐(le)(le)不知(zhi)疲的(de)(de)郑、卫、齐、宋(song)等国的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)只说是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“溺(ni)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”，(即今(jin)所(suo)谓靡(mi)靡(mi)之音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin))，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)(zhei)个缘故。

司马(ma)迁之(zhi)前对乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)认识并(bing)不是(shi)统(tong)一的(de)。《吕乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)春秋》就说，道生万物，万物凡有(you)形体者满足(zu)和、适两(liang)个条(tiao)件就能发声(sheng)，有(you)声(sheng)就能成(cheng)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，意识形态的(de)条(tiao)件被(bei)完全排除(chu)了，把乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)分(fen)成(cheng)大乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)、侈(chi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)、古乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)等(deng)名目，认为“亡国戮民非(fei)无乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)也，其(qi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)不乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè)”。这与乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)书说的(de)“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)者，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)也”的(de)定(ding)义截然不同。

《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》分作四(si)个(ge)部(bu)分，前(qian)七(qi)个(ge)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然段(duan)(duan)(划分自(zi)(zi)(zi)然段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)标准(zhun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)华书(shu)(shu)(shu)局标点(dian)(dian)本(ben)(ben)《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)凡另起行者为(wei)一(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)，惟(wei)回答(da)部(bu)分，一(yi)(yi)问一(yi)(yi)答(da)为(wei)一(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan))是(shi)(shi)(shi)司马(ma)迁的(de)(de)(de)总论(lun)；8－49段(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)详(xiang)论(lun)，与(yu)(yu)《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)大体相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)；50－55段(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)褚先生的(de)(de)(de)评(ping)论(lun)误入正(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)者；56段(duan)(duan)“太(tai)史(shi)公曰”以后的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)结(jie)尾，为(wei)司马(ma)迁的(de)(de)(de)评(ping)论(lun)。第二部(bu)分是(shi)(shi)(shi)全篇重(zhong)点(dian)(dian)。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖达的(de)(de)(de)序文(wen)说，古乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)周末时(shi)散失(shi)了，汉武帝时(shi)，河间献王刘(liu)德与(yu)(yu)诸(zhu)儒生采集周官及(ji)诸(zhu)子书(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)关乐(le)(le)(le)(le)事(shi)者，撰成(cheng)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》24卷(juan)，到汉成(cheng)帝时(shi)刘(liu)向校书(shu)(shu)(shu)得23卷(juan)，且与(yu)(yu)流传者有(you)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》截取其中(zhong)(zhong)11卷(juan)合为(wei)一(yi)(yi)篇，名《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》，其余(yu)(yu)12卷(juan)渐次(ci)失(shi)传，只有(you)卷(juan)名保(bao)留在(zai)刘(liu)向《别(bie)(bie)录(lu)(lu)》之中(zhong)(zhong)。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑玄序所(suo)(suo)列篇目与(yu)(yu)《别(bie)(bie)录(lu)(lu)》相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，显系录(lu)(lu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)《别(bie)(bie)录(lu)(lu)》，而(er)《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)篇目次(ci)第又(you)与(yu)(yu)郑序不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。按《正(zheng)(zheng)义》所(suo)(suo)说，《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)公孙(sun)(sun)尼子所(suo)(suo)撰，《史(shi)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》缺《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》篇，褚先生取公孙(sun)(sun)尼子文(wen)而(er)升降(jiang)颠(dian)倒其篇次(ci)以补之。以《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》与(yu)(yu)今(jin)传十三经本(ben)(ben)《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》比较，除(chu)篇次(ci)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)外(wai)，相(xiang)异处(chu)尚有(you)171字(zi)(zi)，部(bu)分是(shi)(shi)(shi)语词、虚字(zi)(zi)有(you)繁简，其余(yu)(yu)多半(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)古今(jin)字(zi)(zi)之不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，仅(jin)此(ci)即可知《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》所(suo)(suo)据(ju)本(ben)(ben)比《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》更(geng)为(wei)古远。再以《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)内容与(yu)(yu)郑序中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)篇目名对照，推想《别(bie)(bie)录(lu)(lu)》见到的(de)(de)(de)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》，即刘(liu)德及(ji)诸(zhu)儒生所(suo)(suo)撰的(de)(de)(de)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)况，以与(yu)(yu)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》相(xiang)比较，二者的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)见下(xia)表(biao)：

由表可见，《乐(le)(le)(le)书(shu)》与《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》的不(bu)同：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)《乐(le)(le)(le)书(shu)》把(ba)《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》的第(di)(di)(七)章(zhang)提到(dao)(五(wu))、(六(liu))章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)，使(shi)(shi)与第(di)(di)(四(si)(si))章(zhang)并列；二是(shi)把(ba)第(di)(di)(十)章(zhang)提到(dao)第(di)(di)(八)章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)，使(shi)(shi)与(五(wu))、(六(liu))章(zhang)合为一(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)，另使(shi)(shi)(八)、(九(jiu))、(十一(yi)(yi))章(zhang)合为一(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)；三是(shi)把(ba)第(di)(di)(六(liu))章(zhang)中的第(di)(di)<5>段(duan)(duan)归(gui)入第(di)(di)(四(si)(si))章(zhang)；四(si)(si)是(shi)将第(di)(di)(四(si)(si))章(zhang)的第(di)(di)<4>段(duan)(duan)作(zuo)为过(guo)渡语放在(七)、(五(wu))两章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)间，从表中“内(nei)容”和(he)“备注”两栏不(bu)难看出(chu)，这样处理比(bi)《别(bie)录》中的《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》更为合理，说明《乐(le)(le)(le)书(shu)》的作(zuo)者(zhe)比(bi)编订《礼(li)记(ji)(ji)》的河间献王和(he)众儒生(sheng)们高明得多，更非后世那些(xie)奉儒经(jing)为圭臬的学(xue)者(zhe)所能及。因此，说《史记(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)书(shu)》是(shi)褚先生(sheng)所补，难以令人置信。

说《乐(le)书》的第(di)三部分是褚(chu)先生(sheng)所(suo)补(bu)，是由于褚(chu)先生(sheng)补(bu)书有几个明(ming)鲜特(te)征。首先是见识粗鄙(bi)，与司(si)马迁语(yu)绝(jue)不(bu)相(xiang)类(lei)。如(ru)第(di)50自然段说天(tian)人相(xiang)通、善(shan)恶有报(bao)等，迂腐之(zhi)极，51段说舜(shun)歌《南风(feng)》之(zhi)诗而(er)天(tian)下(xia)治，纣为(wei)北鄙(bi)之(zhi)音而(er)亡(wang)国，是由于南方(fang)主夏(xia)，是“生(sheng)长(zhang)之(zhi)音”；北是败北的意思等，因文字而(er)加敷(fu)会，无论《乐(le)书》或《乐(le)记》都无如(ru)此荒唐(tang)之(zhi)言(yan)，第(di)52段又讲了(le)卫(wei)灵公于濮水(shui)之(zhi)上得(de)师(shi)延(yan)遗作(zuo)的怪诞故(gu)事，虽有所(suo)本，必(bi)非司(si)马迁所(suo)屑(xie)于言(yan)。其次是语(yu)言(yan)粗鄙(bi)，多有词(ci)不(bu)达意者，而(er)且他有句口头禅，动辄“岂(qi)不(bu)伟哉”，“何其弘也”之(zhi)类(lei)。所(suo)以，褚(chu)先生(sheng)的大作(zuo)，一般是不(bu)难判(pan)断的。

　　【译文】

太史(shi)公说：“我每读《尚书·虞(yu)书》，读到君臣(chen)互相告诫(jie)、劳勉，天(tian)(tian)(tian)下由此得到一些安(an)宁，而股肱(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)良，就(jiu)(jiu)万(wan)事毁坏，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)成(cheng)功，常(chang)常(chang)被感(gan)(gan)(gan)动得涕泪交流。周成(cheng)王作(zuo)《颂》，推原自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)所(suo)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)惩创(chuang)，为家中所(suo)遭(zao)遇的(de)(de)(de)祸难(nan)而悲(bei)痛，怎可说不(bu)(bu)是(shi)战战惊惊，善(shan)守善(shan)终呢？在上位的(de)(de)(de)君子(zi)(zi)若不(bu)(bu)为简(jian)约的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)，就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)修治(zhi)(zhi)功德(de)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)强不(bu)(bu)息，否(fou)则自(zi)(zi)(zi)满(man)自(zi)(zi)(zi)足(zu)，就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)废弃礼(li)(li)仪。逸能(neng)不(bu)(bu)忘当初的(de)(de)(de)劳苦(ku)，安(an)能(neng)想(xiang)到创(chuang)始时的(de)(de)(de)艰难(nan)，处身(shen)于(yu)安(an)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)中而歌(ge)颂勤苦(ku)，不(bu)(bu)是(shi)有大道(dao)(dao)德(de)的(de)(de)(de)人有谁能(neng)够这样！《书传》说“治(zhi)(zhi)定功成(cheng)，礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)乃兴”。天(tian)(tian)(tian)下治(zhi)(zhi)民的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策(ce)推行得愈是(shi)深(shen)入人心(xin)，愈接近于(yu)德(de)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)境界，人的(de)(de)(de)喜乐(le)(le)(lè，去声(sheng)，勒)就(jiu)(jiu)愈益不(bu)(bu)同。满(man)而不(bu)(bu)损就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)外溢，盈不(bu)(bu)扶持就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)倾倒。大凡作(zuo)乐(le)(le)(yuè，月)的(de)(de)(de)原因，是(shi)为了节(jie)制欢乐(le)(le)。使(shi)君子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)谦虚(xu)退让(rang)为礼(li)(li)，以(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)损自(zi)(zi)(zi)减为乐(le)(le)(lè，去声(sheng)，勒)，乐(le)(le)(yuè，月)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用就(jiu)(jiu)在于(yu)此啊。由于(yu)地域不(bu)(bu)同，性情(qing)习俗也(ye)不(bu)(bu)相同，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)要博采风俗，与声(sheng)律(lv)相谐调，以(yi)(yi)此补(bu)充治(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，移易风化(hua)(hua)，帮助(zhu)政(zheng)教的(de)(de)(de)推行。天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)亲临明堂观乐(le)(le)(yuè，月)，而众百姓能(neng)受(shou)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)化(hua)(hua)而洗(xi)荡、涤除(chu)人性中的(de)(de)(de)邪(xie)恶(e)和(he)(he)污秽，采取健康、饱满(man)的(de)(de)(de)人性，以(yi)(yi)整饬其性情(qing)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说习正派、文(wen)雅的(de)(de)(de)诵(song)歌(ge)则民风正，激烈呼号的(de)(de)(de)音声(sheng)兴起则士心(xin)振奋，郑(zheng)、卫的(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)曲(qu)使(shi)人心(xin)生邪(xie)念。等(deng)到乐(le)(le)(yuè，月)与情(qing)性调谐和(he)(he)合(he)，鸟兽尽受(shou)感(gan)(gan)(gan)动，何况(kuang)怀(huai)五常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)性，含(han)好恶(e)(wù，误)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)人？受(shou)乐(le)(le)(yuè，月)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)染更是(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然之(zhi)(zhi)势了。

治国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法有缺陷，而使(shi)郑国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)兴起，分封(feng)(feng)和(he)世(shi)袭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)王(wang)，显名望(wang)于相邻州地(di)，却争以郑音(yin)相高(gao)。自从孔子不能(neng)与(yu)齐国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)优人(ren)(ren)并容于鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)，虽然他退(tui)出鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)政界，整理(li)雅正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)以诱导世(shi)人(ren)(ren)，作《五(wu)章》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌曲(qu)以讥刺时事，犹不能(neng)感化世(shi)人(ren)(ren)。日(ri)复(fu)一日(ri)，迟(chi)迟(chi)延(yan)续到战国(guo)(guo)时期，诸侯封(feng)(feng)君(jun)仍流连沉湎，遂(sui)至往而不能(neng)复(fu)返，终至于身死家亡，国(guo)(guo)土被秦兼并。

秦二世更(geng)加喜(xi)好(hao)以(yi)(yi)音(yin)声为(wei)娱乐(le)(le)。丞相(xiang)(xiang)李斯谏说(shuo)道：“放弃《诗》《书(shu)》所载道理，极力肆(si)意于(yu)音(yin)声和(he)女色，是(shi)引(yin)起殷代(dai)贤(xian)臣祖伊忧惧的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因；轻视细小(xiao)过(guo)失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)积累(lei)，恣(zi)意于(yu)长夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)欢乐(le)(le)，是(shi)殷纣王灭亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。”赵高说(shuo)：“五(wu)帝、三王的(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)曲各不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，表(biao)明彼此不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)沿袭。而上自朝廷，下百(bai)姓，得(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)同(tong)欢喜(xi)，共(gong)勤(qin)劳，非音(yin)乐(le)(le)上下的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)顺欢悦不(bu)能相(xiang)(xiang)通，结节的(de)(de)(de)(de)恩泽不(bu)能流(liu)布，各自同(tong)样是(shi)一世的(de)(de)(de)(de)教化，超(chao)度时俗的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)(le)。难道一定要有(you)产华山的(de)(de)(de)(de)耳骏马，然(ran)后才能远行(xing)吗？”秦二世以(yi)(yi)为(wei)赵高说(shuo)得(de)(de)对。

汉高祖讨(tao)平淮南(nan)王(wang)黥布的叛(pan)乱，回兵路过沛郡时，作(zuo)了(le)《三侯之章》的诗歌，命儿童歌唱。高祖死后，命沛郡得(de)以四时祭祀宗庙时，以此(ci)诗为(wei)歌舞(wu)乐曲。历孝惠、孝文、孝景帝无所变更，乐府(fu)中不(bu)过是(shi)演习旧有乐曲罢(ba)了(le)。

今皇帝即位后(hou)，作《郊祀歌十(shi)九章(zhang)》，命侍中李延年次第(di)配曲(qu)，因封拜李为(wei)协律都尉官。当时通(tong)一经的儒士(shi)们不能单独解释歌辞含意，必会集五经各名家，共同讲(jiang)习、研(yan)读(du)，才能贯通(tong)、明瞭辞的内(nei)容，歌辞中许(xu)多(duo)是出自《尔雅》的文(wen)字(zi)。

汉代朝廷(ting)常(chang)常(chang)在正月的第(di)一个辛日祭(ji)祀太一神于(yu)甘泉宫，从黄(huang)昏开始夜(ye)祀，到(dao)黎明时结(jie)束(shu)。时常(chang)有流(liu)星划过祠(ci)坛上的夜(ye)空(kong)。使男(nan)女儿(er)童共七十人一起(qi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)唱。春(chun)季唱《青阳》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，夏季唱《朱明》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，秋天(tian)(tian)唱《西暤》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，冬天(tian)(tian)唱《玄冥》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。歌(ge)(ge)(ge)辞世间多有流(liu)传，所以不再记述。

　　又曾在渥洼(wa)水中(zhong)得(de)(de)神马(ma)，复配曲为《太一之(zhi)歌》。歌曲说(shuo)：“太一神的(de)赐与(yu)哟有(you)天(tian)马(ma)降下，汗流(liu)如血哟口吐赭色涎沫，从容驰骋哟已过(guo)万(wan)里，谁(shei)能匹敌哟惟(wei)有(you)与(yu)龙为友(you)”。此(ci)后兵伐大(da)宛得(de)(de)到千里马(ma)，名为蒲梢，次序(xu)其(qi)韵作(zuo)成歌曲；歌词是(shi)(shi)：“天(tian)马(ma)来哟远自西极，经万(wan)里哟归于有(you)德，承神灵之(zhi)威哟收降外国，涉过(guo)流(liu)沙哟四夷臣服。”中(zhong)尉汲黯进(jin)谏(jian)说(shuo)：“凡(fan)王者作(zuo)乐(le)，上以继承祖(zu)宗功业，下以感化亿万(wan)百(bai)姓。如今陛下得(de)(de)到一匹马(ma)，又是(shi)(shi)作(zuo)诗又是(shi)(shi)作(zuo)歌，还要作(zuo)为祭祖(zu)的(de)郊祀歌，先帝(di)和百(bai)姓怎(zen)能知道这乐(le)歌的(de)含意呢(ni)？”今皇帝(di)听了默默无言，心中(zhong)不悦。丞相公孙弘说(shuo)：“汲黯诽谤(bang)圣朝制度(du)，罪当灭族”。

大凡音(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起始，是(shi)(shi)(shi)由人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。而(er)(er)人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)变动(dong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)物造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。心(xin)(xin)(xin)有感(gan)于物而(er)(er)变动(dong)，由声(sheng)表现出来(lai)；声(sheng)与声(sheng)相应(ying)和，才发(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)变化(hua)；按照一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法、规(gui)律(lv)变化(hua)，就叫(jiao)做音(yin)；随着音(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)节奏用(yong)乐(le)器演奏之，再(zai)加上干戚羽旄(mao)以(yi)舞之，就叫(jiao)做乐(le)(yuè，月)了。所(suo)以(yi)说乐(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由音(yin)产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)其(qi)根本是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)有感(gan)于物造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)此，被物所(suo)感(gan)而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)哀痛心(xin)(xin)(xin)情(qing)时，其(qi)声(sheng)急(ji)促而(er)(er)且由高而(er)(er)低，由强而(er)(er)弱；心(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)欢乐(le)时，其(qi)声(sheng)舒(shu)慢而(er)(er)宽缓(huan)；心(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)喜(xi)悦时，其(qi)声(sheng)发(fa)扬而(er)(er)且轻散；心(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)愤怒时，其(qi)声(sheng)粗(cu)猛严厉；心(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)敬意(yi)时，其(qi)声(sheng)正直清亮(liang)；心(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)爱(ai)意(yi)时，其(qi)声(sheng)柔和动(dong)听。以(yi)上六种(zhong)情(qing)况，不关(guan)性(xing)情(qing)，任谁都会如此，是(shi)(shi)(shi)感(gan)于物而(er)(er)发(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)变化(hua)，所(suo)以(yi)先(xian)王对外物的(de)(de)(de)(de)影响格(ge)外慎重。因(yin)此说礼用(yong)以(yi)诱导(dao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志(zhi)，乐(le)用(yong)以(yi)调和人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)音(yin)，政(zheng)用(yong)来(lai)统一人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)动(dong)，刑用(yong)来(lai)防止(zhi)奸(jian)乱(luan)。礼乐(le)刑政(zheng)，其(qi)终极目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)为了齐(qi)同(tong)民心(xin)(xin)(xin)而(er)(er)使出现天下大治的(de)(de)(de)(de)世道(dao)啊。

凡是(shi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)，都是(shi)在人心(xin)(xin)中生成的。感情在心(xin)(xin)里冲(chong)动，表(biao)现为(wei)声，片片段段的声组合变化为(wei)有一定结构的整体称为(wei)音(yin)(yin)(yin)。所(suo)以世道太平时(shi)的音(yin)(yin)(yin)中充满(man)安适与欢乐，其(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)必(bi)平和；乱(luan)(luan)(luan)世时(shi)候(hou)的音(yin)(yin)(yin)里充满(man)了怨(yuan)恨(hen)与愤怒，其(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)必(bi)是(shi)倒(dao)行(xing)逆施的；灭(mie)亡(wang)及(ji)濒于灭(mie)亡(wang)的国(guo)家(jia)其(qi)(qi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)充满(man)哀和愁思，百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)困苦无望。声音(yin)(yin)(yin)的道理，是(shi)与政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)相通(tong)的。五声中宫为(wei)君，商为(wei)臣(chen)，角(jiao)为(wei)民(min)，徵(zhi)(zhī，只)为(wei)事，羽(yu)为(wei)物。君、臣(chen)、民(min)、事、物五者不(bu)(bu)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)，就不(bu)(bu)会有敝败(bai)不(bu)(bu)和的音(yin)(yin)(yin)声。宫声乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)五声废弃，其(qi)(qi)国(guo)君必(bi)骄纵废政(zheng)(zheng)；商声乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)五声跳掷(zhi)不(bu)(bu)谐调(diao)，其(qi)(qi)臣(chen)官(guan)事不(bu)(bu)理；角(jiao)声乱(luan)(luan)(luan)五音(yin)(yin)(yin)谱成的乐曲(qu)基(ji)调(diao)忧愁，百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)必(bi)多(duo)怨(yuan)愤；徵(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)曲(qu)多(duo)哀伤，其(qi)(qi)国(guo)多(duo)事；羽(yu)声乱(luan)(luan)(luan)曲(qu)调(diao)倾危难(nan)唱，其(qi)(qi)国(guo)财用匮(kui)乏(fa)。五声全部不(bu)(bu)准确，就是(shi)迭相侵陵，称为(wei)慢。这(zhei)样国(guo)家(jia)的灭(mie)亡(wang)也就没有多(duo)少日子了。郑国(guo)、卫国(guo)的音(yin)(yin)(yin)声，是(shi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)世之音(yin)(yin)(yin)，可(ke)与慢音(yin)(yin)(yin)相比拟；桑间濮上(shang)的音(yin)(yin)(yin)声，是(shi)亡(wang)国(guo)之音(yin)(yin)(yin)，其(qi)(qi)国(guo)的政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)放散，百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)流荡(dang)，臣(chen)子诬其(qi)(qi)君，在下位(wei)者不(bu)(bu)尊长上(shang)，公法废弃，私情流行(xing)而不(bu)(bu)可(ke)纠正(zheng)。

凡音(yin)(yin)(yin)，是(shi)在(zai)人心(xin)(xin)中产生的(de)(de)(de)；乐(le)(le)(le)，是(shi)与(yu)伦理相通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)单知(zhi)声(sheng)而(er)(er)不(bu)知(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)禽兽；知(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)不(bu)知(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)普通(tong)(tong)百(bai)姓。唯有君子才懂(dong)得乐(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)详细审(shen)察声(sheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)(le)解(jie)音(yin)(yin)(yin)，审(shen)察音(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)(le)解(jie)乐(le)(le)(le)，审(shen)察乐(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)(le)解(jie)政治情况(kuang)，治理天下的(de)(de)(de)方法也就完(wan)备了(le)(le)。因此(ci)不(bu)懂(dong)得声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)他(ta)谈(tan)论音(yin)(yin)(yin)，不(bu)懂(dong)得音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)他(ta)谈(tan)论乐(le)(le)(le)，懂(dong)得乐(le)(le)(le)就近于(yu)(yu)(yu)明(ming)礼(li)了(le)(le)。礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)精义都能得之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin)，称为(wei)(wei)有德，德就是(shi)得的(de)(de)(de)意思。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)说大(da)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)隆盛(sheng)，不(bu)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)极尽音(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)规模；宴享礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)隆盛(sheng)，不(bu)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)肴馔的(de)(de)(de)丰盛(sheng)。周庙太乐(le)(le)(le)中用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)瑟，外表是(shi)朱红色弦，下有二个(ge)通(tong)(tong)气孔，毫不(bu)起眼(yan)；演奏时一(yi)人唱三人和，形式(shi)单调简单，然而(er)(er)于(yu)(yu)(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)声(sheng)之(zhi)外寓意无(wu)穷。大(da)飨的(de)(de)(de)礼(li)仪中崇尚玄酒，以(yi)(yi)(yi)生鱼为(wei)(wei)俎实，大(da)羹用(yong)味(wei)道(dao)单一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)咸肉汤，不(bu)具五味(wei)，然而(er)(er)，在(zai)实际的(de)(de)(de)滋味(wei)之(zhi)外另(ling)有滋味(wei)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)说先王(wang)制(zhi)定(ding)礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)是(shi)为(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)满足(zu)口腹耳(er)目的(de)(de)(de)嗜欲，而(er)(er)是(shi)要以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)教训(xun)百(bai)姓，使有正(zheng)确的(de)(de)(de)好恶之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)，从(cong)而(er)(er)归于(yu)(yu)(yu)人道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)路上来。

人(ren)(ren)生来(lai)好(hao)(hao)静，是(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)天性；感知外(wai)(wai)(wai)物(wu)以(yi)后(hou)发(fa)生情感的(de)(de)(de)变(bian)动(dong)，是(shi)天姓的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)部表现。外(wai)(wai)(wai)物(wu)来(lai)到(dao)身(shen)边后(hou)被心智感知，然后(hou)形成好(hao)(hao)恶(e)(e)(wù，务)之情。好(hao)(hao)恶(e)(e)之情不(bu)节(jie)制于内，外(wai)(wai)(wai)物(wu)感知后(hou)产生的(de)(de)(de)诱惑作用(yong)于外(wai)(wai)(wai)，天理就要泯灭(mie)了。外(wai)(wai)(wai)物(wu)给人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)感受无穷(qiong)(qiong)无尽(jin)(jin)，而人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)(hao)恶(e)(e)之情没有节(jie)制，人(ren)(ren)就被身(shen)边的(de)(de)(de)事物(wu)同(tong)(tong)化了。人(ren)(ren)被外(wai)(wai)(wai)物(wu)同(tong)(tong)化，就会灭(mie)绝天理而穷(qiong)(qiong)尽(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)欲。于是(shi)才有狂悖、逆(ni)乱、欺诈(zha)、作假的(de)(de)(de)念(nian)头，有荒(huang)淫、佚乐、犯上作乱的(de)(de)(de)事。因(yin)此，强大者胁迫弱小，众多者施(shi)强暴于寡少，聪慧(hui)多智的(de)(de)(de)欺诈(zha)愚昧无知，勇悍的(de)(de)(de)使怯懦(nuo)者困苦，疾病者不(bu)得养，老人(ren)(ren)、幼童、孤儿、寡母不(bu)得安(an)乐，这(zhei)些(xie)是(shi)导(dao)致天下大乱的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)。所(suo)以(yi)，先(xian)王(wang)制礼(li)作乐，人(ren)(ren)为的(de)(de)(de)加以(yi)节(jie)制：以(yi)衰麻哭(ku)泣的(de)(de)(de)礼(li)仪制度(du)，节(jie)制丧葬；钟鼓干戚等乐制，调(diao)(diao)和安(an)乐；婚姻冠(guan)笄的(de)(de)(de)制度(du)，区别男女大防(fang)；乡射(she)、大射(she)、乡饮酒及其他宴客享食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)礼(li)节(jie)制度(du)，端正人(ren)(ren)际间的(de)(de)(de)交往关系。用(yong)礼(li)节(jie)制民心，用(yong)乐调(diao)(diao)和民气，以(yi)政治推行之，刑(xing)罚防(fang)范之。礼(li)乐刑(xing)政四者都能发(fa)达(da)而不(bu)相孛乱，帝王(wang)之术(shu)也就完备了。

乐(le)的特(te)性是(shi)求(qiu)(qiu)同，礼(li)的特(te)征是(shi)求(qiu)(qiu)异。同使人(ren)们(men)互相(xiang)亲爱(ai)(ai)，异则使人(ren)互相(xiang)尊敬。乐(le)事太(tai)过(guo)不(bu)加节制，会使人(ren)之(zhi)间(jian)(jian)的尊卑界限(xian)混(hun)淆、流移不(bu)定(ding)；礼(li)事太(tai)过(guo)不(bu)加节制，则使人(ren)们(men)之(zhi)间(jian)(jian)离心离德。和(he)(he)合人(ren)情，使相(xiang)亲爱(ai)(ai)，整饬行为、外貌(mao)，使尊卑有序，便是(shi)礼(li)乐(le)的功用了(le)。礼(li)的精义得以(yi)(yi)实现，就(jiu)贵贱有等；乐(le)事得以(yi)(yi)统一(yi)，则上下和(he)(he)合，无(wu)有争斗；人(ren)们(men)好(hao)恶分明(ming)，贤与不(bu)贤自然(ran)区分开来；用刑罚禁(jin)止(zhi)强暴(bao)，以(yi)(yi)爵(jue)赏推举贤能，就(jiu)会政事均(jun)平。以(yi)(yi)仁心爱(ai)(ai)人(ren)，以(yi)(yi)义心纠正他们(men)的过(guo)失，这(zhei)样就(jiu)会天下大治了(le)。

乐(le)是(shi)自(zi)人(ren)心中产生的(de)(de)(de)(de)，礼(li)则(ze)是(shi)自(zi)外加(jia)于人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。正(zheng)因为乐(le)自(zi)心出，所(suo)以它有静(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng)(zheng)；礼(li)自(zi)外加(jia)于人(ren)身，其(qi)特征(zheng)(zheng)则(ze)是(shi)注(zhu)重形式、外表。因而大(da)乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)曲调(diao)、器具必(bi)甚简易(yi)，大(da)礼(li)必(bi)甚俭(jian)朴。乐(le)事做(zuo)得(de)好了(le)人(ren)心无(wu)怨(yuan)，礼(li)事做(zuo)得(de)好了(le)则(ze)人(ren)无(wu)所(suo)争。所(suo)谓揖让而治天(tian)下，就(jiu)是(shi)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)以礼(li)乐(le)治天(tian)下。强暴之(zhi)(zhi)民不起(qi)而作乱，诸候对天(tian)子(zi)恭敬(jing)臣(chen)服，甲(jia)兵(bing)不起(qi)，刑罚不用，百姓无(wu)有忧患，天(tian)子(zi)没有怨(yuan)怒，这(zhei)样就(jiu)是(shi)乐(le)事发达(da)了(le)。调(diao)合(he)父子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)亲情，申明长(zhang)幼之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)序，使四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)内互相敬(jing)爱。天(tian)子(zi)做(zuo)到(dao)这(zhei)些，算是(shi)礼(li)事发达(da)了(le)。

大乐(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)天地(di)(di)同样(yang)地(di)(di)和合万物，大礼(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)天地(di)(di)同样(yang)地(di)(di)节制(zhi)(zhi)万物。和合才使诸物生长(zhang)不失；节制(zhi)(zhi)，才有(you)了祭祀天地(di)(di)的(de)不同仪式(shi)(shi)(shi)。人间有(you)礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)，阴司有(you)鬼神(shen)，以此二(er)者教民，就能(neng)(neng)做到(dao)普天之(zhi)(zhi)下互相(xiang)敬(jing)爱(ai)了。礼(li)(li)，是(shi)(shi)要在各(ge)种场合下都作到(dao)互相(xiang)尊(zun)敬(jing)；乐(le)(le)(le)，则是(shi)(shi)不论采用何种形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)都体现同样(yang)的(de)爱(ai)心。礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)这种合敬(jing)合爱(ai)之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)永远相(xiang)同，是(shi)(shi)以古代(dai)贤明(ming)帝王(wang)－代(dai)代(dai)因袭下来。使得礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)事与(yu)(yu)(yu)时代(dai)相(xiang)附，盛名与(yu)(yu)(yu)功德(de)相(xiang)附。所以钟鼓管磬羽籥干戚，只是(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)所用器具；屈伸俯(fu)仰聚散舒疾，是(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)表面(mian)(mian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。而(er)簠(fǔ，府)簋(guǐ，鬼)俎(zu)豆(dou)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)文章，是(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)所用器具；升降上下周旋(xuan)袒免，是(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)的(de)表面(mian)(mian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。知礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)的(de)才能(neng)(neng)制(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)作乐(le)(le)(le)，识得礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)表面(mian)(mian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)只能(neng)(neng)记(ji)述(shu)修习先王(wang)所作不能(neng)(neng)自制(zhi)(zhi)。能(neng)(neng)自制(zhi)(zhi)作的(de)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)圣，记(ji)述(shu)修习先王(wang)制(zhi)(zhi)作的(de)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)明(ming)。谓(wei)明(ming)谓(wei)圣，就是(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)述(shu)能(neng)(neng)作的(de)意思(si)。

乐(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)模仿(fang)(fang)天(tian)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)谐产生的(de)(de)(de)(de)；礼(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)模仿(fang)(fang)天(tian)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)有序性(xing)产生的(de)(de)(de)(de)。和(he)(he)(he)谐，才(cai)能使(shi)百物都(dou)(dou)化(hua)育生长(zhang)；有序，才(cai)使(shi)群物都(dou)(dou)有区别。乐(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)照(zhao)天(tian)作(zuo)成，礼(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仿(fang)(fang)照(zhao)地所制。所制过(guo)分(fen)了就(jiu)会(hui)由于(yu)贵贱不分(fen)而(er)生祸乱，所作(zuo)过(guo)分(fen)则会(hui)因上下(xia)不和(he)(he)(he)而(er)生强(qiang)暴(bao)。明白了天(tian)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)这些性(xing)质，然后才(cai)能制礼(li)(li)作(zuo)乐(le)。言与(yu)实和(he)(he)(he)合(he)不悖，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主旨；欣喜欢爱，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事迹(ji)。而(er)中正(zheng)无邪曲，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)实质，庄(zhuang)严(yan)敬顺从则是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形制。至于(yu)礼(li)(li)乐(le)加于(yu)金石，度为乐(le)曲，用于(yu)祭祀宗(zong)庙社稷和(he)(he)(he)山川鬼神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式，天(tian)子与(yu)众民都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一样的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

为帝(di)王者武(wu)(wu)功(gong)成就(jiu)了(le)(le)则制(zhi)作乐(le)(yuè，月)，文治(zhi)成就(jiu)了(le)(le)就(jiu)制(zhi)定礼(li)(li)(li)。武(wu)(wu)功(gong)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)所制(zhi)乐(le)更(geng)加完(wan)(wan)备(bei)，文治(zhi)广的(de)(de)(de)所作礼(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)也更(geng)为具体(ti)。像舞(wu)动干(gan)戚那样的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)乐(le)，只歌颂武(wu)(wu)功(gong)，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)完(wan)(wan)备(bei)的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)；礼(li)(li)(li)重文，所以(yi)(yi)祭重气不(bu)(bu)(bu)重味，用烹熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)(wu)祭祀不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)盛大(da)的(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)。五(wu)帝(di)在位不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)时，所作乐(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)沿(yan)袭；三王不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)世，也各(ge)自(zi)有(you)(you)礼(li)(li)(li)，互不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。乐(le)太(tai)(tai)过则废(fei)事，后(hou)必有(you)(you)忧患，礼(li)(li)(li)太(tai)(tai)简(jian)则不(bu)(bu)(bu)易周全，往往有(you)(you)偏(pian)漏。至于(yu)(yu)乐(le)敦厚(hou)(hou)而无(wu)有(you)(you)忧患，礼(li)(li)(li)完(wan)(wan)备(bei)又没有(you)(you)偏(pian)漏的(de)(de)(de)，岂不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)唯(wei)有(you)(you)大(da)圣人才能如此吗(ma)？天空高远，地(di)面低下(xia)，万(wan)物(wu)(wu)分散又各(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，仿照这些实行了(le)(le)礼(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)；万(wan)物(wu)(wu)流动，变(bian)化(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)息(xi)，相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)者合，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)者化(hua)，仿照这些兴(xing)起(qi)了(le)(le)乐(le)。春(chun)天生，夏天长，化(hua)育万(wan)物(wu)(wu)，这就(jiu)是(shi)仁；秋天收敛(lian)，冬天贮藏，敛(lian)藏决(jue)(jue)断，这就(jiu)是(shi)义。乐(le)能陶(tao)化(hua)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)，与(yu)(yu)仁相(xiang)(xiang)近，礼(li)(li)(li)主决(jue)(jue)断，所以(yi)(yi)义与(yu)(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)(xiang)近。乐(le)使(shi)人际关系敦厚(hou)(hou)和睦，尊神而服从于(yu)(yu)天；礼(li)(li)(li)能分别宜(yi)贵(gui)宜(yi)贱(jian)，敬鬼而服从于(yu)(yu)地(di)。所以(yi)(yi)圣人作乐(le)以(yi)(yi)与(yu)(yu)天相(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)，制(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)地(di)相(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)。礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)详明而完(wan)(wan)备(bei)，天地(di)也就(jiu)各(ge)得其职了(le)(le)。

天(tian)尊贵、地(di)卑贱(jian)，君臣像天(tian)地(di)，其地(di)位高下就(jiu)(jiu)确定了。山泽高卑不(bu)同，布列(lie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)那里，公卿像山泽，其地(di)位就(jiu)(jiu)有了贵贱(jian)之(zhi)分(fen)。或动或静(jing)(jing)，各有常(chang)行(xing)，大(da)者静(jing)(jing)，小者动，万物(wu)的(de)(de)大(da)小就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)区(qu)别(bie)了。法术性(xing)(xing)行(xing)等无形体者以(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)相(xiang)(xiang)聚，世间(jian)万物(wu)有形体者以(yi)(yi)(yi)群相(xiang)(xiang)分(fen)，群类(lei)有不(bu)同，其性(xing)(xing)命长(zhang)短(duan)也不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同。万物(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)者显(xian)光(guang)亮(liang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)者成形体，如此说，礼就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)天(tian)地(di)间(jian)万物(wu)的(de)(de)界限和(he)区(qu)别(bie)。地(di)上(shang)的(de)(de)气上(shang)升，天(tian)上(shang)的(de)(de)气下降，地(di)气为阴(yin)，天(tian)气为阳，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)阴(yin)阳之(zhi)气相(xiang)(xiang)促迫，天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)气相(xiang)(xiang)激荡，以(yi)(yi)(yi)雷霆相(xiang)(xiang)鼓动，以(yi)(yi)(yi)风雨(yu)相(xiang)(xiang)润泽，于(yu)是(shi)万物(wu)奋迅而出，并随四时而变(bian)(bian)动，再以(yi)(yi)(yi)日月的(de)(de)光(guang)泽相(xiang)(xiang)温暖，就(jiu)(jiu)变(bian)(bian)化生长(zhang)起来(lai)了。如此说，乐就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)天(tian)地(di)万物(wu)间(jian)的(de)(de)和(he)合(he)和(he)谐(xie)调。

化育(yu)不(bu)(bu)时万物(wu)就不(bu)(bu)能(neng)产生，男女(nv)没有分(fen)别就会产生祸(huo)乱，这是(shi)(shi)天地的(de)(de)(de)情趣或意(yi)志。并(bing)且礼(li)乐充斥于天地之间(jian)(jian)，连阴阳鬼神也与(yu)礼(li)乐之事(shi)相关(guan)，高远至于日月星三辰，深厚(hou)如山川，礼(li)乐都能(neng)穷(qiong)尽(jin)其情。乐产生于万物(wu)始生的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)始时期，而(er)礼(li)则产生于万物(wu)形成以(yi)后。生而(er)不(bu)(bu)停息者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)天，生而(er)不(bu)(bu)动者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)地。有动有静，是(shi)(shi)天地间(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)万物(wu)。礼(li)乐像天地，所以(yi)圣人才(cai)有以(yi)上(shang)关(guan)于礼(li)乐的(de)(de)(de)种种论述。

舜曾经作五弦(xian)琴，用来(lai)歌唱《南风》的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)章；自夔(kui)开始(shi)作乐(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)赏(shang)赐(ci)诸侯(hou)。所以(yi)(yi)天子作乐(le)(le)(le)，是(shi)为(wei)了(le)赏(shang)赐(ci)那些有德(de)(de)行的(de)(de)诸侯(hou)的(de)(de)。德(de)(de)行隆盛(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)又教化(hua)尊显，五谷丰登，不失季节，然后赏(shang)给(ji)(ji)乐(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)。因此治化(hua)使民(min)劳苦者，赏(shang)给(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)队人数少(shao)，行(háng，杭)短(duan)，相互连缀(zhui)的(de)(de)距(ju)离(li)远；治化(hua)使民(min)安佚的(de)(de)，赏(shang)给(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)队人数多，行长而(er)(er)缀(zhui)距(ju)短(duan)，所以(yi)(yi)只要看诸侯(hou)的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)知道(dao)他德(de)(de)行的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小，听他的(de)(de)谥(shi)号就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)知道(dao)他行为(wei)的(de)(de)善恶。乐(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)(da)章》，是(shi)表(biao)章尧德(de)(de)盛(sheng)(sheng)明的(de)(de)意思(si)；乐(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)《咸(xian)池》，是(shi)说黄帝(di)施德(de)(de)咸(xian)备，无(wu)有不及；乐(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)为(wei)《韶(shao)》，表(biao)示舜能(neng)(neng)绍(shao)继尧的(de)(de)功德(de)(de)；夏(xia)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)，所以(yi)(yi)《夏(xia)》乐(le)(le)(le)表(biao)示禹(yu)能(neng)(neng)光(guang)大(da)(da)(da)尧舜的(de)(de)功德(de)(de)；殷乐(le)(le)(le)《大(da)(da)(da)濩》、周乐(le)(le)(le)《大(da)(da)(da)武》，也(ye)都(dou)是(shi)各自尽述其(qi)人事(shi)的(de)(de)。

天地的(de)(de)规(gui)律是，寒暑不(bu)(bu)按时而(er)至就产生(sheng)疾病，风(feng)雨(yu)无节制就产生(sheng)饥荒。政治、教化(hua)，犹(you)如百姓的(de)(de)寒暑，教化(hua)不(bu)(bu)合(he)时宜就会(hui)(hui)伤害世道。劳役(yi)工事，犹(you)如老百姓的(de)(de)风(feng)雨(yu)，不(bu)(bu)加节制就劳而(er)无功(gong)。这样(yang)先王作乐(le)，用来作为(wei)治化(hua)的(de)(de)象征(zheng)。好的(de)(de)乐(le)舞，其行(háng，杭)长短(duan)就象征(zheng)着治化(hua)之德的(de)(de)大小。养猪(zhu)造酒(jiu)(jiu)，不(bu)(bu)是为(wei)了(le)惹事生(sheng)非，但有了(le)酒(jiu)(jiu)肉以(yi)后，由于酗(xu)酒(jiu)(jiu)斗殴(ou)，刑狱诉讼(song)的(de)(de)事更加繁(fan)多了(le)，所以(yi)先王制定了(le)饮(yin)(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)礼(li)节制度，有献有酬，一献之间，宾主(zhu)互(hu)拜(bai)不(bu)(bu)计其数，以(yi)致终日饮(yin)(yin)酒(jiu)(jiu)也不(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)醉倒(dao)，以(yi)此对付(fu)酒(jiu)(jiu)食(shi)造成的(de)(de)祸端。有了(le)酒(jiu)(jiu)礼(li)才可以(yi)说：酒(jiu)(jiu)食(shi)，是用来合(he)众而(er)欢(huan)乐(le)的(de)(de)。

乐(le)是(shi)用来象(xiang)征德行的(de)，礼是(shi)用来防(fang)止行为过(guo)分的(de)。所以(yi)(yi)先(xian)王有死丧大事(shi)，必有相(xiang)应(ying)的(de)礼以(yi)(yi)表示(shi)哀痛(tong)之(zhi)情(qing)；有祭(ji)祀(si)等祈(qi)福喜(xi)庆大事(shi)，必有相(xiang)应(ying)的(de)礼以(yi)(yi)遂顺其欢乐(le)的(de)心(xin)情(qing)。哀痛(tong)、欢乐(le)的(de)程度，都视礼的(de)规定为准。

乐的(de)(de)(de)性质(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施予；礼的(de)(de)(de)性质(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)报(bao)答。乐的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为自己心(xin)中(zhong)所生的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)而表(biao)示(shi)欢(huan)乐；而礼的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要追反其始祖(zu)的(de)(de)(de)功绩加以祭(ji)祀。乐的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)张扬功德(de)，礼却是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要反映自身得民心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)况，并追思其原(yuan)因(yin)。礼主报(bao)，试看诸侯(hou)所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)那种称为大路的(de)(de)(de)金玉车子(zi)(zi)，原(yuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)之车；图(tu)绘交(jiao)龙、饰有(you)九(jiu)旒的(de)(de)(de)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)，原(yuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)之旗(qi)(qi)；青(qing)黑须(xu)髯，用(yong)(yong)于占卜的(de)(de)(de)宝(bao)龟，原(yuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)之龟；还附带(dai)有(you)成群的(de)(de)(de)牛(niu)羊，所有(you)这些都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)回(hui)报(bao)来(lai)朝诸侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)礼品。

乐(le)歌颂(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)人(ren)情(qing)(qing)中永恒不(bu)(bu)变(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主题(ti)；礼(li)表(biao)现的(de)(de)(de)(de)则是(shi)世事中不(bu)(bu)可移易的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理。乐(le)在于表(biao)现人(ren)情(qing)(qing)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)性部(bu)分，礼(li)则是(shi)要区别人(ren)们之间的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同，礼(li)乐(le)相(xiang)合(he)就(jiu)贯穿人(ren)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)终始了(le)。深得本源，又(you)能(neng)随(sui)时而变(bian)，是(shi)乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)容特征；彰(zhang)明(ming)诚(cheng)(cheng)实，去除(chu)诈伪，是(shi)礼(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精义所在。礼(li)乐(le)相(xiang)合(he)就(jiu)能(neng)顺从天(tian)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)诚(cheng)(cheng)实之情(qing)(qing)，通达神明(ming)变(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)美德，以感召上(shang)下神祗，成就(jiu)一切事物(wu)，统领(ling)父子君臣的(de)(de)(de)(de)大节(jie)。

所以，在(zai)上(shang)位(wei)的(de)(de)贤君明臣若能按礼乐行事，天地将为此(ci)(ci)而变得光明。至于(yu)使天地之气欣然和合(he)，阴阳(yang)相从(cong)不孛(bei)，熏陶母育(yu)万物，然后使草木茂盛，种子萌发，飞(fei)鸟奋(fen)飞(fei)，走兽生(sheng)长，蜇虫复苏，披羽(yu)的(de)(de)孵(fu)化，带(dai)毛的(de)(de)生(sheng)育(yu)，胎生(sheng)者不死胎，卵生(sheng)者不破(po)卵。乐的(de)(de)全(quan)部功能就在(zai)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)了(le)。

乐(le)，不是(shi)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)黄钟大(da)吕和弦歌舞(wu)蹈，这只是(shi)乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)末(mo)节，所以只命(ming)童子奏舞(wu)也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)够(gou)了(le)；布置(zhi)筵席(xi)，陈列(lie)樽俎笾(bian)豆，进退拜(bai)揖，这些所谓的(de)(de)(de)(de)礼，也只是(shi)礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)末(mo)节，命(ming)典礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)职役掌管也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)够(gou)了(le)。乐(le)师熟习声诗，只让他在下(xia)首演(yan)奏；宗祝熟习宗庙祭礼，地(di)位(wei)(wei)却在尸(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)面；商祝熟习丧礼，地(di)位(wei)(wei)也在主(zhu)人后(hou)(hou)面。所以说是(shi)道德(de)成就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)居上(shang)位(wei)(wei)，技艺成就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)居下(xia)位(wei)(wei)；功行成就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)在前，职任琐事的(de)(de)(de)(de)在后(hou)(hou)。因此(ci)先王使(shi)有上(shang)下(xia)先后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分别，然后(hou)(hou)才(cai)制(zhi)礼作乐(le)，颁行于天下(xia)。

乐是圣人娱乐的一种方式(shi)，而(er)它可(ke)以使民心(xin)向(xiang)善。乐对人感化很深，可(ke)以移风易俗，所以先王明令乐为教育的内(nei)容之一。

凡人(ren)(ren)(ren)都有(you)(you)血气(qi)心智等天(tian)性(xing)，却没有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变的(de)喜怒哀乐(le)(le)等常情(qing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)心受外物的(de)感应而(er)(er)产(chan)生(sheng)波动，然后(hou)其心术邪正才(cai)显现出来。所以(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)心志细(xi)小而(er)(er)笃好繁文缛节的(de)，促迫而(er)(er)气(qi)韵微(wei)弱的(de)乐(le)(le)声产(chan)生(sheng)，其民多悲思忧愁；人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)疏缓大度(du)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拘细(xi)行的(de)，简易而(er)(er)有(you)(you)节制的(de)乐(le)(le)声产(chan)生(sheng)，治下的(de)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)也(ye)必享安(an)乐(le)(le)；人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)粗疏刚猛的(de)，亢奋(fen)急疾(ji)而(er)(er)博大的(de)乐(le)(le)声产(chan)生(sheng)，其民气(qi)刚毅；人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)廉正不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)阿的(de)，庄(zhuang)重(zhong)诚挚的(de)乐(le)(le)声产(chan)生(sheng)，其民气(qi)整肃，相互礼敬；人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)宽(kuan)裕厚重(zhong)，谐和顺畅的(de)乐(le)(le)声产(chan)生(sheng)，其治下的(de)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)多慈(ci)爱亲睦；人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)放纵淫邪不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正派的(de)，乐(le)(le)声也(ye)必猥滥(lan)琐屑(xie)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能永久(jiu)，其国百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)也(ye)多淫乱。

因(yin)此先王以人的(de)(de)性情(qing)为本，制成(cheng)乐(le)。并(bing)以日月行度相(xiang)(xiang)考察，礼义制度相(xiang)(xiang)节制，使与(yu)调和的(de)(de)阴(yin)(yin)阳二气相(xiang)(xiang)符合，引导诱发(fa)人们(men)合于礼义仁智信五常的(de)(de)行为，使性刚(gang)的(de)(de)人阳刚(gang)之气不(bu)散(san)，性柔的(de)(de)人阴(yin)(yin)柔之性不(bu)密(mi)，刚(gang)而(er)不(bu)暴(bao)怒，柔而(er)不(bu)胆小畏惧，阴(yin)(yin)阳刚(gang)柔四者(zhe)交融于心中(zhong)表现(xian)于行动之外，各自相(xiang)(xiang)安(an)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)陵夺。然后把制成(cheng)的(de)(de)这种乐(le)立于学官等(deng)机构，使相(xiang)(xiang)教授，并(bing)且(qie)扩大它的(de)(de)节奏，简省它的(de)(de)文采(cai)，以此检验人君德行的(de)(de)厚薄。以小大不(bu)同分(fen)类(lei)，制为乐(le)器，与(yu)音(yin)律高(gao)低(di)相(xiang)(xiang)称，与(yu)五音(yin)终始的(de)(de)次序相(xiang)(xiang)合，作为行事善(shan)恶的(de)(de)象征，使亲疏贵(gui)贱、长幼男(nan)女的(de)(de)关系都反映在乐(le)声音(yin)之中(zhong)。所以古语说“乐(le)的(de)(de)道理太深(shen)奥(ao)了”。

土壤瘠(ji)薄草(cao)木(mu)就不(bu)能生(sheng)长(zhang)，水域烦扰(rao)鱼鳖就难以(yi)长(zhang)大(da)，时气(qi)衰(shuai)微有(you)生(sheng)命之(zhi)物就不(bu)能生(sheng)长(zhang)发育，世(shi)道丧乱则(ze)(ze)会礼(li)制废弃(qi)，乐(le)声(sheng)(sheng)淫(yin)荒(huang)。所(suo)以(yi)，这时的(de)(de)乐(le)声(sheng)(sheng)悲哀而不(bu)庄重(zhong)，虽以(yi)乐(le)(yuè，月(yue))为乐(le)(lè，去声(sheng)(sheng)，勒)，实(shi)不(bu)能自安，漫涣不(bu)敬而失(shi)于节奏，流连(lian)沉湎而不(bu)能反朴(po)归(gui)真。声(sheng)(sheng)太缓是(shi)蕴(yun)酿奸情，急(ji)则(ze)(ze)是(shi)思逞其欲，有(you)损(sun)善良的(de)(de)气(qi)质，灭平和的(de)(de)德(de)行，因此君子(zi)卑视这样的(de)(de)乐(le)声(sheng)(sheng)。

人的(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)质都有(you)顺(shun)(shun)、逆(ni)两个(ge)方面(mian)，所(suo)感(gan)(gan)不同有(you)不同表现(xian)。受奸邪不正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)声所(suo)感(gan)(gan)，逆(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)就反(fan)映(ying)出来(lai)，逆(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)造成(cheng)恶果，又(you)促(cu)使(shi)(shi)淫(yin)声邪乐(le)(le)产生。受正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)声所(suo)感(gan)(gan)，顺(shun)(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)就反(fan)映(ying)出来(lai)，顺(shun)(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)造成(cheng)影响，又(you)促(cu)使(shi)(shi)和顺(shun)(shun)的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)声产生出来(lai)。奸正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)与逆(ni)顺(shun)(shun)相互倡和呼应(ying)，使(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)邪曲直各得(de)其所(suo)，而世间万物(wu)的(de)(de)道理(li)也都与此一般是(shi)同类(lei)互相感(gan)(gan)应(ying)的(de)(de)。

所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)居上(shang)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)子(zi)才约束(shu)情性，和顺(shun)心(xin)(xin)志(zhi)，比拟善类(lei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)造(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)美(mei)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)行(xing)情操。务使(shi)(shi)不正(zheng)当的(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)色(se)不入心(xin)(xin)田，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免迷惑(huo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耳目(mu)聪明(ming)；淫乐(le)秽礼(li)不与心(xin)(xin)术相(xiang)(xiang)接触，怠惰、轻(qing)慢、邪辟(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)质不加于身体(ti)，使(shi)(shi)耳、目(mu)、口、鼻、心(xin)(xin)知等身体(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)部分都(dou)按照“顺(shun)”、“正(zheng)”二字的(de)(de)(de)(de)原则，执行(xing)各自(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)能(neng)功用。然(ran)后以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如此(ci)美(mei)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)身体(ti)、气(qi)质发(fa)为声(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)，再(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)琴瑟之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)加以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文饰美(mei)化(hua)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)干戚谐调其(qi)动作，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)羽旄装饰其(qi)仪容，用箫管(guan)伴奏，奋(fen)发(fa)神明(ming)至极恩德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)耀，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)推动四时阴阳(yang)和顺(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)，著明(ming)万物生(sheng)发(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理。因而(er)(er)(er)这种音(yin)乐(le)歌声(sheng)(sheng)朗朗，音(yin)色(se)像天(tian)空(kong)一(yi)(yi)样(yang)清(qing)明(ming)；钟鼓铿锵，气(qi)魄像地一(yi)(yi)样(yang)广(guang)大(da)；五音(yin)终始(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)接，如四时一(yi)(yi)样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循环(huan)不止；舞姿婆娑，进退(tui)往复(fu)如风雨一(yi)(yi)般地周旋。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)与它相(xiang)(xiang)配的(de)(de)(de)(de)五色(se)也错(cuo)综(zong)成文而(er)(er)(er)不乱(luan)(luan)，八风随月律而(er)(er)(er)至没(mei)有(you)失误，昼夜(ye)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)百刻之(zhi)(zhi)数，没(mei)有(you)或长或短的(de)(de)(de)(de)差失，大(da)小月相(xiang)(xiang)间而(er)(er)(er)成岁，万物变(bian)化(hua)终始(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)，清(qing)浊相(xiang)(xiang)应，迭为主次(ci)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)施行(xing)，就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)使(shi)(shi)人沦类(lei)分明(ming)，不相(xiang)(xiang)混(hun)淆；耳聪目(mu)明(ming)，不为恶声(sheng)(sheng)恶色(se)所乱(luan)(luan)；血气(qi)平和，强暴止息；风俗移易(yi)，归于淳朴(po)，天(tian)下皆得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)享安(an)宁。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说“乐(le)(yuè，月)就(jiu)(jiu)是欢乐(le)(lè，去声(sheng)(sheng)，勒)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思”。居上(shang)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)子(zi)为从乐(le)(yuè，月)中得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)正(zheng)天(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理而(er)(er)(er)欢乐(le)，士(shi)庶人等为从乐(le)中满足了自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)(si)欲(yu)而(er)(er)(er)欢乐(le)。若以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)德(de)节制私(si)(si)欲(yu)，就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)欢乐(le)而(er)(er)(er)不会以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)乱(luan)(luan)性；若因私(si)(si)欲(yu)遗忘了道(dao)德(de)，就(jiu)(jiu)会因真性惑(huo)乱(luan)(luan)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不到(dao)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)快乐(le)。因此(ci)君(jun)子(zi)约束(shu)情性以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)心(xin)(xin)志(zhi)和顺(shun)，推广(guang)乐(le)治(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)促成其(qi)教化(hua)。乐(le)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)施行(xing)而(er)(er)(er)百姓心(xin)(xin)向道(dao)德(de)，就(jiu)(jiu)可由此(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)观察(cha)人君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)了。

道德是端正了的(de)人(ren)性，乐(le)是道德发于外产生(sheng)的(de)光(guang)华，金石(shi)丝竹则是奏乐(le)用的(de)器(qi)具(ju)。诗是表述心(xin)志的(de)，歌是对诗词声调的(de)咏唱，舞则只改变歌者(zhe)的(de)容色(se)。志、声、容三(san)者(zhe)都以心(xin)为根本(ben)，再由诗、歌、舞加以表现，所(suo)以情(qing)致深远而(er)又文明，气(qi)势充盛而(er)能(neng)变化(hua)神通，心(xin)志的(de)善(shan)美化(hua)成的(de)和顺之气(qi)积(ji)于心(xin)中，才有言词声音(yin)等英华发于身(shen)外，只有乐(le)不可(ke)能(neng)做假骗人(ren)。

乐(le)(le)(le)(le)是心被(bei)外物(wu)感动(dong)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)；声是乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)(bu)形象；曲折变(bian)化等(deng)文采、强弱停(ting)顿等(deng)节奏，是对(dui)(dui)声的(de)(de)(de)文饰。君子(zi)之(zhi)心被(bei)作为(wei)外物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德这个本原(yuan)所(suo)感动(dong)，又为(wei)它的(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)(bu)形象声而(er)(er)欢乐(le)(le)(le)(le)，然后(hou)下(xia)功夫对(dui)(dui)声加(jia)(jia)以(yi)文饰，这就产生(sheng)了(le)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)以(yi)《武》乐(le)(le)(le)(le)先击鼓以(yi)警众，然后(hou)三举步(bu)表示伐(fa)(fa)纣开(kai)始(shi)、军至孟津而(er)(er)归，复又开(kai)始(shi)，表明第(di)二次伐(fa)(fa)纣，舞毕整饬队形，鸣铙而(er)(er)退。舞姿奋疾而(er)(er)不(bu)失(shi)节，气(qi)势坚毅而(er)(er)不(bu)可(ke)拔，含意(yi)幽(you)深而(er)(er)不(bu)隐晦。可(ke)见(jian)《武》乐(le)(le)(le)(le)作者(武王(wang)(wang))对(dui)(dui)伐(fa)(fa)纣的(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)意(yi)独乐(le)(le)(le)(le)于心，而(er)(er)又不(bu)厌弃实(shi)现(xian)此志(zhi)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德方(fang)法(fa)；他将这些道(dao)(dao)德方(fang)法(fa)全都作到了(le)，并(bing)不(bu)为(wei)私欲所(suo)动(dong)。因而(er)(er)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)中不(bu)但(dan)伐(fa)(fa)纣的(de)(de)(de)情形历(li)历(li)可(ke)见(jian)，其以(yi)有道(dao)(dao)伐(fa)(fa)无道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)义旨也表现(xian)出来，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)毕，武王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)德更(geng)加(jia)(jia)尊显(xian)了(le)；在上位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)君子(zi)观后(hou)心慕(mu)武王(wang)(wang)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)好善(shan)，士庶人观后(hou)痛惩纣恶而(er)(er)改正(zheng)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)过失(shi)。所(suo)以(yi)说(shuo)“治理百(bai)姓的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)是最重要的(de)(de)(de)”。

大(da)人(ren)君子说：礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)片刻不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)离身。追求用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)人(ren)心(xin)，和(he)易、正直、亲爱、诚(cheng)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)地就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)油然(ran)而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)。和(he)易、正直、亲爱、诚(cheng)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)地产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)感到快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，心(xin)中(zhong)快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)身体(ti)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)安(an)宁(ning)，安(an)宁(ning)则乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)寿，长寿就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)使人(ren)像(xiang)对(dui)天(tian)一样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)从，信(xin)极生(sheng)(sheng)畏，就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)如奉(feng)神灵。以(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)治(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)，就(jiu)(jiu)能如天(tian)一样(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)语，民自信(xin)从；如神一样(yang)从不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)发怒，民自敬(jing)畏，制乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)来治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)人(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)；治(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)，则是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)来治(zhi)(zhi)身的(de)(de)(de)。治(zhi)(zhi)身则容貌(mao)庄重恭敬(jing)，庄重恭敬(jing)则生(sheng)(sheng)威严。心(xin)中(zhong)片刻不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，卑鄙欺诈(zha)之(zhi)心(xin)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)乘虚而(er)入(ru)；外(wai)貌(mao)片刻不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)庄不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敬(jing)，轻慢(man)简易之(zhi)心(xin)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)乘虚而(er)入(ru)。所以(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)对(dui)内心(xin)起(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)；礼(li)是(shi)(shi)对(dui)外(wai)貌(mao)起(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)极平(ping)和(he)，礼(li)极恭顺。心(xin)中(zhong)平(ping)和(he)而(er)又外(wai)貌(mao)恭顺，百姓(xing)瞻见其容颜(yan)面色就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)与(yu)他(ta)争竞，望见他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)容貌(mao)就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)简易怠慢(man)之(zhi)心(xin)。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)道德(de)的(de)(de)(de)光耀在心(xin)中(zhong)起(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，百姓(xing)无不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)承奉(feng)听从；礼(li)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)容貌(mao)举止的(de)(de)(de)从容入(ru)理(li)在外(wai)表起(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，百姓(xing)无不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)承奉(feng)顺从，所以(yi)(yi)说“懂得礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)道理(li)，把它举而(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)于天(tian)下，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)遇到难事(shi)”。

乐(le)(le)(le)是(shi)在心(xin)中起作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)，礼则(ze)是(shi)对人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容貌举止起作用。所以(yi)(yi)说礼主(zhu)谦(qian)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)，乐(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)盈满(man)。礼主(zhu)谦(qian)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)须(xu)自(zi)勉力进(jin)取，以(yi)(yi)进(jin)取为美(mei)德(de)；乐(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)盈满(man)须(xu)自(zi)加抑(yi)(yi)(yi)制，以(yi)(yi)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)制为美(mei)德(de)。礼若(ruo)一昧(mei)谦(qian)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)，不自(zi)勉力进(jin)取，礼就会消亡(wang)，难以(yi)(yi)实(shi)行(xing)下去；乐(le)(le)(le)只一昧(mei)盈满(man)，不知自(zi)加抑(yi)(yi)(yi)制，就会流(liu)于放纵。所以(yi)(yi)礼尚往来(lai)，讲究报答；乐(le)(le)(le)有反(fan)复(fu)，曲终而(er)复(fu)奏。行(xing)礼得(de)到报答心(xin)里才有快乐(le)(le)(le)，奏乐(le)(le)(le)有反(fan)复(fu)，心(xin)中才得(de)安(an)宁。礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)报答，乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)复(fu)，意义是(shi)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè，月(yue))就是快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè，去(qu)声(sheng)，勒)的(de)(de)(de)意思，是人情(qing)不(bu)(bu)可缺少的(de)(de)(de)。心中快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)就会(hui)发出声(sheng)音，在行(xing)动中表现出来，这(zhei)是人之必(bi)然(ran)。人性情(qing)心术(shu)的(de)(de)(de)变化全(quan)都表现在声(sheng)音与(yu)行(xing)动之中。所以(yi)，人不(bu)(bu)能没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)，快乐(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)能没(mei)有(you)(you)(you)形迹(ji)，有(you)(you)(you)形迹(ji)而不(bu)(bu)为它(ta)确定某种规范，不(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)出乱(luan)子(zi)。先(xian)王(wang)讨厌出乱(luan)子(zi)，才制定了雅正、颂(song)扬之类(lei)的(de)(de)(de)音声(sheng)作为诱(you)导，使(shi)一(yi)般人的(de)(de)(de)音声(sheng)足(zu)以(yi)做(zuo)到(dao)欢乐(le)(le)(le)(le)而不(bu)(bu)流漫放(fang)纵，使(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)善足(zu)以(yi)维(wei)系不(bu)(bu)绝，使(shi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)直(zhi)繁简、表里节奏，足(zu)以(yi)感发人的(de)(de)(de)善心而已。不(bu)(bu)使(shi)人的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)纵之心，淫邪之气与(yu)音声(sheng)接触(chu)，是先(xian)王(wang)立乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)基本方法。所以(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)在宗庙中施(shi)行(xing)，君臣上下一(yi)同听(ting)了，则(ze)无不(bu)(bu)和顺恭敬(jing)；在族(zu)长乡里之中施(shi)行(xing)，

长(zhang)幼一(yi)起听(ting)(ting)了(le)，无不(bu)和(he)睦顺从；在家中(zhong)演奏(zou)(zou)，父子兄弟听(ting)(ting)了(le)，无不(bu)和(he)睦亲爱(ai)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)乐就(jiu)是(shi)详审(shen)人(ren)声(sheng)，以(yi)确(que)定调和(he)之音(yin)(yin)，并与(yu)金石匏木等乐器相比类(lei)(lei)，以(yi)装(zhuang)饰音(yin)(yin)声(sheng)的(de)(de)节(jie)奏(zou)(zou)，使节(jie)奏(zou)(zou)调合(he)(he)，成为优美的(de)(de)乐章(zhang)，以(yi)此和(he)合(he)(he)父子君臣，使万(wan)民亲附，这是(shi)先王(wang)制乐的(de)(de)基本道理和(he)手(shou)法。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)听(ting)(ting)了(le)雅(ya)正、颂扬之类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)声(sheng)，志向、意气变得宽广了(le)；手(shou)持干戚，演习俯仰屈伸(shen)等舞(wu)姿，容貌变得庄严了(le)；若标明行(xing)列位置，求得舞(wu)步与(yu)音(yin)(yin)声(sheng)的(de)(de)节(jie)奏(zou)(zou)相合(he)(he)，则(ze)舞(wu)者行(xing)列方正，进(jin)退整齐(qi)。因(yin)此说乐就(jiu)是(shi)天地(di)的(de)(de)齐(qi)同，是(shi)求得心中(zhong)和(he)美的(de)(de)纪纲，是(shi)人(ren)情断不(bu)可缺少(shao)的(de)(de)。

乐是先(xian)王(wang)用来文饰(shi)喜(xi)乐的(de)，军(jun)队武器则是先(xian)王(wang)用来文饰(shi)愤(fen)怒的(de)。所以先(xian)王(wang)喜(xi)怒不(bu)妄(wang)发(fa)，整(zheng)齐有规。喜(xi)则天下和(he)乐，怒则暴(bao)乱者生畏，先(xian)王(wang)可(ke)说是把礼乐发(fa)展到了极(ji)盛的(de)地步(bu)。

魏文侯问(wen)子夏说(shuo)：“我身(shen)服兖冕，恭恭敬敬地听(ting)古(gu)乐(le)，却唯恐睡着了觉，听(ting)郑卫(wei)之音就不知(zhi)道(dao)疲倦。请(qing)问(wen)古(gu)乐(le)那(nei)样令人昏昏欲睡，原因何(he)在？新乐(le)这样令人乐(le)不知(zhi)疲，又(you)是为(wei)何(he)？”

子夏回答说：“如今(jin)的(de)古乐(le)，齐(qi)进齐(qi)退，整齐(qi)划一(yi)，乐(le)声(sheng)谐和、雅(ya)正，而且气势(shi)宽广(guang)，弦(xian)(xian)匏笙簧一(yi)应管(guan)弦(xian)(xian)乐(le)器都听拊鼓(gu)节制，以擂鼓(gu)开(kai)始，以鸣金(jin)铙结束，将(jiang)终(zhong)以相理(li)其(qi)节奏，舞姿迅(xun)捷且又雅(ya)而不俗。君(jun)子由这些特(te)征称说古乐(le)，谈论(lun)制乐(le)时所含深意，近(jin)与(yu)(yu)自己修身(shen)、理(li)家、平治天下的(de)事(shi)相联(lian)系。这是(shi)古乐(le)所起作(zuo)用(yong)。如今(jin)的(de)新乐(le)，进退曲折，或俯或偻(lou)，但求(qiu)变幻，不求(qiu)整齐(qi)，乐(le)声(sheng)淫(yin)邪，沉溺不反，并有俳优侏儒，侧身(shen)其(qi)间，男女无别，不知有父子尊卑(bei)，如弥猴麕(qún，群)聚(ju)。乐(le)终(zhong)之后(hou)无余味可寻，又不与(yu)(yu)古事(shi)相连，这是(shi)新乐(le)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。现在(zai)您所问(wen)的(de)是(shi)乐(le)，所喜好的(de)却是(shi)音。乐(le)与(yu)(yu)音虽然相近(jin)，其(qi)实不同”。

文侯说道(dao)：“请问(wen)音与乐有何不同？”

子(zi)夏答(da)道(dao)：“古(gu)时候天地顺行(xing)(xing)，四(si)时有序，民有道(dao)德，五谷丰盛，疾病不生，又无(wu)凶兆(zhao)，一(yi)切都适当(dang)其时，恰到好处，这(zhei)就(jiu)称为大当(dang)。然(ran)后(hou)圣人(ren)制(zhi)作了父(fu)子(zi)君(jun)臣之(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)的(de)礼仪作为纪纲(gang)法度，纪纲(gang)既(ji)立，天下真正(zheng)安定(ding)了，天下安定(ding)，然(ran)后(hou)端正(zheng)六律，调和五声，将雅(ya)正(zheng)的(de)诗(shi)篇和颂扬之(zhi)(zhi)声谱入管弦，这(zhei)就(jiu)是德音，德音才(cai)叫(jiao)做(zuo)乐。《诗(shi)经·大雅(ya)·皇矣》说：‘肃(su)静宁定(ding)的(de)德音啊，其德行(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)光(guang)照四(si)方，既(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)光(guang)照四(si)方又能(neng)(neng)(neng)施惠(hui)同类(lei)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)为人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)长又能(neng)(neng)(neng)为人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)。如今做(zuo)了大邦之(zhi)(zhi)王，能(neng)(neng)(neng)慈和服众能(neng)(neng)(neng)择善而从，与文王相(xiang)比，德行(xing)(xing)毫不逊(xun)色(se)。既(ji)受了上帝的(de)赐福，又施于其子(zi)子(zi)孙孙’。就(jiu)是这(zhei)个意思(si)。如今您所喜好的(de)不是这(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)属于德音的(de)乐，岂不是那种(zhong)(zhong)沉溺难(nan)反的(de)溺音吗(ma)？”

文侯说(shuo)：“请问溺音是怎样产生的？”

子夏说(shuo)：“溺音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)几种：郑音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)好(hao)(hao)违(wei)礼法(fa)而(er)(er)(er)浸淫人(ren)(ren)志(zhi)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，宋音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)耽(dan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)女色(se)而(er)(er)(er)志(zhi)气丧失产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，卫音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)促速劳顿而(er)(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)志(zhi)烦劳产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，齐(qi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)傲慢邪(xie)僻使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)志(zhi)骄纵产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，这四者(zhe)都(dou)沉溺于(yu)(yu)(yu)女色(se)而(er)(er)(er)损害德行(xing)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)祭(ji)祀(si)时(shi)不(bu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)它(ta)(ta)们。《诗经·周颂·有(you)(you)瞽》说(shuo)：‘肃(su)雍(yong)相和而(er)(er)(er)鸣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，才是(shi)(shi)(shi)先祖之(zhi)所(suo)听’。肃(su)肃(su)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)尊敬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)；雍(yong)雍(yong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)和谐(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。尊敬而(er)(er)(er)又(you)(you)和谐(xie)，何事(shi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)成(cheng)功？作为(wei)百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)主，不(bu)过是(shi)(shi)(shi)要对自己好(hao)(hao)恶(e)之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)露谨(jin)(jin)慎一些罢了(le)(le)(le)。君(jun)(jun)主喜好(hao)(hao)，臣(chen)子就会(hui)去实行(xing)，上行(xing)则(ze)下效。古《诗》说(shuo)：‘诱导(dao)百姓，十人(ren)(ren)容易’，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)这个意(yi)思(si)。既能(neng)(neng)谨(jin)(jin)其好(hao)(hao)恶(e)，然后(hou)圣人(ren)(ren)又(you)(you)制作了(le)(le)(le)鞉鼓柷敔埙箎，这六种乐(le)器(qi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色(se)质(zhi)素无华(hua)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)属于(yu)(yu)(yu)德音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)一类的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。然后(hou)又(you)(you)制成(cheng)钟(zhong)磬(qing)竽(yu)瑟等华(hua)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)它(ta)(ta)们相赞和就文质(zhi)兼备(bei)了(le)(le)(le)，再以(yi)(yi)干戚旄(mao)羽等舞(wu)动(dong)之(zhi)。这种乐(le)被用(yong)(yong)来(lai)祭(ji)祀(si)先王宗庙(miao)，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)主客之(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)献酳酬酢(zuo)，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)序(xu)明官职大(da)小、身(shen)份贵贱，使(shi)(shi)各得(de)其宜，不(bu)相孛乱，用(yong)(yong)来(lai)向(xiang)后(hou)世表示有(you)(you)尊卑长幼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)序(xu)。钟(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)铿(keng)然，以(yi)(yi)此(ci)立(li)为(wei)号令以(yi)(yi)警众，以(yi)(yi)号令的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威严树(shu)(shu)立(li)军士(shi)勇敢横充的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气慨(kai)，有(you)(you)此(ci)横充的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气慨(kai)则(ze)武事(shi)可立(li)了(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)子听钟(zhong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)就会(hui)思(si)念武臣(chen)。石类乐(le)器(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)硁直(zhi)有(you)(you)力(li)，硁直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)来(lai)辨别万(wan)物(wu)，万(wan)物(wu)有(you)(you)别，心(xin)(xin)(xin)怀节(jie)义(yi)者(zhe)就会(hui)效死(si)不(bu)顾了(le)(le)(le)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)子听磬(qing)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)就会(hui)思(si)念死(si)守(shou)封疆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)。丝弦乐(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)悲哀，悲哀可以(yi)(yi)树(shu)(shu)立(li)廉(lian)直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作风，廉(lian)直(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)树(shu)(shu)立(li)志(zhi)向(xiang)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)听琴瑟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)就会(hui)思(si)念有(you)(you)志(zhi)重义(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)。竹类乐(le)器(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)滥(lan)杂，滥(lan)杂使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)会(hui)聚(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)向(xiang)，有(you)(you)会(hui)聚(ju)之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)就能(neng)(neng)把(ba)众多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物(wu)聚(ju)集起(qi)来(lai)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)子听竽(yu)笙箫管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)就会(hui)思(si)念善于(yu)(yu)(yu)畜聚(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)。鼓鼙声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)喧嚣(xiao)，听了(le)(le)(le)就会(hui)意(yi)气感(gan)动(dong)，感(gan)动(dong)则(ze)使(shi)(shi)众人(ren)(ren)奋进。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)子听了(le)(le)(le)鼓鼙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)就会(hui)思(si)念将帅之(zhi)臣(chen)。君(jun)(jun)子听音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)徒(tu)然听它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)铿(keng)铿(keng)锵(qiang)锵(qiang)而(er)(er)(er)已，必与(yu)自己心(xin)(xin)(xin)志(zhi)有(you)(you)所(suo)合(he)，并促成(cheng)相应心(xin)(xin)(xin)志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。

宾(bin)牟贾陪孔子坐(zuo)，孔子与他闲聊(liao)，说到乐(le)，孔子问道：“《武》乐(le)开始(shi)时击鼓警众(zhong)，与别的乐(le)相比，持续时间忒长，这有什么含意？”

宾牟贾答道：“表示武(wu)王伐纣之初，耽心(xin)得不(bu)到众诸侯的拥护，迟迟不(bu)肯发动。”

“其歌声(sheng)反复(fu)咏叹，漫声(sheng)长(zhang)吟，是什么意思？”

答(da)道：“那是(shi)心(xin)有(you)疑虑(lv)，生恐(kong)事不成功(gong)的缘故。”

“《武(wu)》舞(wu)一开始便发扬(yang)蹈(dao)厉(li)，气势威猛，是什么意(yi)思？”

答(da)说：“表示(shi)时至(zhi)则动，当机(ji)立断，不要(yao)错过了事机(ji)。”

“《武》舞坐的(de)动(dong)作与他舞不同，是(shi)右腿(tui)单膝着地，那是(shi)什么意思？”

答道：“这(zhei)不是(shi)《武》舞原有的动(dong)作。”

“歌声淫靡(mi)，表(biao)现出有贪图商王政权的不正当目的，这是什么原因？”

答(da)道(dao)：“这不是《武》舞原有的曲调。”

孔(kong)子(zi)说：“不是《武》舞原有的曲调，那是什么曲调？”

答(da)道：“掌管《武》乐(le)的机构已(yi)失其传说了。若非如此(ci)，就表示武王作(zuo)乐(le)时，心志已(yi)经荒耄昏愦了。”

孔子道：“对，对。我曾听苌弘说过，他的话(hua)与您(nin)所(suo)说一般无二。”

宾(bin)牟贾起身，立于(yu)(yu)坐席之下，请问道：“《武》乐击鼓(gu)警(jing)众，迟(chi)迟(chi)不肯开始，我(wo)所知仅限于(yu)(yu)此，承蒙您所说(shuo)，苌弘也这样解释，知道的确是那样了。但(dan)我(wo)不明(ming)白(bai)的是，稍迟(chi)些就是了，为(wei)何竟拖得那样久？”

孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)道(dao)：“您先(xian)请(qing)坐，我慢慢告诉你。乐(le)(le)(le)是(shi)对(dui)(dui)已发生过(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)(xiang)化(hua)再(zai)(zai)现，如《武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)开始时(shi)，舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)手(shou)持盾牌，山立(li)不(bu)(bu)动(dong)(dong)，象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)当时(shi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行事：命部(bu)下全副武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)装(zhuang)，只待(dai)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)响(xiang)应，就(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)出(chu)击了(le)(le)；《武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)一(yi)开始就(jiu)(jiu)发扬蹈(dao)厉，威(wei)猛异常，象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)太公(gong)吕望指挥战(zhan)斗(dou)，欲一(yi)举而(er)灭(mie)商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)决心；结束时(shi)，武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事已毕(bi)，舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)单膝(xi)跪(gui)地，象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)周公(gong)、召公(gong)战(zhan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)治(zhi)理国家归(gui)于(yu)安定。再(zai)(zai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，《武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)开始时(shi)，舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)自(zi)南(nan)(nan)而(er)北，象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)北出(chu)朝(chao)(chao)歌，曲(qu)(qu)奏第(di)二遍(bian)(bian)(bian)，舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动(dong)(dong)作象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)灭(mie)商(shang)时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殊死决斗(dou)，第(di)三(san)遍(bian)(bian)(bian)象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)凯旋(xuan)南(nan)(nan)归(gui)，第(di)四遍(bian)(bian)(bian)象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)国归(gui)入(ru)版图，第(di)五(wu)(wu)遍(bian)(bian)(bian)象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)陕(shan)而(er)治(zhi)，周、召二公(gong)为左右二伯(bo)，周公(gong)居(ju)左，治(zhi)陕(shan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)东，召公(gong)居(ju)右，治(zhi)陕(shan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)，第(di)六(liu)遍(bian)(bian)(bian)舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)重(zhong)(zhong)又相缀成行(háng，航(hang))，表示对(dui)(dui)天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)敬(jing)(jing)，天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)与大将夹(jia)舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)而(er)立(li)，振动(dong)(dong)铎铃，以(yi)(yi)(yi)增士(shi)气，出(chu)兵(bing)四面讨伐，威(wei)势盛于(yu)中(zhong)国。夹(jia)舞(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)进出(chu)击，是(shi)为了(le)(le)战(zhan)事早些成功(gong)。成行(háng，航(hang))以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)久立(li)不(bu)(bu)动(dong)(dong)，是(shi)为了(le)(le)等(deng)(deng)待(dai)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)到来(lai)(lai)。你难道(dao)没有(you)(you)听说(shuo)过(guo)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)在牧野誓师时(shi)说(shuo)过(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话吗(ma)？武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)克殷(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，恢复商(shang)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)及下车，就(jiu)(jiu)封(feng)(feng)(feng)黄(huang)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)于(yu)蓟，封(feng)(feng)(feng)帝尧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)于(yu)祝，封(feng)(feng)(feng)帝舜(shun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)于(yu)陈；下车后(hou)(hou)(hou)封(feng)(feng)(feng)夏禹(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)于(yu)杞，封(feng)(feng)(feng)殷(yin)(yin)(yin)汤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)于(yu)宋，给殷(yin)(yin)(yin)代贤(xian)臣(chen)(chen)比(bi)(bi)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坟墓添土，释放被纣王(wang)囚禁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤(xian)臣(chen)(chen)箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，使他(ta)检(jian)视商(shang)朝(chao)(chao)掌管礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官员，有(you)(you)贤(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)恢复原来(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官位(wei)。废除殷(yin)(yin)(yin)纣王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苛政，增加(jia)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)俸禄。渡过(guo)黄(huang)河，西(xi)行入(ru)陕(shan)，把(ba)战(zhan)马散于(yu)华山南(nan)(nan)坡，不(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)乘骑；把(ba)役牛分(fen)散于(yu)华山以(yi)(yi)(yi)东桃林地区的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荒(huang)野之(zhi)中(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)用以(yi)(yi)(yi)驼载战(zhan)具军须；战(zhan)车、衣(yi)甲(jia)收藏(zang)于(yu)府库(ku)，不(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)使用；倒载干戈等(deng)(deng)兵(bing)器(qi)，使刃向里，外(wai)面裹上(shang)(shang)虎(hu)皮，表示定能(neng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)力(li)(li)止息兵(bing)事；有(you)(you)功(gong)将帅，建(jian)立(li)为诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)，使他(ta)们象(xiang)(xiang)櫜弓(gong)一(yi)样，把(ba)天下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)战(zhan)乱也从此(ci)(ci)櫜藏(zang)起来(lai)(lai)，不(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)发生，因称建(jian)立(li)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)为‘建(jian)櫜’。然后(hou)(hou)(hou)，天下知武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)不(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)用兵(bing)了(le)(le)。遣(qian)散军队而(er)行郊(jiao)(jiao)射(she)(she)求贤(xian)之(zhi)礼(li)(li)，东郊(jiao)(jiao)射(she)(she)礼(li)(li)歌唱《狸首》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)(qu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，西(xi)郊(jiao)(jiao)射(she)(she)礼(li)(li)唱《驺虞》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)(qu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，军中(zhong)那(nei)种旨在角力(li)(li)比(bi)(bi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贯穿革甲(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)射(she)(she)击停止了(le)(le)；使天下贤(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)穿着裨(bi)衣(yi)冕(mian)冠等(deng)(deng)礼(li)(li)服，衣(yi)带上(shang)(shang)插着笏板，勇武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)解(jie)下长(zhang)剑，弃武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)从文；天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)明堂中(zhong)祭祀(si)(si)先(xian)祖，百姓就(jiu)(jiu)由此(ci)(ci)懂(dong)得了(le)(le)为人(ren)(ren)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)应该行孝；朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)行朝(chao)(chao)觐(jin)(jin)之(zhi)礼(li)(li)，使诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)知道(dao)怎样做个贤(xian)臣(chen)(chen)；天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亲耕藉田，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)知道(dao)怎样敬(jing)(jing)奉先(xian)祖。以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)五(wu)(wu)项(郊(jiao)(jiao)射(she)(she)、裨(bi)冕(mian)、祀(si)(si)明堂、朝(chao)(chao)觐(jin)(jin)、耕藉田)是(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)天下最(zui)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)在太学奉养(yang)三(san)老(lao)五(wu)(wu)更，天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亲自(zi)袒衣(yi)，切(qie)割牲肉，执酱请(qing)三(san)老(lao)五(wu)(wu)更食(shi)肉，执爵请(qing)三(san)老(lao)五(wu)(wu)更饮酒洗嗽，头戴(dai)冠冕(mian)、手(shou)执干盾，亲自(zi)舞(wu)蹈(dao)，使他(ta)们能(neng)欢乐(le)(le)(le)快活(huo)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)，尊长(zhang)敬(jing)(jing)老(lao)，懂(dong)得悌道(dao)。这样，周朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)达(da)于(yu)四方(fang)，礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)相补(bu)相成，为了(le)(le)这些，《武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迟(chi)久，不(bu)(bu)是(shi)应该的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吗(ma)？”

子贡见乐师乙问道：“我(wo)听(ting)说不(bu)同(tong)的声歌(ge)适(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)于不(bu)同(tong)禀(bing)赋的人(ren)，象我(wo)这(zhei)样(yang)的人(ren)适(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)唱什么歌(ge)呢？”

师乙说(shuo)：“我(wo)不(bu)过是(shi)个低(di)贱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐工，不(bu)配说(shuo)谁适(shi)(shi)(shi)宜唱(chang)(chang)(chang)什(shen)么(me)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。请允许我(wo)把我(wo)所知道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)出来(lai)，先生自(zi)己决(jue)定适(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)什(shen)么(me)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)吧。为(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)宽大好(hao)静，柔顺而(er)(er)又正(zheng)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)适(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《颂》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)；心胸(xiong)宽广(guang)而(er)(er)好(hao)静，疏脱、豁(huo)达(da)而(er)(er)守(shou)信用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)适(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《大雅》；恭敬、俭朴而(er)(er)又好(hao)礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，适(shi)(shi)(shi)宜唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《小雅》；为(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)正(zheng)直(zhi)、清正(zheng)廉洁而(er)(er)又谦虚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，适(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《风(feng)》；恣肆爽直(zhi)又心慈(ci)友爱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，适(shi)(shi)(shi)宜唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《商(shang)(shang)》；温(wen)顺良善而(er)(er)能(neng)(neng)决(jue)断的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，适(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)《齐》。歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，是(shi)披(pi)露自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心胸(xiong)，陈述自(zi)己品(pin)(pin)德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)；自(zi)己动(dong)于(yu)情感，真情流露，那么(me)天地就会受感应，四时(shi)来(lai)相(xiang)和，星辰(chen)不(bu)逆(ni)行(xing)，万(wan)物(wu)得(de)以(yi)(yi)繁(fan)育生长(zhang)。因此《商(shang)(shang)》这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)首歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，虽是(shi)五帝(di)留传下来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)记(ji)述下来(lai)，用以(yi)(yi)摅己心胸(xiong)，陈己品(pin)(pin)德(de)，所以(yi)(yi)叫做《商(shang)(shang)》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)；《齐》这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)首歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，是(shi)三代留传下来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，齐人(ren)(ren)(ren)记(ji)述下来(lai)，所以(yi)(yi)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)《齐》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。真正(zheng)懂(dong)得(de)《商(shang)(shang)》这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)首诗歌(ge)(ge)(ge)含意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，临事(shi)屡屡决(jue)断；懂(dong)得(de)《齐》这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)首诗歌(ge)(ge)(ge)含意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，见利(li)能(neng)(neng)够让(rang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。临事(shi)屡断的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)现(xian)出了(le)(le)勇气；见利(li)能(neng)(neng)让(rang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)现(xian)了(le)(le)义(yi)气。有(you)勇有(you)义(yi)，除了(le)(le)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)还有(you)什(shen)么(me)能(neng)(neng)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)保持(chi)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)格(ge)？所以(yi)(yi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)声高(gao)亢处(chu)，如(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)扛举而(er)(er)上(shang)，音(yin)低(di)处(chu)如(ru)直(zhi)坠而(er)(er)下，曲(qu)屈处(chu)如(ru)被弯折，静止处(chu)如(ru)同槁(gao)木，小曲(qu)如(ru)矩，大曲(qu)如(ru)钩，殷殷然如(ru)累珠落盘。歌(ge)(ge)(ge)也是(shi)一种(zhong)语(yu)言，是(shi)种(zhong)长(zhang)声调的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)语(yu)言。有(you)可说(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西(xi)了(le)(le)，才(cai)言说(shuo)出来(lai)；言语(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)得(de)不(bu)充分，才(cai)用长(zhang)声的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)语(yu)言表(biao)(biao)(biao)达(da)；仍不(bu)充分，才(cai)相(xiang)续相(xiang)和，反复吟唱(chang)(chang)(chang)；还不(bu)充分，就不(bu)知不(bu)觉(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手舞(wu)足蹈起(qi)来(lai)了(le)(le)。”以(yi)(yi)上(shang)是(shi)子贡问乐。

凡(fan)音都是由(you)于人(ren)心产生的，天与(yu)人(ren)是有(you)某(mou)种关联的，两者(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)象镜中的影子与(yu)物(wu)形那(nei)样相像，响(xiang)与(yu)应(ying)(ying)声那(nei)样相应(ying)(ying)和。所以行(xing)善的人(ren)天就(jiu)(jiu)以福(fu)回报他，作恶(e)的人(ren)天就(jiu)(jiu)使他遭祸殃，这是很(hen)自(zi)然的事。

所以(yi)(yi)舜弹奏五弦(xian)琴(qin)，歌(ge)(ge)唱(chang)《南(nan)风(feng)》的(de)(de)诗(shi)篇(pian)而天下得到治理；纣(zhou)王歌(ge)(ge)唱(chang)朝(chao)歌(ge)(ge)地区(qu)北部(bu)边(bian)鄙(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)乐曲，落得个身死国亡。舜的(de)(de)作为(wei)有(you)什么弘大(da)？纣(zhou)王的(de)(de)作为(wei)有(you)什么狭隘之处呢(ni)？原来《南(nan)风(feng)》的(de)(de)诗(shi)篇(pian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)长性(xing)质的(de)(de)音乐，而舜喜(xi)(xi)(xi)乐爱(ai)好(hao)它，这种喜(xi)(xi)(xi)乐爱(ai)好(hao)与天地的(de)(de)意(yi)旨相同，得天下人(ren)的(de)(de)欢(huan)心(xin)，所以(yi)(yi)天下能治理得很(hen)好(hao)。而朝(chao)歌(ge)(ge)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)早(zao)晨的(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)不时(shi)之歌(ge)(ge)，北就是(shi)(shi)(shi)败北，鄙(bi)(bi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)鄙(bi)(bi)陋的(de)(de)意(yi)思，纣(zhou)王喜(xi)(xi)(xi)爱(ai)这样(yang)的(de)(de)音乐，与天下人(ren)的(de)(de)心(xin)意(yi)不同，诸侯不肯顺附于他，老百姓不与他亲近，天下人(ren)都背叛他，所以(yi)(yi)才身死国亡。

而卫(wei)灵(ling)公(gong)在(zai)(zai)位的(de)时候，有(you)一(yi)(yi)次他将要去(qu)晋(jin)(jin)国，走(zou)到(dao)濮水(shui)流域，住(zhu)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)上等馆舍中。半夜里(li)突(tu)然听到(dao)抚琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)声音(yin)，问左右(you)跟随的(de)人，都(dou)回答说(shuo)：“没(mei)有(you)听到(dao)”。于是召(zhao)见乐(le)师(shi)(shi)名(ming)叫涓(juan)(juan)的(de)人，对他说(shuo)道(dao)(dao)：“我(wo)听到(dao)了(le)(le)抚琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)声音(yin)，问身(shen)边(bian)的(de)从人，都(dou)说(shuo)没(mei)有(you)听到(dao)。这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)(yang)子(zi)好(hao)(hao)像有(you)了(le)(le)鬼神(shen)，你(ni)为(wei)我(wo)仔细听一(yi)(yi)听，把(ba)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)曲(qu)(qu)记下(xia)来。”师(shi)(shi)涓(juan)(juan)说(shuo)：“好(hao)(hao)吧。”于是端坐(zuo)下(xia)来，取出(chu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，一(yi)(yi)边(bian)听卫(wei)灵(ling)公(gong)叙述一(yi)(yi)边(bian)拨弄，随手记录下(xia)来。第二天(tian)，说(shuo)道(dao)(dao)：“臣已每(mei)句都(dou)记下(xia)了(le)(le)，但还没(mei)有(you)串(chuan)习(xi)(xi)，难以(yi)成曲(qu)(qu)，请允许再(zai)住(zhu)一(yi)(yi)宿，熟习(xi)(xi)几(ji)遍。”灵(ling)公(gong)说(shuo)：“可以(yi)。”于是又(you)住(zhu)一(yi)(yi)宿。第二天(tian)说(shuo)：“练习(xi)(xi)好(hao)(hao)了(le)(le)。”这(zhei)(zhei)才动身(shen)到(dao)晋(jin)(jin)国，见了(le)(le)晋(jin)(jin)平公(gong)。平公(gong)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)惠之(zhi)(zhi)台摆(bai)酒(jiu)筵(yan)招待他们。饮(yin)酒(jiu)饮(yin)到(dao)酣畅(chang)痛快的(de)时候，卫(wei)灵(ling)公(gong)道(dao)(dao)：“我(wo)们这(zhei)(zhei)次来时，得了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)首新曲(qu)(qu)子(zi)，请为(wei)您演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)以(yi)助酒(jiu)兴。”平公(gong)道(dao)(dao)：“好(hao)(hao)极了(le)(le)。”即命师(shi)(shi)涓(juan)(juan)在(zai)(zai)晋(jin)(jin)国乐(le)师(shi)(shi)旷的(de)身(shen)边(bian)坐(zuo)下(xia)来，取琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弹奏(zou)(zou)。一(yi)(yi)曲(qu)(qu)没(mei)完，师(shi)(shi)旷甩袖制止说(shuo)：“这(zhei)(zhei)是亡国之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)，不要再(zai)奏(zou)(zou)了(le)(le)。”平公(gong)说(shuo)：“为(wei)什么说(shuo)出(chu)这(zhei)(zhei)种话来？”师(shi)(shi)旷道(dao)(dao)：“这(zhei)(zhei)是师(shi)(shi)延作的(de)曲(qu)(qu)子(zi)，他为(wei)纣王作了(le)(le)这(zhei)(zhei)种靡靡之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)，武(wu)王伐纣后(hou)，师(shi)(shi)延向东(dong)逃(tao)走(zou)，投濮水(shui)自杀，所(suo)以(yi)这(zhei)(zhei)首曲(qu)(qu)子(zi)必是得之(zhi)(zhi)于濮水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)上，先听到(dao)此(ci)曲(qu)(qu)的(de)国家就要削(xue)弱了(le)(le)。”平公(gong)说(shuo)：“寡人所(suo)喜好(hao)(hao)的(de)，就是听曲(qu)(qu)子(zi)这(zhei)(zhei)件事，但愿能够听完它。”这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)(yang)师(shi)(shi)涓(juan)(juan)才把(ba)它演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)完毕(bi)。

平公道(dao)：“这是我听(ting)(ting)(ting)到过的最(zui)动(dong)人(ren)(ren)的曲子了，还有(you)比这更动(dong)人(ren)(ren)的吗？”师旷说(shuo)(shuo)：“有(you)。”平公说(shuo)(shuo)：“能让我们听(ting)(ting)(ting)一(yi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)吗？”师旷说(shuo)(shuo)：“必(bi)须修(xiu)德(de)行义深厚的才(cai)能听(ting)(ting)(ting)此曲，您还不能听(ting)(ting)(ting)。”平公说(shuo)(shuo)：“寡(gua)人(ren)(ren)所喜好的，只有(you)听(ting)(ting)(ting)曲子一(yi)件事，但愿能听(ting)(ting)(ting)到它。”师旷不得已(yi)，取琴弹奏起(qi)来(lai)，奏第一(yi)遍(bian)，有(you)千载(zai)玄鹤(he)十数只飞集堂下廊(lang)门之前；第二遍(bian)，这些(xie)玄鹤(he)伸长脖子，呦呦鸣(ming)叫起(qi)来(lai)，还舒(shu)展翅膀，随琴声(sheng)跳起(qi)舞来(lai)。

平公(gong)大喜，起身(shen)为师旷祝酒。回(hui)身(shen)落坐，问(wen)道(dao)：“再没(mei)有比这更动人(ren)的(de)曲(qu)子了(le)(le)吗？”师旷道(dao)：“有。过去黄帝合(he)祭鬼神(shen)时(shi)奏(zou)的(de)曲(qu)子比这更动人(ren)，只是(shi)您(nin)德义太薄，不(bu)配听罢了(le)(le)，听了(le)(le)将有败亡之祸。”平公(gong)说：“寡人(ren)这一(yi)(yi)大把年(nian)纪了(le)(le)，还(hai)在乎败亡吗？我喜好的(de)只有听曲(qu)，但愿能够听到它。”师旷没(mei)有办法，取琴弹奏(zou)起来(lai)。奏(zou)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)遍，有白(bai)云从西北天际出现；又奏(zou)一(yi)(yi)遍，大风夹着暴雨，扑天盖地而至，直刮得廊瓦横(heng)飞，左右人(ren)都(dou)惊慌奔走。平公(gong)害怕起来(lai)，伏身(shen)躲在廊屋之间(jian)。晋(jin)国(guo)于是(shi)大旱三年(nian)，寸草不(bu)生(sheng)。

听乐曲(qu)或遇(yu)吉或遇(yu)凶。乐曲(qu)是不能随意演奏的。

太史公说：上古时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤(xian)明帝(di)(di)王(wang)奏(zou)乐，不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)为了自己心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)快(kuai)(kuai)乐欢娱，恣情肆欲，快(kuai)(kuai)意(yi)于(yu)一(yi)时(shi)。端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)教化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)从音(yin)做起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，音(yin)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行为自正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)音(yin)乐，是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)来激(ji)动(dong)血脉，交(jiao)流(liu)精神、调(diao)和(he)、端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。宫(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)激(ji)动(dong)脾脏并(bing)调(diao)和(he)、端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)个(ge)圣(sheng)字(zi)，商声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)激(ji)动(dong)肺(fei)脏并(bing)调(diao)和(he)、端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)个(ge)义(yi)字(zi)，角声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)激(ji)动(dong)肝脏并(bing)调(diao)和(he)、端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)个(ge)仁(ren)字(zi)，徵声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)激(ji)动(dong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)脏并(bing)调(diao)和(he)、端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)个(ge)礼(li)(li)字(zi)，羽声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)激(ji)动(dong)肾脏并(bing)调(diao)和(he)、端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)个(ge)智字(zi)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说乐对(dui)内用(yong)来辅(fu)助正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)，而(er)(er)对(dui)外(wai)用(yong)来区(qu)分(fen)贵贱；对(dui)上用(yong)来奉事(shi)宗庙，对(dui)下用(yong)来改(gai)变(bian)黎民百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)性(xing)风貌。琴身长八尺一(yi)寸，这(zhei)个(ge)数(shu)字(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)度数(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元数(shu)。琴弦(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)最粗大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)根是(shi)(shi)(shi)宫(gong)弦(xian)，位居(ju)所(suo)有弦(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)央，是(shi)(shi)(shi)弦(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)。商弦(xian)布置在它右(you)侧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旁边，其他各(ge)弦(xian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)都(dou)按粗细长短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次序排列，不(bu)相杂乱(luan)，这(zhei)样(yang)君臣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)了。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)听(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)宫(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，使(shi)人(ren)(ren)品(pin)性(xing)温和(he)宽(kuan)舒(shu)而(er)(er)且(qie)广大；听(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)商声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，使(shi)人(ren)(ren)品(pin)性(xing)端(duan)(duan)方(fang)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)直而(er)(er)且(qie)好义(yi)；听(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)角声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，使(shi)人(ren)(ren)有恻隐(yin)之心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)并(bing)且(qie)能(neng)够(gou)爱人(ren)(ren)；听(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)徵音(yin)，使(shi)人(ren)(ren)乐于(yu)行善并(bing)且(qie)爱好施舍；听(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)羽声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，使(shi)人(ren)(ren)讲究整(zheng)洁规(gui)矩并(bing)且(qie)爱好礼(li)(li)节(jie)。礼(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)通过一(yi)些规(gui)定从外(wai)部对(dui)人(ren)(ren)起作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，乐却(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)从人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)君子(zi)片刻也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)能(neng)离(li)开(kai)(kai)礼(li)(li)，片刻离(li)开(kai)(kai)礼(li)(li)就(jiu)会(hui)有暴横轻漫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行为充分(fen)表现于(yu)外(wai)；也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)片刻离(li)开(kai)(kai)乐，片刻离(li)开(kai)(kai)乐就(jiu)会(hui)有奸邪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行为从心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)大量产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)出来。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐和(he)音(yin)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)君子(zi)用(yong)来修养义(yi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。古时(shi)候(hou)，天子(zi)诸侯(hou)听(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)钟磬(qing)乐声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)钟磬(qing)从不(bu)离(li)开(kai)(kai)庭院，卿大夫听(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)琴瑟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)琴瑟从不(bu)离(li)开(kai)(kai)身边，这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)为了修养行义(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)格，防止(zhi)淫佚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。淫佚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)从无礼(li)(li)开(kai)(kai)始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)贤(xian)圣(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帝(di)(di)王(wang)务使(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耳(er)朵只听(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)雅颂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，眼睛只看表现威仪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)节(jie)，脚步行止(zhi)只表现出恭敬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容貌，口中(zhong)(zhong)只谈仁(ren)义(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道理。这(zhei)样(yang)君子(zi)终日言谈，不(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)当的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西也(ye)(ye)(ye)没有机(ji)会(hui)侵入。

【原文及注释】

太史公曰：“余(yu)每读《虞书》<1>，至(zhi)(zhi)于君(jun)臣相敕<2>，维(wei)是几安(an)<3>，而(er)(er)(er)股肱不(bu)良<4>，万(wan)事堕坏(huai)<5&gt;，未尝(chang)不(bu)流(liu)涕也。成(cheng)(cheng)王作《颂(song)》<6>，推(tui)己惩艾(ai)<7>，悲彼(bi)家(jia)难<8>，可不(bu)谓战(zhan)战(zhan)恐惧，善守善终哉(zai)？君(jun)子不(bu)为(wei)约则修(xiu)德<9>，满(man)则弃礼<10>。佚能思初<11>，安(an)能惟始<12>，沐浴膏(gao)泽而(er)(er)(er)歌颂(song)勤(qin)苦<13>，非大德谁能如斯<14>！《传》<15>曰：“治(zhi)定功成(cheng)(cheng)，礼乐(le)(le)乃兴。”<16>海内(nei)人道益深<17>，其(qi)德益至(zhi)(zhi)，所(suo)(suo)乐(le)(le)者益异(yi)。满(man)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)损(sun)则溢，盈(ying)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)持则倾。凡(fan)作乐(le)(le)者，所(suo)(suo)以节(jie)乐(le)(le)。君(jun)子以谦退为(wei)礼，以损(sun)减为(wei)乐(le)(le)，乐(le)(le)其(qi)如此(ci)也。以为(wei)州(zhou)异(yi)国殊<18>，情习(xi)不(bu)同，故(gu)博(bo)采风俗，协比声律(lv)<19>，以补短(duan)移化<20>，助流(liu)政教。天子躬于明(ming)堂(tang)临观<21>，而(er)(er)(er)万(wan)民(min)咸(xian)荡涤邪秽，斟酌饱满(man)<22>，以饰厥性(xing)<23>。故(gu)云雅颂(song)之音理而(er)(er)(er)民(min)正<24>，嘄噭(jiao)之声兴而(er)(er)(er)士奋<25>，郑卫之曲动而(er)(er)(er)心淫<26>。及其(qi)调(diao)和谐合，鸟兽尽感，而(er)(er)(er)况怀五常<27>，含好恶？自然之势(shi)也<28>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>《虞书(shu)(shu)》：《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)章，据考(kao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古档案。今存(cun)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)卷，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)《尧(yao)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》、《舜(shun)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹谟》、《皋陶谟》、《益(yi)稷》等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian)。记(ji)(ji)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尧(yao)、舜(shun)、禹时(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)君臣(chen)(chen)间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)对话(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)事(shi)迹《禹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分事(shi)迹收在(zai)(zai)《夏书(shu)(shu)·禹贡》中(zhong))。　<2>敕：告诫、劳勉。《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)诂下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》：“敕，劳也(ye)。”又(you)刘熙《释(shi)名(ming)(ming)》：“敕，饬也(ye)”，自警(jing)饬不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢废慢，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)谨慎自勉意(yi)(yi)(yi)。　<3>维(wei)(wei)(wei)：原(yuan)意(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)维(wei)(wei)(wei)系之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)维(wei)(wei)(wei)，引(yin)(yin)(yin)申为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)系、由、连结、因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。几(ji)，微(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》：“几(ji)，微(wei)也(ye)”。“殆也(ye)”，“危(wei)也(ye)”。因此(ci)(ci)，“维(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)几(ji)安(an)(an)(an)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)这(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)因，才(cai)(cai)(cai)获得(de)了(le)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)太(tai)牢固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。　<4>股(gu)肱(gong)：腿骨(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)股(gu)，臂骨(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)肱(gong)。股(gu)肱(gong)合指(zhi)(zhi)手足四(si)(si)(si)肢，喻(yu)良臣(chen)(chen)辅(fu)弼。《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·益(yi)稷》：“帝曰(yue)：臣(chen)(chen)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)朕股(gu)肱(gong)耳目(mu)(mu)”。孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)疏(shu)引(yin)(yin)(yin)正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“君为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)元首，臣(chen)(chen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)股(gu)肱(gong)耳目(mu)(mu)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)体如(ru)(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)身(shen)(shen)(shen)也(ye)：足行、手取、耳听、目(mu)(mu)视(shi)。身(shen)(shen)(shen)虽(sui)百体，四(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)”。　<5>堕(duo)(duo)(duo)(huī，阴平，“毁”)：毁坏(huai)。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》写(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)隓(duò，惰(duo))，解(jie)(jie)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“败城阜曰(yue)隓”。《左传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)·定(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)12年(nian)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“堕(duo)(duo)(duo)郈(hòu，后(hou)(hou)(hou))、“堕(duo)(duo)(duo)费(音(yin)秘)”、“堕(duo)(duo)(duo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”，即(ji)(ji)“堕(duo)(duo)(duo)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)都”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)记(ji)(ji)载(《史记(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)世家(jia)》记(ji)(ji)此(ci)(ci)事(shi)在(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)13年(nian))，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)毁坏(huai)城阜。但(dan)(dan)宋·徐铉在(zai)(zai)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》注(zhu)中(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：堕(duo)(duo)(duo)“俗(su)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)隳(hui)，非(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”。说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)简(jian)便，那时(shi)(shi)(shi)世俗(su)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)已(yi)经(jing)(jing)以(yi)(yi)堕(duo)(duo)(duo)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)替隳(hui)。久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堕(duo)(duo)(duo)也(ye)就具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)隳(hui)字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)义(yi)，即(ji)(ji)读为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)huī，意(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)毁坏(huai)。《史记(ji)(ji)·高祖(zu)本(ben)(ben)记(ji)(ji)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“士(shi)卒堕(duo)(duo)(duo)指(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)什(shen)二(er)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)”。说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)至(zhi)迟汉(han)(han)(han)时(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)经(jing)(jing)如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci)。　<6>成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)：周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)。《颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)》：指(zhi)(zhi)《诗经(jing)(jing)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)》。按《谱》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)室(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)致太(tai)平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)即(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)。包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)《清庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什(shen)》、《臣(chen)(chen)工(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什(shen)》、《闵(min)予(yu)(yu)(yu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什(shen)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)共31首诗。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，由太(tai)史公(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)几(ji)句(ju)话(hua)(hua)(hua)，重点(dian)似指(zhi)(zhi)《闵(min)予(yu)(yu)(yu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什(shen)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《访(fang)落》、《小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毖》等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)几(ji)首。中(zhong)华书(shu)(shu)局标(biao)点(dian)本(ben)(ben)《史记(ji)(ji)》，颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)字(zi)(zi)没书(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)号(hao)，今改。　<7>意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：推(tui)求自己所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)创(chuang)伤、痛苦。惩艾(yì，艺，通(tong)“刈(yi)”)，指(zhi)(zhi)创(chuang)伤、苦痛。如(ru)(ru)(ru)《诗经(jing)(jing)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)·小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毖》：“予(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)惩而(er)(er)，毖后(hou)(hou)(hou)患”。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：惩，艾也(ye)。又(you)引(yin)(yin)(yin)《韩诗》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：惩，苦也(ye)；艾，音(yin)刈(yi)。并(bing)将全(quan)(quan)句(ju)译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“我(wo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)创(chuang)艾于(yu)(yu)(yu)往(wang)时(shi)(shi)(shi)矣，畏慎后(hou)(hou)(hou)复有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)祸难(nan)。”成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)受(shou)创(chuang)艾是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)，管叔、蔡(cai)叔及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)群弟流言(yan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)将不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)怀疑周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)。接(jie)着三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)监(武(wu)王(wang)灭(mie)纣(zhou)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，命其(qi)(qi)(qi)弟管叔、蔡(cai)叔及(ji)纣(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)武(wu)庚(geng)(geng)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，监理(li)殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遗(yi)民(min)，称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)监)与淮夷(东(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)淮水一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)带(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)徐、奄等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo))相(xiang)(xiang)继叛乱(luan)，周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)提(ti)兵东(dong)(dong)(dong)征，杀武(wu)庚(geng)(geng)，以(yi)(yi)殷朝(chao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)微(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)启代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；诛管、蔡(cai)，以(yi)(yi)康叔代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)出兵灭(mie)淮夷，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)官，才(cai)(cai)(cai)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)平定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)这(zhei)场祸难(nan)。　<8>家(jia)难(nan)(nàn，读去声(sheng))：国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)难(nan)以(yi)(yi)处(chu)(chu)理(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。《诗经(jing)(jing)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)·访(fang)落》：“未(wei)堪家(jia)多难(nan)。”郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“未(wei)任(ren)统(tong)(tong)理(li)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)众多难(nan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。”《诗经(jing)(jing)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)·小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毖》亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)语(yu)，解(jie)(jie)释(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。　<9>意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)家(jia)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)倡导(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那种(zhong)(zhong)简(jian)约(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，则(ze)(ze)必(bi)然要修(xiu)(xiu)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行，制(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)。君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，此(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)泛指(zhi)(zhi)居高位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)位(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过分昏庸，故(gu)(gu)称(cheng)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)；为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，做、干(gan)；约(yue)，简(jian)约(yue)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治。如(ru)(ru)(ru)汉(han)(han)(han)初(chu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)行“萧规(gui)曹随”式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那种(zhong)(zhong)无(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治，称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)约(yue)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)；修(xiu)(xiu)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，修(xiu)(xiu)治德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行。对于(yu)(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)功(gong)(gong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)字(zi)(zi)，各有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)指(zhi)(zhi)，安(an)(an)(an)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)功(gong)(gong)，化天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。树立(li)起一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)规(gui)范(fan)，使天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)百姓从(cong)风向化，称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。这(zhei)里主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)治礼(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。　<10>满(man)：自满(man)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)向上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)。弃(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)，违弃(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)若无(wu)(wu)(wu)向上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)，自满(man)自足，则(ze)(ze)很容易抛弃(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遵成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宪(xian)。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)对上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)句(ju)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)约(yue)则(ze)(ze)修(xiu)(xiu)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)而(er)(er)言(yan)，故(gu)(gu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)字(zi)(zi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)应是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)句(ju)号(hao)。中(zhong)华书(shu)(shu)局本(ben)(ben)原(yuan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)逗号(hao)，今改。　<11>佚：通(tong)“逸”。初(chu)：指(zhi)(zhi)得(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劳苦。　<12>安(an)(an)(an)：安(an)(an)(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)无(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)对天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)乱(luan)而(er)(er)言(yan)。惟：按《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》惟、维(wei)(wei)(wei)、唯(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)字(zi)(zi)同(tong)音(yin)。惟字(zi)(zi)从(cong)心(xin)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)思(si)(si)(si)(si)、谋意(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即(ji)(ji)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“惟，凡思(si)(si)(si)(si)也(ye)”；维(wei)(wei)(wei)字(zi)(zi)从(cong)，凡有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)丝缕牵(qian)缠(chan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“车(che)盖维(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)”。又(you)如(ru)(ru)(ru)常(chang)(chang)言(yan)维(wei)(wei)(wei)系之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)维(wei)(wei)(wei)，纲维(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)维(wei)(wei)(wei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)意(yi)(yi)(yi)；从(cong)口为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)唯(wei)(wei)(wei)，凡涉唇舌(she)口辨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都用(yong)此(ci)(ci)字(zi)(zi)，《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“唯(wei)(wei)(wei)，诺(nuo)也(ye)”，应答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)或(huo)唯(wei)(wei)(wei)或(huo)诺(nuo)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“父召无(wu)(wu)(wu)诺(nuo)，先(xian)生召无(wu)(wu)(wu)诺(nuo)，唯(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)起”。故(gu)(gu)惟始(shi)(shi)与思(si)(si)(si)(si)初(chu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。　<13>沐(mu)浴(yu)：按《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)：“濯发”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)沐(mu)，“洒(sa)身(shen)(shen)(shen)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浴(yu)。此(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)沐(mu)浴(yu)相(xiang)(xiang)连是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比喻(yu)全(quan)(quan)身(shen)(shen)(shen)受(shou)其(qi)(qi)(qi)滋润(run)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)。膏(gao)(gao)泽(ze)：肉(rou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肥(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)膏(gao)(gao)；泽(ze)亦(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)膏(gao)(gao)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)《易经(jing)(jing)·屯卦(gua)》：“九(jiu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屯其(qi)(qi)(qi)膏(gao)(gao)”。孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“膏(gao)(gao)，谓膏(gao)(gao)泽(ze)恩惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)”。此(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)以(yi)(yi)膏(gao)(gao)泽(ze)比喻(yu)肥(fei)美、恩惠及(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切优越(yue)待遇。全(quan)(quan)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)处(chu)(chu)身(shen)(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)极其(qi)(qi)(qi)优越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)条件之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，而(er)(er)能(neng)歌颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)勤苦，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)甘于(yu)(yu)(yu)佚乐(le)，时(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)向往(wang)建(jian)(jian)功(gong)(gong)立(li)业。　<14>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：指(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。斯，此(ci)(ci)，这(zhei)样。　<15>《传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》：指(zhi)(zhi)《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)》“孔(kong)(kong)安(an)(an)(an)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)”，即(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)安(an)(an)(an)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)。司马迁所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)引(yin)(yin)(yin)“治定(ding)(ding)(ding)功(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)乃(nai)兴”，今传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)本(ben)(ben)《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)》孔(kong)(kong)安(an)(an)(an)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)无(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)(ci)语(yu)，惟《诗经(jing)(jing)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)谱》中(zhong)孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)引(yin)(yin)(yin)书(shu)(shu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)语(yu)中(zhong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“功(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)治定(ding)(ding)(ding)”，“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)将作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)语(yu)，然而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)连贯，且与司马迁所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)引(yin)(yin)(yin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽(jin)合。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)，司马迁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)(yin)(yin)文(wen)(wen)似根(gen)据己佚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)》“孔(kong)(kong)安(an)(an)(an)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)”提(ti)炼(lian)而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，非(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原(yuan)文(wen)(wen)。　<16>意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)(指(zhi)(zhi)统(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia))成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)太(tai)平(指(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治安(an)(an)(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding))以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，才(cai)(cai)(cai)可制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)、乐(le)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)制(zhi)(zhi)度。如(ru)(ru)(ru)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)文(wen)(wen)、武(wu)二(er)王(wang)推(tui)翻(fan)殷纣(zhou)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)统(tong)(tong)治，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治并(bing)未(wei)安(an)(an)(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。直到武(wu)王(wang)死后(hou)(hou)(hou)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)即(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，管、蔡(cai)与武(wu)庚(geng)(geng)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)监及(ji)淮夷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叛乱(luan)平定(ding)(ding)(ding)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)还政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)，从(cong)此(ci)(ci)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)无(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)。这(zhei)时(shi)(shi)(shi)才(cai)(cai)(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)“功(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)治定(ding)(ding)(ding)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)正(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)时(shi)(shi)(shi)开始(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)(《诗经(jing)(jing)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)谱》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)摄(she)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)六(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)开始(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)，第(di)七年(nian)，还政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang))。　<17>海(hai)内：四(si)(si)(si)海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内，指(zhi)(zhi)普天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)：治民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)或(huo)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“治天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)必(bi)自人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)始(shi)(shi)”，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)：“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue)治亲(qin)，二(er)曰(yue)报功(gong)(gong)(报答功(gong)(gong)臣(chen)(chen))，三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)曰(yue)举贤，四(si)(si)(si)曰(yue)使能(neng)，五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)存(cun)爱”。　<18>国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)：有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，此(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)(zhi)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古建(jian)(jian)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)，《虞书(shu)(shu)·皋陶谟》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)服(fu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)章”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa)，五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)服(fu)指(zhi)(zhi)统(tong)(tong)治者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)总(zong)(zong)分五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)：天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、卿(qing)(qing)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)、士(shi)。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)；卿(qing)(qing)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)名(ming)(ming)采邑(yi)，只食(shi)租税，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)治百姓；士(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)封(feng)(feng)(feng)。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)(wai)，《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)书(shu)(shu)·武(wu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》篇(pian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“列爵(jue)惟五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，分土(tu)惟三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)记(ji)(ji)载，五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)爵(jue)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，而(er)(er)且与卿(qing)(qing)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(采邑(yi))不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)(dan)食(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，而(er)(er)且治其(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)爵(jue)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)总(zong)(zong)称(cheng)，既不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)卿(qing)(qing)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)邑(yi)，也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)单指(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)爵(jue)中(zhong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)爵(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。正(zheng)(zheng)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)，三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)数目(mu)(mu)很多，《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·夏书(shu)(shu)·五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“万邦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)典(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)则(ze)(ze)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa)；周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝(chao)灭(mie)商，八(ba)(ba)(ba)百诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)会于(yu)(yu)(yu)孟(meng)津。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)辖一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)州境(jing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。自春秋起，主(zhu)弱臣(chen)(chen)强(qiang)，弱肉(rou)强(qiang)食(shi)，诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)互相(xiang)(xiang)兼(jian)并(bing)，才(cai)(cai)(cai)发展成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)若干(gan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。司马迁《乐(le)书(shu)(shu)》中(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“州异(yi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殊(shu)”，将州与国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并(bing)列就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)缘(yuan)故(gu)(gu)。　<19>声(sheng)律(lv)(lv)：指(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)声(sheng)和(he)(he)(he)六(liu)(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)六(liu)(liu)(liu)吕(lv)。《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·舜(shun)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》：“律(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)声(sheng)”，孔(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“声(sheng)谓五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)声(sheng)：宫(gong)、商、角、徵(zhi)(zhǐ，只)、羽(yu)。律(lv)(lv)谓六(liu)(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)、六(liu)(liu)(liu)吕(lv)”，《汉(han)(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)·律(lv)(lv)历志(zhi)》又(you)将六(liu)(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)六(liu)(liu)(liu)吕(lv)合称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十二(er)律(lv)(lv)。六(liu)(liu)(liu)律(lv)(lv)名(ming)(ming)：黄钟、太(tai)簇(cu)、姑洗(xi)、蕤宾(bin)、夷则(ze)(ze)、无(wu)(wu)(wu)射；六(liu)(liu)(liu)吕(lv)名(ming)(ming)：大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)吕(lv)、应钟、南(nan)吕(lv)、林钟、仲吕(lv)、夹钟。司马迁时(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十二(er)律(lv)(lv)音(yin)程与如(ru)(ru)(ru)今音(yin)乐(le)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纯律(lv)(lv)或(huo)平均(jun)律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十二(er)律(lv)(lv)音(yin)程均(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。　<20>补政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)短，移易风化。　<21>意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亲(qin)临(lin)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)观乐(le)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)，古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)和(he)(he)(he)形制(zhi)(zhi)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很多种(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)(si)(si)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)见诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)》：“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)朝(chao)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)”，《大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)戴礼(li)(li)(li)(li)》亦(yi)主(zhu)此(ci)(ci)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。二(er)，“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)布政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫(gong)”，即(ji)(ji)宣布大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)令的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)庙，祭(ji)先(xian)祖(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)(chu)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·考(kao)工(gong)记(ji)(ji)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“夏后(hou)(hou)(hou)氏(shi)世室(shi)”、“殷人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)重屋”、“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)”，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祭(ji)先(xian)祖(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)(chu)。四(si)(si)(si)，蔡(cai)邕《月令章句(ju)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)庙，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)祭(ji)祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，此(ci)(ci)外(wai)(wai)，养老、飨功(gong)(gong)、教(jiao)(jiao)学(xue)、选士(shi)也(ye)皆在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形制(zhi)(zhi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“在(zai)(zai)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳(yang)(建(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)都城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)面)，轮(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)尺(chi)寸是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“东(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)九(jiu)筵(yan)(yán，读延。坐地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)用(yong)竹(zhu)席)，南(nan)北(bei)七筵(yan)，堂(tang)(tang)崇(按，指(zhi)(zhi)台基之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)筵(yan)”。由五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)室(shi)组成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，“室(shi)凡二(er)筵(yan)”。二(er)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)室(shi)组成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，每室(shi)“四(si)(si)(si)户八(ba)(ba)(ba)牖(yǒu，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you))”，即(ji)(ji)四(si)(si)(si)门八(ba)(ba)(ba)窗，共有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)36个门，72个窗。总(zong)(zong)体形状是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)圆(yuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)方(fang)，茅草(cao)盖顶(ding)，周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)围(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)水环绕(rao)，名(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)璧(bi)雍。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)高三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)丈，东(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)九(jiu)仞(rèn，读任(ren)，周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)制(zhi)(zhi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)尺(chi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仞，汉(han)(han)(han)制(zhi)(zhi)七尺(chi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)执)，南(nan)北(bei)七筵(yan)。总(zong)(zong)体轮(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百步，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)建(jian)(jian)四(si)(si)(si)堂(tang)(tang)十二(er)室(shi)，每室(shi)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)户八(ba)(ba)(ba)牖，整体外(wai)(wai)形也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)圆(yuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)方(fang)”，位(wei)(wei)(wei)置在(zai)(zai)“近郊三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十里”处(chu)(chu)。四(si)(si)(si)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“在(zai)(zai)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳(yang)，三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)，七里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内，丙巳(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)分周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)围(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)十四(si)(si)(si)向，分别以(yi)(yi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)干(gan)、十二(er)支、四(si)(si)(si)卦(gua)定(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)(ming)，自正(zheng)(zheng)东(dong)(dong)(dong)卯位(wei)(wei)(wei)到正(zheng)(zheng)南(nan)午(wu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)依次名(ming)(ming)乙、辰、巽(xun)、巳(si)、丙。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)丙巳(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)东(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)巽(xun)位(wei)(wei)(wei)与正(zheng)(zheng)南(nan)午(wu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间约(yue)30°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)围(wei)内)”，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)圆(yuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)方(fang)，八(ba)(ba)(ba)窗四(si)(si)(si)闼(即(ji)(ji)四(si)(si)(si)门八(ba)(ba)(ba)窗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi))”等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。1960年(nian)第(di)6期(qi)、9期(qi)《考(kao)古》学(xue)报都记(ji)(ji)载有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)汉(han)(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)长安(an)(an)(an)南(nan)郊礼(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)遗(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)发掘和(he)(he)(he)复原(yuan)情(qing)况。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)处(chu)(chu)外(wai)(wai)绕(rao)圆(yuan)形水渠，渠内有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)方(fang)形围(wei)墙(qiang)，四(si)(si)(si)面开门，四(si)(si)(si)角有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)曲(qu)尺(chi)形配房，中(zhong)心(xin)圆(yuan)形夯土(tu)基上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座规(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)严整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)关(guan)学(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)估计是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)汉(han)(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)璧(bi)雍。　<22>饱(bao)满(man)：德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性无(wu)(wu)(wu)亏缺。　<23>饰(shi)：通(tong)饬(chì，斥(chi))，整顿、修(xiu)(xiu)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)。厥：其(qi)(qi)(qi)。　<24>雅(ya)颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)：《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)·春官·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)师》“六(liu)(liu)(liu)诗”注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“雅(ya)，正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)”；“颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)，诵也(ye)”。雅(ya)颂(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)指(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)派、文(wen)(wen)雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诵歌。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)卫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)相(xiang)(xiang)对而(er)(er)言(yan)。　<25>嘄(jiao)噭：《索隐》读为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“叫、击”。激烈地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)高声(sheng)呼(hu)(hu)叫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形声(sheng)词。嘄(jiao)，《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“声(sheng)嘄(jiao)嘄(jiao)也(ye)”；又(you)释(shi)噭说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“吼(hou)也(ye)”，“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue)噭呼(hu)(hu)也(ye)”。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)》“毋曰(yue)应”。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“噭，号(hao)呼(hu)(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)也(ye)。”孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“噭谓声(sheng)响(xiang)高急(ji)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)叫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)号(hao)呼(hu)(hu)也(ye)。”　<26>郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)卫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)：郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、卫国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)曲(qu)。春秋时(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)今河南(nan)新郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)县(xian)北(bei)；卫国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)今河南(nan)汲县(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)带(dai)。《史记(ji)(ji)·乐(le)书(shu)(shu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)音(yin)好滥淫志(zhi)”，“卫音(yin)趣数烦志(zhi)”(参见后(hou)(hou)(hou)面注(zhu)释(shi))。淫：过分。《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹谟》：“罔淫于(yu)(yu)(yu)乐(le)”，孔(kong)(kong)安(an)(an)(an)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“淫，过也(ye)。”书(shu)(shu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)中(zhong)淫又(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)贪、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、久等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，男(nan)女非(fei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)而(er)(er)交也(ye)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淫。此(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)“心(xin)淫“指(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)生邪念(nian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)守礼(li)(li)(li)(li)。　<27>五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)常(chang)(chang)：人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)种(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)(chang)行，指(zhi)(zhi)父义(yi)、母(mu)慈、兄友、弟恭、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孝。见《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)书(shu)(shu)·泰誓(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》“狎侮五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)常(chang)(chang)”疏(shu)。又(you)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品(《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·舜(shun)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》：“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)逊(xun)”传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan))。认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)种(zhong)(zhong)品性。以(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)常(chang)(chang)教(jiao)(jiao)化百姓，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)典(dian)(dian)(dian)，则(ze)(ze)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)(《尚(shang)书(shu)(shu)·舜(shun)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》：“慎徽五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)”传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)：“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)，五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)常(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)”)。　<28>中(zhong)华书(shu)(shu)局标(biao)点(dian)本(ben)(ben)《史记(ji)(ji)》“好恶”后(hou)(hou)(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)逗号(hao)，“势(shi)也(ye)”后(hou)(hou)(hou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)问(wen)号(hao)。误。若是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)问(wen)号(hao)，“也(ye)”当作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“耶”(或(huo)邪)。从(cong)文(wen)(wen)意(yi)(yi)(yi)看，末(mo)句(ju)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)结语(yu)，非(fei)问(wen)话(hua)(hua)(hua)，故(gu)(gu)改之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

　　治(zhi)道(dao)亏缺(que)而郑音(yin)兴起，封君世辟(pi)<1>，名显邻州，争以(yi)(yi)(yi)相高。自仲尼(ni)不能与齐优遂(sui)容于鲁<2>，虽退正乐(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)诱世，作五章以(yi)(yi)(yi)刺时<3>，犹莫之化。陵迟(chi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)至六国<4>，流(liu)沔沈佚<5&gt;，遂(sui)往不返，卒于丧身灭宗<6>，并国于秦。

秦二世(shi)尤以(yi)(yi)为娱<7>。丞(cheng)相李斯(si)进谏曰(yue)(yue)：“放弃《诗》《书》，极意声色，祖伊所以(yi)(yi)惧也(ye)<8>；轻积细(xi)过，恣心(xin)长夜(ye)，纣所以(yi)(yi)亡(wang)也(ye)<9>。”赵高(gao)曰(yue)(yue)：“五帝、三王乐各殊名<10&gt;，示不相袭。上自朝廷(ting)，下至人民，得以(yi)(yi)接(jie)欢喜，合殷勤(qin)，非此和(he)说不通，解泽不流<12>，亦各一世(shi)之化，度时之乐<13>。何必华山之耳而后行远乎<14>？”二世(shi)然(ran)之。

〔注释〕

　　<1>辟(pi)(pi)：君(jun)(jun)。《尔雅·释(shi)诂》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“皇(huang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)、后(hou)(hou)(hou)、辟(pi)(pi)、公(gong)、侯(hou)：君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。邢(xing)昺(bing)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“辟(pi)(pi)者(zhe)，法(fa)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下所(suo)法(fa)则也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”辟(pi)(pi)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)，出(chu)自(zi)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)》，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)辟(pi)(pi)原(yuan)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，君(jun)(jun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)引(yin)(yin)申(shen)(shen)意(yi)(yi)(yi)。诗(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)辟(pi)(pi)字多(duo)(duo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)君(jun)(jun)字解(jie)(jie)。　<2>《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》、《论语(yu)(yu)(yu)·微子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》及《孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)语(yu)(yu)(yu)》等皆(jie)载(zai)此(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)。大(da)(da)意(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鲁(lu)(lu)定公(gong)14年，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)56岁时(shi)(shi)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)司(si)冦摄相(xiang)(xiang)事(shi)(shi)，把鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)治(zhi)理得(de)道不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拾遗，有(you)(you)(you)兴旺气象。齐人(ren)(ren)(ren)因(yin)与(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)境，心怀诫(jie)惧(ju)，定计于(yu)(yu)(yu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)选美女八(ba)十(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，教以(yi)(yi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)舞(wu)，另(ling)加(jia)上文(wen)(wen)马(ma)(ma)(经(jing)(jing)过装饰的(de)(de)(de)(de)马(ma)(ma)，做仪仗用)三(san)十(shi)驷(si)(120匹(pi))，赠给鲁(lu)(lu)定公(gong)。鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)权(quan)臣(chen)(chen)季桓子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)经(jing)(jing)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)同(tong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，请(qing)鲁(lu)(lu)君(jun)(jun)往观。从此(ci)(ci)怠于(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)事(shi)(shi)，三(san)日不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朝(chao)，连(lian)(lian)郊祭(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)数也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顾了(le)(le)(le)。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)知鲁(lu)(lu)政(zheng)已(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)离(li)开(kai)(kai)鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。齐优：齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)优人(ren)(ren)(ren)，指齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)赠给鲁(lu)(lu)君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)女乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)80人(ren)(ren)(ren)。古(gu)(gu)时(shi)(shi)称(cheng)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)舞(wu)艺人(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)优人(ren)(ren)(ren)。　<3>《索引(yin)(yin)》以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)离(li)开(kai)(kai)鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)，引(yin)(yin)《诗(shi)(shi)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，以(yi)(yi)耻笑季桓子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，歌(ge)(ge)(ge)辞共五(wu)(wu)句(ju)(ju)，因(yin)称(cheng)五(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》记(ji)(ji)此(ci)(ci)诗(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“彼妇之(zhi)(zhi)口，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)出(chu)走；彼妇之(zhi)(zhi)谒(ye)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)死(si)败。盖(gai)优哉(zai)游(you)哉(zai)，维以(yi)(yi)卒(zu)岁！”清·梁(liang)玉绳(sheng)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)志(zhi)疑(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：《索引(yin)(yin)》以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“五(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)”即(ji)(ji)《彼妇人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)》，“殊未(wei)确。便如其(qi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，此(ci)(ci)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)只可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)五(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)遂(sui)该(gai)五(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”其(qi)实，古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)论诗(shi)(shi)，“章(zhang)(zhang)法(fa)”乱(luan)得(de)很(hen)。若以(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句(ju)(ju)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)，《彼妇人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)口》歌(ge)(ge)(ge)除了(le)(le)(le)“盖(gai)优哉(zai)游(you)哉(zai)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句(ju)(ju)感叹语(yu)(yu)(yu)，适(shi)五(wu)(wu)句(ju)(ju)，谓(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)(shi)，未(wei)尝不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。　<4>陵迟；迟迟貌。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)(ji)》琅邪(xie)石刻中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)“陵水经(jing)(jing)地”语(yu)(yu)(yu)，《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“陵作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)凌(ling)(ling)，犹历也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”陵迟可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“迟迟经(jing)(jing)历了(le)(le)(le)。”故释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)迟迟貌。又(you)(you)《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)杨(yang)雄传(chuan)(chuan)》有(you)(you)(you)“虎(hu)豹之(zhi)(zhi)凌(ling)(ling)剧(ju)”语(yu)(yu)(yu)，陵剧(ju)与(yu)陵迟适(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)反，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)急剧(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)貌。六(liu)(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)：战(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)七雄，除秦(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)外，称(cheng)六(liu)(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)统(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，焚烧诗(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)，诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)各(ge)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)毁最甚，汉(han)初独(du)存(cun)《秦(qin)(qin)记(ji)(ji)》，《秦(qin)(qin)记(ji)(ji)》所(suo)载(zai)，以(yi)(yi)秦(qin)(qin)事(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)，其(qi)余(yu)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，太史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)因(yin)《秦(qin)(qin)记(ji)(ji)》修史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，相(xiang)(xiang)沿不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)。如《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)》卷(juan)15有(you)(you)(you)“六(liu)(liu)(liu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)年表”，实载(zai)七国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)事(shi)(shi)。　<5>流(liu)(liu)(liu)沔(mian)沈(shen)佚(yi)(yi)：沔(mian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)“湎”，溺而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)反谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)湎；流(liu)(liu)(liu)沔(mian)即(ji)(ji)流(liu)(liu)(liu)连(lian)(lian)忘返(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。沈(shen)通(tong)(tong)(tong)“沉(chen)”，沉(chen)湎。如《尚书(shu)(shu)·征》：“沈(shen)乱(luan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)酒”，孔(kong)(kong)颖达疏(shu)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)沉(chen)没昏(hun)乱(luan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)酒；佚(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)逸(yi)，安闲。沈(shen)佚(yi)(yi)合是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)耽于(yu)(yu)(yu)逸(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)自(zi)拔(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)沔(mian)沈(shen)佚(yi)(yi)合，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)连(lian)(lian)沉(chen)湎，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)自(zi)拔(ba)。　<6>灭(mie)宗(zong)：就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宗(zong)庙(miao)被(bei)毁，失去了(le)(le)(le)尊(zun)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)庙(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)权(quan)力，象征同(tong)宗(zong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)灭(mie)亡散(san)乱(luan)。余(yu)参(can)见(jian)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·礼(li)(li)书(shu)(shu)》“常宗(zong)“注(zhu)。　<7>尤以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)娱：脱“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)”字，当(dang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，“尤以(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)娱”。即(ji)(ji)更加(jia)沉(chen)湎于(yu)(yu)(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。　<8>祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)：《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)谏(jian)(jian)殷纣，纣不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)听(ting)。孔(kong)(kong)安国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)云(yun)(yun)(yun)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己后(hou)(hou)(hou)贤臣(chen)(chen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”按：祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)事(shi)(shi)见(jian)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·殷本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)(ji)》。祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己相(xiang)(xiang)高(gao)宗(zong)武(wu)(wu)丁。武(wu)(wu)丁死(si)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，八(ba)传(chuan)(chuan)至(zhi)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)辛(xin)，即(ji)(ji)纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)。祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)贤臣(chen)(chen)，距祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己年代(dai)甚远，孔(kong)(kong)安国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)谓(wei)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己后(hou)(hou)(hou)贤臣(chen)(chen)，并非说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己与(yu)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)有(you)(you)(you)血缘关系，只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)同(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贤臣(chen)(chen)，祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)伊(yi)时(shi)(shi)代(dai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)己之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)。　<9>以(yi)(yi)上李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)谏(jian)(jian)秦(qin)(qin)二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)语(yu)(yu)(yu)。梁(liang)玉绳(sheng)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)志(zhi)疑(yi)》认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“夫(李(li))斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)议(yi)(yi)焚书(shu)(shu)，安能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)谏(jian)(jian)。纵(zong)有(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)谏(jian)(jian)，亦(yi)决(jue)非李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”这(zhei)涉及二(er)(er)个问题：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)(dui)(dui)李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)认(ren)识，二(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对(dui)(dui)(dui)秦(qin)(qin)焚诗(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)认(ren)识。李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)出(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)门(men)，所(suo)行是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)申(shen)(shen)、韩学(xue)(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)实。既(ji)出(chu)荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)门(men)，对(dui)(dui)(dui)儒(ru)学(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)排(pai)斥的(de)(de)(de)(de)，《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)列(lie)传(chuan)(chuan)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)他“知六(liu)(liu)(liu)艺之(zhi)(zhi)归”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明证(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。他一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)做了(le)(le)(le)许多(duo)(duo)大(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)，但由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)贪于(yu)(yu)(yu)爵(jue)禄(lu)，秦(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)死(si)后(hou)(hou)(hou)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个充满(man)(man)矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)物：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)“听(ting)赵高(gao)邪(xie)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，废(fei)嫡立(li)庶”，对(dui)(dui)(dui)秦(qin)(qin)二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“阿容苟合”，劝他“严威酷(ku)刑”；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)对(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)赵高(gao)擅权(quan)，秦(qin)(qin)二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)极意(yi)(yi)(yi)声色(se)(se)又(you)(you)颇(po)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)满(man)(man)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)》本(ben)(ben)传(chuan)(chuan)有(you)(you)(you)数处(chu)(chu)记(ji)(ji)述他劝谏(jian)(jian)秦(qin)(qin)二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)与(yu)秦(qin)(qin)二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)过正面(mian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)触(chu)。直到李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)身处(chu)(chu)囹圄，仍然(ran)上书(shu)(shu)言二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)缺政(zheng)。这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)连(lian)(lian)串的(de)(de)(de)(de)进谏(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)涉及告诫(jie)二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“极意(yi)(yi)(yi)声色(se)(se)”，“恣心长夜”的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)这(zhei)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)容是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)完全(quan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。其(qi)次(ci)，李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)曾建(jian)议(yi)(yi)秦(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)焚“诸(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)学(xue)(xue)(xue)诗(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)百家(jia)语(yu)(yu)(yu)”以(yi)(yi)愚百姓，但并非秦(qin)(qin)朝(chao)时(shi)(shi)将(jiang)文(wen)(wen)学(xue)(xue)(xue)、诗(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)、百家(jia)语(yu)(yu)(yu)等全(quan)部禁止，朝(chao)廷绝不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再按这(zhei)些(xie)学(xue)(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)任何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)种行事(shi)(shi)，完全(quan)另(ling)搞(gao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套。李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)建(jian)议(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)烧掉民间(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)这(zhei)类藏书(shu)(shu)，而(er)这(zhei)些(xie)学(xue)(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)禁止，规定“有(you)(you)(you)欲学(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)，以(yi)(yi)吏(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)师”。即(ji)(ji)由(you)(you)(you)(you)官方加(jia)以(yi)(yi)控(kong)制。史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)载(zai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)期，大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)引(yin)(yin)述诸(zhu)(zhu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)例证(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)，《李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)列(lie)传(chuan)(chuan)》就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)引(yin)(yin)述《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》“物禁大(da)(da)盛(sheng)”语(yu)(yu)(yu)，赵高(gao)引(yin)(yin)述孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)著作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)内(nei)容，还(hai)称(cheng)赞(zan)“孔(kong)(kong)、墨之(zhi)(zhi)智”等。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)见(jian)，秦(qin)(qin)时(shi)(shi)儒(ru)学(xue)(xue)(xue)及其(qi)著作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“违(wei)法(fa)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)统(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)上层仍是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受尊(zun)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)(xue)问。焚书(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、要害(hai)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)搞(gao)愚民政(zheng)策(ce)，危害(hai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)造成(cheng)(cheng)或(huo)增加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)某些(xie)学(xue)(xue)(xue)术(shu)间(jian)(jian)断的(de)(de)(de)(de)机会，把学(xue)(xue)(xue)术(shu)变(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)政(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)奴(nu)隶(li)。由(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)否认(ren)李(li)斯(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)会批评(ping)秦(qin)(qin)二(er)(er)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“放弃诗(shi)(shi)书(shu)(shu)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)没有(you)(you)(you)理由(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。　<10>五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)：古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)对(dui)(dui)(dui)五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)：其(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)(xu)、帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)(ku)、尧(yao)(yao)、舜(shun)(shun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)禹(yu)(yu)、商汤、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)；其(qi)二(er)(er)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，伏牺(xi)、神(shen)农(nong)、黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)皇(huang)，少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)，颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)(xu)、帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)(ku)、尧(yao)(yao)、舜(shun)(shun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(参(can)见(jian)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)(ji)》序《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》)。此(ci)(ci)外儒(ru)者(zhe)还(hai)由(you)(you)(you)(you)《礼(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·月(yue)令》把太昊(hao)(伏牺(xi))、炎帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(神(shen)农(nong))、黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)、颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)(xu)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(五(wu)(wu)方帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，各(ge)主一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方)，夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)禹(yu)(yu)、商汤、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(《孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·告子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下》)等。又(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)把周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)、武(wu)(wu)二(er)(er)王(wang)(wang)(wang)合为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)。由(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)上诸(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，五(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)应(ying)指自(zi)伏牺(xi)氏以(yi)(yi)来至(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。《吕氏春秋·古(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)》记(ji)(ji)载(zai)：伏牺(xi)氏乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)详，朱襄氏(神(shen)农(nong)别号)时(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)五(wu)(wu)弦琴，葛天氏歌(ge)(ge)(ge)八(ba)阙(que)，阴康氏作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)舞(wu)，黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《咸(xian)池》，颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《承(cheng)云(yun)(yun)(yun)》，帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)(ku)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)唐歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，尧(yao)(yao)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)《大(da)(da)章(zhang)(zhang)》，舜(shun)(shun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《九招》、《六(liu)(liu)(liu)列(lie)》、《六(liu)(liu)(liu)英》，禹(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)籥(yuè，跃)》(一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》，以(yi)(yi)籥伴(ban)奏)、《九成(cheng)(cheng)》，汤作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《大(da)(da)护(hu)》，周(zhou)(zhou)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《大(da)(da)武(wu)(wu)》。《列(lie)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·周(zhou)(zhou)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)》篇晋·张湛注(zhu)文(wen)(wen)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“《乘云(yun)(yun)(yun)》，黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)；《六(liu)(liu)(liu)莹》，帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)(ku)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)；《九韶》，舜(shun)(shun)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)；《晨(chen)露》，汤乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。”《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)志(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“昔黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《咸(xian)池》，颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)茎》，帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)(ku)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《五(wu)(wu)英》，尧(yao)(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《大(da)(da)章(zhang)(zhang)》，舜(shun)(shun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《招》，禹(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》，汤作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《濩(huo)》，武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《武(wu)(wu)》。”《周(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)·春官·大(da)(da)司(si)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)》郑玄(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，黄(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《云(yun)(yun)(yun)门(men)》、《大(da)(da)卷(juan)》，尧(yao)(yao)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《咸(xian)池》，舜(shun)(shun)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)》，禹(yu)(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》，汤乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)濩(huo)》，周(zhou)(zhou)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《大(da)(da)武(wu)(wu)》(以(yi)(yi)上乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)“招”、“韶”、“”三(san)字通(tong)(tong)(tong)，“护(hu)”、“濩(huo)”二(er)(er)字通(tong)(tong)(tong))。同(tong)书(shu)(shu)贾(jia)公(gong)彦疏(shu)引(yin)(yin)《孝经(jing)(jing)纬》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“伏牺(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曰《立(li)基》，神(shen)农(nong)之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曰《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)谋(mou)》”；又(you)(you)引(yin)(yin)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)纬》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：颛(zhuan)(zhuan)顼(xu)(xu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《五(wu)(wu)茎》，帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)英》；引(yin)(yin)皇(huang)甫谧(mi)语(yu)(yu)(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曰《九渊》。”这(zhei)些(xie)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，如贾(jia)公(gong)彦考证(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)《大(da)(da)卷(juan)》就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《大(da)(da)章(zhang)(zhang)》等，再者(zhe)古(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)失传(chuan)(chuan)，学(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)各(ge)承(cheng)师说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，难免以(yi)(yi)讹传(chuan)(chuan)讹(《周(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)》虽载(zai)有(you)(you)(you)六(liu)(liu)(liu)代(dai)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，战(zhan)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)时(shi)(shi)已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)许多(duo)(duo)失传(chuan)(chuan)，故孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)闻《韶》乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，三(san)月(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知肉味(wei)，此(ci)(ci)时(shi)(shi)惟存(cun)《韶》、《武(wu)(wu)》两(liang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)而(er)已(yi)(yi)。　<11>说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：通(tong)(tong)(tong)悦(yue)。　<12>解(jie)(jie)泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)：《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：解(jie)(jie)音(yin)蟹，义(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散(san)，解(jie)(jie)泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散(san)恩泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)。按原(yuan)文(wen)(wen)：和(he)(he)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)，解(jie)(jie)泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。和(he)(he)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)与(yu)解(jie)(jie)泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)相(xiang)(xiang)对(dui)(dui)(dui)，构辞法(fa)亦(yi)应(ying)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，和(he)(he)义(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)顺(shun)、谐，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)词(ci)；解(jie)(jie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)应(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)词(ci)；再者(zhe)，既(ji)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)散(san)泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)径说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)解(jie)(jie)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)散(san)呢？译者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)解(jie)(jie)当(dang)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)结(jie)(jie)、节等。如《周(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)·考工记(ji)(ji)·弓人(ren)(ren)(ren)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“今夫茭(jiao)(jī，音(yin)激。指弓檠(qing))解(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)变(bian)(bian)焉(yan)，故校(jiǎo，音(yin)绞，郑注(zhu)其(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)‘疾也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)’)。”郑玄(xuan)释(shi)茭(jiao)解(jie)(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“接(jie)(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。贾(jia)公(gong)彦进一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“茭(jiao)解(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)谓(wei)弓隈(按弓弝(ba)变(bian)(bian)曲处(chu)(chu))与(yu)弓箫(xiao)(按：指弓两(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)弓梢)角接(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)(chu)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)两(liang)者(zhe)相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)节点处(chu)(chu)。另(ling)如《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)·贾(jia)谊传(chuan)(chuan)》载(zai)贾(jia)谊《治(zhi)安策(ce)》中(zhong)(zhong)语(yu)(yu)(yu)：“所(suo)排(pai)击剥割(ge)，皆(jie)众理解(jie)(jie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，师古(gu)(gu)注(zhu)“解(jie)(jie)，支节也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”故解(jie)(jie)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)结(jie)(jie)点、节点，即(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)结(jie)(jie)、节解(jie)(jie)释(shi)。所(suo)谓(wei)“和(he)(he)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)，解(jie)(jie)泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)”译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)顺(shun)欢悦(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)，结(jie)(jie)节恩泽(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。　<13>度(du)时(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)：超度(du)时(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。　<14>耳(er)(er)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)绿耳(er)(er)，古(gu)(gu)代(dai)骏马(ma)(ma)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，周(zhou)(zhou)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)八(ba)骏之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。《列(lie)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·周(zhou)(zhou)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)》载(zai)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)八(ba)骏名(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：骅(hua)骝、绿耳(er)(er)、赤(chi)骥(ji)、白牺(xi)，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前车(che)驷(si)马(ma)(ma)；渠黄(huang)(huang)、逾轮、盗(dao)骊、山(shan)(shan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)次(ci)车(che)驷(si)马(ma)(ma)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·赵世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：造父(fu)取“桃林(lin)(lin)盗(dao)骊、骅(hua)骝、绿耳(er)(er)献(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)缪(读穆)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。”《正义(yi)(yi)(yi)》引(yin)(yin)《括地志(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，桃林(lin)(lin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)陕州桃林(lin)(lin)县，西至(zhi)潼(tong)关，皆(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桃林(lin)(lin)塞地。《山(shan)(shan)海经(jing)(jing)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)……造父(fu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)得(de)骅(hua)骝、绿耳(er)(er)之(zhi)(zhi)乘献(xian)周(zhou)(zhou)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《左传(chuan)(chuan)·文(wen)(wen)化13年》杜预注(zhu)桃林(lin)(lin)塞，径说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“华阴县与(yu)潼(tong)关”。华山(shan)(shan)距潼(tong)关很(hen)近(jin)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)(shu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“华山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)耳(er)(er)”与(yu)《赵世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)》所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)似异实同(tong)。

　　高(gao)祖过沛诗(shi)《三侯之章》<1>，令(ling)小儿歌之。高(gao)祖崩<2>，令(ling)沛得以四时(shi)歌儛宗(zong)庙<3&gt;。孝惠(hui)、孝文、孝景无(wu)所(suo)增更(geng)，于乐府习常肄旧而已<4>。

至(zhi)今上(shang)即位，作十(shi)九章(zhang)<5>，令(ling)侍中(zhong)李延年次序(xu)其声，拜为协(xie)律都尉(wei)。通一(yi)经(jing)(jing)之士(shi)不能(neng)独知(zhi)其辞，皆集会五经(jing)(jing)家<6>，相与共讲习(xi)读之，乃能(neng)通知(zhi)其意，多《尔雅(ya)》之文(wen)<7>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>高祖(zu)过沛(pei)：指(zhi)汉(han)(han)高祖(zu)刘邦讨平淮南王(wang)黥布的(de)(de)叛(pan)乱，回兵过沛(pei)。(事详《高祖(zu)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》)。《三(san)(san)(san)(san)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)章(zhang)》：《索(suo)隐》说(shuo)(shuo)就是(shi)(shi)《大风(feng)歌(ge)》，“其辞曰：‘大风(feng)起兮(xi)(xi)(xi)云飞(fei)扬，威(wei)加(jia)海内兮(xi)(xi)(xi)归故(gu)乡，安得(de)猛士(shi)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)守四方’是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。侯(hou)(hou)，语辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)。……兮(xi)(xi)(xi)亦(yi)语辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)。沛(pei)诗(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)‘兮(xi)(xi)(xi)’，故(gu)云三(san)(san)(san)(san)侯(hou)(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”明·方以(yi)(yi)智(zhi)《通(tong)雅(ya)》说(shuo)(shuo)：“兮(xi)(xi)(xi)与(yu)侯(hou)(hou)古(gu)通(tong)用(yong)，但侯(hou)(hou)乃发语辞，与(yu)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)字不同(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)可(ke)读(du)(du)为(wei)侯(hou)(hou)，做发语辞的(de)(de)侯(hou)(hou)则不可(ke)改用(yong)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)字。由(you)此(ci)知(zhi)《大风(feng)歌(ge)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)(san)“兮(xi)(xi)(xi)”字，皆(jie)读(du)(du)为(wei)“侯(hou)(hou)”，故(gu)称为(wei)《三(san)(san)(san)(san)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)章(zhang)》。　<2>崩：《礼记(ji)·曲礼下(xia)》说(shuo)(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)子(zi)死曰崩”，又说(shuo)(shuo)：“崩，曰天(tian)(tian)王(wang)崩”。孔(kong)颖达疏说(shuo)(shuo)：“崩者，自上坠下(xia)曰崩。王(wang)者死，如(ru)从天(tian)(tian)坠下(xia)，故(gu)曰崩。”　<3>儛：同(tong)舞。宗庙：古(gu)代天(tian)(tian)子(zi)至(zhi)于(yu)士(shi)祭祀(si)(si)祖(zu)宗的(de)(de)处所(suo)(suo)。《礼记(ji)·祭法(fa)》：“天(tian)(tian)下(xia)有(you)(you)王(wang)，……设(she)庙祧(tiao)坛(tan)墠而祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”郑玄(xuan)注说(shuo)(shuo)：“庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言貌也(ye)(ye)(ye)。宗庙者，先(xian)祖(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊貌也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”上古(gu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)至(zhi)士(shi)皆(jie)有(you)(you)宗庙，后世大夫以(yi)(yi)下(xia)称家(jia)(jia)(jia)庙。　<4>乐(le)(le)(le)(le)府：古(gu)代管(guan)理(li)音乐(le)(le)(le)(le)事宜的(de)(de)官(guan)署。《汉(han)(han)书(shu)·礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)志(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)：“至(zhi)武帝(di)(di)……乃立乐(le)(le)(le)(le)府”。颜师(shi)古(gu)注说(shuo)(shuo)：“始(shi)置之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)府之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)盖起于(yu)此(ci)，哀(ai)帝(di)(di)时(shi)(shi)罢(ba)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。管(guan)音乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)官(guan)署产(chan)生(sheng)很早(zao)，《尚书(shu)·舜(shun)(shun)典》载：“帝(di)(di)(按：指(zhi)舜(shun)(shun))曰：夔，命汝典乐(le)(le)(le)(le)，教(jiao)胄子(zi)。”《汉(han)(han)书(shu)·礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)志(zhi)》已(yi)有(you)(you)“孝惠二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，使(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)府令”等语。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)府始(shi)设(she)于(yu)秦始(shi)皇。肄(yì，异(yi))：研习。　<5>《索(suo)隐》谓(wei)：“《礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)志(zhi)》‘安世房中(zhong)(zhong)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)’有(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)章(zhang)”。误(wu)。这(zhei)(zhei)里是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)《礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)志(zhi)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)《郊(jiao)祀(si)(si)歌(ge)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)章(zhang)》。梁玉绳对此(ci)曾有(you)(you)疑问，说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)“以(yi)(yi)为(wei)郊(jiao)祀(si)(si)歌(ge)欤？则十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)章(zhang)并(bing)太(tai)(tai)始(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《赤蛟歌(ge)》数之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，又非史(shi)公(gong)所(suo)(suo)及睹(du)。”按《汉(han)(han)书(shu)·礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)志(zhi)》，《赤蛟歌(ge)》不载著作年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代，太(tai)(tai)始(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)所(suo)(suo)撰为(wei)《象载瑜》歌(ge)。且《史(shi)记(ji)》所(suo)(suo)记(ji)不似班固所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)“迄于(yu)天(tian)(tian)汉(han)(han)。”征和(he)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，任安少卿(qing)以(yi)(yi)戾太(tai)(tai)子(zi)案下(xia)狱，司马迁写(xie)了(le)《报任安书(shu)》，其中(zhong)(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)他的(de)(de)百三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)篇(pian)《史(shi)记(ji)》“上计轩辕，下(xia)至(zhi)下(xia)兹”。“兹”者，征和(he)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书(shu)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)章(zhang)中(zhong)(zhong)即便(bian)有(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)始(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元前(qian)94年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))的(de)(de)歌(ge)词也(ye)(ye)(ye)无(wu)足(zu)多怪。　<6>胡三(san)(san)(san)(san)省《通(tong)注》说(shuo)(shuo)：“汉(han)(han)时(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学各专门名(ming)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，故(gu)通(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者不能尽通(tong)歌(ge)诗(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)词意(yi)(yi)，必(bi)集(ji)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)家(jia)(jia)(jia)相(xiang)与(yu)讲读(du)(du)乃得(de)通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”按：史(shi)载汉(han)(han)武帝(di)(di)建元五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)136年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))，初“置五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)博(bo)(bo)士(shi)”，元朔五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)124年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))为(wei)博(bo)(bo)士(shi)官(guan)置弟(di)子(zi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)”，是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)各置博(bo)(bo)士(shi)，博(bo)(bo)士(shi)弟(di)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)各习一(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，共(gong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)。汉(han)(han)代这(zhei)(zhei)种制(zhi)度产(chan)生(sheng)了(le)只“通(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)”这(zhei)(zhei)类知(zhi)识(shi)狭隘的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)司马迁的(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)上论述(shu)。其实，汉(han)(han)代多大儒，武帝(di)(di)时(shi)(shi)如(ru)孔(kong)安国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辈也(ye)(ye)(ye)不止一(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)，既有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)能做贯穿五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)知(zhi)识(shi)的(de)(de)诗(shi)(shi)歌(ge)，必(bi)不乏解诗(shi)(shi)歌(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，无(wu)须“集(ji)会五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，相(xiang)与(yu)共(gong)讲习读(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)司马迁对武帝(di)(di)所(suo)(suo)行博(bo)(bo)士(shi)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)嘲笑。不可(ke)作信史(shi)读(du)(du)。　<7>《尔(er)雅(ya)》，书(shu)名(ming)。十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)经(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。有(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)省注说(shuo)(shuo)：“《尔(er)雅(ya)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)卷二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)篇(pian)，文帝(di)(di)时(shi)(shi)列于(yu)学官(guan)。”今传(chuan)为(wei)晋·郭璞注，宋(song)·邢昺(bing)疏本(ben)(ben)，共(gong)10卷19目(mu)，又离析(xi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)目(mu)《释诂》为(wei)上下(xia)两篇(pian)，合(he)为(wei)20篇(pian)。中(zhong)(zhong)华书(shu)局标(biao)点本(ben)(ben)《史(shi)记(ji)》于(yu)尔(er)雅(ya)二(er)(er)(er)字不加(jia)书(shu)名(ming)号，误(wu)。

　　汉家(jia)常以正月上(shang)辛祠太一甘泉<1>;，以昏时夜祠，到明而(er)终(zhong)。常有(you)流星经于(yu)祠坛上(shang)。使僮男(nan)僮女七十人(ren)俱歌<2>。春歌《青阳》<3>，夏歌《朱明》<4>，秋(qiu)歌《西暤》<5>，冬歌《玄冥(ming)》<6>。世多有(you)，故(gu)不论。

又(you)尝得(de)神马(ma)(ma)渥洼水中<7>，复次以(yi)为(wei)《太(tai)一(yi)之歌(ge)(ge)》。歌(ge)(ge)曲(qu)曰(yue)：“太(tai)一(yi)贡兮天马(ma)(ma)下(xia)<8>，沾赤汗兮沬流赭<9>。骋容(rong)与(yu)兮跇万(wan)(wan)里<10>，今安匹(pi)兮龙为(wei)友。”后伐大宛(wan)得(de)千里马(ma)(ma)，马(ma)(ma)名蒲梢，次作以(yi)为(wei)歌(ge)(ge)。歌(ge)(ge)诗(shi)曰(yue)：“天马(ma)(ma)来兮从西极<11>，经万(wan)(wan)里兮归有(you)德。承灵威兮降外国(guo)<12>，涉流沙兮四夷服<13>。”中尉汲黯进(jin)曰(yue)：“凡王者作乐，上以(yi)承祖宗(zong)，下(xia)以(yi)化兆民。今陛下(xia)得(de)马(ma)(ma)，诗(shi)以(yi)为(wei)歌(ge)(ge)，协于宗(zong)庙，先帝百姓岂能知其音邪(xie)？”上默(mo)然不说<14>。丞相公(gong)孙弘曰(yue)<15>：“黯诽(fei)谤(bang)圣制，当族<16>。”

〔注释〕

　　<1>汉(han)(han)家：汉(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)朝廷。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)辛：每(mei)(mei)(mei)月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个辛日(ri)。古(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)干(gan)支(zhi)计日(ri)，天(tian)干(gan)自(zi)甲至(zhi)(zhi)癸一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)凡十(shi)日(ri)，每(mei)(mei)(mei)月(yue)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)日(ri)，十(shi)天(tian)干(gan)各(ge)(ge)(ge)出现三(san)(san)(san)(san)次，第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个日(ri)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)带辛字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，就(jiu)(jiu)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)辛。太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)：北(bei)极(ji)(ji)神(shen)(shen)。《通(tong)》胡(hu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)，天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊神(shen)(shen)。”又(you)(you)(you)(you)引《天(tian)文(wen)志(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)宫(gong)(gong)天(tian)极(ji)(ji)星(xing)(xing)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)者(zhe)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)常(chang)居也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，《索隐(yin)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，天(tian)极(ji)(ji)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)极(ji)(ji)星(xing)(xing)。北(bei)极(ji)(ji)星(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)九颗，最亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)颗名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)星(xing)(xing)，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)星(xing)(xing)。甘泉：甘泉宫(gong)(gong)。汉(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)离宫(gong)(gong)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，秦为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)林(lin)宫(gong)(gong)，汉(han)(han)武帝(di)增筑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，址在今陕(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)淳(chun)化西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甘泉山(shan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，因名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)甘泉宫(gong)(gong)。甘泉山(shan)居汉(han)(han)长安城西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)《汉(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)志(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“祠太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)甘泉，就(jiu)(jiu)乾位也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”　<2>僮男(nan)僮女：即(ji)童(tong)男(nan)童(tong)女。　<3>《青(qing)(qing)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)》：歌(ge)(ge)曲(qu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)(shi)天(tian)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“春(chun)(chun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)。”邢昺(bing)疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“春(chun)(chun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)者(zhe)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)春(chun)(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)和(he)则青(qing)(qing)而(er)(er)温阳(yang)(yang)(yang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”由(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)想见(jian)此(ci)(ci)(ci)曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)容，大抵是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)颂太(tai)(tai)(tai)平盛世(shi)时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)媚(mei)春(chun)(chun)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。　<4>《朱(zhu)明(ming)》：歌(ge)(ge)曲(qu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。内(nei)容是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)颂太(tai)(tai)(tai)平盛世(shi)时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夏季(ji)风光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。　<5>《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)暤(hao)(hao)(hao)》：歌(ge)(ge)曲(qu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。《集解(jie)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)少(shao)(shao)暤(hao)(hao)(hao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)出于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记·月(yue)令(ling)》，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)记载(zai)(zai)(zai)：五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)神(shen)(shen)祗，各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)主(zhu)(zhu)，秋(qiu)季(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)行属(shu)金(jin)，配五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)，“其(qi)(qi)(qi)帝(di)少(shao)(shao)暤(hao)(hao)(hao)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)蓐(ru)收(shou)”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)“秋(qiu)歌(ge)(ge)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)暤(hao)(hao)(hao)”就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)秋(qiu)天(tian)歌(ge)(ge)曲(qu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)颂，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)主(zhu)(zhu)秋(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)祗少(shao)(shao)暤(hao)(hao)(hao)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。　<6>《玄(xuan)(xuan)冥(ming)》：歌(ge)(ge)曲(qu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。《正(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记·月(yue)令(ling)》云(yun)(yun)玄(xuan)(xuan)冥(ming)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)官也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《月(yue)令(ling)》原(yuan)文(wen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：主(zhu)(zhu)冬季(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)祗“其(qi)(qi)(qi)帝(di)颛顼(xu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)玄(xuan)(xuan)冥(ming)。”郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“此(ci)(ci)(ci)黑(hei)精之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君，水(shui)(shui)(shui)官之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)，”“玄(xuan)(xuan)冥(ming)，少(shao)(shao)暤(hao)(hao)(hao)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰修、曰熙，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)官。”《月(yue)令(ling)》论每(mei)(mei)(mei)季(ji)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)主(zhu)(zhu)神(shen)(shen)祗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，每(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)、为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君；一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen)、为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)臣(chen)。即(ji)每(mei)(mei)(mei)季(ji)各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)君臣(chen)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)合主(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事，如(ru)前(qian)述(shu)，属(shu)秋(qiu)季(ji)神(shen)(shen)祗“其(qi)(qi)(qi)帝(di)少(shao)(shao)暤(hao)(hao)(hao)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)蓐(ru)收(shou)”；冬季(ji)神(shen)(shen)祗是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“其(qi)(qi)(qi)帝(di)颛顼(xu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)玄(xuan)(xuan)冥(ming)”等。《汉(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)志(zhi)》还载(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)颢(按：同暤(hao)(hao)(hao))》、《玄(xuan)(xuan)冥(ming)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)首歌(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)词。　<7>事在武帝(di)元(yuan)狩(shou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)120年(nian)(nian)(nian))，胡(hu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)引李斐语(yu)(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“南(nan)洋新野有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)暴利长，当武帝(di)时(shi)遭刑(xing)(xing)，屯(tun)田敦(dun)煌界，数于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)(shui)旁见(jian)群野马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)奇(qi)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)与(yu)(yu)凡马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)异(yi)，来(lai)饮此(ci)(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。利长先作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)土人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)持勒绊于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)旁，后(hou)(hou)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)玩习。久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)土人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)持勒绊，收(shou)得其(qi)(qi)(qi)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)，献之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，欲神(shen)(shen)异(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)，云(yun)(yun)从水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出”。　<8>贡(gong)(gong)：《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)志(zhi)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)况(kuang)。《索隐(yin)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“况(kuang)与(yu)(yu)贡(gong)(gong)意(yi)亦通(tong)”。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)况(kuang)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)与(yu)(yu)贶(kuang)通(tong)用，《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)(shi)诂》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“贡(gong)(gong)、贶(kuang)，赐(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，郭璞(pu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“皆赐(ci)与(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”今人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)：上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)与(yu)(yu)下为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)赐(ci)，下与(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贡(gong)(gong)，秦汉(han)(han)以(yi)前(qian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下界限不(bu)(bu)(bu)这(zhei)样清楚。　<9>沬(huì，会)：洗面(mian)(mian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)沬，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)动词，与(yu)(yu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)词沫(mo)(mo)(mò)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)同，颜(yan)师古(gu)(gu)(gu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“然今书(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)多(duo)(把沫(mo)(mo)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi))作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)沬面(mian)(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沬也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)，“沬，沫(mo)(mo)两通(tong)”。沬(huì)流(liu)赭(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)流(liu)下来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)赭(zhe)色汗(han)液洗面(mian)(mian)(极(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)汗(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo))；读沫(mo)(mo)时(shi)，则释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“流(liu)沫(mo)(mo)如(ru)赭(zhe)”。　　<10>《汉(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)志(zhi)》载(zai)(zai)(zai)“太(tai)(tai)(tai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歌(ge)(ge)”，此(ci)(ci)(ci)句前(qian)还有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“志(zhi)俶(tì，剃(ti))傥(tang)(tǎng，躺)，精权奇(qi)，(niè，聂)浮云(yun)(yun)，腌(yàn，暗)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)驰“四(si)句十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，按《乐(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格式于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)傥(tang)、云(yun)(yun)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)后(hou)(hou)各(ge)(ge)(ge)加兮字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)两句十(shi)四(si)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。骋，《汉(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)志(zhi)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)体；容与(yu)(yu)，从容自(zi)得貌。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)小船；跇，《集解(jie)》引孟康(kang)(kang)语(yu)(yu)：“音(yin)逝”。又(you)(you)(you)(you)引如(ru)淳(chun)语(yu)(yu)：“跇谓超渝也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”按：跇又(you)(you)(you)(you)读如(ru)艺，与(yu)(yu)跩字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)通(tong)。《集解(jie)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)引又(you)(you)(you)(you)见(jian)《汉(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)志(zhi)》颜(yan)师古(gu)(gu)(gu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(《汉(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》原(yuan)文(wen)跇作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)迣(zhi))，并说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“孟音(yin)非也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，迣(zhi)读与(yu)(yu)厉(li)同，言(yan)(yan)(yan)能厉(li)渡(du)万(wan)(wan)里(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)孟康(kang)(kang)原(yuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)跇还是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迣(zhi)？迣(zhi)读如(ru)厉(li)，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)音(yin)义就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与(yu)(yu)跇字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)通(tong)。既然同一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歌(ge)(ge)或作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)跇、或作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)迣(zhi)，应该按二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)义解(jie)释(shi)(shi)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)孟康(kang)(kang)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)确的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，颜(yan)师古(gu)(gu)(gu)误。　<11>西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)极(ji)(ji)：古(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)把四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)极(ji)(ji)远(yuan)(yuan)处(chu)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)极(ji)(ji)，因而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)东(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、南(nan)、北(bei)极(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)。《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“东(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)泰远(yuan)(yuan)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)邠国(guo)(guo)(guo)，南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)濮鈆(同沿字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi))，北(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祝栗，谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)极(ji)(ji)。”郭璞(pu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“皆四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)极(ji)(ji)远(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。”按古(gu)(gu)(gu)邠国(guo)(guo)(guo)在今陕(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)旬邑以(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，彬县(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)带。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)域观念，天(tian)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)出处(chu)远(yuan)(yuan)在邠国(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。汉(han)(han)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，陆(lu)地(di)(di)四(si)周(zhou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大海环绕(rao)，海外(wai)(wai)四(si)周(zhou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宇宙(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尽(jin)头，称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)东(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、南(nan)、北(bei)极(ji)(ji)。《淮南(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)·地(di)(di)形训(xun)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，四(si)海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陆(lu)地(di)(di)东(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)长二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)万(wan)(wan)八(ba)千(qian)(qian)里(li)(li)，南(nan)北(bei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)万(wan)(wan)六(liu)千(qian)(qian)里(li)(li)。四(si)海外(wai)(wai)东(dong)极(ji)(ji)到西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)极(ji)(ji)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)亿(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)万(wan)(wan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)千(qian)(qian)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)五(wu)步，南(nan)、北(bei)极(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间长相(xiang)等。此(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)极(ji)(ji)泛指西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)极(ji)(ji)远(yuan)(yuan)处(chu)。　<12>灵威(wei)：神(shen)(shen)灵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威(wei)。按《史(shi)(shi)记·封(feng)禅书(shu)(shu)(shu)》载(zai)(zai)(zai)，汉(han)(han)高(gao)祖(zu)曾(ceng)命(ming)邵国(guo)(guo)(guo)县(xian)立灵星(xing)(xing)祠。灵星(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)龙星(xing)(xing)，即(ji)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)八(ba)宿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)角宿。《正(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“灵者(zhe)，神(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”降：降伏(fu)。　<13>流(liu)沙(sha)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部沙(sha)漠。详细地(di)(di)域说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。从《禹(yu)贡(gong)(gong)》、《楚辞》、《山(shan)海经》等书(shu)(shu)(shu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)叙，只(zhi)能得出流(liu)沙(sha)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部沙(sha)漠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)结(jie)论。四(si)夷(yi)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)四(si)周(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)(shao)数民族。按《尚书(shu)(shu)(shu)·禹(yu)贡(gong)(gong)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)记载(zai)(zai)(zai)，天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)辖地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王城，四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)以(yi)内(nei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甸服(fu)，以(yi)外(wai)(wai)各(ge)(ge)(ge)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侯(hou)服(fu)，再外(wai)(wai)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)绥(sui)(sui)服(fu)。绥(sui)(sui)服(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai)各(ge)(ge)(ge)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)要服(fu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“三(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)夷(yi)，二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)蔡。”甸服(fu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)直接(jie)辖地(di)(di)，侯(hou)服(fu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诸侯(hou)封(feng)地(di)(di)与(yu)(yu)大夫(fu)士的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采地(di)(di)；绥(sui)(sui)服(fu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)文(wen)教所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)及(ji)与(yu)(yu)以(yi)武力护卫天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)区(qu)。再向外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要服(fu)地(di)(di)区(qu)，天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)力所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)，仅(jin)稍加要(约)束而(er)(er)己(ji)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夷(yi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)夷(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)由(you)(you)来(lai)。《尚书(shu)(shu)(shu)·大禹(yu)谟》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“无(wu)怠(dai)无(wu)荒，四(si)夷(yi)来(lai)王”语(yu)(yu)。后(hou)(hou)世(shi)四(si)夷(yi)又(you)(you)(you)(you)各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)专名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，即(ji)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)记·曲(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)下》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“东(dong)夷(yi)，北(bei)狄，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)戎，南(nan)蛮(man)。”各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)许多(duo)种族部落，《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)》称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“九夷(yi)、八(ba)狄、七(qi)(qi)戎、六(liu)蛮(man)”。按：以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)《天(tian)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)歌(ge)(ge)》与(yu)(yu)《汉(han)(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)·礼(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)志(zhi)》所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)载(zai)(zai)(zai)差别较大，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)长期歌(ge)(ge)唱，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)修改的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缘故。　<14>说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：通(tong)悦。　<15>梁玉绳《史(shi)(shi)记志(zhi)疑》考(kao)(kao)证说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：公(gong)(gong)孙弘(hong)(hong)死(si)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)元(yuan)狩(shou)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)121年(nian)(nian)(nian))，《天(tian)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)歌(ge)(ge)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)初四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)101年(nian)(nian)(nian))和(he)元(yuan)狩(shou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，公(gong)(gong)孙弘(hong)(hong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)。又(you)(you)(you)(you)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)汲(ji)黯未尝为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官，得渥洼马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)时(shi)，黯在淮阳(yang)(yang)(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)守，得宛马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)时(shi)已死(si)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(汲(ji)黯死(si)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)元(yuan)鼎五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，即(ji)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)112年(nian)(nian)(nian))，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能“诽谤(bang)圣制”。由(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《乐(le)书(shu)(shu)(shu)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)假冒。司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)光(guang)《通(tong)考(kao)(kao)异(yi)》则认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)生(sheng)渥洼水(shui)(shui)(shui)(元(yuan)狩(shou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian))时(shi)，汲(ji)黯为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)右(you)内(nei)史(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)讥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)当族者(zhe)非公(gong)(gong)孙弘(hong)(hong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”古(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)著(zhu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)重年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，记述(shu)常(chang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)舛误。司(si)马(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)光(guang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。　<16>族：刑(xing)(xing)罚名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，即(ji)灭(mie)族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)(xing)。《尚书(shu)(shu)(shu)·泰誓》：“罪人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)族。”孔安国(guo)(guo)(guo)传说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)罪，刑(xing)(xing)及(ji)父母(mu)、兄弟(di)、妻子(zi)(zi)(zi)。”按：刑(xing)(xing)及(ji)父母(mu)、兄弟(di)、妻子(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灭(mie)其(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)族(父、身、子(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)称(cheng)三(san)(san)(san)(san)族)，后(hou)(hou)世(shi)又(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)灭(mie)九族(自(zi)高(gao)祖(zu)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)玄(xuan)(xuan)孙，九代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren))等族刑(xing)(xing)。

　　凡音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)起<1>，由(you)人心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生也(ye)。人心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)动(dong)，物使之(zhi)(zhi)然也(ye)。感(gan)(gan)(gan)于物而(er)动(dong)，故(gu)形(xing)于声(sheng)(sheng)；声(sheng)(sheng)相应，故(gu)生变(bian)；变(bian)成方，谓之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)；比(bi)音(yin)而(er)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)<2>，及干戚羽旄(mao)<3>，谓之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)也(ye)。乐(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)所由(you)生也(ye)<4>，其(qi)本在(zai)人心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)于物也(ye)。是(shi)故(gu)其(qi)哀心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)噍以(yi)(yi)(yi)杀(sha)<5>；其(qi)乐(le)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)啴以(yi)(yi)(yi)缓<6>；其(qi)喜心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)发以(yi)(yi)(yi)散；其(qi)怒(nu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)粗以(yi)(yi)(yi)厉(li)；其(qi)敬心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)直以(yi)(yi)(yi)廉<7>；其(qi)爱心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)和以(yi)(yi)(yi)柔(rou)。六者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)非性也(ye)，感(gan)(gan)(gan)于物而(er)后动(dong)，是(shi)故(gu)先王慎所以(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)(gan)(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)。故(gu)礼(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)导其(qi)志，乐(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)和其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)，政(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)壹其(qi)行，刑(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)防其(qi)奸。礼(li)乐(le)刑(xing)政(zheng)，其(qi)极一(yi)也(ye)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)同民心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)而(er)出治道也(ye)。

〔注释〕

　　<1>以(yi)下(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)《礼(li)记(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》文(wen)。《正义》引皇(huang)甫侃的(de)(de)话(hua)说(shuo)：此章“备言音(yin)(yin)声(sheng)所(suo)(suo)起，故名(ming)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)本(ben)》。夫乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)起，其(qi)事有(you)二：一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人心(xin)感(gan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)声(sheng)从(cong)心(xin)而(er)(er)生(sheng)；一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)感(gan)人心(xin)，心(xin)随(sui)(sui)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(yuè)声(sheng)而(er)(er)变(bian)(bian)也(ye)(ye)。”　<2>比：随(sui)(sui)着(zhe)、顺(shun)着(zhe)。《易经·比卦》彖辞说(shuo)：“比，辅也(ye)(ye)。下(xia)顺(shun)从(cong)也(ye)(ye)。”乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)读如(ru)yuè，做动词(ci)(ci)用，全句的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，顺(shun)着(zhe)音(yin)(yin)调(diao)的(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)化，而(er)(er)将它音(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)化，或说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)将它变(bian)(bian)成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。怎样变(bian)(bian)？《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“言以(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)次比音(yin)(yin)之(zhi)歌曲而(er)(er)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)播之(zhi)。”用白话(hua)说(shuo)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)随(sui)(sui)音(yin)(yin)调(diao)的(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)化，用乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)演奏之(zhi)。　<3>干戚羽(yu)旄：按《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)玄的(de)(de)解释，干就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)盾牌，戚指斧(兵器(qi)(qi))。这(zhei)两种(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周武王所(suo)(suo)制《武》舞(wu)(wu)中(zhong)，舞(wu)(wu)人手执的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)具；羽(yu)指雄性山鸡尾(wei)，旄指旄牛尾(wei)。这(zhei)两种(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)舞(wu)(wu)中(zhong)舞(wu)(wu)人手执的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)具。　<4>由(you)：因缘、缘故。此句硬(ying)译应是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：由(you)于(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)缘故，音(yin)(yin)才发生(sheng)变(bian)(bian)化，产(chan)生(sheng)新的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)。或者说(shuo)，以(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)为(wei)(wei)(wei)目的(de)(de)，音(yin)(yin)产(chan)生(sheng)了新的(de)(de)东西(xi)。意(yi)(yi)译就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)音(yin)(yin)产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)。　<5>噍(jiāo，焦)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)玄释为(wei)(wei)(wei)急(ji)(ji)。杀(sha)(shài，晒(shai))：衰(shuai)减(jian)。《仪(yi)礼(li)·士冠》：“以(yi)官爵人，德(de)之(zhi)杀(sha)也(ye)(ye)。”郑(zheng)玄注(zhu)说(shuo)：“杀(sha)，犹衰(shuai)也(ye)(ye)。”噍而(er)(er)杀(sha)：孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释为(wei)(wei)(wei)“踧(cù，同(tong)蹙(cu)。意(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)迫促(cu))急(ji)(ji)而(er)(er)速杀(sha)也(ye)(ye)。”就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)促(cu)急(ji)(ji)而(er)(er)迅速减(jian)弱谓(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)噍杀(sha)。　<6>啴(tan)(tan)(tan)(chǎn，产(chan))：宽(kuan)舒。又(you)读如(ru)单(dan)(dān)、滩(tan)(tān)等，都(dou)有(you)宽(kuan)舒意(yi)(yi)。如(ru)《诗·大雅·崧高》：“徒御啴(tan)(tan)(tan)啴(tan)(tan)(tan)(读tān)”毛注(zhu)：“啴(tan)(tan)(tan)啴(tan)(tan)(tan)安舒，言得(de)礼(li)也(ye)(ye)。”故啴(tan)(tan)(tan)以(yi)缓(huan)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宽(kuan)缓(huan)的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)：“啴(tan)(tan)(tan)，宽(kuan)也(ye)(ye)。若外(wai)境所(suo)(suo)善(shan)，心(xin)必欢乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。欢乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)在心(xin)，故声(sheng)必随(sui)(sui)而(er)(er)宽(kuan)缓(huan)也(ye)(ye)。”　<7>廉：不苟微(wei)细(xi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)廉。廉原是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古代(dai)数学名(ming)词(ci)(ci)，如(ru)左图，将225开(kai)方(fang)：先破十为(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)，其(qi)积100，所(suo)(suo)余小方(fang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)隅，长方(fang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)廉。方(fang)、廉、隅相加为(wei)(wei)(wei)积225。方(fang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)开(kai)方(fang)所(suo)(suo)得(de)大数，廉隅是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剩余的(de)(de)小数，或说(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)边、角微(wei)细(xi)的(de)(de)部分(fen)。故古人又(you)以(yi)廉为(wei)(wei)(wei)棱，隅为(wei)(wei)(wei)角(《广雅》)。此处所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)直以(yi)廉是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)边、角分(fen)明(ming)，绝无邪(xie)曲的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)：“直谓(wei)(wei)(wei)不邪(xie)也(ye)(ye)；廉，廉隅也(ye)(ye)”。“严(yan)敬在心(xin)，则(ze)其(qi)声(sheng)正直而(er)(er)有(you)廉隅不邪(xie)曲也(ye)(ye)。”

　　凡音(yin)者，生人心者也(ye)。情动于(yu)(yu)中，故(gu)(gu)形于(yu)(yu)声，声成文谓之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)<1>。是(shi)故(gu)(gu)治世之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)安以乐，其(qi)正和<2>；乱(luan)世之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)怨(yuan)以怒，其(qi)正乖<3>；亡国之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)哀以思，其(qi)民困。声音(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)道，与正通矣。宫为(wei)君<4>，商为(wei)臣<5>，角为(wei)民<6>，徵为(wei)事<7>，羽(yu)为(wei)物<8>。五者不乱(luan)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)无惉懘之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)矣<9>。宫乱(luan)则(ze)(ze)(ze)荒<10>，共(gong)君骄；商乱(luan)则(ze)(ze)(ze)捶<11>，其(qi)臣坏(huai)；角乱(luan)则(ze)(ze)(ze)忧<12>，其(qi)民怨(yuan)；徵乱(luan)则(ze)(ze)(ze)哀<13>，其(qi)事勤；羽(yu)乱(luan)则(ze)(ze)(ze)危(wei)<14>，其(qi)财匮(kui)。五者皆乱(luan)，迭相陵<15>，谓之(zhi)(zhi)慢。如此则(ze)(ze)(ze)国之(zhi)(zhi)灭亡无日矣。郑卫之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)<16>，乱(luan)世之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)也(ye)。比(bi)于(yu)(yu)慢矣。桑间濮上之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)<17>，亡国之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)也(ye)，其(qi)政散，其(qi)民流(liu)，诬上行(xing)私而不可止<18>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>声(sheng)成(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)：《正(zheng)义》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“清(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)虽异(yi)，各见于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)外，成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)彩。”“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)彩”，义仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，声(sheng)能(neng)成(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)变化有(you)(you)规律(lv)，形(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)结构和组织，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再是(shi)(shi)(shi)简单的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)声(sheng)了(le)，就(jiu)如(ru)同文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再是(shi)(shi)(shi)单个的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)字(zi)母(mu)一(yi)样。　<2>正(zheng)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》作政(zheng)。正(zheng)同政(zheng)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)下同。　<3>乖：背(bei)戾，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和谐。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》：“乖，戾也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<4>宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)重浊(zhuo)(zhuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)，用八十一(yi)丝，声(sheng)重而(er)(er)(er)尊，故为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)”。《正(zheng)义》又(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)行理(li)论解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)属(shu)(shu)土，居(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央，总(zong)四(si)方(fang)，君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)”。　<5>《索隐》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“商(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)金(按(an)(an)：即(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)行理(li)论，商(shang)(shang)(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金)，金为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)决断(duan)(按(an)(an)：即(ji)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)决断(duan))，臣(chen)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用七十二(er)(er)丝，次(ci)(ci)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，如(ru)臣(chen)次(ci)(ci)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”　<6>以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)行理(li)论解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)，角属(shu)(shu)木，属(shu)(shu)春(chun)。《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)王(wang)(wang)肃语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“春(chun)物(wu)并(bing)生(sheng)，各以(yi)(yi)(yi)区别，民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又(you)从声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)高(gao)低(di)(di)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)，《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用六(liu)十四(si)丝，声(sheng)居(ju)(ju)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羽(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，比(bi)(bi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劣，比(bi)(bi)物(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)优，故云(yun)清(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，人(按(an)(an)：即(ji)民(min)(min)字(zi)。唐太宗李世(shi)民(min)(min)，唐人避其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名，书(shu)民(min)(min)字(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)角弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗细(xi)在(zai)(zai)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)粗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)细(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羽(yu)(yu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)，声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)，宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，羽(yu)(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)，地(di)位处于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)角是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征。　<7>徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhǐ，只)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)两(liang)(liang)种(zhong)理(li)论解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)：徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)行为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夏(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火。《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“夏(xia)时(shi)(shi)生(sheng)长，万物(wu)皆成(cheng)形(xing)体(ti)，事(shi)亦有(you)(you)体(ti)，故配事(shi)；《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)王(wang)(wang)肃语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“夏(xia)物(wu)盛，故事(shi)多(duo)。”《正(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)(shu)火，以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)，事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)由(you)(you)五(wu)十四(si)根(gen)丝组成(cheng)，粗细(xi)在(zai)(zai)角、羽(yu)(yu)二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)，《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖达疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“(羽(yu)(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu))，夫事(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)造为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，造为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)(you)民(min)(min)，故先事(shi)后乃(nai)有(you)(you)物(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)胜于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)物(wu)而(er)(er)(er)劣于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)，故次(ci)(ci)民(min)(min)，居(ju)(ju)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”　<8>羽(yu)(yu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)行属(shu)(shu)水(shui)，属(shu)(shu)冬；弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)十八根(gen)丝，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)细(xi)，声(sheng)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(高(gao)而(er)(er)(er)细(xi))。故由(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)两(liang)(liang)种(zhong)理(li)论解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)复赘。　<9>惉(zhān，沾(zhan))懘(chi)(chi)(chì，翅)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄注：“惉懘(chi)(chi)，敝(bi)败(bai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和貌。”孔(kong)(kong)颖达疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“惉，敝(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；懘(chi)(chi)，败(bai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，敝(bi)败(bai)谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、臣(chen)、民(min)(min)、事(shi)、物(wu)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)各得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)用，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)坏乱(luan)(luan)(luan)，则(ze)(ze)五(wu)声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)响(xiang)无敝(bi)败(bai)矣。”　<10>荒(huang)(huang)(huang)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“荒(huang)(huang)(huang)，犹散(san)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔(kong)(kong)颖达疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)，则(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)声(sheng)放散(san)”。荒(huang)(huang)(huang)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)没(mei)义，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)训(xun)。荒(huang)(huang)(huang)原(yuan)有(you)(you)废的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)，如(ru)《尚书(shu)·周(zhou)书(shu)·蔡仲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“无荒(huang)(huang)(huang)弃朕(zhen)命”，孔(kong)(kong)安国(guo)(guo)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“元废弃我命”。十二(er)(er)律(lv)黄钟(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)三(san)分(fen)(fen)损益法(参见《律(lv)书(shu)》注)生(sheng)成(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)余(yu)诸(zhu)律(lv)，即(ji)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)余(yu)四(si)声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)准，宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)就(jiu)五(wu)声(sheng)尽废，没(mei)个准头了(le)。　<11>捶(chui)(chui)：《礼记(ji)(ji)》作陂，释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)倾斜、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平正(zheng)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》作捶(chui)(chui)。《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》、《正(zheng)义》均不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)另(ling)立新解(jie)(jie)，仍以(yi)(yi)(yi)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)敷(fu)会之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，甚无所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)。《广韵》释(shi)(shi)(shi)捶(chui)(chui)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)擿(zhì)。同掷，投(tou)掷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)，如(ru)《史记(ji)(ji)·剌客(ke)列(lie)传》：“乃(nai)引(yin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)匕首(shou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)擿秦(qin)王(wang)(wang)。”《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“擿与掷同，古(gu)字(zi)耳”。按(an)(an)出(chu)律(lv)法八十一(yi)分(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，三(san)分(fen)(fen)去一(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)分(fen)(fen)益一(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)，生(sheng)律(lv)次(ci)(ci)序中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)居(ju)(ju)五(wu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三(san)位，商(shang)(shang)(shang)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)，宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受影(ying)响(xiang)，角、羽(yu)(yu)二(er)(er)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)必受影(ying)响(xiang)，五(wu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)半存半废，故乐(le)(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)跳掷不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)(ze)捶(chui)(chui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。　<12>五(wu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由(you)(you)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)至(zhi)羽(yu)(yu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)渐细(xi)、渐短，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)由(you)(you)低(di)(di)渐高(gao)，由(you)(you)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)渐清(qing)(qing)(qing)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)、最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)，羽(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)、最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)。角音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)居(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。角乱(luan)(luan)(luan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)角音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)高(gao)低(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)准，偏(pian)低(di)(di)则(ze)(ze)五(wu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)多(duo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)，偏(pian)高(gao)则(ze)(ze)清(qing)(qing)(qing)多(duo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)浊(zhuo)(zhuo)。整个乐(le)(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)显(xian)得(de)忽(hu)(hu)而(er)(er)(er)亢奋，忽(hu)(hu)而(er)(er)(er)低(di)(di)沉，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忧(you)思(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定貌，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)角乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)(ze)忧(you)。　<13>徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)次(ci)(ci)清(qing)(qing)(qing)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)(ze)五(wu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足，浊(zhuo)(zhuo)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)，整个曲(qu)调则(ze)(ze)显(xian)得(de)低(di)(di)沉哀婉(wan)。就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)徵(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)则(ze)(ze)哀。　<14>羽(yu)(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，乱(luan)(luan)(luan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)正(zheng)，或(huo)高(gao)或(huo)低(di)(di)，忽(hu)(hu)高(gao)忽(hu)(hu)低(di)(di)。低(di)(di)无大(da)(da)影(ying)响(xiang)，高(gao)(是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)种(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)谐调的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao))则(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)唱不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)。因(yin)(yin)太高(gao)，唱不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)断(duan)，这种(zhong)现象(xiang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)“危(wei)(wei)”。危(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)忌，偶一(yi)出(chu)现演奏即(ji)谓(wei)失败(bai)。　<15>迭(die)相(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)：《正(zheng)义说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)》：“迭(die)，互(hu)(hu)(hu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)，越(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”迭(die)相(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“五(wu)声(sheng)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和，君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)臣(chen)上(shang)(shang)下互(hu)(hu)(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)越(yue)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慢也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”迭(die)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)互(hu)(hu)(hu)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)设义，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)够贴切。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》：“迭(die)，更迭(die)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)甲处宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)商(shang)(shang)(shang)，乙处商(shang)(shang)(shang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，丙(bing)处宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又(you)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)商(shang)(shang)(shang)叫(jiao)做(zuo)迭(die)相(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)做(zuo)互(hu)(hu)(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)；于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)同一(yi)处宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)商(shang)(shang)(shang)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)做(zuo)互(hu)(hu)(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)叫(jiao)做(zuo)迭(die)相(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。时(shi)(shi)空相(xiang)(xiang)同为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)互(hu)(hu)(hu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)迭(die)。即(ji)互(hu)(hu)(hu)无更意(yi)，迭(die)有(you)(you)更意(yi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同。　<16>春(chun)秋时(shi)(shi)期郑(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)(guo)、卫(wei)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)。今《诗经(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《邶风(feng)(feng)》、《鄘风(feng)(feng)》、《卫(wei)风(feng)(feng)》、《郑(zheng)(zheng)风(feng)(feng)》保留了(le)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)歌词(邶、鄘春(chun)秋时(shi)(shi)被卫(wei)国(guo)(guo)兼并(bing))。《诗谱序》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“孔(kong)(kong)子录(周(zhou))懿(yi)(yi)王(wang)(wang)、夷王(wang)(wang)时(shi)(shi)诗迄(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)陈灵公(gong)淫乱(luan)(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变风(feng)(feng)变雅(ya)。”《诗经(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)《邶风(feng)(feng)》以(yi)(yi)(yi)下十二(er)(er)国(guo)(guo)风(feng)(feng)都属(shu)(shu)变风(feng)(feng)变雅(ya)，郑(zheng)(zheng)、卫(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng)(feng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。又(you)《史记(ji)(ji)·周(zhou)本纪》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“懿(yi)(yi)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)(shi)，王(wang)(wang)室遂衰”，周(zhou)衰自懿(yi)(yi)王(wang)(wang)始(shi)，郑(zheng)(zheng)、卫(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)此后，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。　<17>《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“濮(pu)(pu)(pu)水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)，地(di)有(you)(you)桑(sang)间(jian)，在(zai)(zai)濮(pu)(pu)(pu)阳(yang)南”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)桑(sang)间(jian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)名，误。桑(sang)间(jian)濮(pu)(pu)(pu)上(shang)(shang)实指(zhi)濮(pu)(pu)(pu)水(shui)一(yi)带的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)，泛指(zhi)卫(wei)国(guo)(guo)境(jing)。《禹贡》以(yi)(yi)(yi)兖(yan)州为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桑(sang)土，濮(pu)(pu)(pu)水(shui)流(liu)域古(gu)属(shu)(shu)兖(yan)州，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)宜(yi)桑(sang)蚕(can)，故有(you)(you)桑(sang)间(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。并(bing)非(fei)某一(yi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)名为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桑(sang)间(jian)。《诗经(jing)·鄘风(feng)(feng)》有(you)(you)《桑(sang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》一(yi)篇(pian)(pian)，《序》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“《桑(sang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》剌奔也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。卫(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)室淫乱(luan)(luan)(luan)，男女相(xiang)(xiang)奔，至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世(shi)族在(zai)(zai)位，相(xiang)(xiang)窃妻妾，期于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幽(you)远，政(zheng)散(san)民(min)(min)流(liu)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)止(zhi)。”桑(sang)间(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)可(ke)能(neng)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)《桑(sang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》篇(pian)(pian)。濮(pu)(pu)(pu)上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)《桑(sang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淫乱(luan)(luan)(luan)，故首(shou)揭其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桑(sang)间(jian)濮(pu)(pu)(pu)上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)。　<18>诬上(shang)(shang)行私(si)(si)：臣(chen)诬君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诬上(shang)(shang)；废公(gong)法，徇私(si)(si)情为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行私(si)(si)。

　　凡音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，生于(yu)人心(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)；乐(le)(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，通于(yu)伦理者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)<1>。是(shi)故(gu)知声而(er)(er)不知音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，禽兽是(shi)也(ye)(ye)；知音(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)不知乐(le)(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，众(zhong)庶是(shi)也(ye)(ye)<2>。唯(wei)君子为能知乐(le)(le)(le)(le)<3>。是(shi)故(gu)审(shen)声以(yi)(yi)(yi)知音(yin)(yin)(yin)，审(shen)音(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)知乐(le)(le)(le)(le)，审(shen)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)知政，而(er)(er)治道(dao)备矣<4>。是(shi)故(gu)不知声者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不可与言(yan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)，不知音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不可与言(yan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)，知乐(le)(le)(le)(le)则几于(yu)礼矣<5>。礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)皆(jie)得(de)，谓之(zhi)(zhi)有德。德者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)得(de)也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)隆(long)，非(fei)极(ji)音(yin)(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye)；食飨之(zhi)(zhi)礼<6>，非(fei)极(ji)味也(ye)(ye)。清(qing)庙之(zhi)(zhi)瑟(se)<7>，朱弦而(er)(er)疏越<8>，一倡而(er)(er)三叹，有遗音(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)矣。大飨之(zhi)(zhi)礼<9&gt;，尚玄(xuan)酒而(er)(er)俎腥鱼<10>，大羹不和<11>，有遗味者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)矣。是(shi)故(gu)先(xian)王之(zhi)(zhi)制礼乐(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)，非(fei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)极(ji)口腹耳目之(zhi)(zhi)欲(yu)也(ye)(ye)，将以(yi)(yi)(yi)教民平(ping)好(hao)恶而(er)(er)反人道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)正也(ye)(ye)<12>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>伦理(li)：关于人(ren)与(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)之(zhi)间(jian)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)关系的(de)(de)(de)准(zhun)则(ze)。又称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)伦常(chang)、人(ren)伦、纲常(chang)等(deng)。　<2>众(zhong)(zhong)庶(shu)(shu)：此(ci)(ci)处指普通(tong)百姓(xing)，或谓之(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)。众(zhong)(zhong)庶(shu)(shu)犹(you)言众(zhong)(zhong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)。按(an)《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文》及(ji)《尔(er)雅》等(deng)，庶(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)意(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)众(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)作民(min)(min)(min)(min)字(zi)解(jie)。六经(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)庶(shu)(shu)人(ren)、庶(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)、百姓(xing)等(deng)语(yu)，用法(fa)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)区别(bie)的(de)(de)(de)：庶(shu)(shu)人(ren)与(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)区别(bie)是(shi)(shi)在官为(wei)(wei)(wei)庶(shu)(shu)人(ren)，在野为(wei)(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)。百姓(xing)范围更(geng)广，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)士甚至大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫，只(zhi)有(you)(you)把(ba)众(zhong)(zhong)庶(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)庶(shu)(shu)字(zi)当作是(shi)(shi)庶(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)二(er)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)省称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)时(shi)(shi)，众(zhong)(zhong)庶(shu)(shu)才能释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)众(zhong)(zhong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)。　<3>君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)：有(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)、有(you)(you)知(zhi)识的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达解(jie)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)德(de)(de)圣(sheng)人(ren)”，即(ji)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)圣(sheng)人(ren)。六经(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)词(ci)的(de)(de)(de)含意(yi)(yi)(yi)很混乱(luan)，有(you)(you)时(shi)(shi)泛指统治阶级，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)在下位的(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)众(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)时(shi)(shi)又与(yu)(yu)(yu)地位无关，循礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)行事，仆隶可(ke)(ke)(ke)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，如(ru)(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·檀弓(gong)》记(ji)(ji)载的(de)(de)(de)“曾子(zi)(zi)(zi)易箦”的(de)(de)(de)故事，曾子(zi)(zi)(zi)把(ba)执烛童子(zi)(zi)(zi)(幼仆)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)等(deng)。具体含意(yi)(yi)(yi)当视文义(yi)而定(ding)。《乐(le)书》这(zhei)句话中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)指有(you)(you)知(zhi)识深明(ming)乐(le)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。　<4>治道(dao)(dao)：治理(li)国(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)。备(bei)：完备(bei)。　<5>几(ji)：近。《尔(er)雅·释(shi)诂》：“几(ji)，近也(ye)(ye)。”如(ru)(ru)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·聘(pin)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“日(ri)几(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而后礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)”。　<6>食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(sì，寺)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiǎng，享(xiang)(xiang))：食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)饲，飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)享(xiang)(xiang)。《正(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)谓宗庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)”。误(wu)。宗庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、小(xiao)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，小(xiao)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只(zhi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)神，无食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)义(yi)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)毕还要把(ba)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)神之(zhi)物(牲(sheng)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)酒醴(li)之(zhi)类)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)宾客(ke)，合(he)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。单言后者则(ze)称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，才有(you)(you)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)义(yi)。而“食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)二(er)字(zi)含意(yi)(yi)(yi)广泛得(de)多，凡(fan)以(yi)(yi)酒食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)待客(ke)均称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，规模小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)为(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)为(wei)(wei)(wei)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)丧祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)其(qi)他吉礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)客(ke)如(ru)(ru)乡(xiang)饮酒、射、加冠、婚、朝聘(pin)等(deng)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)酒食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)客(ke)的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)，都称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。　<7>《集(ji)解(jie)》引王(wang)肃语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“于清(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所鼓(按(an)：同奏)之(zhi)瑟(se)”。清(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，周天子(zi)(zi)(zi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀七庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。《诗·周颂·清(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)序》：“清(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，祀文王(wang)也(ye)(ye)。”这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)种说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)。另(ling)《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“清(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，谓作乐(le)歌《清(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)》也(ye)(ye)，孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“清(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)瑟(se)，谓歌《清(qing)(qing)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)》之(zhi)诗所弹之(zhi)瑟(se)。以(yi)(yi)前(qian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)长(zhang)。　<8>《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“朱(zhu)弦(xian)，练弦(xian)，练则(ze)声浊(zhuo)；越，瑟(se)底孔(kong)(kong)也(ye)(ye)，画疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)使声迟也(ye)(ye)。”按(an)：练就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)捣练，丝(si)(si)经(jing)捣练，除去丝(si)(si)胶，生丝(si)(si)变为(wei)(wei)(wei)熟丝(si)(si)，柔韧性更(geng)强，同时(shi)(shi)，固(gu)有(you)(you)频率变小(xiao)(音(yin)低(di)而浊(zhuo))。所以(yi)(yi)朱(zhu)弦(xian)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)红(hong)色熟丝(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。画疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)二(er)字(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)解(jie)，孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)指疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)通(tong)。瑟(se)底加孔(kong)(kong)，疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)通(tong)瑟(se)底气流使与(yu)(yu)(yu)弦(xian)共振，声音(yin)变得(de)迟缓(huan)，与(yu)(yu)(yu)义(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)通(tong)，然而画疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)何以(yi)(yi)能释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)通(tong)，终不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)解(jie)。因此(ci)(ci)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必(bi)理(li)会郑(zheng)注(zhu)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)直接以(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)解(jie)释(shi)：疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)越为(wei)(wei)(wei)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)通(tong)气流之(zhi)孔(kong)(kong)，或释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)通(tong)气孔(kong)(kong)。　<9>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)：《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)祫(xia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)先王(wang)，误(wu)。比如(ru)(ru)五年一(yi)(yi)(yi)次的(de)(de)(de)禘祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，与(yu)(yu)(yu)祫(xia)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)同称(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殷(yin)(盛(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si))祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。又《正(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)享(xiang)(xiang)(按(an)同飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))即(ji)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)。变‘食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)’言‘大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)’，崇其(qi)名故也(ye)(ye)”。这(zhei)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)错误(wu)的(de)(de)(de)。食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)享(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)极味，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)享(xiang)(xiang)尚玄(xuan)酒，这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)二(er)码事，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)混淆。若食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)享(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)享(xiang)(xiang)，二(er)句话完全(quan)合(he)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必(bi)要分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)两层了。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)指郊天与(yu)(yu)(yu)宗庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宾客(ke)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)玄(xuan)酒之(zhi)设，而一(yi)(yi)(yi)般食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)重礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)极味，但(dan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)设玄(xuan)酒，所以(yi)(yi)于食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)享(xiang)(xiang)只(zhi)言其(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)极味，于大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)才说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)尚玄(xuan)酒。　<10>俎：盛(sheng)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)盘(切(qie)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)木(mu)(mu)板亦谓之(zhi)俎，此(ci)(ci)文指盛(sheng)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)具)。腥：肉(rou)(rou)(rou)未熟为(wei)(wei)(wei)腥。如(ru)(ru)《论(lun)语(yu)·乡(xiang)党》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“君(jun)(jun)(jun)赐腥，必(bi)熟而荐(jian)之(zhi)。”全(quan)句的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)：大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)飨(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要有(you)(you)盛(sheng)生鱼的(de)(de)(de)俎。　<11>大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)羹(geng)：肉(rou)(rou)(rou)汁羹(geng)。参见《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)书》注(zhu)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和：不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)调合(he)五味。　<12>好恶(e)：喜好与(yu)(yu)(yu)厌恶(e)。人(ren)道(dao)(dao)：《正(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)之(zhi)正(zheng)道(dao)(dao)，《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·丧服小(xiao)记(ji)(ji)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“亲亲、尊尊、长(zhang)长(zhang)、男女之(zhi)有(you)(you)别(bie)，人(ren)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)者也(ye)(ye)。”。

　　人生而(er)静，天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)；感于(yu)物(wu)而(er)动，性(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)颂也(ye)(ye)(ye)<1>。物(wu)至(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)<2>，然后好(hao)(hao)恶(e)形焉。好(hao)(hao)恶(e)无节(jie)(jie)(jie)于(yu)内，知(zhi)(zhi)诱于(yu)外<3>，不(bu)能(neng)反己<4>，天(tian)理灭(mie)矣<5>。夫物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)感人无穷(qiong)(qiong)，而(er)人之(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)(hao)恶(e)无节(jie)(jie)(jie)，则是(shi)(shi)物(wu)至(zhi)而(er)人化物(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)<6>。人化物(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)，灭(mie)天(tian)理而(er)穷(qiong)(qiong)人欲者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)<7>。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)有悖逆诈伪之(zhi)(zhi)心<8>，有淫(yin)佚作(zuo)乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。是(shi)(shi)故(gu)强(qiang)者(zhe)胁弱，众者(zhe)暴(bao)寡，知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)诈愚(yu)<9>，勇(yong)者(zhe)若(ruo)怯，疾病不(bu)养，老(lao)幼孤寡不(bu)得其所(suo)<10>，此大乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)故(gu)先王制礼乐，人为之(zhi)(zhi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)：衰麻哭(ku)泣<11>，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)丧纪(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)<12>；钟鼓干(gan)戚<13>，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)和(he)安(an)乐也(ye)(ye)(ye)；婚姻冠(guan)笄<14>，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)别男(nan)女也(ye)(ye)(ye)；射(she)乡食飨<15>，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)正交接也(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼节(jie)(jie)(jie)民(min)心，乐和(he)民(min)声，政以(yi)(yi)行之(zhi)(zhi)，刑以(yi)(yi)防之(zhi)(zhi)。礼乐刑政四(si)达而(er)不(bu)悖，则王道备矣<16>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>颂(song)：容(rong)(rong)貌、外(wai)表(biao)。《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引徐广语解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)：“颂(song)音容(rong)(rong)，今《礼(li)(li)(li)》(按：指(zhi)《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》作(zuo)‘欲(yu)(yu)’。”其(qi)(qi)实颂(song)与(yu)(yu)(yu)容(rong)(rong)字(zi)音(róng)义皆通(tong)，《说(shuo)文(wen)》说(shuo)：“颂(song)，貌也(ye)(ye)”。在本句中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是：人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)性是静(jing)，静(jing)则无所(suo)(suo)表(biao)现，难以(yi)(yi)(yi)觉察。只(zhi)有(you)感于(yu)(yu)物而(er)(er)动，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)感于(yu)(yu)外(wai)物则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)动，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)静(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)性由(you)(you)感物而(er)(er)动被反衬(chen)出来，感物而(er)(er)动就成了天(tian)(tian)性静(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)部表(biao)现(容(rong)(rong)貌)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》“颂(song)”作(zuo)欲(yu)(yu)。　<2>知(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)：前知(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)智(zhi)同(tong)。全句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)如(ru)《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)：“事至(zhi)，能以(yi)(yi)(yi)智(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”　<3>知(zhi)(zhi)：指(zhi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)外(wai)物至(zhi)而(er)(er)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感觉。己：自(zi)己、自(zi)身(shen)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》作(zuo)“躬”。躬，《说(shuo)文(wen)》在“吕”部，释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曰：“身(shen)也(ye)(ye)”。与(yu)(yu)(yu)己通(tong)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)书》中此(ci)(ci)句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能归(gui)于(yu)(yu)自(zi)身(shen)原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)性。即“己”释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)性。　<5>天(tian)(tian)理：《集(ji)(ji)解(jie)(jie)》和(he)《正(zheng)义》都释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)性，即“人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)而(er)(er)静(jing)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秉赋(fu)，与(yu)(yu)(yu)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)同(tong)。　<6>人(ren)(ren)(ren)化物：即人(ren)(ren)(ren)化于(yu)(yu)物，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物所(suo)(suo)化，随物变(bian)易(yi)其(qi)(qi)善恶。　<7>人(ren)(ren)(ren)欲(yu)(yu)：人(ren)(ren)(ren)心所(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu)。即好恶无节(jie)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贪欲(yu)(yu)。　<8>悖(bei)逆：不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顺天(tian)(tian)理，恣意而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。《玉篇》：“悖(bei)，逆也(ye)(ye)。”悖(bei)逆二字(zi)是逆字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)意重复。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顺为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)逆，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)凡与(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)理人(ren)(ren)(ren)情不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顺者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)都可(ke)(ke)说(shuo)是悖(bei)逆。　<9>知(zhi)(zhi)：同(tong)智(zhi)。　<10>孤寡(gua)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》“寡(gua)”作(zuo)“独”。《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)·王(wang)(wang)(wang)制(zhi)(zhi)》说(shuo)：“少而(er)(er)无父者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孤，老而(er)(er)无子者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)独，老而(er)(er)无妻者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矜，老而(er)(er)无失者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寡(gua)。此(ci)(ci)四者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，天(tian)(tian)民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穷而(er)(er)无告(gao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。”所(suo)(suo)：处(chu)(chu)所(suo)(suo)。指(zhi)生(sheng)存(cun)必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)环境、条(tiao)件等(deng)。　<11>衰(cuī，崔)麻(ma)：丧服。此(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)有(you)关衰麻(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)仪(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)度。按亲疏(shu)关系(xi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)，丧服分五(wu)等(deng)，最重者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)名斩衰，最轻者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)名缌麻(ma)，兼五(wu)等(deng)而(er)(er)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衰麻(ma)。哭(ku)(ku)泣：此(ci)(ci)处(chu)(chu)指(zhi)居丧期(qi)间有(you)关哭(ku)(ku)泣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)仪(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)度。如(ru)始死(si)(si)未殡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间哭(ku)(ku)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)绝(jue)声；既殡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后到虞祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间，朝一(yi)哭(ku)(ku)，夕一(yi)哭(ku)(ku)；既虞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，思(si)忆则哭(ku)(ku)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)思(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)哭(ku)(ku)(死(si)(si)后七(qi)日(ri)大(da)(da)殓(lian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)殡，三月而(er)(er)葬，葬后当日(ri)虞祭)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及哭(ku)(ku)有(you)踊、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)踊，稽颡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)稽颡，对(dui)君使不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)哭(ku)(ku)等(deng)许多(duo)规定。　<12>丧纪(ji)：丧葬制(zhi)(zhi)度。纪(ji)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纲(gang)纪(ji)、制(zhi)(zhi)度。　<13>钟(zhong)鼓(gu)：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器。干戚(qi)(qi)：舞(wu)(wu)具。己见前释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。钟(zhong)鼓(gu)干戚(qi)(qi)合为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代称。《周礼(li)(li)(li)·春官·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)师(shi)》说(shuo)：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)仪(yi)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)钟(zhong)鼓(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)节(jie)”，在《鼓(gu)师(shi)》一(yi)节(jie)中又说(shuo)：“凡乐(le)(le)(le)(le)事，以(yi)(yi)(yi)钟(zhong)鼓(gu)奏(zou)《九(jiu)夏(xia)》”郑玄解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)：“以(yi)(yi)(yi)钟(zhong)鼓(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，先击钟(zhong)，次(ci)击鼓(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)奏(zou)九(jiu)夏(xia)。夏(xia)，大(da)(da)也(ye)(ye)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)歌有(you)九(jiu)”。可(ke)(ke)见，钟(zhong)鼓(gu)是最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器。又舞(wu)(wu)有(you)文(wen)武(wu)二类(lei)，文(wen)舞(wu)(wu)持(chi)羽、旄，武(wu)舞(wu)(wu)执干戚(qi)(qi)。又有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)舞(wu)(wu)(见《周礼(li)(li)(li)·春官·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)师(shi)》)，徒手(shou)而(er)(er)舞(wu)(wu)。这些舞(wu)(wu)具中以(yi)(yi)(yi)干戚(qi)(qi)最具威仪(yi)，故以(yi)(yi)(yi)干戚(qi)(qi)总其(qi)(qi)余(yu)。　<14>婚姻：指(zhi)婚礼(li)(li)(li)。冠(guan)笄：指(zhi)冠(guan)礼(li)(li)(li)。《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)·曲礼(li)(li)(li)》说(shuo)：“男子二十冠(guan)而(er)(er)字(zi)”，“女子许嫁，笄而(er)(er)字(zi)”。　<15>射(she)：指(zhi)乡(xiang)(xiang)射(she)、大(da)(da)射(she)礼(li)(li)(li)，于(yu)(yu)五(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)属(shu)嘉礼(li)(li)(li)。乡(xiang)(xiang)：指(zhi)乡(xiang)(xiang)饮酒(jiu)(jiu)礼(li)(li)(li)。参见《仪(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)·乡(xiang)(xiang)饮酒(jiu)(jiu)》。　<16>王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)：王(wang)(wang)(wang)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)，或曰帝(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)，与(yu)(yu)(yu)霸道(dao)相(xiang)对(dui)。《尚书·洪(hong)范》说(shuo)：“无偏无党，王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)荡(dang)荡(dang)”。孔颖(ying)达疏(shu)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)：王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)，“王(wang)(wang)(wang)家(jia)所(suo)(suo)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”。战国(guo)(guo)时期(qi)流行治天(tian)(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法，有(you)三种：王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)、霸道(dao)、强(qiang)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)术。参见《史记(ji)·商君列传》公孙鞅(yang)说(shuo)秦(qin)孝(xiao)公事。

　　乐(le)者(zhe)为同<1>，礼(li)者(zhe)为异。同则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)相亲，异则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)相敬(jing)。乐(le)胜则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)流<2>，礼(li)胜则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)离<3>。合情饰貌者(zhe)<4>，礼(li)乐(le)之事也。礼(li)义立，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)贵贱等矣(yi)；乐(le)文同<5>，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)上下和矣(yi)；好恶著，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)贤不肖别矣(yi)<6>；刑(xing)禁暴(bao)，爵举(ju)贤，则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)政均矣(yi)。仁以(yi)爱(ai)之<7>，义以(yi)正之<8>，如此(ci)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)民治(zhi)行矣(yi)<9>。

乐由(you)中出，礼自外(wai)(wai)作(zuo)。乐由(you)中出，故静；礼自外(wai)(wai)作(zuo)，故文<10>。大乐必易<11>，大礼必简<12>。乐至则(ze)(ze)(ze)无怨，礼至则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)争。揖让而(er)治天(tian)下者(zhe)<13>，礼乐之谓(wei)也(ye)。暴(bao)民不(bu)作(zuo)<14>，诸侯宾服<15>，兵革不(bu)试<16>，五刑不(bu)用<17>，百姓无患(huan)，天(tian)子不(bu)怒，如此(ci)则(ze)(ze)(ze)乐达矣<18>。合父子之亲，明长(zhang)幼(you)之序(xu)，以敬(jing)四海之内。天(tian)子如此(ci)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)礼行矣。

〔注释〕

　　<1>以(yi)(yi)下(xia)四段(duan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《乐(le)(le)论(lun)》章，论(lun)礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)同(tong)(tong)异。《正(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)头(tou)两句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“夫乐(le)(le)使(shi)(shi)率土合(he)和(he)(he)，是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；礼(li)(li)(li)使(shi)(shi)父子(zi)殊别(bie)(bie)，是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)异也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<2>流(liu)：流(liu)移不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定(ding)，这里是(shi)(shi)庄重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反意(yi)(yi)词。全句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)：乐(le)(le)胜(sheng)则(ze)和(he)(he)合(he)太过，使(shi)(shi)各阶层之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)卑(bei)界限混淆、流(liu)移不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定(ding)了。　<3>离：《集解(jie)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“离析而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亲(qin)”。　<4>合(he)情：和(he)(he)合(he)人情。饰貌(mao)：整饰(饬)行为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、外貌(mao)，使(shi)(shi)保持等(deng)级界限，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)混淆。　<5>《正(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)谓(wei)(wei)声(sheng)成文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若作乐(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)采(cai)谐同(tong)(tong)，则(ze)上(shang)下(xia)并和(he)(he)，是(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)和(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)声(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”乐(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)采(cai)，同(tong)(tong)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)谐同(tong)(tong)，误。乐(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)与(yu)上(shang)句(ju)礼(li)(li)(li)义(yi)对(dui)言：礼(li)(li)(li)义(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精义(yi)，乐(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)指(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部形(xing)式。“礼(li)(li)(li)义(yi)立”、“乐(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)同(tong)(tong)”是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)统一(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)。同(tong)(tong)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。乐(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，则(ze)人情不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通，上(shang)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)。　<6>不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)：《正(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)愚，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)妥(tuo)。肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，似也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)谓(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)似。贤(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)谓(wei)(wei)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)与(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)，即(ji)(ji)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)与(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)即(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)。如《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)·中(zhong)(zhong)庸》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“贤(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)过之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)颖达(da)疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“变知(智(zhi)(zhi))称(cheng)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)，变愚称(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，是(shi)(shi)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)胜(sheng)于(yu)(yu)知(智(zhi)(zhi))，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)胜(sheng)于(yu)(yu)愚也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<7>仁：儒(ru)学倡导的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)优秀品质(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)，含意(yi)(yi)很庞杂，故孔(kong)子(zi)论(lun)仁，常(chang)因人因事而(er)异，包(bao)括了智(zhi)(zhi)、勇、恕、忠(zhong)、孝(xiao)、恭(gong)、信、宽等(deng)各种内容，但最主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)爱(ai)，《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“仁，亲(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。徐铉(xuan)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“仁者(zhe)兼(jian)爱(ai)”。《墨(mo)子(zi)·经上(shang)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“仁，体爱(ai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《国语·周(zhou)(zhou)语》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“博爱(ai)于(yu)(yu)人为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仁”。孔(kong)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“仁者(zhe)爱(ai)人”等(deng)。　<8>义(yi)：《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》中(zhong)(zhong)徐铉(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，义(yi)“与(yu)善同(tong)(tong)意(yi)(yi)”。《墨(mo)子(zi)·经上(shang)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“义(yi)，利也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孙诒让引(yin)《孝(xiao)经》唐明(ming)皇(huang)注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“利物为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi)”。　<9>民(min)(min)(min)治(zhi)：就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)，民(min)(min)(min)治(zhi)行矣(yi)；意(yi)(yi)译(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)：达(da)到(dao)(实现(xian))天下(xia)大(da)治(zhi)了。　<10>文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)：《礼(li)(li)(li)书》、《乐(le)(le)书》中(zhong)(zhong)经常(chang)出现(xian)这个字，含意(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过是(shi)(shi)本(ben)意(yi)(yi)与(yu)引(yin)伸意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)区(qu)别(bie)(bie)。本(ben)意(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)与(yu)质(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)对(dui)，质(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)内在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、本(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西(xi)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)指(zhi)(zhi)外部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西(xi)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)质(zhi)(zhi)译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)质(zhi)(zhi)、实质(zhi)(zhi)、物质(zhi)(zhi)；文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)理、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)彩(cai)、形(xing)式等(deng)。引(yin)伸是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)质(zhi)(zhi)分别(bie)(bie)表(biao)示它们的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)质(zhi)(zhi)，如质(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)朴(po)(po)，译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)质(zhi)(zhi)朴(po)(po)；文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)华，译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)华美等(deng)。还(hai)可以(yi)(yi)引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)动作：文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)使(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，质(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)使(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)质(zhi)(zhi)。前者(zhe)译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)动，后(hou)者(zhe)译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)静。本(ben)句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)做(zuo)动作解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。　<11>易：简(jian)易。指(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)器简(jian)单，曲调(diao)变化少。　<12>简(jian)：通俭。《论(lun)语·八佾》：林(lin)放(fang)问礼(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)，孔(kong)子(zi)答(da)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“礼(li)(li)(li)与(yu)其(qi)奢也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)宁俭。”大(da)礼(li)(li)(li)保留着原始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)质(zhi)(zhi)朴(po)(po)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)尚俭。　<13>揖让治(zhi)天下(xia)：言其(qi)无(wu)所(suo)事事而(er)天下(xia)得到(dao)治(zhi)理。君主不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)施(shi)(shi)刑(xing)罚、威仪，无(wu)所(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)天下(xia)治(zhi)。终日但作揖、礼(li)(li)(li)让而(er)己。　<14>暴民(min)(min)(min)：强暴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)，即(ji)(ji)富(fu)于(yu)(yu)反抗精神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老百性(xing)(xing)(xing)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)作：不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能发作，无(wu)以(yi)(yi)施(shi)(shi)其(qi)强暴。　<15>宾服：《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“宾”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“协(xie)”，《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“协(xie)，众之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《尚书·尧典》有(you)“协(xie)和(he)(he)万邦”是(shi)(shi)其(qi)典型用法(fa)，宾服释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)协(xie)和(he)(he)而(er)且服从，《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诂》：“宾，服也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”宾、服都是(shi)(shi)服从的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)。　<16>兵革(ge)(ge)：兵指(zhi)(zhi)兵器，戈矛(mao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属；革(ge)(ge)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甲胄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属。兵革(ge)(ge)泛指(zhi)(zhi)军用器械或兵事。试(shi)：《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“试(shi)，用也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”　<17>五刑(xing)：墨(mo)、劓(yi)、宫(gong)(gong)(gong)、刖(yue)、杀。按照《周(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)·秋官·司(si)刑(xing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：墨(mo)刑(xing)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)黥面，“先刻其(qi)面，以(yi)(yi)墨(mo)窒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”；劓(yi)刑(xing)是(shi)(shi)“截(jie)其(qi)鼻也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；”“宫(gong)(gong)(gong)者(zhe)，丈夫则(ze)割其(qi)势，女子(zi)闭(bi)于(yu)(yu)宫(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)”；刖(yue)刑(xing)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)“断足也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”；杀就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)死(si)刑(xing)。又《尚书·吕(lv)刑(xing)》记(ji)载(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五刑(xing)是(shi)(shi)墨(mo)、劓(yi)、剕(fｅì，去(qu)声(sheng)，非)、宫(gong)(gong)(gong)、大(da)辟。剕就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)刖(yue)，大(da)辟即(ji)(ji)杀刑(xing)。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)周(zhou)(zhou)朝时(shi)，刖(yue)刑(xing)改(gai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)膑(bin)(bi，去(qu)膝盖骨)，司(si)马迁《报(bao)任安书》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“孙子(zi)膑(bin)脚，兵法(fa)修列”，可知战国仍是(shi)(shi)这种刑(xing)法(fa)。由于(yu)(yu)《吕(lv)刑(xing)》中(zhong)(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)五刑(xing)三千(qian)，包(bao)括了刑(xing)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)条(tiao)目(mu)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)《乐(le)(le)书》中(zhong)(zhong)五刑(xing)是(shi)(shi)泛指(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)有(you)刑(xing)法(fa)。　<18>乐(le)(le)达(da)：乐(le)(le)读(du)如月，达(da)谓(wei)(wei)发达(da)，完美、隆盛貌(mao)。前段(duan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)刑(xing)政(zheng)四达(da)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悖(bei)”，以(yi)(yi)上(shang)数款(kuan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)达(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)现(xian)。

　　大乐(le)与(yu)(yu)天(tian)地(di)同和<1>，大礼与(yu)(yu)天(tian)地(di)同节<2>。和，故百(bai)物不失<3>；节，故祀天(tian)祭地(di)<4>。明(ming)(ming)则(ze)有礼乐(le)<5>，幽(you)则(ze)有鬼(gui)神<6>，如此则(ze)四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内合(he)敬(jing)同爱矣(yi)。礼者(zhe)(zhe)，殊事合(he)敬(jing)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)<7>；乐(le)者(zhe)(zhe)，异文(wen)合(he)爱者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)<8>。礼乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情同，故明(ming)(ming)王以相沿也(ye)(ye)(ye)<9>。故事与(yu)(yu)时(shi)并(bing)，名与(yu)(yu)功偕(xie)。故钟鼓管磬羽籥干戚<10>，乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)；诎(qu)信俯仰级(ji)兆舒疾(ji)<11>，乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。簠(fu)簋俎豆制度文(wen)章<12>，礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)；升降上下周(zhou)旋裼袭<13>，礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故知礼乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情者(zhe)(zhe)能作，识礼乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)能术(shu)(shu)<14>。作者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓圣(sheng)，术(shu)(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓明(ming)(ming)。明(ming)(ming)圣(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)，术(shu)(shu)作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

乐(le)(le)(le)者，天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)和(he)也；礼(li)(li)者，天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)序也。和(he)，故百物皆化；序，故群物皆别。乐(le)(le)(le)由(you)天(tian)作<15>，礼(li)(li)以地(di)制(zhi)<16>。过制(zhi)则乱<17>，过作则暴(bao)<18>。明于天(tian)地(di)，然后能兴礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)也。论伦无患<19>，乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)情也；欣(xin)喜欢爱，乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(容)〔官〕也<20>。中正无邪<21>，礼(li)(li)之(zhi)质(zhi)也；庄(zhuang)敬恭顺，礼(li)(li)之(zhi)制(zhi)也<22>。若夫礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)施于金石<23>，越于声音<24>，用于宗庙社稷，事于山川鬼神(shen)，则此所(suo)以与民同也<25>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：这(zhei)句话是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)气(qi)氤(yin)氲，合(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)。大(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理，顺(shun)阴(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)律(lv)吕(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)养万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)大(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)养万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)太过(guo)(guo)(guo)牵强，此(ci)句的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)重(zhong)在(zai)“同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)”，如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)而(er)(er)(er)(er)已。天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)特征是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)阴(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)调(diao)(diao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)；大(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)特征也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)阴(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)调(diao)(diao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(六(liu)律(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，六(liu)吕(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)(yin))，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲(qu)调(diao)(diao)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)大(da)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)。　<2>节(jie)(jie)(jie)：就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)其(qi)(qi)贵贱，使贵贱高下(xia)(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。因而(er)(er)(er)(er)《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)此(ci)句说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)日月，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)山川，高卑(bei)殊(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)，生(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)各别。大(da)礼(li)(li)(li)辩尊卑(bei)贵贱等(deng)差异(yi)别，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)礼(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)节(jie)(jie)(jie)。”　<3>失(shi)(shi)(shi)：《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)(yin)郑玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)性”。《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》则(ze)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)”而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)绝失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)种(zhong)(zhong)类(lei)(lei)。两者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)意(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)性则(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)绝其(qi)(qi)种(zhong)(zhong)；失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)性，其(qi)(qi)种(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)存了(le)。　<4>《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)(yin)郑玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)功(gong)报也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》进一(yi)(yi)(yi)步解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)祭天(tian)(tian)(tian)祀(si)(si)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“报生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)”。由(you)前文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效，节(jie)(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)区别贵贱等(deng)级。此(ci)句讲节(jie)(jie)(jie)，当与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)关。可解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)节(jie)(jie)(jie)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)尊地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)卑(bei)，贵贱有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)，才有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)如(ru)(ru)(ru)今这(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)祭祀(si)(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)仪式(shi)。原因是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祭祀(si)(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)仪式(shi)突(tu)出(chu)(chu)了(le)天(tian)(tian)(tian)尊地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)卑(bei)的(de)(de)(de)基本思(si)(si)(si)想。　<5>明(ming)(ming)(ming)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)世(shi)，即(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)世(shi)间(jian)。《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“明(ming)(ming)(ming)犹(you)外也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)圣王(wang)(wang)能(neng)使乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)，礼(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)节(jie)(jie)(jie)，又能(neng)显明(ming)(ming)(ming)其(qi)(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)教人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)下(xia)(xia)(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)“幽(you)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)便不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，故不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)取。　<6>幽(you)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阴(yin)(yin)间(jian)。鬼(gui)神(shen)(shen)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)郑玄(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精气(qi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen)，贤(xian)知(智)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精气(qi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鬼(gui)。”按《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)归为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鬼(gui)。”凡人(ren)(ren)(ren)死，精气(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)归通(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鬼(gui)；又说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“引(yin)(yin)出(chu)(chu)万(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)。《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·祭法(fa)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“人(ren)(ren)(ren)死曰(yue)鬼(gui)”；“出(chu)(chu)林、川谷、丘陵，能(neng)出(chu)(chu)云，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)风雨，见(jian)(jian)怪物(wu)(wu)，皆曰(yue)神(shen)(shen)”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必(bi)曰(yue)圣曰(yue)贤(xian)。　<7>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“尊卑(bei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)别是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殊(shu)(shu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，俱(ju)行(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)敬(jing)(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”殊(shu)(shu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，谡事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)体(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；合(he)(he)敬(jing)(jing)，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)都(dou)敬(jing)(jing)。在(zai)各种(zhong)(zhong)场合(he)(he)、事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)体(ti)(ti)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，都(dou)能(neng)体(ti)(ti)现(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)敬(jing)(jing)字(zi)(zi)(zi)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殊(shu)(shu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)敬(jing)(jing)。　<8>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“宫商错而(er)(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，随事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)异(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)；同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)劝爱(ai)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)爱(ai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(形(xing)(xing)式(shi)、曲(qu)调(diao)(diao))虽不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，体(ti)(ti)现(xian)的(de)(de)(de)爱(ai)心是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)，叫就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)异(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)合(he)(he)爱(ai)。　<9>明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)：贤(xian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)帝王(wang)(wang)。指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三皇五帝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)(shu)。沿(yan)：沿(yan)袭。　<10>钟鼓管(guan)磬(qing)(qing)(qing)：为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器：钟属(shu)(shu)金(jin)；鼓属(shu)(shu)革；管(guan)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)笙、箫等(deng)管(guan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器，属(shu)(shu)竹；磬(qing)(qing)(qing)属(shu)(shu)石(shi)。羽(yu)(yu)籥(yue)(yuè，月)干戚：为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)具(ju)。羽(yu)(yu)籥(yue)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)执；干戚，武(wu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)持。羽(yu)(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雉尾；籥(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)短(duan)笛。《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)·春官(guan)·籥(yue)师》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“籥(yue)师，掌(zhang)教国(guo)子舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)羽(yu)(yu)吹(chui)籥(yue)。”郑玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)持羽(yu)(yu)吹(chui)籥(yue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)籥(yue)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”干戚见(jian)(jian)前注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。　<11>诎(qu)(qū，屈)：同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)屈。信(shēn，申)：同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)伸。级兆：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)缀(zhui)兆。《索(suo)隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“盖是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)残缺讹(e)变(bian)耳，……然(ran)并以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)读，义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)亦俱(ju)通(tong)(tong)。”但(dan)他没有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)讲出(chu)(chu)缀(zhui)作(zuo)级时词义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)何(he)能(neng)通(tong)(tong)。应(ying)(ying)(ying)该说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)级是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)缀(zhui)字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)误文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。郑玄(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)缀(zhui)兆说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“缀(zhui)，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)酂舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；兆，其(qi)(qi)外营(ying)域也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”酂读如(ru)(ru)(ru)纂(zuǎn)，《集(ji)韵》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“聚(ju)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。聚(ju)如(ru)(ru)(ru)纂组的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。纂为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五色彩(cai)带(dai)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)酂舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(háng，行(xing)列之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing))舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)行(xing)时的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)。那(nei)么兆就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)句中(zhong)(zhong)诎(qu)信俯(fu)仰诸词语(yu)(yu)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)描写动(dong)作(zuo)状(zhuang)态的(de)(de)(de)，缀(zhui)兆不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)应(ying)(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名词。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)缀(zhui)兆可引(yin)(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：或(huo)连缀(zhui)(聚(ju))成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)行(xing)，或(huo)散处于(yu)(yu)(yu)兆，即(ji)缀(zhui)兆作(zuo)缀(zhui)聚(ju)、分散解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。舒：舒缓。疾：急速(su)。　<12>簠(fu)簋俎(zu)豆(dou)：食(shi)(shi)具(ju)。盛(sheng)粒食(shi)(shi)(黍(shu)稷等(deng)主(zhu)食(shi)(shi))为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簠(fu)簋，菜食(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)俎(zu)豆(dou)。按《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，簠(fu)簋盛(sheng)黍(shu)稷，圆者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簠(fu)，方者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簋；《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)·考(kao)工(gong)(gong)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·瓬(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)》注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，祭宗庙用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)木(mu)簋，天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)山川等(deng)外神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)瓦簋。又有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)青(qing)铜制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。由(you)《仪礼(li)(li)(li)·公食(shi)(shi)大(da)夫》注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)知簠(fu)盛(sheng)稻粱，簋盛(sheng)黍(shu)稷。俎(zu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)盛(sheng)肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)盘或(huo)木(mu)板。如(ru)(ru)(ru)牲体(ti)(ti)鱼腊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)(lei)，从(cong)鼎中(zhong)(zhong)捞出(chu)(chu)后放(fang)在(zai)俎(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，或(huo)祭或(huo)食(shi)(shi)；豆(dou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)盛(sheng)胾、醢(hai)、臡(nǐ，音泥(ni)，连骨一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)剉碎的(de)(de)(de)肉(rou)酱)。瓦制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)镫。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang)(zhang)：制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)规格，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang)(zhang)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衣(yi)(yi)服(fu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)采绣。《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)·考(kao)工(gong)(gong)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·画缋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“青(qing)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)赤谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，赤与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)白谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)章(zhang)(zhang)。”郑注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“此(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)剌绣采所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，绣以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裳”。　<13>升降上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)：堂(tang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)级阶(jie)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)堂(tang)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)升降。《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)》：孝子“升降不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)由(you)阼阶(jie)”。又进退亦谓(wei)(wei)(wei)升降。周(zhou)旋裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)袭：周(zhou)旋，《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“行(xing)礼(li)(li)(li)周(zhou)屈回(hui)旋也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”；裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(xī，西，裘外罩衣(yi)(yi))袭，孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)袒上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)衣(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)露(lu)(lu)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；袭，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)掩上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)衣(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼(li)(li)(li)盛(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)尚(shang)质(zhi)，故袭；不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盛(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)尚(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，故裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”。《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·王(wang)(wang)藻》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)饰也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)；(裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，)裘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饰也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，见(jian)(jian)美也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“裘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)裘上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)加(jia)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)衣(yi)(yi)。裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)衣(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)虽加(jia)他服(fu)，犹(you)开露(lu)(lu)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)衣(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)衣(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)敬(jing)(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。总之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，开露(lu)(lu)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)衣(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)露(lu)(lu)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)袭(即(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti))。小礼(li)(li)(li)裼(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，大(da)礼(li)(li)(li)袭。　<14>术：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)述(shu)(shu)。郑玄(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“述(shu)(shu)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)训(xun)其(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”训(xun)其(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)含(han)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。述(shu)(shu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作(zuo)意(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对，《论(lun)语(yu)(yu)·述(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“述(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)作(zuo)”语(yu)(yu)，邢昺(bing)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“但(dan)述(shu)(shu)修先王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)自(zi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)。”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)两术字(zi)(zi)(zi)皆作(zuo)述(shu)(shu)。　<15>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)由(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)天(tian)(tian)(tian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)作(zuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)属(shu)(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)；法(fa)天(tian)(tian)(tian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)作(zuo)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)按照(zhao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)缔造乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)气(qi)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律(lv)吕(lv)的(de)(de)(de)调(diao)(diao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)由(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)”中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“由(you)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)依(yi)据、按照(zhao)，硬译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)按照(zhao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)榜样(yang)(yang)构(gou)造而(er)(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。　<16>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“礼(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，礼(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)阴(yin)(yin)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)而(er)(er)(er)(er)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)阴(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)学说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)附会，认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)属(shu)(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，礼(li)(li)(li)属(shu)(shu)阴(yin)(yin)。阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)，阴(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)法(fa)(象(xiang))天(tian)(tian)(tian)，礼(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(象(xiang))地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。法(fa)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)，为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)榜样(yang)(yang)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)山川丘陵，礼(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)仿照(zhao)这(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)况，把人(ren)(ren)(ren)分成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)尊卑(bei)贵贱，高低不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)若干等(deng)级。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“礼(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)按照(zhao)、依(yi)照(zhao)，与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)由(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)作(zuo)”中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“由(you)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。　<17>过(guo)(guo)(guo)：应(ying)(ying)(ying)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)过(guo)(guo)(guo)分、超(chao)过(guo)(guo)(guo)。礼(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，“过(guo)(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)过(guo)(guo)(guo)分地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，这(zhei)样(yang)(yang)礼(li)(li)(li)超(chao)过(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)“地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)榜样(yang)(yang)，失(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)繁(fan)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)会引(yin)(yin)起(qi)祸乱。　<18>过(guo)(guo)(guo)作(zuo)：与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)过(guo)(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)样(yang)(yang)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)过(guo)(guo)(guo)分地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)太盛(sheng)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)失(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)强暴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)发生(sheng)(sheng)。　<19>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑玄(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“伦犹(you)类(lei)(lei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；患，害(hai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“论(lun)伦无(wu)(wu)(wu)患者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)论(lun)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)等(deng)伦，无(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)毁害(hai)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本情(qing)，欲(yu)使伦等(deng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)损害(hai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”论(lun)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)论(lun)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，伦释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)伦类(lei)(lei)，论(lun)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)伦类(lei)(lei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)语(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)形(xing)(xing)质(zhi)；不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)违背就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)毁害(hai)。总的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)旨(所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)本情(qing))是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)实(shi)合(he)(he)，表与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)里(li)合(he)(he)，形(xing)(xing)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)体(ti)(ti)合(he)(he)。　<20>“官(guan)”，系据《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》补(bu)。郑玄(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“官(guan)，犹(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》引(yin)(yin)贺玚语(yu)(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“八音克谐使物(wu)(wu)欢喜，此(ci)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迹(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”　<21>邪：邪曲(qu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)当，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派。　<22>制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)节(jie)(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)书》中(zhong)(zhong)节(jie)(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)词都(dou)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“节(jie)(jie)(jie)”，如(ru)(ru)(ru)：“好恶无(wu)(wu)(wu)节(jie)(jie)(jie)于(yu)(yu)(yu)内”，“人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好恶无(wu)(wu)(wu)节(jie)(jie)(jie)”，“人(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)”，“所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)(jie)(jie)丧纪也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”，“礼(li)(li)(li)节(jie)(jie)(jie)民心”，“大(da)礼(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)节(jie)(jie)(jie)”等(deng)，无(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)例用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)“制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。再者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，先言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)；后言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)礼(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)质(zhi)，礼(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“情(qing)”择(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“主(zhu)旨”，与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“质(zhi)”相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)(ying)(ying)；“官(guan)”译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迹(ji)(ji)”，“制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”若译为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“节(jie)(jie)(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，则(ze)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迹(ji)(ji)”二字(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)配，必(bi)非作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)本意(yi)(yi)(yi)。因此(ci)“制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”应(ying)(ying)(ying)译成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。　<23>施：用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、加(jia)。金(jin)石(shi)：金(jin)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)金(jin)属(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器，如(ru)(ru)(ru)钟等(deng)；石(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)类(lei)(lei)物(wu)(wu)质(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器，如(ru)(ru)(ru)磬(qing)(qing)(qing)等(deng)。金(jin)石(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)合(he)(he)泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)切乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器。　<24>越(yue)：《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》：“越(yue)，度(du)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”“越(yue)于(yu)(yu)(yu)声(sheng)音”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新声(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。又《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)雅(ya)·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“越(yue)，扬(yang)(yang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。郭璞释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“谓(wei)(wei)(wei)发扬(yang)(yang)。”“越(yue)于(yu)(yu)(yu)声(sheng)音”释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“扬(yang)(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)声(sheng)音”，亦通(tong)(tong)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)两句的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)讲礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)两个(ge)(ge)方面：施于(yu)(yu)(yu)金(jin)石(shi)，化(hua)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)声(sheng)音。　<25>言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)四方面，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)众民所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)。

　　王者功成作(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)(le)<1>，治(zhi)定制礼(li)。其(qi)功大(da)者其(qi)乐(le)(le)备(bei)，其(qi)治(zhi)辨者其(qi)礼(li)具<2>。干(gan)戚之舞(wu)，非备(bei)乐(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)<3>；亨孰而(er)(er)祀<4>，非达礼(li)也(ye)(ye)<5>。五帝殊时(shi)，不(bu)(bu)相沿(yan)乐(le)(le)；三王异世，不(bu)(bu)相袭礼(li)。乐(le)(le)极则(ze)忧(you)<6>，礼(li)粗则(ze)偏矣<7>。及夫敦乐(le)(le)而(er)(er)无(wu)忧(you)<8>，礼(li)备(bei)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)偏者，其(qi)唯大(da)圣(sheng)乎？天(tian)(tian)高地下，万(wan)物散(san)殊，而(er)(er)礼(li)制行(xing)也(ye)(ye)<9>；流而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)息，合同(tong)而(er)(er)化，而(er)(er)乐(le)(le)兴也(ye)(ye)。春作(zuo)(zuo)夏长<10>，仁也(ye)(ye)；秋敛冬藏，义(yi)也(ye)(ye)。仁近(jin)(jin)于(yu)乐(le)(le)<11>，义(yi)近(jin)(jin)于(yu)礼(li)<12>。乐(le)(le)者敦和<13>，率神而(er)(er)从天(tian)(tian)<14>；礼(li)者辨宜<15>，居鬼而(er)(er)从地<16>。故(gu)圣(sheng)人(ren)作(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)(le)以应天(tian)(tian)，作(zuo)(zuo)礼(li)以配(pei)地。礼(li)乐(le)(le)明备(bei)，天(tian)(tian)地官矣<17>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>功(gong)(gong)：指武(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)。功(gong)(gong)成是指以(yi)(yi)武(wu)(wu)力(li)统一天(tian)下(xia)的(de)大功(gong)(gong)已经成就。如周朝武(wu)(wu)王(wang)灭(mie)商(shang)，武(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)已成，作《武(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)。以(yi)(yi)下(xia)三段(duan)为(wei)《乐(le)(le)(le)礼(li)(li)章》，《正义(yi)(yi)》论其(qi)(qi)内容说(shuo)是：“言明王(wang)为(wei)治，制礼(li)(li)作乐(le)(le)(le)”之(zhi)事。　<2>辨(bian)：《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)玄语(yu)(yu)说(shuo)：“辨(bian)，遍也”。普遍、宽(kuan)广之(zhi)意。具：具体、完具，完备。　<3>不是完备的(de)乐(le)(le)(le)。《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)玄语(yu)(yu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)：“乐(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)德(de)为(wei)备，若《咸池》也。干戚之(zhi)舞(wu)是《武(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)，歌(ge)颂(song)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)灭(mie)商(shang)的(de)武(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)的(de)。时文(wen)(wen)德(de)未(wei)成，至(zhi)到(dao)周公平(ping)管蔡，致(zhi)位于成王(wang)，周朝文(wen)(wen)治方成。　<4>亨(heng)：同烹(peng)。孰：同熟。全句是指用(yong)(yong)烹(peng)熟的(de)食物(wu)祭祀(si)。　<5>达(da)：发(fa)达(da)，引(yin)伸(shen)为(wei)完备。与前文(wen)(wen)中的(de)“乐(le)(le)(le)达(da)”、“四(si)达(da)”用(yong)(yong)法相同。　<6>指乐(le)(le)(le)太(tai)盛则淫而废事，故有(you)后忧。　<7>礼(li)(li)太(tai)粗略(lve)则失于偏(pian)狭。　<8>及：连(lian)接词(ci)，至(zhi)于、以(yi)(yi)及、并。夫(fu)：发(fa)语(yu)(yu)词(ci)。敦(dun)乐(le)(le)(le)：敦(dun)厚之(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)。　<9>行：实行，亦可(ke)作产生(sheng)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)。　<10>作：作成，即是产生(sheng)的(de)意思。长(zhang)：生(sheng)长(zhang)。　<11&gt;正义(yi)(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)：“春夏生(sheng)长(zhang)万物(wu)，故为(wei)仁爱(ai)。乐(le)(le)(le)主淘(tao)和万性，故仁近于乐(le)(le)(le)也”。　<12>正义(yi)(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)：“秋则杀敛，冬则蛰藏，并是义(yi)(yi)主断割。礼(li)(li)为(wei)节限(xian)，故义(yi)(yi)近于礼(li)(li)也。　<13>敦(dun)和：敦(dun)厚和同。　<14>率：遵循(xun)、顺服(fu)。有(you)敬义(yi)(yi)。　<15>辨(bian)宜(yi)：分辨(bian)其(qi)(qi)宜(yi)贵宜(yi)贱。“辩”，《乐(le)(le)(le)记》作“别”，通(tong)。　<16>居鬼(gui)：《乐(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄注说(shuo)：“居鬼(gui)，谓(wei)(wei)居其(qi)(qi)所为(wei)，亦言循(xun)之(zhi)也。鬼(gui)神(shen)，谓(wei)(wei)先圣先贤(xian)也”。　<17>官：《乐(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)玄注说(shuo)：“官犹事也。各(ge)得其(qi)(qi)事”。

　　天尊地(di)(di)(di)卑(bei)，君臣定矣。高(gao)卑(bei)已陈<1>，贵贱位矣。动静(jing)有常，小大殊矣。方以类(lei)聚(ju)<2>，物以群分，则性命不同矣<3>。在(zai)于成象<4>，在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)成形，如(ru)此(ci)则礼者(zhe)天地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)别也(ye)。地(di)(di)(di)气上<5>，天气下降，阴阳相摩<6>，天地(di)(di)(di)相荡，鼓之(zhi)以雷霆(ting)<7>，奋之(zhi)以风雨<8>，动之(zhi)以四(si)时，煖之(zhi)以日月<9>，而(er)百(物)化兴(xing)焉<10>，如(ru)此(ci)则乐者(zhe)天地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)和也(ye)。

　　化不时则不生<11>，男女无(wu)别则乱登<12>，此天地(di)之情(qing)也(ye)。及夫礼(li)乐(le)(le)之极(ji)乎(hu)天而(er)蟠乎(hu)地(di)，行乎(hu)阴阳而(er)通乎(hu)鬼神(shen)<13>，穷高极(ji)远而(er)测(ce)深(shen)厚<14>。乐(le)(le)著太始而(er)礼(li)居成物<15>。著不息者(zhe)(zhe)天也(ye)，著不动者(zhe)(zhe)地(di)也(ye)。一动一静者(zhe)(zhe)，天地(di)之间也(ye)。故圣(sheng)人曰(yue)“礼(li)云乐(le)(le)云”。<16>

〔注释〕

　　<1>高卑(bei)：《集解》引郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“高卑(bei)谓(wei)山(shan)泽也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”陈(chen)：陈(chen)列、布陈(chen)。　<2>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“方谓(wei)行(xing)(xing)虫(chong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔(kong)(kong)颖达疏(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“方以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)聚(ju)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，方谓(wei)走虫(chong)禽兽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属，各以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)聚(ju)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相杂也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”按(an)：郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)解经，多因文(wen)设(she)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，孔(kong)(kong)氏因其(qi)(qi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)而解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“方以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)解”，下(xia)一(yi)句(ju)是“物(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群分(fen)”，物(wu)是无生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)因释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方是有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，故(gu)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)(xing)虫(chong)。其(qi)(qi)实(shi)“方”释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)(xing)虫(chong)没什么根据。《易经·系(xi)辞》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)此句(ju)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“方谓(wei)法术性(xing)行(xing)(xing)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)类(lei)共(gong)聚(ju)”，并以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《春秋(qiu)》“教子以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)证。方即法，引伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法术性(xing)行(xing)(xing)，优于郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。　<3>性(xing)命(ming)(ming)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“性(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；命(ming)(ming)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang)短也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔(kong)(kong)颖达解释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“性(xing)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。各有嗜好，谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；命(ming)(ming)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，长(zhang)短夭(yao)寿(shou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。行(xing)(xing)殖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)既(ji)禀大小之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殊，故(gu)性(xing)命(ming)(ming)夭(yao)寿(shou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，万(wan)物(wu)各有群类(lei)区分(fen)性(xing)命(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别。　<4>象：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：“象，光耀(yao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《易经·系(xi)辞》陈(chen)康伯释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)月星辰(chen)。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》合二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)而言(yan)，释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“日(ri)月星辰(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光耀(yao)。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》所(suo)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长(zhang)。　<5>(jī，鸡)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》作齐(qi)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“齐(qi)，读为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)跻。跻，升(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。与跻亦通(tong)。　<6>摩：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“摩，犹迫(po)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<7>鼓：鼓动(dong)。雷霆：《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》：“阴(yin)阳薄(bo)(按(an)：同(tong)(tong)迫(po))动(dong)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雷；(尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian))：“疾(ji)雷为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)霆”。　<8>奋：郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：“奋，迅也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《易经·系(xi)辞》作“润”。　<9>煖：同(tong)(tong)暖。　<10>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖达疏(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“百化(hua)(hua)，百物(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；兴，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”　<11>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖达疏(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“化(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)时(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，谓(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)化(hua)(hua)养不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得其(qi)(qi)时(shi)(shi)，则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“若人主行(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)失(shi)时(shi)(shi)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)应以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)气毁物(wu)，故(gu)云(yun)化(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)时(shi)(shi)则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)(kong)疏(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长(zhang)。　<12>登(deng)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》作“升(sheng)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“升(sheng)，成(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)失(shi)则害物(wu)，礼(li)(li)失(shi)则乱人”。按(an)：登(deng)即升(sheng)。《尔雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)话》：“登(deng)，升(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又(you)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“登(deng)，成(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”　<13>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖达疏(shu)(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“礼(li)(li)法动(dong)静(按(an)：动(dong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳，静为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin))有常；乐(le)(le)(le)(le)法阴(yin)阳相摩(按(an)：指律吕(lv)相摩)，是礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)行(xing)(xing)乎阴(yin)阳”；“礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祭鬼(gui)(gui)神，是通(tong)乎鬼(gui)(gui)神也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<14>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“高远，三(san)辰(chen)(按(an)：日(ri)月星谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)辰(chen))也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；深厚(hou)：山(shan)川也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道，上(shang)至于天(tian)(tian)(tian)，下(xia)委于地(di)，则其(qi)(qi)间无所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。　<15>乐(le)(le)(le)(le)著(zhu)太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)：《索隐》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“著(zhu)，明也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)能(neng)明太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)是法天(tian)(tian)(tian)”。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)，没有道理。古(gu)人认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宇宙形成(cheng)分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)易、太(tai)(tai)初、太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)、太(tai)(tai)素几个(ge)阶段，太(tai)(tai)易时(shi)(shi)无所(suo)有，太(tai)(tai)初时(shi)(shi)始(shi)(shi)有气，太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)始(shi)(shi)有形，太(tai)(tai)素时(shi)(shi)始(shi)(shi)有质(zhi)，形质(zhi)具称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浑沌(或浑沦)，然后发生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)变化(hua)(hua)，轻(qing)清者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)上(shang)浮为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)，重浊者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)下(xia)沉为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)，这才(cai)有了天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(见《列子·天(tian)(tian)(tian)瑞》)。太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)形之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)(shi)，时(shi)(shi)尚无天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)自(zi)是错(cuo)误的。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“著(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)处也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，太(tai)(tai)始(shi)(shi)，百物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。其(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)较确。　<16>礼(li)(li)云(yun)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)云(yun)：犹言(yan)：礼(li)(li)如何(he)(he)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)如何(he)(he)。由于此句(ju)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前伦天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)万(wan)物(wu)，礼(li)(li)云(yun)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)云(yun)实(shi)际是说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)礼(li)(li)、乐(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是如此。即《正(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)》所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，是“明此一(yi)章是礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)法天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。

　　昔者(zhe)舜作五弦之琴，以歌《南风(feng)》<1>；夔始作乐，以赏诸侯<2>。故(gu)天(tian)子之为乐也(ye)(ye)，以赏诸侯之有德者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。德盛而(er)(er)教尊<3>，五谷时孰，然后赏之以乐。故(gu)其(qi)(qi)治民劳(lao)者(zhe)，其(qi)(qi)舞(wu)行级(ji)远<4>；其(qi)(qi)治民佚者(zhe)，其(qi)(qi)舞(wu)行级(ji)短(duan)。故(gu)观其(qi)(qi)舞(wu)而(er)(er)知其(qi)(qi)德，闻其(qi)(qi)谥而(er)(er)知其(qi)(qi)行<5>。《大章》，章之也(ye)(ye)；《咸池》，备(bei)也(ye)(ye)；《韶(shao)》，继也(ye)(ye)；《夏》，大也(ye)(ye)；殷周之乐尽也(ye)(ye)。

　　天地之道，寒暑(shu)不(bu)时(shi)则(ze)疾(ji)，风(feng)雨不(bu)节则(ze)饥<6>。教者<7>，民之寒暑(shu)也(ye)(ye)，教不(bu)时(shi)则(ze)伤世。事者<8>，民之风(feng)雨也(ye)(ye)，事不(bu)节则(ze)无功(gong)。然(ran)则(ze)先(xian)王之为乐也(ye)(ye)，以(yi)法治也(ye)(ye)，善则(ze)行象德矣<9>。夫豢豕为酒(jiu)，非(fei)以(yi)为祸也(ye)(ye)；而狱讼益烦<10>，则(ze)酒(jiu)之流(liu)生祸也(ye)(ye)。是故先(xian)王因为酒(jiu)礼，一献之礼<11>，宾(bin)主百拜<12>，终日饮酒(jiu)而不(bu)得醉焉，此先(xian)王之所以(yi)备酒(jiu)祸也(ye)(ye)。故酒(jiu)食者，所以(yi)合(he)欢也(ye)(ye)。

　　乐者，所以(yi)象德也(ye)；礼(li)者，所以(yi)闭淫也(ye)。是(shi)故先王有(you)大事<13>，必(bi)有(you)礼(li)以(yi)哀之；有(you)大福<14>，必(bi)有(you)礼(li)以(yi)乐之。哀乐之分，皆以(yi)礼(li)终。

〔注释〕

　　<1>《正(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)三段为(wei)(wei)《别录》第四章《乐(le)(le)施(shi)》，内容是“明(ming)礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)前(qian)备后施(shi)布天(tian)下(xia)也(ye)。五弦琴(qin)(qin)：《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“琴(qin)(qin)，禁也(ye)。神农所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)，洞(dong)越，练朱、五弦，周(zhou)加二弦。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)舜作(zuo)五弦，非(fei)言舜始(shi)作(zuo)，而(er)是说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)他始(shi)作(zuo)五弦以(yi)(yi)歌《南(nan)风》。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“五弦，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)文、武二弦，唯宫(gong)商(shang)等之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五弦也(ye)”。按(an)《三礼(li)(li)图》所(suo)(suo)载，五弦琴(qin)(qin)第一(yi)(yi)弦为(wei)(wei)宫(gong)，次(ci)商(shang)、角、羽、征，次(ci)少宫(gong)，次(ci)少商(shang)。少宫(gong)、少商(shang)当是《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)周(zhou)所(suo)(suo)加二弦，亦即孔(kong)(kong)氏所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文，武二弦。《南(nan)风》：郑玄(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“《南(nan)风》，长养(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风也(ye)。以(yi)(yi)言父(fu)母之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长养(yang)己(ji)，其(qi)辞(ci)未闻(wen)也(ye)。”《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引王(wang)肃(su)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“《南(nan)风》，育养(yang)民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗也(ye)。其(qi)辞(ci)曰‘南(nan)风之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薰兮(xi)，可以(yi)(yi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)吾民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愠兮(xi)”。　<2>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“夔是舜典(dian)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官，名夔。欲天(tian)下(xia)同行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)舜道，故(gu)歌此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)南(nan)风以(yi)(yi)赏诸侯(hou)，使海(hai)内同孝也(ye)。然(ran)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)在夔也(ye)。而(er)是夔始(shi)以(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)诗与(yu)(yu)诸侯(hou)。　<3>德盛：《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：民(min)劳则(ze)德薄，民(min)逸则(ze)德盛。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)尊(zun)：教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)尊(zun)贵，受(shou)尊(zun)重(zhong)。　<4>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》级为(wei)(wei)“缀”字。孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“若诸侯(hou)治(zhi)(zhi)理于民(min)，使民(min)劳苦者(zhe)，由(you)君(jun)(jun)德薄，赏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)舞(wu)人(ren)既少，故(gu)其(qi)舞(wu)人(ren)相去(qu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)缀远，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)人(ren)少，舞(wu)处(chu)宽也(ye)。”　<5>谥(shi)：谥(shi)号(hao)。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)》郑玄(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“谥(shi)者(zhe)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迹也(ye)”。孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“闻(wen)谥(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善否，知(zhi)其(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好恶(ě)，由(you)谥(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)迹行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)”。按(an)：《汲冢周(zhou)书(shu)》记(ji)载，谥(shi)法(fa)为(wei)(wei)周(zhou)公旦、太公望于牧野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战后所(suo)(suo)制，目的在于使人(ren)“大行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)大名，细行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)细名。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出于己(ji)，名生(sheng)于人(ren)”。中华书(shu)局标点本《史(shi)记(ji)》书(shu)尾(wei)所(suo)(suo)附(fu)《史(shi)记(ji)正(zheng)义(yi)》中，载有《谥(shi)法(fa)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》。　<6>饥(ji)：《尔(er)雅·释(shi)天(tian)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“谷(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)熟为(wei)(wei)饥(ji)”，郭璞注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：谷(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)熟谓(wei)(wei)(wei)“五谷(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成”。又《谷(gu)(gu)梁传·襄(xiang)24》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“一(yi)(yi)谷(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嗛(按(an)：即“欠”字)，二谷(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饥(ji)，三谷(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馑(jin)，四谷(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)康(按(an)：疏(shu)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)“荒(huang)”)”，“五谷(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)升(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)大饥(ji)”。　<7>教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)：《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引郑玄(xuan)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)也(ye)”。按(an)：上(shang)一(yi)(yi)段有“德盛而(er)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)尊(zun)”语(yu)，“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”释(shi)为(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)处(chu)应(ying)该相同。再(zai)者(zhe)“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)时(shi)则(ze)伤世”以(yi)(yi)下(xia)言“先(xian)(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)也(ye)，以(yi)(yi)法(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。”“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”应(ying)与(yu)(yu)“治(zhi)(zhi)”有关，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”应(ying)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)应(ying)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)。　<8>事(shi)(shi)：徭役、兵事(shi)(shi)。　<9>《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引王(wang)肃(su)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“君(jun)(jun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)善，即臣下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)皆(jie)象君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德”。如此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)则(ze)与(yu)(yu)上(shang)文无(wu)关，误。“善”指(zhi)乐(le)(le)，“行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”读(háng)，指(zhi)舞(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，“德”指(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。　<10>狱讼(song)：刑狱诉讼(song)。烦：《礼(li)(li)记(ji)》作(zuo)繁，孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏(shu)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)繁多。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)作(zuo)烦，通。　<11>献(xian)(xian)礼(li)(li)：食(shi)(shi)(shi)飨(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)，主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)敬宾(bin)(bin)(bin)客，或宾(bin)(bin)(bin)客以(yi)(yi)酒(jiu)(jiu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)敬主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)，先(xian)(xian)敬者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)献(xian)(xian)，答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)酬。敬一(yi)(yi)次(ci)为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)献(xian)(xian)。　<12>　<12>百(bai)拜(bai)(bai)：极言其(qi)拜(bai)(bai)揖次(ci)数之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是确数。按(an)《仪礼(li)(li)·公食(shi)(shi)(shi)大夫》，一(yi)(yi)献(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拜(bai)(bai)包括(kuo)：宾(bin)(bin)(bin)主(zhu)(zhu)坐定(ding)后，主(zhu)(zhu)拜(bai)(bai)宾(bin)(bin)(bin)，宾(bin)(bin)(bin)答拜(bai)(bai)，主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)辞(ci)；升(sheng)(sheng)席后，宾(bin)(bin)(bin)再(zai)拜(bai)(bai)。然(ran)后献(xian)(xian)宾(bin)(bin)(bin)黍稷、俎食(shi)(shi)(shi)、酒(jiu)(jiu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)、稻粱(liang)、庶羞等，每受(shou)一(yi)(yi)样(yang)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物，宾(bin)(bin)(bin)都要先(xian)(xian)祭后食(shi)(shi)(shi)，祭则(ze)有拜(bai)(bai)，加上(shang)宾(bin)(bin)(bin)主(zhu)(zhu)间(jian)互拜(bai)(bai)，总计不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)十数次(ci)。　<13>大事(shi)(shi)：《集(ji)解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引郑玄(xuan)语(yu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“大事(shi)(shi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)死丧”。　<14>大福：《正(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“大福，祭祀者(zhe)庆也(ye)”。

　　乐也者，施也<1>；礼也者，报也<2>。乐，乐其(qi)所(suo)(suo)自生<3>；而礼，反(fan)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)逢始(shi)<4>。乐章德，礼报情反(fan)始(shi)也。所(suo)(suo)谓大路者，天子(zi)之舆也；龙旂(qi)九旒<5>，天子(zi)之旌也<6>；青(qing)黑缘者<7>，天子(zi)之葆龟也<8>;；从之以牛羊之群<9>，则所(suo)(suo)以赠诸侯也。

〔注释〕

　　<1>《正(zheng)义(yi)》说(shuo)，这一(yi)段(duan)(duan)是《别录》第(di)六章(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)象法》章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)五段(duan)(duan)，所(suo)(suo)以中(zhong)华书局标(biao)点本《史记(ji)(ji)》于此(ci)段(duan)(duan)前(qian)空(kong)一(yi)行，表示第(di)四(si)章(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)施(shi)(shi)(shi)》已经完毕，此(ci)为另一(yi)层次。但细审(shen)文意(yi)(yi)，此(ci)一(yi)段(duan)(duan)其(qi)实是《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)施(shi)(shi)(shi)》章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)四(si)段(duan)(duan)，应(ying)并入前(qian)一(yi)章(zhang)，不(bu)可自(zi)为一(yi)个(ge)层次。以乐(le)(le)(le)(le)为施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道理，《正(zheng)义(yi)》引庚(geng)尉之(zhi)(zhi)语说(shuo)：“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)者所(suo)(suo)以宣畅(chang)四(si)气，导达性(xing)情，功及物(wu)而不(bu)知(zhi)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)报(bao)(bao)，即(ji)是出(chu)而不(bu)反(fan)(fan)，所(suo)(suo)以谓施(shi)(shi)(shi)也”。意(yi)(yi)思是乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)质(zhi)是单向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它只(zhi)作(zuo)用于人(ren)，而不(bu)包(bao)括人(ren)对乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)映(ying)。　<2>意(yi)(yi)思是，礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)质(zhi)与乐(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)同(tong)，礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是双向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它包(bao)括对人(ren)和人(ren)对己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)映(ying)(报(bao)(bao))两方(fang)(fang)面，即(ji)如《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)：“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)尚往来(lai)，往而不(bu)来(lai)非(fei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也，来(lai)而不(bu)往亦非(fei)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也”。　<3>这一(yi)句从乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)产生(sheng)进一(yi)步阐释“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)者，施(shi)(shi)(shi)也”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命题。意(yi)(yi)思是由(you)于对自(zi)己心(xin)中(zhong)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)情而欢乐(le)(le)(le)(le)，才产生(sheng)了乐(le)(le)(le)(le)，不(bu)是由(you)于对方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回报(bao)(bao)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。　<4>此(ci)是阐述“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者，报(bao)(bao)也”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命题，意(yi)(yi)思如《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)孔(kong)颖(ying)达所(suo)(suo)释：“礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)反(fan)(fan)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)自(zi)始(shi)者，言(yan)(yan)王(wang)者制礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，必追反(fan)(fan)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)由(you)始(shi)祖。若周由(you)后稷为始(shi)祖，即(ji)追祭后稷，报(bao)(bao)其(qi)王(wang)业之(zhi)(zhi)由(you)，是礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)报(bao)(bao)也”。　<5>龙(long)(long)旂(qi)(qi)：绘(或绣)有(you)龙(long)(long)纹图(tu)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旗(qi)(qi)。古人(ren)以图(tu)案不(bu)同(tong)定旗(qi)(qi)名，如《周礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、春官(guan)、司常》所(suo)(suo)载(zai)：“日月为常，交(jiao)龙(long)(long)为旂(qi)(qi)”，熊虎为旗(qi)(qi)”等。九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)旒(liú，流)：旗(qi)(qi)下(xia)垂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)饰物(wu)名旒，九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)旒言(yan)(yan)旒数(shu)有(you)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)个(ge)。《尔雅·释天(tian)(tian)》载(zai)有(you)旂(qi)(qi)旗(qi)(qi)制度，略。　<6>自(zi)上(shang)(shang)句大路以下(xia)都(dou)是言(yan)(yan)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)报(bao)(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)事，即(ji)诸(zhu)侯(hou)朝天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)，天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)回报(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)物(wu)。所(suo)(suo)以“天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)旌也”意(yi)(yi)思是天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)回报(bao)(bao)诸(zhu)侯(hou)、上(shang)(shang)公(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旌旗(qi)(qi)。由(you)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·明堂位》知(zhi)，天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)旂(qi)(qi)十有(you)二旒，此(ci)处赐给(ji)上(shang)(shang)公(gong)、诸(zhu)侯(hou)，故(gu)只(zhi)有(you)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)旒。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖(ying)达疏说(shuo)：“侯(hou)伯七旒，子(zi)(zi)男五旒”同(tong)样是指天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)赐给(ji)侯(hou)伯、子(zi)(zi)男的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旌旗(qi)(qi)。　<7>《集解》引公(gong)羊(yang)传何休注(zhu)说(shuo)青黑缘指龟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)(rán，然)，就是龟甲(jia)边(bian)缘上(shang)(shang)青黑色细毛。　<8>《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)》葆作(zuo)宝(bao)(bao)，通。宝(bao)(bao)龟，即(ji)占(zhan)卜(bu)吉凶所(suo)(suo)用龟。　<9>《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)颖(ying)达释说(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)既与大路，龙(long)(long)旂(qi)(qi)及宝(bao)(bao)龟占(zhan)兆，又随从以牛羊(yang)非(fei)一(yi)，故(gu)称(cheng)群”。按：从，就是附(fu)带(dai)、外加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思，言(yan)(yan)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)赠诸(zhu)侯(hou)大路，龙(long)(long)旂(qi)(qi)，宝(bao)(bao)龟之(zhi)(zhi)外，附(fu)带(dai)给(ji)以成(cheng)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牛羊(yang)。因牛羊(yang)物(wu)贱不(bu)足为天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)物(wu)，故(gu)言(yan)(yan)“从之(zhi)(zhi)”。

　　乐(le)也者(zhe)(zhe)&lt;1>，情(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不可变者(zhe)(zhe)也；礼(li)(li)(li)也者(zhe)(zhe)，理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不可易(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)也。乐(le)统同(tong)，礼(li)(li)(li)别异(yi)<2>，礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说贵乎(hu)人情(qing)矣(yi)<3>。穷本(ben)知(zhi)变，乐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)也；著诚(cheng)去伪，礼(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)经也<4>。礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)顺天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)，达神明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德，降兴上下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神<5>，而(er)凝是精粗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体<6>，领父子君臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节。

是故大(da)人举礼乐，则天(tian)地将为昭焉<7>。天(tian)地欣合，阴阳相得，煦妪复(fu)育(yu)万物<8>，然后草木茂，区萌(meng)达<9>，羽(yu)翮奋(fen)<10>，角(jiao)觡生(sheng)<11&gt;，蛰虫昭稣<12>，羽(yu)者妪伏<13>，毛者孕鬻<14>，胎生(sheng)者不(bu)殰而(er)卵生(sheng)者不(bu)殈<15>，则乐之道归焉耳。

〔注释〕

　　<1>按《正义(yi)》所说(shuo)，此(ci)以(yi)下三段为(wei)(wei)《别录(lu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)七章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)情(qing)》，《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)此(ci)段以(yi)上(shang)(shang)为(wei)(wei)第(di)四(si)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)施》，由(you)此(ci)知(zhi)《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)五·六(liu)(liu)二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)被移到(dao)此(ci)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)后了(le)。《乐(le)(le)(le)情(qing)》记(ji)(ji)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神、内(nei)函和影(ying)响，而(er)(er)(er)(er)第(di)五章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)言(yan)》记(ji)(ji)乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)用，第(di)六(liu)(liu)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)象》记(ji)(ji)乐(le)(le)(le)有上(shang)(shang)述(shu)功(gong)(gong)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。可知(zhi)，《乐(le)(le)(le)情(qing)》章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)移到(dao)五、六(liu)(liu)两章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)前是(shi)(shi)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)。　<2>《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》别作“辨”，通。　<3>《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》贵作“管(guan)”，郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)：“管(guan)，犹包也(ye)(ye)”。贯(guan)义(yi)为(wei)(wei)贯(guan)穿(chuan)。即(ji)管(guan)是(shi)(shi)自外而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)，贯(guan)是(shi)(shi)自内(nei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)，形(xing)似不(bu)同，其(qi)(qi)实(shi)无异。言(yan)管(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)，是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)礼乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)义(yi)理包管(guan)了(le)全(quan)部人(ren)情(qing)；言(yan)贯(guan)则(ze)是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)礼乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)义(yi)理贯(guan)穿(chuan)了(le)全(quan)部人(ren)情(qing)。　<4>经(jing)：犹经(jing)典之(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)。《正义(yi)》释(shi)说(shuo)：“经(jing)，常也(ye)(ye)。著明(ming)诚信，违去(qu)诈(zha)伪(wei)，是(shi)(shi)礼之(zhi)(zhi)常行也(ye)(ye)”。即(ji)可释(shi)为(wei)(wei)礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要精神、礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)纲领等。　<5>《集解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)语(yu)(yu)说(shuo)：“降，下也(ye)(ye)；兴(xing)(xing)(xing)，犹出(chu)也(ye)(ye)”。所以(yi)“降兴(xing)(xing)(xing)上(shang)(shang)下”的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)者(zhe)(zhe)下之(zhi)(zhi)，下者(zhe)(zhe)出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)。　<6>凝(ning)：凝(ning)成。是(shi)(shi)：是(shi)(shi)非(fei)(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)。因(yin)“凝(ning)是(shi)(shi)”与上(shang)(shang)句中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“降兴(xing)(xing)(xing)”二字相对称，“兴(xing)(xing)(xing)”为(wei)(wei)动词，“是(shi)(shi)”也(ye)(ye)应作动词，可解(jie)(jie)为(wei)(wei)“使(shi)其(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)，不(bu)使(shi)其(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)非(fei)(fei)”，因(yin)可引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)“纠正”。精粗：言(yan)其(qi)(qi)质，亦可释(shi)为(wei)(wei)大(da)小(xiao)：小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)精，大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)粗。全(quan)句可硬译为(wei)(wei)“礼乐(le)(le)(le)能成就并纠正万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)小(xiao)大(da)之(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)体”。　<7>昭(zhao)(zhao)：《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)晓。《正义(yi)》释(shi)为(wei)(wei)大(da)明(ming)。皆通。　<8>《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注说(shuo)：“气曰(yue)(yue)煦，体曰(yue)(yue)妪”。“煦妪(yù，玉)复育万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)”孔颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)：“天(tian)以(yi)气煦之(zhi)(zhi)，地(di)以(yi)形(xing)驱之(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)开(kai)煦复而(er)(er)(er)(er)地(di)妪育，故言(yan)煦妪复育万(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)”。　<9>《正义(yi)》说(shuo)：“区(qu)音勾”；“达(da)犹出(chu)也(ye)(ye)”。“曲(qu)出(chu)曰(yue)(yue)区(qu)，菽(shu)豆之(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)；直出(chu)曰(yue)(yue)萌，稻稷之(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)也(ye)(ye)。”所以(yi)“区(qu)萌达(da)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思就是(shi)(shi)：使(shi)种子(不(bu)论曲(qu)出(chu)或直出(chu)者(zhe)(zhe))发(fa)芽。　<10>鸟的(de)(de)(de)(de)长(zhang)毛(mao)为(wei)(wei)羽，羽的(de)(de)(de)(de)根部为(wei)(wei)翮(hé，合)。此(ci)处羽翮泛指飞鸟。奋(fen)：奋(fen)飞。　<11>角觡(gé，革)：《索(suo)隐》解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)：“牛羊有曰(yue)(yue)角，麋鹿无曰(yue)(yue)觡”。角觡是(shi)(shi)合有、无二者(zhe)(zhe)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)，泛指走兽类(lei)动物(wu)(wu)。　<12>　<12>蛰(zhe)虫：蛰(zhe)伏(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)虫。如蛇(she)、蝎、蛙之(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)，入冬蛰(zhe)居(ju)地(di)下，称为(wei)(wei)蛰(zhe)虫。昭(zhao)(zhao)稣：《集解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)语(yu)(yu)说(shuo)：“昭(zhao)(zhao)，晓也(ye)(ye)”；“更(geng)息(xi)曰(yue)(yue)苏(su)”，稣、苏(su)，通。《正义(yi)》释(shi)说(shuo)：“蛰(zhe)虫得阴阳煦妪，故皆出(chu)地(di)上(shang)(shang)，如夜得晓，如死更(geng)有气也(ye)(ye)”。　<13>妪，母也(ye)(ye)；伏(fu)(fu)，通孵(fu)(fu)。羽者(zhe)(zhe)禽类(lei)，皆卵生(sheng)(sheng)，故母孵(fu)(fu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)。　　<14>鬻(yu)(yù，育)：郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)。毛(mao)者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)兽类(lei)，皆胎生(sheng)(sheng)，所以(yi)说(shuo)毛(mao)者(zhe)(zhe)孕鬻(yu)。　<15>殰(du)：《说(shuo)文(wen)》：“殰(du)，胎败也(ye)(ye)”。胎未生(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)死为(wei)(wei)殰(du)。殈：卵裂为(wei)(wei)殈。

　　乐(le)者(zhe)，非(fei)谓黄钟大吕弦歌干扬也(ye)(ye)<1>，乐(le)之(zhi)未节也(ye)(ye)，故童者(zhe)舞之(zhi)；布筵(yan)席，陈樽俎，列笾豆(dou)<2>，以(yi)升降为(wei)礼者(zhe)，礼之(zhi)末节也(ye)(ye)，故有(you)(you)(you)司掌之(zhi)<3>。乐(le)师辩乎(hu)声(sheng)诗<4>，故北面而(er)弦；宗祝(zhu)辩乎(hu)宗庙之(zhi)礼<5>，故后(hou)尸(shi)<6>；商(shang)祝(zhu)辩乎(hu)丧礼<7>，故后(hou)主(zhu)人(ren)<8>。是(shi)故德成(cheng)而(er)上，蓺成(cheng)而(er)下(xia)(xia)<9>；行成(cheng)而(er)先(xian)，事成(cheng)而(er)后(hou)。是(shi)故先(xian)王(wang)有(you)(you)(you)上有(you)(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)，有(you)(you)(you)先(xian)有(you)(you)(you)后(hou)，然后(hou)可以(yi)有(you)(you)(you)制于天下(xia)(xia)也(ye)(ye)。

〔注释〕

　　<1>黄(huang)钟大(da)吕(lv)：乐(le)(le)(le)器。六律以(yi)(yi)(yi)黄(huang)钟为(wei)(wei)(wei)首，穴吕(lv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)吕(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)首。黄(huang)钟大(da)吕(lv)泛指一(yi)(yi)切乐(le)(le)(le)器。弦歌(ge)(ge)(ge)干(gan)(gan)(gan)扬(yang)(yang)：歌(ge)(ge)(ge)舞。弦歌(ge)(ge)(ge)谓弦而(er)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)之，即(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)器伴唱；干(gan)(gan)(gan)扬(yang)(yang)指扬(yang)(yang)干(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)舞，干(gan)(gan)(gan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)盾(dun)牌，已见前注(zhu)。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)扬(yang)(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)钺(大(da)斧)，此(ci)处不取。　<2>笾：竹制食(shi)具。《周礼(li)(li)(li)·笾人(ren)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：外形(xing)似(si)豆，面(mian)经(jing)一(yi)(yi)尺，柄高(gao)一(yi)(yi)尺，容积四升。用来盛干(gan)(gan)(gan)鲜(xian)果品，干(gan)(gan)(gan)、鲜(xian)鱼(yu)，形(xing)盐(塑成虎形(xing)的食(shi)盐)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及饼饵等食(shi)物。　<3>有司：《正(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)“典礼(li)(li)(li)小官也(ye)(ye)”。　<4>辩：明(ming)悉、详(xiang)审(shen)。《正(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)辩别，则与“礼(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)辨(bian)宜”中的辨(bian)字(zi)无异，故不取。　<5>宗(zong)祝(zhu)：宗(zong)人(ren)之为(wei)(wei)(wei)祝(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。《正(zheng)义(yi)》解释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，祝(zhu)，又(you)名太祝(zhu)，“即(ji)(ji)有司之属也(ye)(ye)”。　<6>尸(shi)(shi)：祭(ji)祀时，象(xiang)征死者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，接受祭(ji)礼(li)(li)(li)的人(ren)”。《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·郊特性(xing)(xing)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“尸(shi)(shi)，神象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)”。又(you)《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·祭(ji)统》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“夫祭(ji)之道，孙为(wei)(wei)(wei)王父(fu)尸(shi)(shi)。所使为(wei)(wei)(wei)尸(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，于祭(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)子行(xing)(按(an)：行(xing)辈(bei)之行(xing))也(ye)(ye)，父(fu)北面(mian)而(er)事之”。　<7>商祝(zhu)：《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖达疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“商祝(zhu)，谓习商礼(li)(li)(li)而(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)祝(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·郊特性(xing)(xing)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“祝(zhu)，将命也(ye)(ye)”。将主人(ren)之命而(er)赞礼(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。　<8>主人(ren)：礼(li)(li)(li)仪的主办者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)主人(ren)，观礼(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)宾客。　<9>蓺：同艺(yi)。指举行(xing)礼(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)的技术性(xing)(xing)活动(dong)。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作艺(yi)，郑(zheng)(zheng)玄解释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“艺(yi)，才技也(ye)(ye)”。

　　乐者，圣人(ren)之所乐也(ye)，而(er)可(ke)以善民心(xin)。其感人(ren)深，其风(feng)移俗(su)易(yi)，故先王著(zhu)其教焉<1>。

　　夫人有血气心(xin)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性<2>，而(er)(er)无哀(ai)乐喜怒(nu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常，应(ying)感起(qi)物而(er)(er)动<3>，然(ran)后心(xin)术形焉<4>。是故志微焦衰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)作<5>，而(er)(er)民(min)(min)思忧；啴缓慢易，繁文(wen)简节之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)作<6>，而(er)(er)民(min)(min)康乐；粗厉猛起(qi)，奋末广贲(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)作<7>，而(er)(er)民(min)(min)刚(gang)毅；廉直(zhi)经正(zheng)，庄诚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)作<8>，而(er)(er)民(min)(min)肃(su)敬；宽裕肉好，顺(shun)成和动之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)作<9>，而(er)(er)民(min)(min)慈爱；流辟邪散，狄成涤(di)滥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)作<10>，而(er)(er)民(min)(min)淫乱。

〔注释〕

　　<1>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，这一(yi)段是(shi)第四章《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)第三段的(de)(de)后(hou)几(ji)句(ju)话，移到此处，单独成(cheng)(cheng)段的(de)(de)。著其(qi)(qi)教，《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)的(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“谓(wei)(wei)(wei)立(li)司乐(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)，使教国子也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<2>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，此段以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)三段为(wei)(wei)《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》第五章《乐(le)(le)言(yan)》。知，同(tong)(tong)智。性(xing)：先(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)秉赋。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)·中(zhong)(zhong)庸》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing)”。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)犹言(yan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)命(ming)，就(jiu)是(shi)先(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)秉赋。又《孝经(jing)(jing)·圣治》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)贵”，邢昺解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“性(xing)，生(sheng)者”。与生(sheng)具来(lai)者谓(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)指的(de)(de)先(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)秉赋。　<3>此句(ju)于(yu)“起(qi)”字(zi)后(hou)加“于(yu)”字(zi)就(jiu)容(rong)易(yi)理解(jie)(jie)(jie)了：“应(ying)感(gan)(gan)起(qi)于(yu)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)动(dong)”可以(yi)(yi)(yi)译为(wei)(wei)心(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)应(ying)由(you)(you)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)起(qi)，并随物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)变动(dong)。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达疏(shu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“应(ying)感(gan)(gan)起(qi)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)动(dong)者，言(yan)内(nei)心(xin)(xin)应(ying)感(gan)(gan)起(qi)于(yu)外物(wu)(wu)，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)来(lai)感(gan)(gan)已，必(bi)遂应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)，念虑兴动(dong)”。　<4>心(xin)(xin)术：《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“术，所(suo)由(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。心(xin)(xin)术就(jiu)是(shi)心(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)由(you)(you)，即思考问题的(de)(de)方法(fa)、途径(jing)。形(xing)(xing)：现(xian)形(xing)(xing)。出现(xian)、显现(xian)出来(lai)。孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全句(ju)的(de)(de)意思是(shi)：“以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(按(an)：指心(xin)(xin))感(gan)(gan)物(wu)(wu)所(suo)动(dong)，故(gu)(gu)然后(hou)心(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)由(you)(you)道(dao)路而(er)(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)见(jian)焉(yan)”。　<5>志微(wei)《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“意细(xi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。吴公子扎听郑(zheng)风而(er)(er)(er)曰(yue)：“其(qi)(qi)细(xi)已甚，民不(bu)堪也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。焦衰：《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》作噍(jiao)杀，孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)噍(jiao)蹙杀小。按(an)：焦系噍(jiao)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)音假(jia)借字(zi)，急促(cu)的(de)(de)意思。衰、杀同(tong)(tong)意，作减少、削弱解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。又下(xia)(xia)句(ju)“啴缓慢(man)(man)易(yi)，繁(fan)文(wen)(wen)简(jian)(jian)节(jie)音作”中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)繁(fan)文(wen)(wen)二(er)字(zi)不(bu)伦(lun)不(bu)类：为(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)既啴缓慢(man)(man)易(yi)，怎会有(you)繁(fan)文(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)？文(wen)(wen)既繁(fan)矣(yi)，其(qi)(qi)节(jie)安得而(er)(er)(er)简(jian)(jian)？再(zai)(zai)从文(wen)(wen)式(shi)讲(jiang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)几(ji)句(ju)把人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)都(dou)檼(yin)栝(gua)为(wei)(wei)四字(zi)，如(ru)“啴缓慢(man)(man)易(yi)”、“粗(cu)厉(li)猛(meng)起(qi)”、“廉(lian)直(zhi)(zhi)劲正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”等(deng)，此句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)应(ying)只有(you)志微(wei)二(er)字(zi)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)，下(xia)(xia)句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)“繁(fan)文(wen)(wen)”应(ying)是(shi)此句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)脱(tuo)漏，伪入下(xia)(xia)句(ju)者。复又：由(you)(you)前文(wen)(wen)所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“乐(le)(le)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)”，“观乐(le)(le)知政”等(deng)论(lun)点(dian)，自此以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)几(ji)句(ju)解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)格(ge)式(shi)应(ying)分作三层：由(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，产生(sheng)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)乐(le)(le)；乐(le)(le)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，民所(suo)感(gan)(gan)亦不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。即先(xian)论(lun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)，再(zai)(zai)论(lun)乐(le)(le)，后(hou)言(yan)民。中(zhong)(zhong)华书局(ju)标点(dian)本(ben)《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)》把人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)与乐(le)(le)混在一(yi)起(qi)，分不(bu)清是(shi)言(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)还(hai)是(shi)谈(tan)乐(le)(le)，论(lun)述层次也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)难以(yi)(yi)(yi)区分，兹更正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)，于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)间增一(yi)逗号。以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)几(ji)句(ju)同(tong)(tong)，不(bu)复赘。　<6>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》缓作谐(xie)(xie)。孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“啴、宽也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；谐(xie)(xie)，和也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；慢(man)(man)，疏(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。言(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)道(dao)德(de)宽和疏(shu)易(yi)，不(bu)拘小节(jie)，不(bu)计细(xi)过，那么(me)其(qi)(qi)音乐(le)(le)必(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)节(jie)奏简(jian)(jian)易(yi)，曲调舒缓有(you)节(jie)。　<7>《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)：“粗(cu)厉(li)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)性(xing)气粗(cu)疏(shu)、威厉(li)；猛(meng)起(qi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)武猛(meng)、发起(qi)。奋末(mo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)奋动(dong)手足；广贲谓(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)声广大(da)、愤气充(chong)满”。按(an)：贲，是(shi)大(da)的(de)(de)意思，不(bu)可释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)愤怒之(zhi)(zhi)愤。且(qie)奋末(mo)状乐(le)(le)音，不(bu)可谓(wei)(wei)(wei)奋动(dong)手足，《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)浸疾(ji)(ji)。　<8>廉(lian)直(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)(jing)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)：《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》经(jing)(jing)作劲。廉(lian)见(jian)《乐(le)(le)本(ben)》章第一(yi)段“其(qi)(qi)声直(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)廉(lian)”注，廉(lian)直(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)棱角分明、峭(qiao)直(zhi)(zhi)、不(bu)肯(ken)圆通；经(jing)(jing)，《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)法(fa)，即可释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)纬(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)(jing)，引(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)大(da)事、纲领。经(jing)(jing)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)就(jiu)是(shi)临大(da)事不(bu)可夺的(de)(de)意思。庄诚《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)矜严而(er)(er)(er)诚信。　<9>肉好：《索(suo)隐》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“音之(zhi)(zhi)洪润”。此言(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)，非(fei)音之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)，误。《乐(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“肉，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)厚重者也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。因此全句(ju)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)：“君(jun)(jun)(jun)上(shang)如(ru)宽裕厚重，则乐(le)(le)音顺序而(er)(er)(er)和谐(xie)(xie)动(dong)作”。　<10>流(liu)(liu)辟邪散(san)：《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“流(liu)(liu)淫(yin)纵僻(pi)，回(hui)邪放散(san)”。流(liu)(liu)、散(san)都(dou)是(shi)不(bu)肯(ken)循(xun)规蹈矩(ju)的(de)(de)意思，邪、辟都(dou)是(shi)不(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(辟同(tong)(tong)僻(pi)，如(ru)偏僻(pi))。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)辟邪散(san)就(jiu)是(shi)放荡不(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派。狄成(cheng)(cheng)涤(di)滥(lan)：《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》解(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“狄、涤(di)，皆往(wang)来(lai)疾(ji)(ji)速(su)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。往(wang)来(lai)速(su)而(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)，故(gu)(gu)云(yun)狄成(cheng)(cheng)；往(wang)来(lai)疾(ji)(ji)而(er)(er)(er)潜滥(lan)，故(gu)(gu)云(yun)涤(di)滥(lan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按(an)：速(su)成(cheng)(cheng)速(su)滥(lan)，谓(wei)(wei)(wei)无有(you)经(jing)(jing)世不(bu)朽之(zhi)(zhi)作，尽是(shi)猥滥(lan)琐屑小巧(qiao)之(zhi)(zhi)音。

　　是(shi)故先王本之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情性<1>，稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度数<2>，制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼义，合生气之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和<3>，道五常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行<4>，使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳(yang)而(er)不(bu)(bu)散，阴而(er)不(bu)(bu)密，刚(gang)气不(bu)(bu)怒，柔气不(bu)(bu)慑<5>，四(si)畅交于中(zhong)而(er)发(fa)作于外<6>，皆(jie)安其(qi)位(wei)而(er)不(bu)(bu)相夺也。然后立(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学等<7>，广(guang)其(qi)节奏，省其(qi)文采(cai)，以绳德厚也<8>。类小大之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称，比终(zhong)始之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)序(xu)，以象事行，使亲(qin)疏贵贱长(zhang)幼男女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)皆(jie)形(xing)见于乐。故曰“乐观其(qi)深矣(yi)”<9>。

　　土敝则(ze)(ze)草(cao)木不长<10>，长烦则(ze)(ze)鱼鳖不大<11>，气衰则(ze)(ze)生物不育，世乱则(ze)(ze)礼废(fei)而乐淫<12>。是(shi)故其声哀而不庄，乐而不安<13>，慢易以犯节<14>，流湎以忘本<15>。广则(ze)(ze)容奸，狭则(ze)(ze)思欲，感涤荡之(zhi)气而灭平和之(zhi)德<16>，是(shi)以君子贱之(zhi)也。

〔注释〕

　　<1>情(qing)性(xing)(xing)：先天(tian)秉(bing)赋(fu)，与(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)具有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing)(xing)，比如儒(ru)者所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)性(xing)(xing)善恶，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及所(suo)谓(wei)木(mu)性(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)，火性(xing)(xing)礼(li)(li)(li)，金性(xing)(xing)义(yi)(yi)(yi)，土性(xing)(xing)信，水性(xing)(xing)智(zhi)等(deng)；感(gan)于(yu)外(wai)物(wu)而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)情(qing)。如《礼(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼(li)(li)(li)运》所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)七情(qing)：喜、怒(nu)、哀(ai)、惧(ju)、爱、恶、欲。　<2>稽：考察。度(du)(du)数(shu)(shu)：《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)：“制乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)又考天(tian)地(di)度(du)(du)数(shu)(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，如吕(lv)应(ying)十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)，八(ba)(ba)音应(ying)八(ba)(ba)风之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)”。将度(du)(du)数(shu)(shu)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)地(di)度(du)(du)数(shu)(shu)。本(ben)(ben)意(yi)是(shi)指(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)调高低(di)度(du)(du)数(shu)(shu)，但(dan)古(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)高低(di)不(bu)分度(du)(du)数(shu)(shu)，没有如后(hou)世那种高八(ba)(ba)度(du)(du)、低(di)八(ba)(ba)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)划分，而(er)是(shi)由(you)(you)律(lv)(lv)(lv)管长(zhang)(zhang)度(du)(du)间(jian)接确定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。律(lv)(lv)(lv)管长(zhang)(zhang)度(du)(du)则由(you)(you)日月(yue)(yue)(yue)行(xing)(xing)度(du)(du)确定，方法是(shi)所(suo)谓(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)律(lv)(lv)(lv)管飞(fei)灰(hui)实验：十(shi)二律(lv)(lv)(lv)应(ying)十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)，将十(shi)二律(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)律(lv)(lv)(lv)管竖立在静室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，管底(di)撒上葭(jia)莩(fu)灰(hui)(一种芦苇茎中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薄(bo)膜烧成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灰(hui))，某(mou)月(yue)(yue)(yue)气(qi)(节气(qi)、中(zhong)(zhong)气(qi))至，其(qi)管底(di)灰(hui)则飞(fei)出(chu)管外(wai)(余管灰(hui)不(bu)动)。气(qi)至而(er)灰(hui)不(bu)动，则应(ying)修改(gai)管长(zhang)(zhang)。管长(zhang)(zhang)由(you)(you)十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)决定，十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)由(you)(you)日月(yue)(yue)(yue)行(xing)(xing)度(du)(du)决定，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)曲(qu)调高底(di)取决于(yu)日月(yue)(yue)(yue)行(xing)(xing)度(du)(du)。　<3>合：《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“应(ying)也(ye)”。生(sheng)(sheng)气(qi)：《集解(jie)》引郑(zheng)玄语(yu)(yu)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)阳(yang)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)孔颖达释(shi)(shi)(shi)全句意(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“言圣人(ren)裁制人(ren)情(qing)，使合生(sheng)(sheng)气(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和”。是(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)：使人(ren)情(qing)合于(yu)阴(yin)阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和气(qi)。　<4>道：《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)导，引导的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。五(wu)常(chang)：《集解(jie)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)，即金木(mu)水火土五(wu)常(chang)行(xing)(xing)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖达疏解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)全句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)“道(导)达人(ren)情(qing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，谓(wei)依金木(mu)水火土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)也(ye)”。金木(mu)水火土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)就是(shi)本(ben)(ben)段注(zhu)　<1>所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)、义(yi)(yi)(yi)、仁(ren)(ren)、智(zhi)、信。董仲舒《举贤良对策》直接把礼(li)(li)(li)、义(yi)(yi)(yi)、仁(ren)(ren)、智(zhi)、信称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)常(chang)。此外(wai)，《尚(shang)(shang)书·泰誓》“狎(xia)侮五(wu)常(chang)”，孔颖达把五(wu)常(chang)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)典，即：父义(yi)(yi)(yi)、母慈、兄友、弟恭、子(zi)孝等(deng)。　<5>慑：恐惧(ju)。　<6>四(si)畅(chang)：阴(yin)阳(yang)刚(gang)柔(rou)四(si)者都(dou)畅(chang)通(tong)无滞(zhi)，称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)畅(chang)。中(zhong)(zhong)：指(zhi)心中(zhong)(zhong)。全句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)：阴(yin)阳(yang)刚(gang)柔(rou)四(si)者皆畅(chang)通(tong)无有阻滞(zhi)，并在心中(zhong)(zhong)交会，发(fa)见动作于(yu)身外(wai)。　<7>学(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄解(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)：“等(deng)，差(cha)也(ye)。各用其(qi)才之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差(cha)学(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)学(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)。不(bu)通(tong)。“学(xue)(xue)(xue)”指(zhi)国子(zi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)，《周礼(li)(li)(li)·春官》记(ji)(ji)(ji)载，大(da)司乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)教(jiao)国子(zi)”于(yu)学(xue)(xue)(xue)宫，即此。“等(deng)”指(zhi)国子(zi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)授乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)机构(gou)。　<8>《集解(jie)》引郑(zheng)玄说(shuo)(shuo)：“绳犹(you)度(du)(du)也(ye)”。全句可(ke)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)审(shen)度(du)(du)德行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚薄(bo)。　<9>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo)：“此引古(gu)语(yu)(yu)证观感(gan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深矣”。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)观，关于(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)观点、理论。其(qi)，虚字。全句可(ke)译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理论是(shi)深奥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。　<10>敝：破敝。这里引伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)土地(di)失(shi)去肥力(li)，译(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)瘠薄(bo)。　<11>烦：烦扰。《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“数(shu)(shu)搅(jiao)动”。　<12>　<12>淫：过份。《尚(shang)(shang)书·大(da)禹谟》：“罔(wang)淫于(yu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)”。孔安(an)国注(zhu)：“淫：过也(ye)”。　<13>乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(lè，去声(sheng)，勒)：喜乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。　<14>犯节：无节奏。　<15>流湎：《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“靡靡无穷，失(shi)于(yu)终止”。忘本(ben)(ben)：忘却根本(ben)(ben)或本(ben)(ben)原。乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)是(shi)人(ren)心感(gan)物(wu)而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)，忘记(ji)(ji)(ji)这个(ge)根本(ben)(ben)，外(wai)无所(suo)感(gan)而(er)强自(zi)吟(yin)哦，成了无病呻(shen)吟(yin)。　<16>涤荡(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)：洗涤荡(dang)除了污秽以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)，就是(shi)《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)(yi)》所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)善人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善气(qi)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)》作“条畅(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)”。

　　凡(fan)奸(jian)声感(gan)(gan)人而(er)逆(ni)气应(ying)之<1>，逆(ni)气成象而(er)淫乐(le)(le)兴焉<2>。正声感(gan)(gan)人而(er)顺气应(ying)之，顺气成象而(er)和乐(le)(le)兴焉。倡和有应(ying)，回邪曲直各归其分(fen)，而(er)万物之理以类相动也。

　　是(shi)故(gu)君子(zi)反(fan)情以(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)其(qi)(qi)(qi)志<3>，比类以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)行<4>。奸(jian)声(sheng)乱色(se)(se)不(bu)(bu)留聪(cong)明(ming)(ming)<5>，淫(yin)乐废礼不(bu)(bu)接于心(xin)术<6>，惰慢邪(xie)辟之(zhi)气(qi)不(bu)(bu)设于身体<7>，使耳目鼻口心(xin)知百(bai)体皆(jie)由顺正，以(yi)(yi)(yi)行其(qi)(qi)(qi)义。然(ran)后发以(yi)(yi)(yi)声(sheng)音，文(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)琴瑟，动以(yi)(yi)(yi)干戚，饰以(yi)(yi)(yi)羽(yu)旄，从以(yi)(yi)(yi)箫管(guan)，奋至德之(zhi)光<8>，动四气(qi)之(zhi)和(he)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)著万物之(zhi)理。是(shi)故(gu)清明(ming)(ming)象天(tian)，广大象地，终始象四时，周旋象风雨。五色(se)(se)成(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)乱<9>，八风从律(lv)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)奸(jian)<10>，百(bai)度得数(shu)而(er)(er)有常(chang)<11>；小大相成(cheng)(cheng)，终始相生，倡和(he)清浊<12>，代相为经<13>。故(gu)乐行而(er)(er)沦清<14>，耳目聪(cong)明(ming)(ming)，血气(qi)和(he)平，移风易俗，天(tian)下皆(jie)宁(ning)。故(gu)曰“乐者乐也”。君子(zi)乐得其(qi)(qi)(qi)道<15>，小人乐得其(qi)(qi)(qi)欲(yu)(yu)<16>以(yi)(yi)(yi)道制欲(yu)(yu)，则乐而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)乱；以(yi)(yi)(yi)欲(yu)(yu)忘道，则惑而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)乐。是(shi)故(gu)君子(zi)反(fan)情以(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)其(qi)(qi)(qi)志，广乐以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)教，乐行而(er)(er)民乡方(fang)<17>，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)观德矣。

〔注释〕

　　<1>《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，此以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)四段(duan)(duan)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《别(bie)录》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第六章(zhang)《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)象(xiang)》。象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)映象(xiang)、反映，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)这(zhei)(zhei)一章(zhang)主(zhu)要讲乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)质，心态、德(de)(de)(de)(de)行之(zhi)(zhi)间互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)影响，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及君子(zi)小人(ren)(ren)(ren)由(you)此而(er)(er)(er)(er)产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)态度(du)(du)(du)。奸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，与(yu)(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对(dui)，指(zhi)淫(yin)(yin)邪不(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。逆(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，与(yu)(yu)顺(shun)(shun)(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对(dui)，《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)天(tian)地(di)(di)逆(ni)乱之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。误。逆(ni)顺(shun)(shun)(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)感人(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，自是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)质有(you)(you)逆(ni)顺(shun)(shun)(shun)两个方(fang)(fang)面，因所(suo)感不(bu)同(tong)，有(you)(you)不(bu)同(tong)表现，奸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感之(zhi)(zhi)逆(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)顺(shun)(shun)(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。　<2>成(cheng)象(xiang)：造成(cheng)影响，产生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)具体的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表现。淫(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)奸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)同(tong)义。按(an)(an)：以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)两句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)奸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)逆(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，逆(ni)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)结果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淫(yin)(yin)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，即是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)感应(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。　<3>反情：约束其(qi)(qi)情欲(yu)，不(bu)任其(qi)(qi)流荡(dang)。　<4>比(bi)类(lei)(lei)：《正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“比(bi)于(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)类(lei)(lei)”。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达疏释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“比(bi)拟善类(lei)(lei)”。　<5>不(bu)留(liu)聪明(ming)(ming)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达解释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“不(bu)留(liu)停于(yu)耳目，令耳目不(bu)聪明(ming)(ming)也”。　<6>废礼(li)(li)：孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慝(tè，特)礼(li)(li)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)隐(yin)恶为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慝，隐(yin)有(you)(you)废意(yi)(yi)(yi)，废而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，犹如(ru)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隐(yin)蔽而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)见(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)废礼(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慝礼(li)(li)。　<7>设：施设，加(jia)。　<8>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“奋犹动(dong)(dong)也。至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)光谓(wei)降天(tian)神。出地(di)(di)祇、假祖考”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)光就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)神、地(di)(di)祇、祖考的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩(en)德(de)(de)(de)(de)光泽(ze)。又(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达解释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“奋至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)光者，谓(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)上(shang)诸乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，奋动(dong)(dong)天(tian)地(di)(di)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)(de)光，明(ming)(ming)谓(wei)神明(ming)(ming)来(lai)(lai)降也”。末(mo)句(ju)翻译(yi)出来(lai)(lai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“这(zhei)(zhei)明(ming)(ming)明(ming)(ming)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)神明(ming)(ming)来(lai)(lai)降的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)”。表明(ming)(ming)郑(zheng)(zheng)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)完(wan)全相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。　<9>五色(se)(se)(se)：青、黄(huang)、赤、白、黑。按(an)(an)五行理(li)论：宫(gong)(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)土，邑黄(huang)；商(shang)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金，色(se)(se)(se)白；角声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)木，色(se)(se)(se)青；徵声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火，色(se)(se)(se)赤；羽声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水，色(se)(se)(se)黑。　<10>八(ba)风：八(ba)方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)风，与(yu)(yu)十(shi)二(er)辰、十(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)配，参见(jian)《律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)书(shu)》法。　<11>百(bai)度(du)(du)(du)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百(bai)刻，即一昼夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)间长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)度(du)(du)(du)。昼夜二(er)十(shi)辰与(yu)(yu)十(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)配，律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)则(ze)十(shi)二(er)辰有(you)(you)常(chang)度(du)(du)(du)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全句(ju)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“昏明(ming)(ming)昼夜不(bu)失(shi)其(qi)(qi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，故(gu)度(du)(du)(du)数有(you)(you)常(chang)也”。　<12>　<12>清(qing)浊(zhuo)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄解释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“清(qing)谓(wei)蕤(rui)(rúi，蕊，上(shang)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng))宾(bin)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)应(ying)(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也；浊(zhuo)谓(wei)黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吕(lv)”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达解释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吕(lv)音长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)者为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)浊(zhuo)；蕤(rui)宾(bin)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)应(ying)(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)音短(duan)，短(duan)者清(qing)。按(an)(an)：音长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)管长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，音短(duan)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)管短(duan)。十(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)按(an)(an)管长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)排列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)序是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、大吕(lv)、太(tai)蔟、夹钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、姑洗、仲(中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))吕(lv)；蕤(rui)宾(bin)、林钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、夷则(ze)、南吕(lv)、无射、应(ying)(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)，前(qian)六管长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，后六管短(duan)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)郑(zheng)(zheng)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)二(er)氏(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)自黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吕(lv)浊(zhuo)，自蕤(rui)宾(bin)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)应(ying)(ying)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)清(qing)。然而(er)(er)(er)(er)，细审此段(duan)(duan)文(wen)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，“以(yi)(yi)(yi)行其(qi)(qi)义”之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)论君子(zi)修饰(shi)其(qi)(qi)心志，“周(zhou)旋(xuan)象(xiang)风雨”以(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)论正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，这(zhei)(zhei)两部分(fen)合是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“顺(shun)(shun)(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兴正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。此后自“五色(se)(se)(se)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“代(dai)(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)”论“正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)与(yu)(yu)顺(shun)(shun)(shun)气(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)应(ying)(ying)”；“故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)行而(er)(er)(er)(er)伦清(qing)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)，再(zai)加(jia)综述。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)五色(se)(se)(se)、八(ba)风、百(bai)度(du)(du)(du)、小大、终始、清(qing)浊(zhuo)、代(dai)(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)等都不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)受正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)。物(wu)应(ying)(ying)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)有(you)(you)清(qing)浊(zhuo)、万物(wu)也有(you)(you)清(qing)浊(zhuo)。　<13>代(dai)(dai)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》作(zuo)“迭”。通。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，更相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)常(chang)，即还(hai)(hai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)也”。按(an)(an)：十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)还(hai)(hai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宫(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(如(ru)黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)一月(yue)(yue)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，大吕(lv)十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)等)每(mei)一律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)都可以(yi)(yi)(yi)被当作(zuo)宫(gong)(gong)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，然后按(an)(an)十(shi)二(er)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)五声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)关系(xi)(如(ru)黄(huang)钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)林钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，林钟(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)太(tai)蔟；宫(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)征、征生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)商(shang)等)确定其(qi)(qi)余各律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)与(yu)(yu)五声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)对(dui)应(ying)(ying)关系(xi)。宫(gong)(gong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)本，经(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)经(jing)(jing)纬之(zhi)(zhi)经(jing)(jing)，都可引伸为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根本、主(zhu)要。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)“代(dai)(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)经(jing)(jing)”此处是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迭为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)。　<14>《礼(li)(li)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“沦”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)”，全句(ju)解释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“言乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)则(ze)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)理(li)、和(he)阴阳也”，人(ren)(ren)(ren)理(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)，或称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)沦。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“沦”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“类(lei)(lei)”，全句(ju)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)如(ru)上(shang)所(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，故(gu)其(qi)(qi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)施行而(er)(er)(er)(er)沦类(lei)(lei)清(qing)美矣(yi)”。二(er)者皆通。　<15>道(dao)：以(yi)(yi)(yi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)治天(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理(li)和(he)方(fang)(fang)法。　<16>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“邪淫(yin)(yin)”。又(you)(you)《礼(li)(li)记(ji)·礼(li)(li)运》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“饮食(shi)男女，人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)大欲(yu)存矣(yi)”。过分(fen)追求饮食(shi)男女之(zhi)(zhi)事，称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)邪淫(yin)(yin)。　<17>乡：同(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)。方(fang)(fang)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“道(dao)”。乡方(fang)(fang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)心向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)。

　　德者(zhe)，性(xing)之(zhi)端也(ye)(ye)；乐声，德之(zhi)华也(ye)(ye)<1>；金(jin)石丝竹，乐之(zhi)器也(ye)(ye)。诗，言其(qi)(qi)志也(ye)(ye)；歌，咏其(qi)(qi)声也(ye)(ye)；舞，动其(qi)(qi)容也(ye)(ye)；三者(zhe)本乎心，然后乐气从之(zhi)<2>。是(shi)故情深而文(wen)明，气盛(sheng)而化神<3>，和顺积中(zhong)而英华发外(wai)<4>，唯乐不可以为伪。

乐(le)(le)(le)者，心之(zhi)(zhi)动也(ye)；声(sheng)者，乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)象也(ye)；文(wen)采节奏<5>，声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)饰也(ye)。君子(zi)动其(qi)(qi)本，乐(le)(le)(le)其(qi)(qi)象，然后治其(qi)(qi)饰。是(shi)故(gu)(gu)先鼓以(yi)警戒<6>，三步以(yi)见(jian)方<7>，再始以(yi)著往<8>，复乱以(yi)饬归<9>。奋疾而不(bu)拔(也(ye))<10>，极(ji)幽而不(bu)隐<11>。独乐(le)(le)(le)其(qi)(qi)志，不(bu)厌其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)；备举其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)，不(bu)私(si)其(qi)(qi)欲(yu)。是(shi)以(yi)情(qing)见(jian)而义立，乐(le)(le)(le)终而德(de)尊；君子(zi)以(yi)好善，小人以(yi)息过(guo)<12>。故(gu)(gu)曰“生民之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)，乐(le)(le)(le)为(wei)大焉”。

〔注释〕

　　<1>华：光(guang)华。《乐(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)：“德在于(yu)内(nei)，乐(le)(le)(le)在于(yu)外，乐(le)(le)(le)所(suo)以(yi)发扬(yang)其(qi)(qi)德，故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)为(wei)(wei)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光(guang)华也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”　<2>乐(le)(le)(le)气：《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“诗、歌(ge)、舞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<3>《乐(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)：“志(zhi)意(yi)蕴积于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)，故(gu)气盛；内(nei)志(zhi)既盛则(ze)外感(gan)于(yu)物，故(gu)变化神通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。气盛，谓(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知手之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蹈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；而(er)(er)化神者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，谓(wei)动天地(di)(di)，感(gan)鬼神，经夫妇、成孝敬是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<4>和顺：《乐(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“思念善事(shi)”。英华：孔(kong)(kong)(kong)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“言辞声(sheng)音”。　<5>文采：曲折(zhe)变化。节(jie)奏(zou)(zou)：强弱停顿的(de)规律。　<6>《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)：“此引武(wu)(wu)(wu)王伐(fa)(fa)(fa)纣(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)，证前(qian)(qian)有德后(hou)有饰(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。武(wu)(wu)(wu)王圣人(ren)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)(qian)有德也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；而(er)(er)用此节(jie)奏(zou)(zou)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)有饰(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)鼓者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，为(wei)(wei)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王伐(fa)(fa)(fa)纣(zhou)，未战之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)，鸣(ming)皮鼓以(yi)警戒，使军众(zhong)逆备也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今作《武(wu)(wu)(wu)乐(le)(le)(le)》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，未奏(zou)(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)鸣(ming)皮鼓以(yi)敕人(ren)使豫(yu)备具也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明志(zhi)后(hou)有事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<7>见：郑玄读“现”，义(yi)亦同(tong)。方：即端(duan)点之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)，引伸为(wei)(wei)始。开(kai)始的(de)意(yi)思。郑玄解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)全句意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“将舞必先(xian)三(san)举足(按：孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“先(xian)行三(san)步(bu)”)以(yi)见其(qi)(qi)舞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渐(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。　<8>著(zhu)(zhu)往：著(zhu)(zhu)明往伐(fa)(fa)(fa)纣(zhou)。郑玄解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)全句说(shuo)(shuo)：“武(wu)(wu)(wu)王除丧至孟津之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上，(见)纣(zhou)未可(ke)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)，还归(gui)。二年，乃遂伐(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《武(wu)(wu)(wu)舞》再(zai)更始以(yi)明伐(fa)(fa)(fa)时再(zai)往也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<9>复(fu)乱(luan)(luan)：复(fu)，又(you)；乱(luan)(luan)，治(zhi)、理(li)(li)。如《尚书·周(zhou)书·泰誓》说(shuo)(shuo)：“予有乱(luan)(luan)臣十人(ren)，同(tong)心同(tong)德”，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)安国释(shi)(shi)(shi)“乱(luan)(luan)臣”为(wei)(wei)“治(zhi)理(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣”。所(suo)以(yi)，复(fu)乱(luan)(luan)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)舞将终，重新整理(li)(li)好队形的(de)意(yi)思。《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“纣(zhou)凶乱(luan)(luan)而(er)(er)安复(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，亦通(tong)。饬归(gui)：饬众(zhong)而(er)(er)归(gui)。《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)：“武(wu)(wu)(wu)王伐(fa)(fa)(fa)纣(zhou)胜，鸣(ming)金铙(nao)(nao)整武(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)归(gui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。……今奏(zou)(zou)《武(wu)(wu)(wu)舞》，初皮鼓警众(zhong)，末(mo)鸣(ming)铙(nao)(nao)以(yi)归(gui)，象伐(fa)(fa)(fa)纣(zhou)已(yi)竟也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。铙(nao)(nao)，《周(zhou)礼·地(di)(di)官·鼓人(ren)》中(zhong)(zhong)，郑玄释(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)形说(shuo)(shuo)：“铙(nao)(nao)，如铃，无(wu)舌，有柄，执而(er)(er)鸣(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。　<10>《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)：“舞虽奋疾而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)先(xian)节(jie)，若树木(mu)得疾风而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)拔”。　<11>《乐(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)：“谓(wei)歌(ge)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)坐歌(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)动，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)极(ji)幽静，而(er)(er)声(sheng)发起，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)隐(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。翻译出来(lai)(lai)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“伴歌(ge)的(de)人(ren)坐在那(nei)里，姿态幽静，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)声(sheng)朗(lang)朗(lang)，传了(le)出来(lai)(lai)，一点也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)隐(yin)蔽”。歌(ge)声(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)隐(yin)蔽、歌(ge)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)隐(yin)蔽，二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)相对而(er)(er)言，颇觉不(bu)(bu)(bu)伦不(bu)(bu)(bu)类(lei)。此段(duan)写《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)目的(de)在于(yu)论一切乐(le)(le)(le)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)德而(er)(er)后(hou)饰(shi)，即形式与内(nei)容的(de)统一，应该有关于(yu)“内(nei)容”的(de)描述(shu)。所(suo)以(yi)此句应该释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“意(yi)虽幽而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)隐(yin)”，即是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)写《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》乐(le)(le)(le)的(de)意(yi)旨(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指歌(ge)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。　<12>　<12>息(xi)过(guo)，《正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)“改过(guo)”。《乐(le)(le)(le)记》“息(xi)”作“听”，“听”的(de)含意(yi)释(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)察(cha)知、了(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)等，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)知已(yi)过(guo)失而(er)(er)改之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)意(yi)思。

　　君子曰(yue)：礼(li)乐(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可以(yi)斯须去(qu)身<1>。致乐(le)(le)以(yi)治心(xin)(xin)(xin)，则(ze)(ze)(ze)易(yi)直(zhi)子谅之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)油然生(sheng)矣<2>。易(yi)直(zhi)子谅之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)则(ze)(ze)(ze)乐(le)(le)，乐(le)(le)则(ze)(ze)(ze)安，安则(ze)(ze)(ze)久，久则(ze)(ze)(ze)天(tian)<3>，天(tian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)神(shen)<4>。天(tian)则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言而(er)信(xin)，神(shen)则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)怒而(er)威(wei)。致乐(le)(le)，以(yi)治心(xin)(xin)(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)；致礼(li)，以(yi)治躬者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)<5>。治躬则(ze)(ze)(ze)庄(zhuang)敬(jing)，庄(zhuang)敬(jing)则(ze)(ze)(ze)严(yan)威(wei)。心(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)斯须不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)乐(le)(le)，而(er)鄙(bi)诈(zha)之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)入之(zhi)矣；外(wai)(wai)貌斯须不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)庄(zhuang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敬(jing)，而(er)慢易(yi)之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)入之(zhi)矣。故乐(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，动于内者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)；礼(li)也(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，动于外(wai)(wai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。乐(le)(le)极和，礼(li)极顺。内和而(er)外(wai)(wai)顺，则(ze)(ze)(ze)民瞻其颜色而(er)弗(fu)与(yu)争也(ye)(ye)<6>，望其容(rong)貌而(er)民不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)生(sheng)易(yi)慢焉。德(de)煇(通(tong)辉)动乎内而(er)民莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)承(cheng)听，理(li)发乎外(wai)(wai)而(er)民莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)承(cheng)顺<7>。故曰(yue)：“知礼(li)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)道，举(ju)而(er)错之(zhi)天(tian)下无难矣<8>”。

　　乐也(ye)(ye)者(zhe)，动(dong)于内者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)；礼(li)也(ye)(ye)者(zhe)，动(dong)于外者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。故礼(li)主其谦<9>，乐主其盈<10>。礼(li)谦而(er)(er)进(jin)<11&gt;，以进(jin)为(wei)文；乐盈而(er)(er)反(fan)<12>，以反(fan)为(wei)文。礼(li)谦而(er)(er)不(bu)进(jin)，则(ze)销<13>；乐盈而(er)(er)不(bu)反(fan)，则(ze)放(fang)<14>。故礼(li)有报(bao)而(er)(er)乐有反(fan)<15>。礼(li)得其报(bao)则(ze)乐，乐得其反(fan)则(ze)安。礼(li)之报(bao)，乐之反(fan)，其义一也(ye)(ye)。

〔注释〕

　　<1>斯(si)须(xu)(xu)：《正义》释为“俄(e)顷”，犹言(yan)须(xu)(xu)臾、瞬间。《正义》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)此(ci)以下四段(duan)为《别录》中的(de)(de)(de)第十章《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)化》，内(nei)容是论乐(le)(le)(le)(le)能陶化为善等(deng)事。　<2>易直子(zi)谅：《集解(jie)(jie)》引王(wang)(wang)肃语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“易，平(ping)易；直，正直；子(zi)谅，爱信也(ye)(ye)”。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“易谓(wei)和易，直谓(wei)正直，子(zi)谓(wei)子(zi)爱，谅谓(wei)诚(cheng)信”。二释义相(xiang)近。油然(ran)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“新生好貌”。　<3>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“志明行成，久(jiu)而不(bu)改，则人(ren)信之(zhi)如(ru)天”。　<4>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“既为人(ren)所(suo)信如(ru)天，故又为人(ren)所(suo)畏如(ru)神也(ye)(ye)”。　<5>躬(gong)：即身(shen)。　<6>弗(fu)：不(bu)。　<7>承顺(shun)：承奉与顺(shun)从。　<8>错：错置(zhi)。引伸为施于(yu)。　<9>谦：《集解(jie)(jie)》引王(wang)(wang)肃语释为“自(zi)(zi)(zi)谦损也(ye)(ye)”。《礼记(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》作减(jian)，郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“礼主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)减(jian)人(ren)所(suo)倦也(ye)(ye)”。恐(kong)非(fei)礼的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)旨(zhi)。减(jian)作减(jian)损，与谦同义。　<10>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“乐(le)(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)其盈人(ren)所(suo)欢也(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)思是：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)旨(zhi)是增加人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)欢乐(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)情。　<11>进(jin)(jin)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“进(jin)(jin)谓(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)勉强也(ye)(ye)”。　<12>　<12>反：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“反谓(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)抑止(zhi)也(ye)(ye)”。　<13>销：通“消”；消散、消失。　<14>放：放纵。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)释全(quan)句说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“言(yan)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)盈满(man)，若不(bu)反自(zi)(zi)(zi)抑损，则乐(le)(le)(le)(le)道(dao)流放也(ye)(ye)”。　<15>报(bao)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“报(bao)，读曰褒(bāo，包)，犹进(jin)(jin)也(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)(kong)颖(ying)达(da)释全(quan)句说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“行礼之(zhi)道(dao)须(xu)(xu)有(you)自(zi)(zi)(zi)进(jin)(jin)，作乐(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)道(dao)须(xu)(xu)有(you)自(zi)(zi)(zi)退反也(ye)(ye)”。

　　夫乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)乐(le)(le)(le)也(ye)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)情之(zhi)(zhi)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)免也(ye)<1>。乐(le)(le)(le)必发诸声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音<2>，形(xing)于(yu)动静(jing)(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)道也(ye)<3>。声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音动静(jing)(jing)，性(xing)术之(zhi)(zhi)变<4>，尽于(yu)此矣(yi)。故(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)无乐(le)(le)(le)，乐(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)无形(xing)。形(xing)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为道<5>，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)无乱。先(xian)王(wang)恶其(qi)乱，故(gu)制雅(ya)颂之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)以道之(zhi)(zhi)<6>，使其(qi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)足(zu)(zu)以乐(le)(le)(le)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)，使其(qi)文足(zu)(zu)以纶(lun)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)息<7>，使其(qi)曲直繁省廉肉(rou)节(jie)奏(zou)(zou)<8>，足(zu)(zu)以感动人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)善心而(er)(er)已矣(yi)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)使放心邪气(qi)得(de)(de)接焉(yan)(yan)，是(shi)先(xian)王(wang)立乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)方也(ye)<9>。是(shi)故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)在宗(zong)庙之(zhi)(zhi)中<10>，君(jun)臣上下同(tong)听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)，则莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)敬；在族长乡里之(zhi)(zhi)中<11>，长幼同(tong)听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)，则莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)顺；在闺门(men)之(zhi)(zhi)内<12>，父子兄弟同(tong)听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)，则莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)亲(qin)。故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)，审一以定和(he)(he)<13>，比物以饰节(jie)<14>，节(jie)奏(zou)(zou)合以成文，所以合和(he)(he)父子君(jun)臣，附亲(qin)万民(min)也(ye)，是(shi)先(xian)王(wang)立乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)方也(ye)。故(gu)听(ting)其(qi)雅(ya)颂之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，志意(yi)得(de)(de)广焉(yan)(yan)；执其(qi)干戚<15>，习(xi)其(qi)俯(fu)仰(yang)诎信<16>，容(rong)貌得(de)(de)庄焉(yan)(yan)；行(xing)其(qi)缀兆(zhao)，要其(qi)节(jie)奏(zou)(zou)，行(xing)列得(de)(de)正焉(yan)(yan)，进(jin)退得(de)(de)齐焉(yan)(yan)。故(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)天地之(zhi)(zhi)齐<17>，中和(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)纪<18>，人(ren)(ren)(ren)情之(zhi)(zhi)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)免也(ye)。

　　夫乐者，先(xian)王之(zhi)所(suo)以饰喜(xi)也；军(jun)旅(lv)鈇钺者<19>，先(xian)王之(zhi)所(suo)以饰怒(nu)(nu)也。故先(xian)王之(zhi)喜(xi)怒(nu)(nu)皆得其齐矣<20>。喜(xi)则(ze)天(tian)下和之(zhi)，怒(nu)(nu)则(ze)暴乱者畏之(zhi)。先(xian)王之(zhi)道礼(li)乐可谓盛(sheng)矣。

〔注释〕

　　<1>人(ren)(ren)情：人(ren)(ren)的(de)情感。儒者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)概括为(wei)(wei)(wei)七种：喜、怒、哀(ai)、惧(ju)、爱、恶、欲(yu)(见《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·礼运》)。　<2>诸：之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于。　<3>人(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：为(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)的(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)规范，通谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。儒者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)“率性(xing)(xing)而(er)行(xing)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”(《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸》)，即凡遵循(xun)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)的(de)一(yi)切作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)都是(shi)人(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。又(you)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“亲(qin)亲(qin)、尊(zun)尊(zun)、长(zhang)长(zhang)、男女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)别，人(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”(《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·丧(sang)服小记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》)。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)解(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“人(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<4>性(xing)(xing)术(shu)：《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“性(xing)(xing)术(shu)，言(yan)此(ci)出于性(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释“术(shu)”为(wei)(wei)(wei)“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路”，性(xing)(xing)术(shu)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路。按：术(shu)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)方法(fa)，性(xing)(xing)术(shu)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)由(you)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)酝酿而(er)成的(de)方法(fa)，非一(yi)时权宜(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计。　<5>道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：规矩。方法(fa)、程(cheng)式。又(you)可释为(wei)(wei)(wei)导(dao)(dao)，引导(dao)(dao)的(de)意(yi)思。　<6>雅颂(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华书局(ju)标点本《史记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“《雅》《颂(song)(song)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声”，意(yi)思是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)《诗(shi)经(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)《雅》、《颂(song)(song)》等诗(shi)篇，误(wu)(wu)。诗(shi)有(you)(you)六义：风(feng)、赋、比(bi)、兴(xing)，雅、颂(song)(song)。自风(feng)至兴(xing)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)免于讥刺怨(yuan)诉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，只有(you)(you)雅颂(song)(song)是(shi)从(cong)正面歌颂(song)(song)、诱导(dao)(dao)，如《诗(shi)序》所(suo)(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“雅者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，正也(ye)(ye)(ye)，言(yan)王政(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)由(you)废兴(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”；“颂(song)(song)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，美(mei)盛(sheng)德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)容，以(yi)其(qi)(qi)成功告于神明者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)言(yan)先(xian)王所(suo)(suo)(suo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，首举雅颂(song)(song)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及其(qi)(qi)他。《诗(shi)经(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓变(bian)风(feng)变(bian)雅，于诗(shi)的(de)表现手(shou)法(fa)，却(que)不(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)雅颂(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列，这也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能将(jiang)雅颂(song)(song)解(jie)释为(wei)(wei)(wei)篇名的(de)原因之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：同(tong)“导(dao)(dao)”，引导(dao)(dao)。　<7>纶(lun)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)息：《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》纶(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)论。纶(lun)是(shi)维系，牵引的(de)意(yi)思。《易经(jing)(jing)·系词(ci)》：“弥纶(lun)天地(di)”，孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“纶(lun)谓经(jing)(jing)纶(lun)牵引”。纶(lun)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)息可释为(wei)(wei)(wei)维系不(bu)(bu)(bu)绝(jue)。　<8>繁省(sheng)(sheng)廉(lian)(lian)肉：《集(ji)解(jie)》引郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“繁省(sheng)(sheng)廉(lian)(lian)肉，声之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洪杀(sha)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。此(ci)是(shi)误(wu)(wu)引。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“繁瘠廉(lian)(lian)肉”，郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注为(wei)(wei)(wei)“声之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洪杀(sha)”，繁瘠与(yu)(yu)繁省(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可混注。繁省(sheng)(sheng)即繁简，指(zhi)(zhi)歌词(ci)多少(shao)。边为(wei)(wei)(wei)廉(lian)(lian)，实为(wei)(wei)(wei)肉，廉(lian)(lian)肉指(zhi)(zhi)表里。　<9>方：《集(ji)解(jie)》引郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)语说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“方，道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按：道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)方法(fa)，法(fa)术(shu)。　<10>宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)：《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·祭法(fa)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，先(xian)祖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊(zun)貌(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。刘熙《释名》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)：“先(xian)祖形(xing)貌(mao)所(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按：于其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或立木主，或图绘先(xian)祖形(xing)貌(mao)，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)先(xian)祖象征(zheng)而(er)祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)专门(men)(men)建(jian)筑称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)。因“有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)地(di)则(ze)有(you)(you)祭”，又(you)以(yi)宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)、社稷、庙(miao)(miao)堂(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类喻(yu)国家、朝庭。此(ci)处宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)庙(miao)(miao)堂(tang)，指(zhi)(zhi)朝堂(tang)，即天子(zi)听政(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)。《楚辞，王叹》：“始(shi)结(jie)言(yan)于庙(miao)(miao)堂(tang)兮，仅中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)途而(er)叛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。王逸(yi)注：庙(miao)(miao)堂(tang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)庙(miao)(miao)、明堂(tang)。　<11>族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)长(zhang)乡里：地(di)方机(ji)构名。《周(zhou)礼·地(di)官(guan)(guan)》“乡大夫”、“州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)长(zhang)”条(tiao)贾(jia)公彦疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“五家为(wei)(wei)(wei)比(bi)，五比(bi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)闾(lv)，四闾(lv)为(wei)(wei)(wei)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，五族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)党，五党为(wei)(wei)(wei)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，五州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)乡”，此(ci)郊(jiao)内(nei)机(ji)构。又(you)《周(zhou)礼、地(di)官(guan)(guan)》“遂(sui)人(ren)(ren)”说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“五家为(wei)(wei)(wei)邻(lin)，五邻(lin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)里……”，此(ci)郊(jiao)外(wai)机(ji)构。　<12>　<12>闺(gui)门(men)(men)：宫(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小门(men)(men)，引伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)家门(men)(men)，闺(gui)门(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)即家内(nei)。《尔雅·释宫(gong)》：“宫(gong)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室，……宫(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)闱(wei)，其(qi)(qi)小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)闺(gui)”。邢昺疏说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“宫(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相通小门(men)(men)名闱(wei)，闱(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)名闺(gui)”。　<13>《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解(jie)释这句话的(de)意(yi)思说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“一(yi)谓人(ren)(ren)声，言(yan)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乐(le)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)详(xiang)审人(ren)(ren)声，以(yi)定(ding)调(diao)和(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音。但人(ren)(ren)声虽一(yi)，其(qi)(qi)感有(you)(you)殊，或有(you)(you)哀(ai)乐(le)(lè)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感，或有(you)(you)喜怒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感，当须详(xiang)审其(qi)(qi)声以(yi)定(ding)调(diao)和(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)矣”。　<14>《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》孔颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解(jie)释此(ci)句说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“物(wu)谓金石匏(páo，袍(pao))土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属，言(yan)须比(bi)八音之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)以(yi)饰音曲(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<15>干(gan)戚(qi)：盾斧(fu)。《山海经(jing)(jing)·海外(wai)西经(jing)(jing)》：“形(xing)天……操干(gan)戚(qi)以(yi)舞”。郭璞注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“干(gan)，盾；戚(qi)，斧(fu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<16>诎(qu)信：即屈伸(shen)。　<17>齐(qi)(qi)：整(zheng)齐(qi)(qi)。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“命”，郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)释为(wei)(wei)(wei)“教(jiao)”。整(zheng)齐(qi)(qi)天地(di)，使调(diao)谐和(he)(he)合(he)；与(yu)(yu)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使调(diao)谐和(he)(he)合(he)，通。　<18>中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：心中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。和(he)(he)：和(he)(he)顺。纪：纲纪。全(quan)句意(yi)思是(shi)：乐(le)是(shi)使人(ren)(ren)心和(he)(he)顺的(de)纪纲、要领。　<19>军族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)：军队。《周(zhou)礼·夏官(guan)(guan)司马》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“凡制(zhi)军：万有(you)(you)二千(qian)五百人(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)军”，“二千(qian)五百人(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)师”，“五百人(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)旅”。鈇(fu)钺：即斧(fu)钺(yuè，月)。小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)斧(fu)，大者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)钺。《礼记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·王制(zhi)：诸侯“赐鈇(fu)钺然后杀(sha)”。此(ci)处泛指(zhi)(zhi)军器(qi)。　<20>齐(qi)(qi)：划一(yi)，有(you)(you)常(chang)。《乐(le)记(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)侪(chái，柴)，释为(wei)(wei)(wei)辈，类。是(shi)使乐(le)(yuè)与(yu)(yu)喜同(tong)类(或称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)划一(yi))，不(bu)(bu)(bu)喜与(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)乐(le)(yuè)同(tong)类。义同(tong)。

　　魏文侯问于子夏曰：“吾端冕而听(ting)(ting)古乐(le)则唯(wei)恐卧<1>，听(ting)(ting)郑(zheng)卫之音则不知倦(juan)。敢(gan)问古乐(le)之如(ru)彼，何(he)也？新乐(le)之如(ru)此，何(he)也。”

子夏答曰：“今(jin)夫古(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)，进(jin)旅而退旅<2>，和正(zheng)以(yi)广，弦匏笙簧合守(shou)拊(fu)鼓<3>，始奏以(yi)文<4>，止乱以(yi)武<5>，治(zhi)乱以(yi)相<6>，讯(xun)疾以(yi)雅<7>。君(jun)子于是语(yu)，于是道古(gu)(gu)，修(xiu)身及家，平均天(tian)下。此古(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)之发也。今(jin)夫新乐(le)(le)(le)，进(jin)俯退俯<8>，奸声以(yi)淫(yin)，溺而不止，及优侏儒<9>，獶杂(za)子女<10>，不知父子。乐(le)(le)(le)终不可以(yi)语(yu)，不可以(yi)道古(gu)(gu)。此新乐(le)(le)(le)之发也。今(jin)君(jun)之所(suo)问者(zhe)乐(le)(le)(le)也，所(suo)好者(zhe)音也。夫乐(le)(le)(le)之与音，相近而不同”。

〔注释〕

　　<1>《正义》说(shuo)此以(yi)下为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《别(bie)录》中的(de)第(di)八章《魏文(wen)侯》。内(nei)容(rong)是(shi)论(lun)古乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)、新乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)区别(bie)。端冕：即(ji)正冕。冕是(shi)诸侯王的(de)礼(li)(li)服，正冕而(er)(er)听表示(shi)恭敬(jing)、庄严。　<2>旅(lv)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)俱(ju)(ju)。进(jin)旅(lv)退(tui)(tui)旅(lv)就是(shi)俱(ju)(ju)进(jin)俱(ju)(ju)退(tui)(tui)，言(yan)其(qi)整齐(qi)(qi)划一。　<3>弦(xian)匏(pao)笙(sheng)簧：泛(fan)言(yan)众(zhong)管弦(xian)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。合：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“皆(jie)也(ye)(ye)”。守：待。拊(fu)鼓(gu)(gu)：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名。拊(fu)以(yi)革为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)，内(nei)实(shi)以(yi)糠(kang)(kang)；鼓(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)革类乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。全句(ju)的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)：弦(xian)管众(zhong)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)都待拊(fu)鼓(gu)(gu)而(er)(er)奏。按《周礼(li)(li)·大师(shi)》载：击拊(fu)以(yi)后，才开始(shi)歌(ge)唱；“下管(堂下管乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))、播(bo)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”则待鼓(gu)(gu)朄(小(xiao)鼓(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)朄)。　<4>文(wen)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)：文(wen)谓鼓(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)。击鼓(gu)(gu)后众(zhong)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)开始(shi)，称为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始(shi)奏以(yi)文(wen)。　<5>武：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解释(shi)(shi)：“武，谓金也(ye)(ye)”。孔颖达(da)(da)释(shi)(shi)金为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金铙。乱(luan)：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)末尾(wei)一章。全句(ju)意(yi)思，乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)结束时，击金铙而(er)(er)退(tui)(tui)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》“止(zhi)(zhi)”作“复”，同(tong)义。　<6>相(xiang)(xiang)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)糠(kang)(kang)，因拊(fu)是(shi)以(yi)革实(shi)糠(kang)(kang)，所以(yi)这里相(xiang)(xiang)就是(shi)指拊(fu)。《集解》解释(shi)(shi)全句(ju)的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)：“整其(qi)乱(luan)行(xing)(xing)，节之(zhi)以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)”。治释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)整，乱(luan)释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乱(luan)行(xing)(xing)，与(yu)(yu)上句(ju)“止(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)以(yi)武”不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)谐调，应解释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)将终，以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)理其(qi)节奏。　<7>讯(xun)疾(ji)：即(ji)迅(xun)疾(ji)，言(yan)舞者动作轻捷。雅(ya)(ya)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解释(shi)(shi)：“雅(ya)(ya)亦乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名也(ye)(ye)，状如(ru)漆筒，中有椎”。但《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》中讯(xun)疾(ji)作讥(ji)(ji)疾(ji)，讥(ji)(ji)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)訅字之(zhi)误，即(ji)訄字，《说(shuo)文(wen)》释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“迫(po)也(ye)(ye)”。与(yu)(yu)“治”、“止(zhi)(zhi)”等(deng)字相(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)，止(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)以(yi)武、治乱(luan)以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)，讥(ji)(ji)疾(ji)以(yi)雅(ya)(ya)三(san)句(ju)文(wen)式对称，武、相(xiang)(xiang)都是(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，雅(ya)(ya)自当是(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，今《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)书》改讥(ji)(ji)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)讯(xun)，讯(xun)疾(ji)只(zhi)是(shi)一个形容(rong)词(ci)，与(yu)(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)乱(luan)、治乱(luan)迥不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，仍(reng)释(shi)(shi)雅(ya)(ya)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)便欠通(tong)达(da)(da)，当释(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)雅(ya)(ya)，雅(ya)(ya)正之(zhi)雅(ya)(ya)，全句(ju)的(de)意(yi)思是(shi)：迅(xun)捷而(er)(er)又文(wen)雅(ya)(ya)。　<8>俯：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解释(shi)(shi)：“犹典也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)齐(qi)(qi)一也(ye)(ye)”。孔颖达(da)(da)解释(shi)(shi)全句(ju)意(yi)思是(shi)：“谓俯偻(lou)(lóu，楼。曲(qu)背)曲(qu)折，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)进(jin)退(tui)(tui)齐(qi)(qi)一，俱(ju)(ju)曲(qu)折进(jin)退(tui)(tui)而(er)(er)已，行(xing)(xing)伍杂乱(luan)也(ye)(ye)”。　<9>优：俳优。即(ji)逗人笑乐(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)艺人，古时身(shen)份极为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)低(di)贱。　<10>獶(nao)(ná，挠)：同(tong)“猱”，弥猴。

　　文侯(hou)曰(yue)：“敢问如何？”

　　子夏答曰：“夫古者天地(di)顺而四(si)时当(dang)，民有德(de)而五谷昌<1>，疾疢不作而无祆祥(xiang)<2>，此(ci)之(zhi)谓(wei)大(da)当(dang)<3>。然后圣人作为父子君(jun)臣(chen)以为之(zhi)纪纲，纪纲既正，天下大(da)定，天下大(da)定，然后正六律，和(he)五声，弦歌诗颂<4>，此(ci)之(zhi)谓(wei)德(de)音(yin)，德(de)音(yin)之(zhi)谓(wei)乐。《诗》曰：‘莫其德(de)音(yin)<5>，其德(de)克(ke)明(ming)<6>，克(ke)明(ming)克(ke)类(lei)<7>，克(ke)长克(ke)君(jun)。王(wang)此(ci)大(da)邦<8>，克(ke)顺克(ke)俾(bi)(bi)<9>。俾(bi)(bi)于文王(wang)，其德(de)靡悔<10>。既受帝祉<11>，施于孙子’。此(ci)之(zhi)谓(wei)也。今君(jun)所好者，其溺音(yin)与”？

〔注释〕

　　<1>五谷：泛(fan)指(zhi)(zhi)粮(liang)食作物。　　<2>疾疢(chen)(chèn，趁)：即疾病(bing)。热(re)病(bing)为(wei)疢(chen)，亦(yi)泛(fan)指(zhi)(zhi)一切病(bing)。祆祥(xiang)：预兆(zhao)为(wei)祥(xiang)；祆同妖，释(shi)为(wei)怪异，妖妄；所以祆祥(xiang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怪异的(de)征兆(zhao)，或(huo)说是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)凶兆(zhao)，不(bu)吉利的(de)征兆(zhao)。　<3>大当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)：《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)解释(shi)：“当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)，谓乐(le)(le)(le)不(bu)失其(qi)(qi)所”。按：当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：应(ying)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)、理(li)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)、该当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)，不(bu)失其(qi)(qi)所的(de)意(yi)思(si)，前(qian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)有(you)“四(si)(si)时(shi)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)”谓四(si)(si)时(shi)有(you)序(xu)，不(bu)失其(qi)(qi)所；此称大当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)万物皆有(you)序(xu)，皆不(bu)失其(qi)(qi)所，非止乐(le)(le)(le)而(er)已。　<4>诗(shi)(shi)(shi)：诗(shi)(shi)(shi)歌。颂(song)(song)：颂(song)(song)扬之(zhi)(zhi)声。中华书局标点本(ben)《史记(ji)》作《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)·颂(song)(song)》，意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)经(jing)》中的(de)《周颂(song)(song)》、《鲁颂(song)(song)》、《商颂(song)(song)》。不(bu)确。　<5>此诗(shi)(shi)(shi)见《诗(shi)(shi)(shi)经(jing)·大雅(ya)·皇(huang)矣》篇。莫，毛注(zhu)：“静也(ye)”，“定(ding)也(ye)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)：“德(de)正应(ying)和(he)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)莫”。　　<6>克：能。《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)言(yan)》：“克，能也(ye)”。“其(qi)(qi)德(de)克明”就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“其(qi)(qi)德(de)能明”。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)说：“照(zhao)临四(si)(si)方曰(yue)(yue)(yue)明”。　<7>《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)解释(shi)：“勤施无(wu)(wu)私曰(yue)(yue)(yue)类”。全(quan)句释(shi)为(wei)既能明照(zhao)四(si)(si)方，又能施惠同类，勤而(er)无(wu)(wu)私。　<8>邦(bang)：国(guo)。《说文(wen)(wen)(wen)》：“邦(bang)，国(guo)也(ye)”。又诸侯国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)大者为(wei)邦(bang)。《周礼·天(tian)官(guan)·大宰(zai)》：“佐王治邦(bang)国(guo)’。郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)注(zhu)说：“大曰(yue)(yue)(yue)邦(bang)，小曰(yue)(yue)(yue)国(guo)。邦(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)所居，亦(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)国(guo)”。前(qian)国(guo)字指(zhi)(zhi)侯国(guo)，后国(guo)字指(zhi)(zhi)王国(guo)。　<9>《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)》郑(zheng)(zheng)玄(xuan)解释(shi)说：“慈和(he)遍服曰(yue)(yue)(yue)顺；俾当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)为(wei)比(bi)(bi)声之(zhi)(zhi)误，择善从之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)比(bi)(bi)”。因此全(quan)句的(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：既能慈和(he)服众，又能择善而(er)从。　<10>靡(mi)(mǐ，米)：无(wu)(wu)。《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)言(yan)》：“靡(mi)，无(wu)(wu)也(ye)”。悔(hui)(hui)：悔(hui)(hui)恨、后悔(hui)(hui)。全(quan)句的(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)道德(de)堪(kan)于文(wen)(wen)(wen)王相比(bi)(bi)。　<11>祉(zhi)(zhǐ，止)：福(fu)。《说文(wen)(wen)(wen)》：“祉(zhi)，福(fu)也(ye)”。全(quan)句的(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)既受到(dao)了上帝赐给的(de)福(fu)气。

　　文侯曰(yue)：“敢(gan)问溺(ni)音者何(he)从出也(ye)”？

　　子(zi)夏(xia)答曰：“郑(zheng)音好滥淫志(zhi)<1>，宋(song)音燕女溺志(zhi)<2>，卫音趣数烦(fan)志(zhi)<3>，齐音骜辟骄志(zhi)<4>，四者(zhe)皆淫于(yu)色而(er)害于(yu)德，是(shi)以(yi)(yi)祭祀不用(yong)也(ye)(ye)。《诗(shi)》曰：‘肃雍(yong)和(he)(he)鸣，先(xian)祖(zu)是(shi)听(ting)(ting)<5>’。夫肃肃，敬也(ye)(ye)；雍(yong)雍(yong)，和(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)。夫敬以(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)，何事不行？为人君(jun)者(zhe)，谨其所(suo)(suo)好恶而(er)已矣。君(jun)好之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)臣(chen)为之(zhi)(zhi)，上行之(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)民(min)从之(zhi)(zhi)。《诗(shi)》曰：‘诱(you)民(min)孔(kong)易<6>’，此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)谓也(ye)(ye)。然(ran)后(hou)圣(sheng)人作为鞉鼓(gu)椌楬埙篪<7>，此(ci)六者(zhe)，德音之(zhi)(zhi)音也(ye)(ye)。然(ran)后(hou)钟磬竽瑟(se)以(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)<8>，干戚旄狄以(yi)(yi)舞之(zhi)(zhi)。此(ci)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)祭先(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)庙也(ye)(ye)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)献酬酳酢(zuo)也(ye)(ye)<9>，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)官序(xu)贵贱各(ge)得其宜也(ye)(ye)，此(ci)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)示后(hou)世(shi)有尊卑(bei)长幼序(xu)也(ye)(ye)。钟声(sheng)铿<10>，铿以(yi)(yi)立号<11>，号以(yi)(yi)立横<12>，横以(yi)(yi)立武。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)钟声(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)(si)武臣(chen)。石声(sheng)硁(keng)<13>，硁(keng)以(yi)(yi)立别<14>，别以(yi)(yi)致(zhi)死。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)磬声(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)(si)死封疆之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)。丝声(sheng)哀，哀以(yi)(yi)立廉，廉以(yi)(yi)立志(zhi)。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)琴瑟(se)之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)(si)志(zhi)义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)。竹声(sheng)滥<15>，滥以(yi)(yi)立会<16>，会以(yi)(yi)聚(ju)众。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)竽笙箫(xiao)管之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)(si)畜聚(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)。鼓(gu)鼙之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)讙(huan)<17>，讙(huan)以(yi)(yi)立动<18>，动以(yi)(yi)进(jin)众<19>。君(jun)子(zi)听(ting)(ting)鼓(gu)鼙之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)则(ze)(ze)思(si)(si)将帅之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)。君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)听(ting)(ting)音，非听(ting)(ting)其铿鎗而(er)已也(ye)(ye)<20>，彼亦有所(suo)(suo)合之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)<21>。”

〔注释〕

　　<1>滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)：泛溢(yi)为(wei)(wei)滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。引(yin)(yin)伸为(wei)(wei)不(bu)合(he)礼(li)(li)数(shu)。贾(jia)谊(yi)《新书·道术(shu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“反礼(li)(li)为(wei)(wei)滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)”。淫：浸渍。《说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文》：“淫，浸淫随(sui)理也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。全句(ju)的意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)音(yin)好越礼(li)(li)而浸渍人(ren)(ren)志(zhi)。《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“言(yan)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)国乐(le)(le)(le)(le)音(yin)好滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)相偷窃，是(shi)淫邪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)相偷窃指男(nan)女相偷窃。亦通。　<2>燕(yan)女：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“燕(yan)，安也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)因释(shi)为(wei)(wei)“所(suo)(suo)安唯女子”。溺(ni)志(zhi)：孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“溺(ni)，没也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。全句(ju)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)：“宋音(yin)所(suo)(suo)安唯女子，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)没矣”。　<3>趣数(shu)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“趣数(shu)，读为(wei)(wei)促速，声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。烦：郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)劳。”全句(ju)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)：“卫音(yin)既促且速，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)烦劳也(ye)(ye)(ye)。　<4>骜(ao)：马骄不(bu)驯为(wei)(wei)骜(ao)，施于人(ren)(ren)，与傲同(tong)义。《庄子·外物》：“骜(ao)万(wan)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患”。王(wang)先谦解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“傲然贻万(wan)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患”。辟(pī，匹(pi))：同(tong)僻，偏、邪的意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)。　<5>见《诗·周颂·有(you)(you)瞽》。　<6>诱：诱导。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄释(shi)为(wei)(wei)“甚也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。全句(ju)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)：诱导百姓，十分容易。　<7>鞉(táo，桃)：同(tong)鼗(tao)。货郎鼓。《周礼(li)(li)·春官·小(xiao)师(shi)》：“掌教鼓鼗(tao)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：鼗(tao)，“如(ru)(ru)鼓而小(xiao)，持(chi)其柄(bing)摇(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，旁(pang)耳还自击”。椌(qiang)(qiāng，腔)楬(qià，恰)：就是(shi)柷(zhu)(zhu)(zhù，祝)敔(yu)(yǔ，语)，古(gu)(gu)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名。《尔雅(ya)·释(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“鼓柷(zhu)(zhu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)止”，“鼓敔(yu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)籈(zhēn，真)”郭璞注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“柷(zhu)(zhu)如(ru)(ru)漆筒(tong)，方二(er)尺(chi)(chi)四寸(cun)，深一尺(chi)(chi)八寸(cun)，中(zhong)有(you)(you)椎柄(bing)连底(di)，挏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)左(zuo)右击”。“敔(yu)如(ru)(ru)伏(fu)虎，背上有(you)(you)二(er)十七，刻以(yi)(yi)木，长(zhang)尺(chi)(chi)”。铻即齿牙。又《尚(shang)书·益稷》有(you)(you)“合(he)止柷(zhu)(zhu)敔(yu)”语，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“合(he)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)用柷(zhu)(zhu)，止乐(le)(le)(le)(le)用敔(yu)”。埙(xun)(xūn，勋)：陶制乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。《周礼(li)(li)·春官·小(xiao)师(shi)》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“埙(xun)，烧土为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，大如(ru)(ru)雁卵”，又引(yin)(yin)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)众(zhong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“埙(xun)，六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)”。考(kao)古(gu)(gu)发现的埙(xun)有(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)一、三、五个不(bu)等。篪(chi)(chi)(chí，池(chi))竹(zhu)制单管乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。《周礼(li)(li)·春官·笙师(shi)》孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)引(yin)(yin)《广雅(ya)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“篪(chi)(chi)，以(yi)(yi)竹(zhu)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，长(zhang)一尺(chi)(chi)四寸(cun)，八孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，一孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)上出寸(cun)三分。　<8>竽：簧(huang)乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。瑟：弦乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。　<9>献(xian)(xian)酬酳(yìn，印)酢(zuo)(zuò，作(zuo))：献(xian)(xian)，致物于尊者；酬，答、劝；酢(zuo)，燕(yan)饮时，主(zhu)客(ke)(ke)互敬(jing)酒食，主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)敬(jing)客(ke)(ke)为(wei)(wei)酬，客(ke)(ke)敬(jing)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)酢(zuo)；酳：食毕以(yi)(yi)酒漱口，又安食亦为(wei)(wei)酳。总之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，献(xian)(xian)酬酳酢(zuo)都是(shi)燕(yan)享时的礼(li)(li)节(jie)名。　<10>铿：象声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)字。　<11>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“号(hao)令(ling)(ling)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)警众(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<12>　<12>孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“号(hao)以(yi)(yi)立横者，谓(wei)横气(qi)充满也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若号(hao)令(ling)(ling)威严则(ze)军士勇敢而壮气(qi)充满。　<13>硁(kｅng，坑)：《集解(jie)(jie)》引(yin)(yin)王(wang)肃(su)注说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：硁，“声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)劲(jing)”。即声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)短(duan)促有(you)(you)力称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)硁。　<14>《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》别(bie)(bie)作(zuo)“辨(bian)”，通。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“辨(bian)谓(wei)分明节(jie)义”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)引(yin)(yin)崔灵恩(en)语解(jie)(jie)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)：“能清别(bie)(bie)，于众(zhong)物则(ze)分明辨(bian)别(bie)(bie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<15>滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)犹(同(tong)揽)，聚也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)全句(ju)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“竹(zhu)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)然有(you)(you)积聚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按：滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)揽，是(shi)以(yi)(yi)文设义，没有(you)(you)多少根(gen)据。竹(zhu)类乐(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)如(ru)(ru)箫(xiao)、竽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类，大都由数(shu)根(gen)或数(shu)十根(gen)竹(zhu)管组(zu)成(亦有(you)(you)单管者)，有(you)(you)的还要(yao)加上簧(huang)片，声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)较(jiao)杂，不(bu)象金石类乐(le)(le)(le)(le)那样(yang)单纯(chun)，故称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)滥(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。　<16>会：会聚。　<17>讙：同(tong)“喧(xuan)”。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“鼓鼙(pi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)喧(xuan)嚣(xiao)，人(ren)(ren)闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)意(yi)(yi)(yi)动，故谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)讙。　<18>孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)解(jie)(jie)释(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“以(yi)(yi)其声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)讙(读如(ru)(ru)喧(xuan))，故使(shi)人(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)(yi)动作(zuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<19>孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)颖达(da)释(shi)：“以(yi)(yi)动作(zuo)，故能进发其众(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<20>铿鎗(qiang)(qiāng锵)：形声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)词，全玉相击声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。　<21>合(he)：《乐(le)(le)(le)(le)记》郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄解(jie)(jie)释(shi)为(wei)(wei)：“以(yi)(yi)声(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)合(he)成已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)”。

　　宾(bin)牟贾侍坐(zuo)于(yu)孔子(zi)(zi)<1>，孔子(zi)(zi)与之(zhi)言，及乐(le)，曰：“夫《武》之(zhi)备戒之(zhi)已(yi)久&lt;2>，何也？”

　　答曰：“病不得(de)其众也。”

　　“永叹之<3>，淫液(ye)之<4>，何也？”

　　答曰：“恐不(bu)逮事(shi)也(ye)<5>。”

　　“发扬蹈(dao)厉(li)之(zhi)已(yi)蚤(zao)<6>，何也(ye)？”

　　答曰：“及时事也。”

　　“《武》坐(zuo)致右宪左<7>，何也？”

　　答曰：“非武坐(zuo)也。”

　　“声淫及商<8>，何也？”

　　答(da)曰：“非《武》音也。”

　　子曰：“若非(fei)《武(wu)》音，则何音也？”

　　答曰：“有司失其(qi)传也。如非有司失其(qi)传，则武王之志(zhi)荒矣(yi)。”

　　子曰(yue)：“唯(wei)丘(qiu)之闻诸苌弘，亦若(ruo)吾子之言是也。”

　　宾(bin)牟贾(jia)起，免席而(er)请(qing)曰：“夫《武》之(zhi)备戒(jie)之(zhi)已久(jiu)，则既闻命(ming)矣。敢(gan)问迟之(zhi)迟而(er)又久(jiu)，何(he)也。”

　　子(zi)曰：“居，吾语(yu)汝(ru)。夫(fu)(fu)乐(le)者，象成者也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。总干(gan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)山立(li)(li)<9>，武(wu)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；发(fa)扬蹈厉，太公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；武(wu)乱皆坐<10>，周(zhou)召之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。且夫(fu)(fu)《武(wu)》，始而(er)(er)(er)(er)北出(chu)，再(zai)成而(er)(er)(er)(er)灭商<11>，三成而(er)(er)(er)(er)南，四成而(er)(er)(er)(er)南国是疆(jiang)，五(wu)成而(er)(er)(er)(er)分陕，周(zhou)公左，召公右(you)，六成复(fu)(fu)缀(zhui)，以(yi)崇天子(zi)，夹振(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)四伐(fa)<12>，盛(振(zhen))威于中国也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。分夹而(er)(er)(er)(er)进(jin)，事蚤济也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。久立(li)(li)于缀(zhui)，以(yi)待诸侯(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。且夫(fu)(fu)女独未(wei)闻(wen)牧野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)乎(hu)(hu)<13>？武(wu)王(wang)克殷反商，未(wei)及(ji)下(xia)车(che)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)封(feng)黄(huang)帝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)于蓟，封(feng)帝尧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)于祝，封(feng)帝舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)于陈；下(xia)车(che)而(er)(er)(er)(er)封(feng)夏后(hou)(hou)(hou)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)于杞，封(feng)殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)于宋，封(feng)王(wang)子(zi)比干(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)墓，释箕(ji)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)囚，使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)商容而(er)(er)(er)(er)复(fu)(fu)其位<14>。庶民弛政(zheng)，庶士(shi)(shi)(shi)倍禄。济河而(er)(er)(er)(er)西，马散华山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳而(er)(er)(er)(er)弗复(fu)(fu)乘；牛散桃林之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野而(er)(er)(er)(er)不复(fu)(fu)服(fu)；车(che)甲弢而(er)(er)(er)(er)藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府库(ku)而(er)(er)(er)(er)弗复(fu)(fu)用<15>；倒载干(gan)戈，苞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)虎皮<16>；将率(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)<17>，使为诸侯(hou)(hou)(hou)，名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰‘建櫜(gao)’<18>。然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)天下(xia)知(zhi)武(wu)王(wang)不复(fu)(fu)用兵也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。散军而(er)(er)(er)(er)郊射(she)<19>，左射(she)《狸首》<20>，右(you)射(she)《驺虞(yu)》<21>，而(er)(er)(er)(er)贯革(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)射(she)息(xi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；裨冕(mian)搢笏(hu)<22>，而(er)(er)(er)(er)虎贲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)税剑也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)<23>；祀乎(hu)(hu)明(ming)堂(tang)<24>，而(er)(er)(er)(er)民知(zhi)孝(xiao)；朝觐<25>，然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)诸侯(hou)(hou)(hou)知(zhi)所以(yi)臣；耕藉<26>，然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)诸侯(hou)(hou)(hou)知(zhi)所以(yi)敬。五(wu)者天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大教也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。食三老五(wu)更(geng)于太学<27>，天子(zi)袒而(er)(er)(er)(er)割(ge)性，执酱而(er)(er)(er)(er)馈<28>，执爵(jue)而(er)(er)(er)(er)酳<29>，冕(mian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)总干(gan)，所以(yi)教诸侯(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悌也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若此，则周(zhou)道四达，礼乐(le)交通，则夫(fu)(fu)《武(wu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迟久，不亦宜乎(hu)(hu)？”

〔注释〕

　　<1>以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刘向(xiang)《别(bie)录》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第九章《宾(bin)牟(mou)贾(jia)(jia)问》。侍坐，陪坐。　<2>《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》：周朝舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)名。备(bei)戒：指(zhi)《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)开始以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，击鼓(gu)警众，使舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)做(zuo)好准(zhun)备(bei)。已久：日(ri)·泷川资(zi)言(yan)《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)会注(zhu)考证》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甚久。　<3>《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)“咏叹(tan)”同(tong)。孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“欲(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，其(qi)(qi)歌(ge)(ge)声(sheng)吟咏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，长叹(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。此(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)第二(er)问。　<4>淫(yin)(yin)液(ye)〔郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)亦(yi)(yi)(yì，意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi))：孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“其(qi)(qi)声(sheng)淫(yin)(yin)液(ye)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贪(tan)羡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌。”按(an)(an)(an)：淫(yin)(yin)液(ye)与淫(yin)(yin)逸同(tong)，反复(fu)致(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)同(tong)流连(lian)忘反。与前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句合，郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“歌(ge)(ge)迟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)这(zhei)两句都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)描(miao)写《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)声(sheng)，往复(fu)迟回，仿佛有(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)拖延一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)。　<5>逮：郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)及。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)逮事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功。　<6>发扬蹈厉：手(shou)(shou)(shou)足发扬，动(dong)(dong)作(zuo)威猛(meng)(meng)刚(gang)厉。　<7>坐：《正(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)跪。如(ru)(ru)(ru)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“武(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)坐”，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)才(cai)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坐为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)跪。致(zhi)右(you)宪左(zuo)(zuo)：《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)(yin)王(wang)(wang)肃(su)语(yu)(yu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“右(you)膝至地(di)(di)，左(zuo)(zuo)膝去地(di)(di)。”宪郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)轩，认为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“声(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宪是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)轩字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)误文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。《正(zheng)义(yi)》释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“致(zhi)，至也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，轩，起也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<8>这(zhei)句话的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：歌(ge)(ge)声(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)反映了(le)(le)周对商作(zuo)战(zhan)，有(you)(you)贪(tan)图(tu)商王(wang)(wang)政权的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)当目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。商是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殷(yin)商之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商。淫(yin)(yin)，孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贪(tan)。按(an)(an)(an)：过份为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淫(yin)(yin)，无(wu)论(lun)欲(yu)望、行动(dong)(dong)、音(yin)声(sheng)等(deng)，凡超过合适(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du)都(dou)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淫(yin)(yin)。　<9>总：手(shou)(shou)(shou)持(chi)(chi)着(zhe)，拿(na)着(zhe)。《左(zuo)(zuo)传(chuan)、僖7》：“若总其(qi)(qi)罪人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)临(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。杜预(yu)注(zhu)：“总，将(jiang)(jiang)(jiāng，姜。阴(yin)平(ping)声(sheng))领也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。将(jiang)(jiang)着(zhe)、领着(zhe)都(dou)有(you)(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)持(chi)(chi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。山(shan)立(li)(li)：如(ru)(ru)(ru)山(shan)而(er)(er)(er)立(li)(li)。言(yan)其(qi)(qi)气势(shi)旁薄，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)撼动(dong)(dong)。全句话的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)手(shou)(shou)(shou)持(chi)(chi)盾(dun)牌(pai)。象山(shan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)样兀(wu)立(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)动(dong)(dong)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)静态的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)摹。　<10>乱：就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治：见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诂(gu)》：“乱，治也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。或(huo)如(ru)(ru)(ru)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，乱就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)后(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)章，亦(yi)(yi)通(tong)。坐：就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“致(zhi)右(you)宪左(zuo)(zuo)”。全句意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：武(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)得到治理(li)(武(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)完毕)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)，舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)坐地(di)(di)(右(you)膝至地(di)(di))表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)治象。　<11>成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“奏”，再(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)再(zai)奏，三成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三奏，余(yu)仿此(ci)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)奏就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乐(le)(le)(le)曲(qu)演奏一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)遍。亦(yi)(yi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》曲(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)终(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。　<12>　<12>夹(jia)振(zhen)：《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“王(wang)(wang)与大将(jiang)(jiang)夹(jia)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，振(zhen)铎以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)节(jie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)与大将(jiang)(jiang)分(fen)立(li)(li)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)两旁，摇动(dong)(dong)铎铃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)节(jie)奏。如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)“夹(jia)振(zhen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主语(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)与大将(jiang)(jiang)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)把(ba)这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句读(du)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“六(liu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)复(fu)缀为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)崇。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夹(jia)振(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)驷伐，盛威于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。崇释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，武(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)备(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对每(mei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)再(zai)做(zuo)补充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)叙述，即(ji)(ji)每(mei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夹(jia)振(zhen)，四(si)击四(si)刺(一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)击一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)刺为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)伐)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华书(shu)(shu)局(ju)标点本(ben)《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)》按(an)(an)(an)王(wang)(wang)肃(su)注(zhu)句读(du)，“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”二(er)字(zi)(zi)归(gui)在(zai)“崇”字(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第六(liu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)备(bei)，而(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)对天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇敬。二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)通(tong)。　<13>女：即(ji)(ji)汝字(zi)(zi)，同(tong)你(ni)。指(zhi)宾(bin)牟(mou)贾(jia)(jia)。牧野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)(yu)：周武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)率(lv)领军队与殷(yin)纣王(wang)(wang)在(zai)牧野(今河(he)南(nan)汲(ji)县(xian)附(fu)近)大战(zhan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，誓(shi)师(shi)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)番话，载于(yu)(yu)(yu)《尚书(shu)(shu)·周书(shu)(shu)·牧誓(shi)》。大意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)述说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)伐殷(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)《武(wu)(wu)(wu)》舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。　<14>《尚书(shu)(shu)·武(wu)(wu)(wu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》篇述此(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“式商容(rong)闾(lv)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)商容(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，被纣王(wang)(wang)贬退，赋闲家居。周王(wang)(wang)灭商后(hou)，在(zai)商容(rong)居住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)闾(lv)里前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)经(jing)(jing)过时(shi)(shi)，扶式(轼)而(er)(er)(er)立(li)(li)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)对他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。《史(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)·乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“行商容(rong)而(er)(er)(er)复(fu)其(qi)(qi)位”，即(ji)(ji)行商容(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(按(an)(an)(an)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话办事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))，并恢(hui)复(fu)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官位。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)何所(suo)(suo)据而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)此(ci)。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商容(rong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商朝礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)，可(ke)备(bei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。　<15>全句意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)：作(zuo)战(zhan)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)车，衣(yi)(yi)(yi)甲等(deng)全都(dou)收(shou)拾起来(lai)，藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)仓库(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)使用(yong)。弢，弓(gong)(gong)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)，即(ji)(ji)包裹(guo)弓(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)袋子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。这(zhei)里引(yin)(yin)伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)收(shou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)起来(lai)。　<16>苞：同(tong)包。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“包干(gan)戈以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)虎(hu)(hu)皮(pi)，明(ming)能(neng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<17>将(jiang)(jiang)率(lv)：即(ji)(ji)将(jiang)(jiang)帅(shuai)。《诗经(jing)(jing)·邶风(feng)·旄丘(qiu)》序：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)修(xiu)方伯连(lian)率(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)职”。毛注(zhu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·王(wang)(wang)制(zhi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：“十国(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)连(lian)，连(lian)有(you)(you)率(lv)”解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。今《王(wang)(wang)制(zhi)》篇中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)作(zuo)帅(shuai)，孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)所(suo)(suo)引(yin)(yin)亦(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帅(shuai)字(zi)(zi)。可(ke)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)率(lv)、帅(shuai)通(tong)用(yong)。　<18>建(jian)橐(tuo)(gāo，高(gao))：盛弓(gong)(gong)矢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器具称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)櫜(gao)，把(ba)弓(gong)(gong)矢(shi)收(shou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)起来(lai)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)用(yong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)，称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)橐(tuo)弓(gong)(gong)。按(an)(an)(an)《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》所(suo)(suo)引(yin)(yin)王(wang)(wang)肃(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)(yin)诸(zhu)侯(hou)能(neng)使天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)和(he)平(ping)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(树立(li)(li)诸(zhu)侯(hou))称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)櫜(gao)。按(an)(an)(an)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，建(jian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)键(jian)字(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误，管(guan)键(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)键(jian)(门栓称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)键(jian)，锁钥称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan))，引(yin)(yin)伸(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)闭藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。兵(bing)(bing)甲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)櫜(gao)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)櫜(gao)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“言(yan)闭藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)兵(bing)(bing)甲也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。二(er)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)皆(jie)通(tong)。　<19>郊(jiao)射：《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)射宫(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)郊(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。左(zuo)(zuo)东(dong)(dong)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，右(you)西(xi)(xi)(xi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“郊(jiao)射，射于(yu)(yu)(yu)射宫(gong)，在(zai)郊(jiao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)郊(jiao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)(er)射，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)择士(shi)(shi)简(jian)德也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。　<20>孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“左(zuo)(zuo)，东(dong)(dong)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，亦(yi)(yi)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)东(dong)(dong)郊(jiao)；《狸首(shou)》，诸(zhu)侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)射诗也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。……使诸(zhu)侯(hou)习射于(yu)(yu)(yu)东(dong)(dong)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，歌(ge)(ge)《狸首(shou)》诗也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”至于(yu)(yu)(yu)诸(zhu)侯(hou)习射为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)何歌(ge)(ge)《狸首(shou)》，皇甫谧(mi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：旧(jiu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，狸取(qu)(qu)物(wu)“必(bi)(bi)先(xian)(xian)伏下(xia)其(qi)(qi)头，然后(hou)必(bi)(bi)得。射亦(yi)(yi)必(bi)(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)狸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取(qu)(qu)物(wu)矣”。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“狸”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)来(lai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)，诗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)“射诸(zhu)侯(hou)首(shou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朝者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，因(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名篇。二(er)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)郑(zheng)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)长。　<21>孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“右(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)郊(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；《驺(zou)虞》，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)习射(之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)(ge))也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。驺(zou)虞，白(bai)虎(hu)(hu)黑文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，义(yi)应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兽也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故知(zhi)唯天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)射歌(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(方可(ke)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《驺(zou)虞》)。又(you)左(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)东(dong)(dong)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，右(you)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)左(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)(zun)位，按(an)(an)(an)阴(yin)阳学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：西(xi)(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳，东(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)；天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阳，地(di)(di)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阴(yin)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)(zun)，地(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)东(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)(zun)，凡地(di)(di)面(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)均(jun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)东(dong)(dong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)左(zuo)(zuo)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)江左(zuo)(zuo)犹(you)言(yan)江东(dong)(dong)；天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)均(jun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)左(zuo)(zuo)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)云：天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)左(zuo)(zuo)转(zhuan)(zhuan)，日(ri)月五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星右(you)行，意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)东(dong)(dong)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)转(zhuan)(zhuan)，日(ri)月五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)向(xiang)东(dong)(dong)行走。　<22>《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》引(yin)(yin)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)语(yu)(yu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“裨(bi)冕(mian)，衣(yi)(yi)(yi)裨(bi)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)冠(guan)冕(mian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。裨(bi)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)，衮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。搢，插也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。按(an)(an)(an)《仪礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·觐(jin)(jin)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》“侯(hou)氏裨(bi)冕(mian)”郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)六(liu)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，大裘(qiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上，其(qi)(qi)余(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裨(bi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)卑服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)规定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)种(zhong)(zhong)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，大裘(qiu)最(zui)(zui)贵，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，其(qi)(qi)余(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)种(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裨(bi)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)，有(you)(you)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)庆大事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)时(shi)(shi)，按(an)(an)(an)贵贱等(deng)次(ci)(ci)分(fen)别(bie)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)用(yong)，其(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)第为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：上公服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)袞(gun)(gun)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(与天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)华袞(gun)(gun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)处(chu)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)无(wu)升龙纹(wen)饰)，侯(hou)伯服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)鳖袞(gun)(gun)，子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)男(nan)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)毳(cuì，脆)，孤(gu)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(chī，吃。细葛(ge)布礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu))，卿(qing)大夫服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)。可(ke)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)《集解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)》所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“袞(gun)(gun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)”，意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)象袞(gun)(gun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，并非指(zhi)各种(zhong)(zhong)袞(gun)(gun)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。此(ci)处(chu)单(dan)言(yan)裨(bi)衣(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)突出(chu)臣下(xia)所(suo)(suo)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)与下(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)“虎(hu)(hu)贲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)”相应(ying)。又(you)：笏(hu)(hu)(hù)即(ji)(ji)笏(hu)(hu)板(ban)(ban)，亦(yi)(yi)称(cheng)手(shou)(shou)(shou)板(ban)(ban)。有(you)(you)球(qiu)玉、象牙、鱼须(xu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)竹、普通(tong)竹子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)几个等(deng)级的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，长二(er)尺(chi)六(liu)寸(cun)，宽三寸(cun)，诸(zhu)侯(hou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)所(suo)(suo)持(chi)(chi)，或(huo)首(shou)或(huo)尾，或(huo)首(shou)尾同(tong)时(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)减(jian)杀，即(ji)(ji)宽度(du)有(you)(you)减(jian)少，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)分(fen)去一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。笏(hu)(hu)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)臣相见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)时(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仪物(wu)，二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)记(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)备(bei)忘，如(ru)(ru)(ru)君(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)，则(ze)书(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)笏(hu)(hu)(参见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·玉藻》)。搢笏(hu)(hu)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)插笏(hu)(hu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)带(dai)，君(jun)(jun)臣无(wu)故不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)脱笏(hu)(hu)，有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)才(cai)搢笏(hu)(hu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)带(dai)。　<23>虎(hu)(hu)贲(bēn，奔(ben))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)：言(yan)士(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇如(ru)(ru)(ru)虎(hu)(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奔(ben)。《书(shu)(shu)·牧誓(shi)序》：“虎(hu)(hu)贲三百(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”。孔(kong)安(an)国(guo)(guo)传(chuan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“勇士(shi)(shi)称(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若虎(hu)(hu)贲(奔(ben))兽，言(yan)其(qi)(qi)猛(meng)(meng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。税(shui)(shui)剑：《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)“说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)剑”。税(shui)(shui)、说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)均(jun)同(tong)脱。《左(zuo)(zuo)传(chuan)·成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公9》：晋(jin)国(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)楚囚，晋(jin)侯(hou)“使税(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。杜预(yu)注(zhu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“税(shui)(shui)，解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。税(shui)(shui)，吐活(huo)反”。吐活(huo)反切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)读(du)音(yin)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)脱。　<24>意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)明(ming)堂(tang)祭(ji)祀(si)先(xian)(xian)祖。明(ming)堂(tang)，参见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)本(ben)篇第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段注(zhu)　<21>。　<25>《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)》：“陪，朝也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。邢昺疏(shu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“臣见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)君(jun)(jun)曰朝”。又(you)《尔(er)雅·释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)诂(gu)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“觐(jin)(jin)(jén，仅(jin))，见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。邢昺引(yin)(yin)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·曲(qu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)当衣(yi)(yi)(yi)(扆，屏)而(er)(er)(er)立(li)(li)，诸(zhu)侯(hou)北面(mian)而(er)(er)(er)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，曰觐(jin)(jin)”。由(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上引(yin)(yin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)可(ke)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)君(jun)(jun)臣在(zai)庙堂(tang)上按(an)(an)(an)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)仪会见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)朝觐(jin)(jin)。　<26>藉(jí，集)：指(zhi)藉田(tian)。古(gu)代(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)耕藉田(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)义(yi)有(you)(you)二(er)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亲(qin)耕，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)劝民力农。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)收(shou)藉田(tian)所(suo)(suo)产谷(gu)(gu)物(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祭(ji)祀(si)宗(zong)庙所(suo)(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粢(zī，资(zi))盛(chéng，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。指(zhi)祭(ji)祀(si)所(suo)(suo)用(yong)谷(gu)(gu)物(wu))。参见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)《汉书(shu)(shu)·文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝纪》三年(nian)春正(zheng)月“其(qi)(qi)开藉田(tian)”注(zhu)。　<27>食(shi)(sì，饲)：予(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饭(fan)食(shi)(shí，时(shi)(shi))，称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(sì)。三老(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)：古(gu)代(dai)(dai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)(zun)养(yang)老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)特设的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名号。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“三老(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)，互言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳，皆(jie)老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)更(geng)(geng)知(zhi)三德五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孔(kong)颖(ying)(ying)达(da)进一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“三老(lao)亦(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)，五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)亦(yi)(yi)三老(lao)”，“三德谓(wei)(wei)正(zheng)直、刚(gang)、柔；五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)谓(wei)(wei)貌、言(yan)、视、听、思(si)(si)(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。又(you)《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)世子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“遂设三老(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)群老(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)席位焉(yan)”。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“三老(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)各一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，皆(jie)年(nian)老(lao)更(geng)(geng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)致(zhi)仕(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)父兄养(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，示(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孝悌(ti)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。名以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，取(qu)(qu)象三辰五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所(suo)(suo)因(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)照明(ming)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。”太(tai)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)：古(gu)代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央设立(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校。《乐(le)(le)(le)记(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)“大学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”，同(tong)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对小(xiao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)。《礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)记(ji)(ji)·王(wang)(wang)制(zhi)》说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)立(li)(li)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，“小(xiao)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)公宫(gong)南(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左(zuo)(zuo)，大学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)郊(jiao)”。太(tai)学(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，首(shou)见(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)《大戴礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)·保傅》篇。　<28>燕飨时(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)专器备(bei)盐、酱等(deng)，从鼎中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取(qu)(qu)出(chu)煮熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牲肉放在(zai)俎上，切(qie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)块，用(yong)手(shou)(shou)(shou)拿(na)着(zhe)、蘸盐、蘸酱而(er)(er)(er)食(shi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亲(qin)自(zi)执酱，馈三老(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)食(shi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)执主人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，把(ba)三老(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)当作(zuo)了(le)(le)宾(bin)客。古(gu)时(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)无(wu)宾(bin)客，普天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，把(ba)三老(lao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更(geng)(geng)当作(zuo)宾(bin)客，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)极尽尊(zun)(zun)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)。　<29>执爵而(er)(er)(er)酳也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。

　　子(zi)贡(gong)见师乙而问焉<1>，曰：“赐闻声歌各有宜也<2>，如赐者(zhe)宜何歌也？”

　　师乙曰：“乙，贱工也，何足(zu)(zu)以问所宜。请诵其(qi)所闻，而(er)(er)(er)(er)吾子(zi)自执(zhi)焉(yan)(yan)(yan)。宽而(er)(er)(er)(er)静(jing)，柔而(er)(er)(er)(er)正者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)宜歌(ge)(ge)(ge)《颂》；广大而(er)(er)(er)(er)静(jing)，疏(shu)达而(er)(er)(er)(er)信者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)宜歌(ge)(ge)(ge)《大雅》；恭俭而(er)(er)(er)(er)好(hao)礼者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)宜歌(ge)(ge)(ge)《小雅》；正直清廉而(er)(er)(er)(er)谦(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)宜歌(ge)(ge)(ge)《风(feng)》；肆直而(er)(er)(er)(er)慈爱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)宜歌(ge)(ge)(ge)《商(shang)》<3>；温良而(er)(er)(er)(er)能断者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)宜歌(ge)(ge)(ge)《齐》。夫歌(ge)(ge)(ge)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，直己而(er)(er)(er)(er)陈德(de)<4>；动己而(er)(er)(er)(er)天地应焉(yan)(yan)(yan)，四时和焉(yan)(yan)(yan)，星辰(chen)理焉(yan)(yan)(yan)，万(wan)物育焉(yan)(yan)(yan)。故(gu)(gu)《商(shang)》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，五帝之(zhi)(zhi)遗声也，商(shang)人志之(zhi)(zhi)<5>，故(gu)(gu)谓之(zhi)(zhi)《商(shang)》；《齐》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，三代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)遗声也，齐人志之(zhi)(zhi)，故(gu)(gu)谓之(zhi)(zhi)《齐》。明(ming)乎商(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)诗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，临事而(er)(er)(er)(er)屡断<6>；明(ming)乎《齐》之(zhi)(zhi)诗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，见利而(er)(er)(er)(er)让也。临事而(er)(er)(er)(er)屡断，勇也；见利而(er)(er)(er)(er)让，义也。有勇有义，非歌(ge)(ge)(ge)孰能保此？故(gu)(gu)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，上如(ru)抗(kang)<7>，下如(ru)队<8>，曲(qu)如(ru)折，止如(ru)槁木，居中(zhong)矩<9>，句中(zhong)钩<10>，累(lei)累(lei)乎殷如(ru)贯珠<11>。故(gu)(gu)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)为言(yan)(yan)(yan)也，长言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)也。说之(zhi)(zhi)，故(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)；言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)足(zu)(zu)，故(gu)(gu)长言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)；长言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)足(zu)(zu)，故(gu)(gu)嗟叹(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)<12>；嗟叹(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)足(zu)(zu)，故(gu)(gu)不(bu)知手之(zhi)(zhi)舞之(zhi)(zhi)足(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)蹈之(zhi)(zhi)”。子(zi)贡(gong)问乐<13>。

〔注释〕

　　<1>《集解》说(shuo)(shuo)：“师，乐(le)(le)官也(ye)。乙，名也(ye)。　<2>赐(ci)：子(zi)贡名。按(an)《史记·仲尼弟子(zi)列传》，子(zi)贡姓端沐(mu)，名赐(ci)，字(zi)(zi)子(zi)贡。　<3>《商(shang)》、《齐》等都是(shi)(shi)佚(yi)诗(shi)名。今本《诗(shi)经》中虽有《商(shang)颂(song)》、《齐风》，都属风、雅、颂(song)的(de)一部分(fen)，不(bu)在《商(shang)》、《齐》诗(shi)之中。　<4>直己(ji)：直是(shi)(shi)对曲(qu)(qu)、隐而(er)言，直己(ji)就是(shi)(shi)使自己(ji)的(de)品格(ge)、性情表(biao)露出(chu)来，不(bu)再受隐曲(qu)(qu)，抑制(zhi)。陈德：陈述品格(ge)、德行。孔(kong)颖达解释全句意(yi)(yi)思是(shi)(shi)：“歌(ge)(ge)(ge)者当直己(ji)身而(er)陈论其德。”　<5>志：记述。　<6>屡断(duan)：《乐(le)(le)记》郑玄(xuan)注(zhu)：“屡，数(shu)也(ye)。数(shu)断(duan)事以其肆(si)直也(ye)”。数(shu)断(duan)事，表(biao)现(xian)了(le)勇(yong)于决断(duan)，无所(suo)顾忌(ji)的(de)性格(ge)，所(suo)以下(xia)文(wen)(wen)说(shuo)(shuo)：“临事而(er)屡断(duan)，勇(yong)也(ye)”。　<7>孔(kong)颖达解释说(shuo)(shuo)：“上如抗者，言歌(ge)(ge)(ge)声(sheng)(sheng)上飨，感动人(ren)意(yi)(yi)，使之如似抗(káng，通“扛”)举也(ye)。”误。是(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)声(sheng)(sheng)激扬亢奋处，有如人(ren)扛举而(er)上的(de)感觉(jue)。　<8>队，同坠，即坠落。　<9>居：《乐(le)(le)记》作(zuo)倨(ju)。居为(wei)同音假借(jie)。古人(ren)以倨(ju)句(即勾(gou)字(zi)(zi))二字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)弯曲(qu)(qu)程度，小曲(qu)(qu)为(wei)居，大曲(qu)(qu)为(wei)句。矩：直角(jiao)尺。　&lt;10>参(can)见　<9>。　<11>殷(yin)(yin)：殷(yin)(yin)实、惇(dun)厚的(de)意(yi)(yi)思，是(shi)(shi)对音质的(de)描述。　<12>　<12>嗟(jie)叹(tan)：赓和接续(xu)的(de)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)声(sheng)(sheng)。《乐(le)(le)记》郑玄(xuan)解释说(shuo)(shuo)：“嗟(jie)叹(tan)，和续(xu)之也(ye)”。　<13>此(ci)四(si)字(zi)(zi)与从前各章的(de)体例不(bu)合，当是(shi)(shi)后人(ren)读(du)《乐(le)(le)记》时加入(ru)的(de)小注(zhu)，诡(gui)人(ren)正文(wen)(wen)所(suo)致。

　　凡音(yin)由于(yu)人心<1>，天之(zhi)与(yu)人有以(yi)相(xiang)通，如景之(zhi)象(xiang)形(xing)，响之(zhi)应声。故为(wei)善(shan)者(zhe)天报之(zhi)以(yi)福，为(wei)恶(e)者(zhe)天与(yu)之(zhi)以(yi)殃，其自然者(zhe)也。

　　故(gu)(gu)舜(shun)弹五弦之(zhi)琴(qin)，歌(ge)《南风》之(zhi)诗(shi)而天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)治(zhi)；纣为朝歌(ge)北鄙(bi)之(zhi)音(yin)<2>，身死(si)国(guo)(guo)亡。舜(shun)之(zhi)道何弘(hong)也(ye)(ye)？纣之(zhi)道何隘也(ye)(ye)？夫《南风》之(zhi)诗(shi)者生长之(zhi)音(yin)也(ye)(ye)<3>，舜(shun)乐好(hao)之(zhi)，乐与天(tian)(tian)地同意<4>，得(de)万国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)欢心，故(gu)(gu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)治(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。夫朝歌(ge)者不(bu)时也(ye)(ye)<5>，北者败也(ye)(ye)<6>，鄙(bi)者陋也(ye)(ye)，纣乐好(hao)之(zhi)，与万国(guo)(guo)殊心，诸侯(hou)不(bu)附，百(bai)姓不(bu)亲(qin)，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)叛之(zhi)，故(gu)(gu)身死(si)国(guo)(guo)亡。

〔注释〕

　　<1>按《正义》所(suo)说，自(zi)此(ci)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)至“太史公曰”以(yi)(yi)前，是(shi)褚少孙(sun)的(de)议论文字(zi)。　<2>鄙：偏鄙，偏远鄙陋的(de)地(di)方，指边境地(di)区。　<3>按五(wu)(wu)行学说，五(wu)(wu)行与(yu)五(wu)(wu)时(shi)(四季(ji)与(yu)长(zhang)夏(xia)(xia)合(he)为五(wu)(wu)时(shi))、五(wu)(wu)方、五(wu)(wu)风(feng)相(xiang)配(pei)合(he)，夏(xia)(xia)当与(yu)南(nan)风(feng)相(xiang)配(pei)，而(er)夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长(zhang)的(de)季(ji)节，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说南(nan)风(feng)的(de)性质是(shi)主于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长(zhang)，由此(ci)相(xiang)比(bi)附，《南(nan)风(feng)》歌曲也成了“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长(zhang)之音”。　<4>《易经(jing)·系辞》说：“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)养生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命)之谓易”，天(tian)地(di)有好生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之德。舜(shun)乐《南(nan)风(feng)》既是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)长(zhang)之音，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说与(yu)天(tian)地(di)同意。　<5>朝(chao)歌二字(zi)附会为早晨的(de)歌，一大早突然唱起歌来，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说是(shi)不定(ding)时(shi)发生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)“不时(shi)”之歌。　<6>北即古时(shi)的(de)背字(zi)，作(zuo)战(zhan)时(shi)对面而(er)斗(dou)，谁先示人以(yi)(yi)背，必是(shi)战(zhan)败逃走的(de)人，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)古人称(cheng)失败为败北。此(ci)处是(shi)以(yi)(yi)北方之北与(yu)败北之北相(xiang)比(bi)附，以(yi)(yi)边鄙之鄙与(yu)鄙陋之鄙相(xiang)比(bi)附，荒诞之极。

　　而(er)卫灵公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)<1>，将之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晋(jin)，至(zhi)于濮水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上舍<2>。夜(ye)半时(shi)闻(wen)(wen)鼓(gu)(gu)琴(qin)声(sheng)(sheng)，问(wen)左右(you)(you)，皆(jie)(jie)对(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“不(bu)闻(wen)(wen)”。乃召师(shi)(shi)涓(juan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)<3>：“吾闻(wen)(wen)鼓(gu)(gu)琴(qin)音，问(wen)左右(you)(you)，皆(jie)(jie)不(bu)闻(wen)(wen)。其状似(si)鬼神，为我(wo)听(ting)(ting)而(er)写之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”师(shi)(shi)涓(juan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“诺”。因端坐援琴(qin)，听(ting)(ting)而(er)写之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。明日，曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“臣得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣，然(ran)未习(xi)也，请(qing)宿习(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”灵公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“可(ke)。”因复(fu)宿。明日，报曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“习(xi)矣。”即去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晋(jin)，见晋(jin)平公(gong)(gong)。平公(gong)(gong)置酒(jiu)于施惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)台(tai)<4>。酒(jiu)酣(han)，灵公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“今者(zhe)来，闻(wen)(wen)新声(sheng)(sheng)，请(qing)奏(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”平公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“可(ke)。”即令师(shi)(shi)涓(juan)坐师(shi)(shi)旷(kuang)旁(pang)，援琴(qin)鼓(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。未终(zhong)，师(shi)(shi)旷(kuang)抚而(er)止之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)<5>：“此(ci)亡国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)(sheng)也，不(bu)可(ke)遂<6>。”平公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“何道出(chu)<7>？”师(shi)(shi)旷(kuang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“师(shi)(shi)延(yan)所作(zuo)也。与纣(zhou)为靡(mi)靡(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐<8>，武(wu)王伐纣(zhou)，师(shi)(shi)延(yan)东走(zou)，自投濮水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，故闻(wen)(wen)此(ci)声(sheng)(sheng)必于濮水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上，先闻(wen)(wen)此(ci)声(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)国(guo)削。”平公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“寡人所好(hao)者(zhe)音也，愿遂闻(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”师(shi)(shi)涓(juan)鼓(gu)(gu)而(er)终(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

　　平公(gong)曰：“音无此最悲乎(hu)？”师旷曰：“有。”平公(gong)曰：“可得闻乎(hu)？”师旷曰：“君德义薄，不(bu)可以听之(zhi)(zhi)。”平公(gong)曰：“寡(gua)人所好者音也，愿(yuan)闻之(zhi)(zhi)。”师旷不(bu)得已，援琴而鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)。一奏(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)，有玄鹤(he)二(er)八集乎(hu)廊门<9>；再奏(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)，延颈而鸣，舒翼而舞。

平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)喜(xi)，起而为师旷寿。反(fan)坐，问(wen)曰(yue)：“音无此最悲(bei)乎？”师旷曰(yue)：“有。昔(xi)者黄帝(di)以(yi)大(da)合鬼神<10>，今君德义薄，不足以(yi)听(ting)之(zhi)，听(ting)之(zhi)将败。”平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)：“寡(gua)人老矣(yi)，所好(hao)者音也，愿遂闻之(zhi)。”师旷不得已，援琴(qin)而鼓(gu)之(zhi)。一奏之(zhi)，有白(bai)云从西北起；再奏之(zhi)，大(da)风至而雨随(sui)之(zhi)，飞廊瓦(wa)，左右皆奔走。平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)恐惧(ju)，伏(fu)于廊屋之(zhi)间。晋国大(da)旱，赤地三年<11>。

　　听(ting)者或吉或凶(xiong)。夫乐不(bu)可妄(wang)兴(xing)也。

〔注释〕

　　<1>以下(xia)“濮水遗音”的(de)(de)故事(shi)见《韩非子(zi)(zi)·十过(guo)》篇，对(dui)于它的(de)(de)虚妄王充《论衡(heng)·纪妖》篇已予批(pi)驳(bo)。　<2>上(shang)舍(she)(she)(she)：接待宾(bin)客的(de)(de)高一(yi)级的(de)(de)馆(guan)舍(she)(she)(she)。战国时(shi)各国都(dou)有(you)这类馆(guan)舍(she)(she)(she)，如燕太(tai)子(zi)(zi)丹使荆轲“舍(she)(she)(she)上(shang)舍(she)(she)(she)”，齐孟尝君门下(xia)有(you)代舍(she)(she)(she)、幸舍(she)(she)(she)、传舍(she)(she)(she)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)上(shang)、中(zhong)、下(xia)三舍(she)(she)(she)等(deng)(deng)。　<3>师(shi)(shi)(shi)滤：师(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)乐官名，涓(juan)为(wei)(wei)人名。以下(xia)师(shi)(shi)(shi)旷、师(shi)(shi)(shi)延同。　<4>施惠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)台：《正义》说(shuo)(shuo)：“一(yi)本(ben)‘庆祁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang)’。《左传》云‘虒(sī，斯)祁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫’。杜预曰：‘虒祁，地名也，在绛(jiang)州西(xi)四十里，临汾水也’”。又《韩非子(zi)(zi)·十过(guo)》作施夷(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)台。　<5>抚：抚袖。犹如今(jin)日(ri)所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)摆手。　<6>遂(sui)：遂(sui)顺其意(yi)。这里指顺师(shi)(shi)(shi)涓(juan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)，把乐奏完(wan)。　<7>意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)：是(shi)(shi)何道理而(er)出(chu)此言？　<8>靡(mi)(mi)(mǐ，米)靡(mi)(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐：靡(mi)(mi)靡(mi)(mi)是(shi)(shi)委弱(ruo)、随(sui)顺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌，这样的(de)(de)乐曲令人听了精(jing)神(shen)不振，心志颓唐。《尚书·毕命》“商俗靡(mi)(mi)靡(mi)(mi)”。正义解(jie)释说(shuo)(shuo)：“韩宣子(zi)(zi)称纣使师(shi)(shi)(shi)延作靡(mi)(mi)靡(mi)(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐。靡(mi)(mi)靡(mi)(mi)者，相随(sui)顺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。”　<9>玄鹤：黑色(se)(se)的(de)(de)鹤。崔豹《古今(jin)注·鸟兽(shou)》说(shuo)(shuo)，鹤千岁化为(wei)(wei)苍(cang)(黑白杂揉(rou)的(de)(de)颜色(se)(se))，又千岁变(bian)为(wei)(wei)黑，称为(wei)(wei)玄鹤。二八：十六只。廊(lang)(lang)：古时(shi)有(you)各种解(jie)释：《说(shuo)(shuo)文》说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)指东(dong)西(xi)序，按《尔雅》邢昺的(de)(de)解(jie)释，东(dong)西(xi)序就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)东(dong)西(xi)厢房(fang)；《汉书·窦(dou)婴传》中(zhong)颜师(shi)(shi)(shi)古解(jie)释为(wei)(wei)堂(tang)下(xia)周屋(wu)廊(lang)(lang)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)堂(tang)下(xia)绕墙的(de)(de)长廊(lang)(lang)；《广(guang)韵(yun)》则说(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)“殿下(xia)外屋(wu)也”。殿(即堂(tang)或称宫、室等(deng)(deng)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)正房(fang))以外的(de)(de)房(fang)屋(wu)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)廊(lang)(lang)。此处所(suo)说(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)廊(lang)(lang)当如《广(guang)韵(yun)》所(suo)释。　<10>“以”下(xia)应有(you)“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”字(zi)。“大(da)合(he)鬼(gui)神(shen)”指合(he)鬼(gui)神(shen)而(er)祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)祭事(shi)。　<11>赤(chi)(chi)地：地面(mian)上(shang)光赤(chi)(chi)无物。《汉书·五行志》：“赤(chi)(chi)地千里”，注说(shuo)(shuo)“空(kong)尽无物曰赤(chi)(chi)”。

　　太史(shi)公(gong)曰(yue)：“夫上古明王举(ju)乐(le)者，非(fei)以(yi)娱心自乐(le)，快意恣欲(yu)，将欲(yu)为(wei)治也(ye)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)者皆始于音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)而(er)(er)(er)行正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。故(gu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)乐(le)者，所以(yi)动(dong)(dong)荡血脉，通流(liu)精(jing)神(shen)而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心也(ye)。故(gu)宫(gong)(gong)动(dong)(dong)脾而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)圣(sheng)(sheng)<1>，商(shang)动(dong)(dong)肺而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)(yi)，角动(dong)(dong)肝而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)仁，征动(dong)(dong)心而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)礼(li)，羽动(dong)(dong)肾而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)智。故(gu)乐(le)所以(yi)内辅正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)心而(er)(er)(er)外(wai)异贵贱也(ye)；上以(yi)事宗庙，下以(yi)变化(hua)黎庶也(ye)。琴长八尺一(yi)寸(cun)，正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)度也(ye)<2>。弦大(da)者为(wei)宫(gong)(gong)，而(er)(er)(er)居(ju)中(zhong)央，君也(ye)<3>。商(shang)张右傍，其(qi)余大(da)小相(xiang)次，不失其(qi)次序，则君臣之(zhi)位正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)矣。故(gu)闻(wen)宫(gong)(gong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，使人(ren)温舒而(er)(er)(er)广大(da)；闻(wen)商(shang)者，使人(ren)方正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)而(er)(er)(er)好义(yi)(yi)；闻(wen)角音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，使人(ren)恻(ce)隐而(er)(er)(er)爱人(ren)；闻(wen)徵音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，使人(ren)乐(le)善而(er)(er)(er)好施<4>；闻(wen)羽音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，使人(ren)整(zheng)齐(qi)而(er)(er)(er)好礼(li)<5>。夫礼(li)由(you)外(wai)入，乐(le)自内出(chu)。故(gu)君子不可须臾离(li)(li)礼(li)，须臾离(li)(li)礼(li)则暴慢之(zhi)行穷外(wai)；不可须臾离(li)(li)乐(le)，须臾离(li)(li)乐(le)则奸邪(xie)之(zhi)行穷内。故(gu)乐(le)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)者，君子之(zhi)所养义(yi)(yi)也(ye)。夫古者，天子诸侯听(ting)钟磬未尝(chang)离(li)(li)于庭，卿大(da)夫听(ting)琴瑟之(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)未尝(chang)离(li)(li)于前，所以(yi)养行义(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)防淫佚也(ye)。夫淫佚生于无(wu)礼(li)，故(gu)圣(sheng)(sheng)王使人(ren)耳(er)闻(wen)雅颂(song)之(zhi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，目视威仪之(zhi)礼(li)，足行恭敬之(zhi)容，口言(yan)仁义(yi)(yi)之(zhi)道。故(gu)君子终日(ri)言(yan)而(er)(er)(er)邪(xie)辟(pi)无(wu)由(you)入也(ye)。

〔注释〕

　　<1>以下把五音和五脏、五常(这里把五常：仁、义、礼、智、信中的信改为圣)相配合，是古人论事的习惯，但有些道理，也不可太认真了。五音中，宫属土，居中央(与五方相配)；五脏中脾属土，土居中央。所以说“宫动脾”。又中央为贵(与其他四方相比)，五常性中圣最贵，所以说其“和正圣”。其余四音可按此格式解释。　<2>正度：有元数的意思，其余度数均由某数生成，某数便是度数之正，其余为度数之歧。黄钟之数为八十一，其余各律都由黄钟度数经三分损益法生成，所以八十一为正度，加上量名，为八尺一寸，也是正度。　<3>这是把五音与社会结构相比附。五音以宫最贵，居中央，与社会中的君地位相仿佛，所以宫为五音之君。　<4>此句与上文所说：“征动心而和正礼”不附，此类事很多，听之可也，不可强解。　<5>与上文“羽动肾而和正智”也不相附。

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