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张益州画像记

张益州画像记

至和元年秋,蜀(shu)人传(chuan)言(yan)(yan):有寇(kou)至边,边军(jun)夜(ye)呼,野(ye)无(wu)居人。妖(yao)言(yan)(yan)流闻(wen),京师(shi)震惊。方命择(ze)帅,天(tian)(tian)子(zi)曰:“毋(wu)养乱(luan),毋(wu)助变(bian),众言(yan)(yan)朋(peng)兴(xing),朕(zhen)志(zhi)自定,外乱(luan)不作,变(bian)且中起,既不可(ke)以文(wen)令(ling),又不可(ke)以武竞(jing),惟朕(zhen)一二(er)大吏。孰为(wei)能(neng)处兹文(wen)武之间,其命往抚朕(zhen)师(shi)。”乃推曰:“张公(gong)方平其人。”天(tian)(tian)子(zi)曰:“然。”公(gong)以亲辞。不可(ke),遂(sui)行(xing)。冬(dong)十一月至蜀(shu)。至之日(ri),归屯军(jun),撤守备,使(shi)谓郡县:“寇(kou)来在吾(wu),无(wu)尔劳苦。”明年正(zheng)月朔旦,蜀(shu)人相庆如他日(ri),遂(sui)以无(wu)事。又明年正(zheng)月,相告留公(gong)像于(yu)净众寺,公(gong)不能(neng)禁。

眉阳(yang)苏洵言(yan)于(yu)众曰(yue):“未(wei)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)易治(zhi)也(ye)(ye),既乱(luan)(luan)(luan)易治(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。有乱(luan)(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)萌,无乱(luan)(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)形(xing),是谓将(jiang)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)。将(jiang)乱(luan)(luan)(luan)难治(zhi),不可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有乱(luan)(luan)(luan)急,亦(yi)不可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)无乱(luan)(luan)(luan)弛。惟(wei)是元年之(zhi)(zhi)秋,如器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)攲,未(wei)坠于(yu)地。惟(wei)尔(er)张公,安坐于(yu)其(qi)旁,颜色不变(bian),徐起而正之(zhi)(zhi)。既正,油然而退,无矜容。为(wei)天子牧小(xiao)民(min)(min)不倦,惟(wei)尔(er)张公。尔(er)繄以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生,惟(wei)尔(er)父母(mu)。且公尝为(wei)我言(yan):‘民(min)(min)无常性,惟(wei)上所待(dai)。人皆曰(yue):蜀(shu)(shu)人多变(bian)。于(yu)是待(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)待(dai)盗(dao)贼(zei)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),而绳之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)绳盗(dao)贼(zei)之(zhi)(zhi)法。重(zhong)足、屏(ping)息之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min),而以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)砧斧令(ling),于(yu)是民(min)(min)始忍以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)父母(mu)妻子之(zhi)(zhi)所仰赖之(zhi)(zhi)身(shen),而弃之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)盗(dao)贼(zei),故(gu)每(mei)每(mei)大乱(luan)(luan)(luan)。夫(fu)约(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼,驱之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)法,惟(wei)蜀(shu)(shu)人为(wei)易。至(zhi)于(yu)急之(zhi)(zhi)而生变(bian),虽齐、鲁(lu)亦(yi)然。吾以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)齐、鲁(lu)待(dai)蜀(shu)(shu)人,而蜀(shu)(shu)人亦(yi)自以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)齐、鲁(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)人待(dai)其(qi)身(shen)。若夫(fu)肆意(yi)于(yu)法律之(zhi)(zhi)外,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)威(wei)劫齐民(min)(min),吾不忍为(wei)也(ye)(ye)。’呜呼!爱蜀(shu)(shu)人之(zhi)(zhi)深,待(dai)蜀(shu)(shu)人之(zhi)(zhi)厚,自公而前,吾未(wei)始见(jian)也(ye)(ye)。”皆再(zai)拜稽首(shou),曰(yue):“然。”

苏(su)洵又曰:“公之(zhi)(zhi)恩在尔心,尔死(si),在尔子孙,其(qi)功业(ye)在史官,无(wu)以像(xiang)为(wei)也。且公意不欲(yu),如何?”皆(jie)曰:“公则(ze)何事于斯,虽然(ran),于我心有不释(shi)焉(yan)。今(jin)夫(fu)平居(ju)闻一(yi)善(shan),必问其(qi)人之(zhi)(zhi)姓名,与(yu)其(qi)邻里之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在,以至于其(qi)长(zhang)短大(da)小美恶之(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)。甚者,或诘其(qi)平生所(suo)嗜好(hao),以想见其(qi)为(wei)人,而史官亦(yi)书之(zhi)(zhi)于其(qi)传(chuan)。意使天下之(zhi)(zhi)人,思(si)之(zhi)(zhi)于心,则(ze)存之(zhi)(zhi)于目。存之(zhi)(zhi)于目,故其(qi)思(si)之(zhi)(zhi)于心也固。由(you)此观之(zhi)(zhi),像(xiang)亦(yi)不为(wei)无(wu)助。”苏(su)洵无(wu)以诘,遂(sui)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)记。

公南(nan)京人,慷(kang)慨(kai)有大节,以(yi)度量雄天下。天下有大事,公可(ke)属(shu)。系之以(yi)诗曰(yue):

天(tian)子(zi)在(zai)祚,岁在(zai)甲午。西人(ren)传言(yan)(yan),有(you)(you)寇在(zai)垣(yuan)。庭有(you)(you)武臣,谋夫如云。天(tian)子(zi)曰嘻,命我(wo)张公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)来自(zi)东(dong),旗动纛舒舒。西人(ren)聚(ju)观(guan),于(yu)巷于(yu)涂。谓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)暨暨,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)来于(yu)于(yu)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)谓西人(ren),安(an)尔室家(jia),无(wu)敢或(huo)讹。讹言(yan)(yan)不(bu)祥,往即尔常(chang)。春尔条(tiao)桑,秋尔涤(di)场。西人(ren)稽(ji)首,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)我(wo)父兄。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)西囿,草(cao)木骈(pian)骈(pian)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宴其僚,伐鼓渊渊。西人(ren)来观(guan),祝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)万(wan)年。有(you)(you)女娟娟,闺闼闲(xian)闲(xian)。有(you)(you)童哇哇,亦既(ji)能言(yan)(yan)。昔公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)未来,其汝弃捐。禾麻芃(peng)芃(peng),仓庾崇(chong)崇(chong)。嗟我(wo)妇(fu)子(zi),乐此岁丰。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)朝(chao)廷(ting),天(tian)子(zi)股肱(gong)。天(tian)子(zi)曰归,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)敢不(bu)承。作堂严严,有(you)(you)庑有(you)(you)庭。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)像在(zai)中,朝(chao)服冠缨(ying)。西人(ren)相(xiang)告,无(wu)敢逸荒。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)归京师,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)象在(zai)堂。

翻译

宗仁宗至和元年秋天(tian),四(si)川一(yi)(yi)(yi)带(dai)人(ren)传说(shuo),敌冠(guan)将(jiang)要(yao)(yao)侵犯边界,驻(zhu)(zhu)边军士夜里惊(jing)呼,四(si)野百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)全(quan)都逃光。谣言(yan)流步,京(jing)城上下大为震惊(jing)。正(zheng)准(zhun)备(bei)命令选派(pai)将(jiang)帅,天(tian)子说(shuo):“不(bu)要(yao)(yao)酿成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)祸乱,不(bu)要(yao)(yao)助成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)(shi)变(bian)。虽(sui)然(ran)众人(ren)传说(shuo)纷起,但我的(de)(de)主(zhu)意已(yi)定,外(wai)患不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定会酿成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),事(shi)(shi)变(bian)却(que)会从内部兴起。这事(shi)(shi)既不(bu)可一(yi)(yi)(yi)味(wei)用文(wen)教感化,又不(bu)可以一(yi)(yi)(yi)味(wei)用武力解(jie)决。只需要(yao)(yao)我的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)二个(ge)大臣去妥善处理(li)。谁能够处理(li)好这既需文(wen)治又需武功的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)情,我就(jiu)派(pai)他去安(an)(an)抚我的(de)(de)军队。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)众人(ren)推荐说(shuo):“张(zhang)方平就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)这样的(de)(de)人(ren)。”天(tian)子说(shuo):“对!”张(zhang)公(gong)以侍奉双亲(qin)为由(you)推辞,未获批准(zhun),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)动(dong)身出发(fa)。冬季十一(yi)(yi)(yi)月到达蜀地(di)。到任的(de)(de)那(nei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian),就(jiu)命令驻(zhu)(zhu)军回(hui)去,撤除守备(bei),派(pai)人(ren)对郡(jun)县长官说(shuo):“敌寇来了(le)由(you)我负责(ze),不(bu)必(bi)劳(lao)苦(ku)你们。”到明年正(zheng)月初一(yi)(yi)(yi)早上,蜀地(di)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)象往(wang)年一(yi)(yi)(yi)样庆贺新春,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直相安(an)(an)无事(shi)(shi)。再到了(le)明年的(de)(de)正(zheng)月里,百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)相互(hu)商量要(yao)(yao)把张(zhang)公(gong)的(de)(de)像安(an)(an)放在净众寺里,张(zhang)公(gong)没能禁止得住。

眉阳人(ren)(ren)苏洵(xun)向(xiang)众人(ren)(ren)说(shuo)(shuo)道:“祸乱(luan)(luan)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)发(fa)(fa)生,这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)(shi)容(rong)易治理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);祸乱(luan)(luan)已(yi)成(cheng),这(zhei)(zhei)也容(rong)易治理(li);有(you)(you)(you)(you)祸乱(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)子(zi)(zi),没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)祸乱(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表现,这(zhei)(zhei)叫做(zuo)将要发(fa)(fa)生祸乱(luan)(luan),祸乱(luan)(luan)将发(fa)(fa)未发(fa)(fa)之(zhi)际最难治理(li)。既不能(neng)因为(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)祸乱(luan)(luan)苗(miao)子(zi)(zi)而(er)操之(zhi)过急,又不能(neng)因为(wei)还没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)成(cheng)祸乱(luan)(luan)而(er)放松警惕。这(zhei)(zhei)至(zhi)和元年秋(qiu)季的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局势,就象器物虽已(yi)倾斜,但还没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)倒地(di)。只有(you)(you)(you)(you)你(ni)们(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)张(zhang)公(gong),却(que)能(neng)在(zai)它(ta)旁(pang)边安坐,面色不改,慢(man)慢(man)地(di)起身(shen)扶正。扶正之(zhi)后(hou),从容(rong)退坐,没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一点骄矜自得(de)之(zhi)色。替天子(zi)(zi)管理(li)小民百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing),孜(zi)孜(zi)不倦,这(zhei)(zhei)就是(shi)(shi)你(ni)们(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)张(zhang)公(gong)。你(ni)们(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)因了这(zhei)(zhei)张(zhang)公(gong)而(er)得(de)生,他(ta)就是(shi)(shi)你(ni)们(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)生父(fu)母。再(zai)者张(zhang)公(gong)曾对(dui)我(wo)说(shuo)(shuo)道:‘老百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)没(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)不变的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性情,只看上(shang)(shang)司如何对(dui)待(dai)(dai)他(ta)们(men)(men)。人(ren)(ren)们(men)(men)都(dou)说(shuo)(shuo),蜀(shu)地(di)人(ren)(ren)经常发(fa)(fa)生变乱(luan)(luan)。所(suo)以上(shang)(shang)司就用(yong)对(dui)待(dai)(dai)盗(dao)贼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)态度去对(dui)待(dai)(dai)他(ta)们(men)(men),用(yong)管束盗(dao)贼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑法去管束他(ta)们(men)(men)。对(dui)于本来(lai)已(yi)经战(zhan)战(zhan)兢兢、连大气(qi)也不敢出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing),却(que)用(yong)残(can)酷(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑法去号令他(ta)们(men)(men),这(zhei)(zhei)样百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)才忍(ren)心不顾自己(ji)(ji)这(zhei)(zhei)父(fu)母妻儿所(suo)依靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)躯,而(er)沦为(wei)与盗(dao)贼为(wei)伍(wu),所(suo)以常常发(fa)(fa)生大乱(luan)(luan)。倘(tang)若(ruo)以礼义来(lai)约束他(ta)们(men)(men),用(yong)法律来(lai)差使他(ta)们(men)(men),那么(me)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)蜀(shu)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)最容(rong)易管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。至(zhi)于逼急他(ta)们(men)(men)而(er)发(fa)(fa)生变乱(luan)(luan),那么(me)即使是(shi)(shi)齐鲁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)也会(hui)如此(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。我(wo)用(yong)对(dui)待(dai)(dai)齐鲁百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法对(dui)待(dai)(dai)蜀(shu)人(ren)(ren),那么(me)蜀(shu)人(ren)(ren)也会(hui)把自己(ji)(ji)当成(cheng)齐鲁之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)。假如任意胡来(lai)不按法律,用(yong)淫威胁迫(po)平民,我(wo)是(shi)(shi)不愿干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。’啊,爱(ai)惜蜀(shu)人(ren)(ren)如此(ci)(ci)深(shen)切,对(dui)待(dai)(dai)蜀(shu)人(ren)(ren)如此(ci)(ci)厚(hou)道,在(zai)张(zhang)公(gong)之(zhi)前,我(wo)还未曾见过。”大家听了,一齐再(zai)重新行礼,并说(shuo)(shuo):“是(shi)(shi)这(zhei)(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”

苏洵又(you)说:“张公(gong)的(de)恩情,记(ji)在(zai)你(ni)们(men)(men)心中;你(ni)们(men)(men)死了(le),记(ji)在(zai)你(ni)们(men)(men)子孙心里(li)(li)。他(ta)(ta)的(de)功劳业绩(ji),载在(zai)史官(guan)的(de)史册(ce)上,不(bu)(bu)用画像(xiang)了(le)。而(er)且张公(gong)自己又(you)不(bu)(bu)愿意,如(ru)(ru)何是好?”众人(ren)(ren)都(dou)说:“张公(gong)怎么会关心这事?即使如(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci),我(wo)们(men)(men)心里(li)(li)总觉不(bu)(bu)安。如(ru)(ru)今平(ping)时(shi)听得有人(ren)(ren)做件好事,一定要(yao)问(wen)那人(ren)(ren)的(de)姓名及(ji)他(ta)(ta)的(de)住(zhu)处,一直问(wen)到那人(ren)(ren)的(de)身材长短(duan)、年龄大(da)小(xiao)、面容美丑等(deng)情况;更有甚者(zhe),还有人(ren)(ren)讯(xun)问(wen)他(ta)(ta)平(ping)生的(de)爱好,以便(bian)推测(ce)他(ta)(ta)的(de)为(wei)人(ren)(ren)。而(er)史官(guan)也(ye)把(ba)这些写入他(ta)(ta)的(de)传记(ji)里(li)(li),目(mu)的(de)是要(yao)使天下人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)仅铭记(ji)在(zai)心里(li)(li),而(er)且要(yao)显现(xian)在(zai)眼前。音容显现(xian)在(zai)人(ren)(ren)们(men)(men)目(mu)中,所以心里(li)(li)的(de)铭记(ji)也(ye)就更加真切久远。由此(ci)(ci)看来,画像(xiang)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)是没有意义。”苏洵听了(le),无法答对,就为(wei)他(ta)(ta)们(men)(men)写了(le)这篇画像(xiang)记(ji)。

张公是南京人,为人意(yi)气昂扬,有高尚节操,雅量高致,闻名天下。国家有重大事情(qing),张公是可以托付的。末了(le)以诗作结,写道:

大宋天(tian)(tian)子(zi)坐龙庭(ting)(ting),甲午之年(nian)日(ri)月新(xin)。忽然蜀(shu)人(ren)谣言起,边关敌寇将(jiang)兴兵。朝廷良将(jiang)纷如(ru)雨(yu),文(wen)臣谋士(shi)多(duo)如(ru)云。天(tian)(tian)子(zi)赞(zan)叹说声嘻,命我张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)远出征。张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方平来(lai)(lai)东方,西风(feng)猎猎大旗扬。蜀(shu)人(ren)围观睹风(feng)采,人(ren)山人(ren)海(hai)满街巷。齐道(dao)张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)真坚毅,神色镇静(jing)又(you)安详。张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)开(kai)口谕蜀(shu)人(ren):“各(ge)自还家且(qie)安顿,谣言莫传(chuan)自安宁。谣言不(bu)祥且(qie)勿听,回去照(zhao)常(chang)作(zuo)营生。春日(ri)动手修桑枝,秋天(tian)(tian)谷(gu)场要(yao)扫清。”蜀(shu)人(ren)磕头拜张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),称他就象父与(yu)兄。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)蜀(shu)国园林居,草木繁茂郁葱葱。宴(yan)请文(wen)官与(yu)武将(jiang),击鼓作(zuo)乐咚咚响。蜀(shu)人(ren)庆贺来(lai)(lai)观望(wang),共祝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)寿万(wan)年(nian)长(zhang)。姑娘佳丽美(mei)婵娟,幽娴贞静(jing)闺(gui)房间。幼儿哇哇向人(ren)啼(ti),牙牙学语已能言。当初张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)来(lai)(lai)蜀(shu),你辈(bei)早已填沟壑。如(ru)今庄稼多(duo)茂盛(sheng),粮仓高耸堆满谷(gu)。可感我们妇(fu)与(yu)子(zi),欢欢喜喜庆丰足。张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)本(ben)是朝中(zhong)臣,天(tian)(tian)子(zi)左右得(de)力(li)人(ren)。天(tian)(tian)子(zi)下诏命返(fan)驾,张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)岂(qi)敢(gan)不(bu)允(yun)承。修起殿(dian)堂好庄严(yan),又(you)有廊房又(you)有庭(ting)(ting)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)像(xiang)挂在(zai)正当中(zhong),朝服冠带宛(wan)如(ru)真。蜀(shu)人(ren)纷纷来(lai)(lai)禀告,不(bu)敢(gan)放荡作(zuo)懒人(ren)。张(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)放心回京城(cheng),像(xiang)挂殿(dian)堂传(chuan)美(mei)名。

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