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三十六计在线阅读(21)

作者:经典名著 文章来源:古籍
第一套 胜战计瞒天过海围魏救赵借刀杀人以逸待劳趁火打劫声东击西
第二套 敌战计无中生有暗渡陈仓隔岸观火笑里藏刀李代桃僵顺手牵羊
第三套 攻战计打草惊蛇借尸还魂调虎离山欲擒故纵抛砖引玉擒贼擒王
第四套 混战计釜底抽薪混水摸鱼金蝉脱壳关门捉贼远交近攻假途伐虢
第五套 并战计偷梁换柱指桑骂槐假痴不颠上屋抽梯树上开花反客为主
第六套 败战计美人计空城计反间计苦肉计连环计走为上

第二十一计 金蝉脱壳

存其形,完其势①;友不疑,敌不动。巽而止蛊②。

①存其形,完其势,保存阵(zhen)地已有(you)的战斗形貌(mao),进一步完备继续战斗的各种态势。②巽(xun)而止蛊(gu):语出《易(yi)经·蛊(gu)》卦(gua)(gua)(gua)。蛊(gu),卦(gua)(gua)(gua)名(ming)。本卦(gua)(gua)(gua)为(wei)(wei)异卦(gua)(gua)(gua)相叠(巽(xun)下艮(gen)上(shang)(shang))。本卦(gua)(gua)(gua)上(shang)(shang)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)为(wei)(wei)艮(gen)为(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)为(wei)(wei)刚,为(wei)(wei)阳卦(gua)(gua)(gua);巽(xun)为(wei)(wei)风为(wei)(wei)柔(rou),为(wei)(wei)阴(yin)势。故(gu)“蛊(gu)”的卦(gua)(gua)(gua)象是(shi)“刚上(shang)(shang)柔(rou)下”,意即高(gao)山(shan)(shan)沉(chen)静,风行于(yu)山(shan)(shan)下,事可顺当。又,艮(gen)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)卦(gua)(gua)(gua),为(wei)(wei)静;巽(xun)为(wei)(wei)下卦(gua)(gua)(gua),为(wei)(wei)谦逊,故(gu)说“谦虚沉(chen)静”,“弘大(da)(da)通泰”是(shi)天(tian)下大(da)(da)治之象。

此计引本卦《彖》辞:“巽(xun)而止,蛊。”其意是(shi)我(wo)暗(an)中谨慎(shen)地实行主力转(zhuan)移,稳(wen)住敌人,我(wo)则乘敌不惊疑之际(ji)脱离(li)险境,就可安然(ran)躲过战乱之危。“蛊”,意为顺事。

古人按语说:共友击敌,坐观其势。尚另有一敌,则须去而将势。则金蝉脱壳者,非徒走也,盖为分身之法也。故大军转动.而旌旗金鼓,俨然原动,友不生疑,待己摧他敌而返,而友敌始知,或犹且不知。然则金蝉脱壳者,在对敌之际,而抽精锐以袭别阵也。如:诸墓亮卒于军,司马懿追焉,姜维令仪反击鸣肢,若向懿者,懿退,于是仪结营而去(《三国志》三五(wu)《诸葛亮(liang)》小注)。檀道济被围,乃命军士悉甲,身白服乘舆徐出外围,魏惧(ju)有伏(fu),不敢逼,乃归(gui)(《南(nan)史》十五(wu)《广名将传》卷(juan)七(qi).《擅道济》)

认真分析形势,准确作(zuo)出(chu)判(pan)断(duan),摆脱(tuo)敌(di)人(ren),转移部队(dui),决不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是消极逃胞,一走了事,而应该(gai)是一种分身术,要(yao)巧妙(miao)地暗中调走精锐部队(dui)去袭击(ji)别处的敌(di)人(ren)。但这种调动要(yao)神不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知,鬼不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)觉,极其隐(yin)蔽。因此(ci)(ci),一定要(yao)把(ba)假象造得有(you)逼(bi)(bi)真的效果(guo)。转移时,依然(ran)要(yao)旗(qi)帜招(zhao)展,战鼓隆隆,好象仍然(ran)保持着原来(lai)的阵(zhen)势,这样可(ke)以(yi)使敌(di)军(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢动,友军(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)怀(huai)疑。檀(tan)道济(ji)(ji)在被敌(di)人(ren)围(wei)困时,竟然(ran)能(neng)带着武装士(shi)兵(bing),自(zi)己穿着显眼的白色服装,坐在车上(shang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)慌不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忙地向外围(wei)进(jin)发。敌(di)军(jun)见(jian)此(ci)(ci),以(yi)为檀(tan)道济(ji)(ji)设有(you)伏兵(bing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢逼(bi)(bi)近(jin),让檀(tan)道济(ji)(ji)安(an)然(ran)脱(tuo)离围(wei)困。檀(tan)道济(ji)(ji)此(ci)(ci)计,险中有(you)奇,使敌(di)人(ren)被假象迷惑(huo),作(zuo)出(chu)了错误的判(pan)断(duan)。

金(jin)蝉(chan)(chan)脱(tuo)壳的本(ben)意是(shi):寒蝉(chan)(chan)在蜕(tui)变时,本(ben)体(ti)脱(tuo)离皮壳而走,只留(liu)下蝉(chan)(chan)蜕(tui)还挂在枝头。此计用(yong)于军事,是(shi)指通过(guo)伪装摆(bai)脱(tuo)敌人,撤退(tui)或转(zhuan)(zhuan)移,以实(shi)现(xian)我方(fang)(fang)的战略目(mu)标的谋(mou)略。稳住对(dui)方(fang)(fang),撤退(tui)或转(zhuan)(zhuan)移,决不是(shi)惊(jing)慌失措,消极(ji)逃跑,而是(shi)保(bao)留(liu)形式(shi),抽走内容,稳住对(dui)方(fang)(fang),使自(zi)己(ji)脱(tuo)离险(xian)境,达到(dao)己(ji)方(fang)(fang)战略目(mu)标,己(ji)方(fang)(fang)常常可用(yong)巧妙分兵转(zhuan)(zhuan)移的机会出(chu)击另一部(bu)分敌人。

三国时(shi)期,诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮六(liu)出祁(qi)山,北(bei)伐中(zhong)(zhong)原,但一(yi)直未能成功,终于(yu)在(zai)(zai)第六(liu)次北(bei)伐时(shi),积(ji)劳成疾,在(zai)(zai)五丈原病(bing)死于(yu)军(jun)(jun)中(zhong)(zhong)。为了(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)使蜀军(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)退(tui)回(hui)汉中(zhong)(zhong)的路上遭受损失,诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮在(zai)(zai)临终前(qian)向姜维(wei)密(mi)授退(tui)兵之(zhi)计(ji)。姜维(wei)遵照诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮的吩咐,在(zai)(zai)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮死后,秘不(bu)(bu)(bu)发丧,对外严(yan)密(mi)封锁消息。他(ta)带着灵柩,秘密(mi)率部(bu)撤退(tui)。司(si)(si)(si)马(ma)懿(yi)派部(bu)队跟踪追(zhui)击蜀军(jun)(jun)。姜维(wei)命工匠仿诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮摸样,雕了(le)一(yi)个(ge)木人,羽扇(shan)纶巾,稳坐车中(zhong)(zhong)。并(bing)派杨(yang)仪率领部(bu)分人马(ma)大张旗(qi)鼓(gu),向魏军(jun)(jun)发动进攻。魏军(jun)(jun)远望蜀军(jun)(jun),军(jun)(jun)容整齐,旗(qi)鼓(gu)大张,又见诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮稳坐车中(zhong)(zhong),指(zhi)挥若(ruo)定,不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)蜀军(jun)(jun)又耍什么花招,不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢轻举妄动。司(si)(si)(si)马(ma)懿(yi)一(yi)向知(zhi)道诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮“诡(gui)计(ji)多端(duan)”,又怀疑此次退(tui)兵乃是诱敌之(zhi)计(ji),于(yu)是命令部(bu)队后撤,观(guan)察蜀军(jun)(jun)动向。姜维(wei)趁司(si)(si)(si)马(ma)懿(yi)退(tui)兵的大好时(shi)机(ji),马(ma)上指(zhi)挥主(zhu)力部(bu)队,迅速安全转移,撤回(hui)汉中(zhong)(zhong)。等司(si)(si)(si)马(ma)懿(yi)得知(zhi)诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮确实已死,再进兵追(zhui)击,为时(shi)已晚。

宋(song)朝开禧年间,金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)屡犯中原。宋(song)将毕再(zai)遇与(yu)(yu)金(jin)(jin)军(jun)(jun)(jun)对垒,打了(le)(le)几次胜(sheng)仗。金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)又调集数万精锐骑兵(bing),要与(yu)(yu)宋(song)军(jun)(jun)(jun)决战(zhan)。此(ci)时,宋(song)军(jun)(jun)(jun)只有几千人马,如果与(yu)(yu)金(jin)(jin)军(jun)(jun)(jun)决战(zhan),必败无疑。毕再(zai)遇为了(le)(le)保(bao)存(cun)实力,准备暂(zan)时撤(che)退(tui)。金(jin)(jin)军(jun)(jun)(jun)已经兵(bing)临(lin)城(cheng)下,如果知(zhi)道宋(song)军(jun)(jun)(jun)撤(che)退(tui),肯(ken)定(ding)会追杀。那样,宋(song)军(jun)(jun)(jun)损(sun)失一定(ding)惨(can)重。毕再(zai)遇苦(ku)苦(ku)思索如何(he)蒙蔽金(jin)(jin)兵(bing),转(zhuan)移(yi)部队。这对,只听帐(zhang)外,马蹄(ti)声响,毕再(zai)遇受到启发,计上心来。

他暗中作好撤退部(bu)署,当天半夜(ye)(ye)时(shi)分,下令兵(bing)(bing)(bing)士擂响战(zhan)(zhan)鼓(gu),金(jin)(jin)(jin)军(jun)(jun)听见鼓(gu)响,以为宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)军(jun)(jun)趁(chen)夜(ye)(ye)劫(jie)营(ying)(ying)(ying),急忙集合部(bu)队,准备迎战(zhan)(zhan).哪里(li)知道只听见宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)营(ying)(ying)(ying)战(zhan)(zhan)鼓(gu)隆隆,却不(bu)(bu)见一个宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)出城。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)军(jun)(jun)连续不(bu)(bu)断(duan)地击鼓(gu),搅得金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)整夜(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)得休息。金(jin)(jin)(jin)军(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)头领似有所悟:原(yuan)来宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)军(jun)(jun)采用疲兵(bing)(bing)(bing)之计(ji),用战(zhan)(zhan)鼓(gu)搅得我们不(bu)(bu)得安宁。好吧(ba),你擂你的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu),我再也不(bu)(bu)会(hui)(hui)上(shang)你的(de)(de)(de)当。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)营(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)声(sheng)连续响了两(liang)天两(liang)夜(ye)(ye),金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)根本(ben)不(bu)(bu)予(yu)理会(hui)(hui)。到了第三天,金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)发现(xian)(xian),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)营(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)声(sheng)逐渐微弱,金(jin)(jin)(jin)军(jun)(jun)首领断(duan)定(ding)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)军(jun)(jun)已(yi)经(jing)疲惫(bei),就(jiu)派军(jun)(jun)分几(ji)路包抄(chao),小(xiao)心翼翼靠近宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)营(ying)(ying)(ying),见宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)营(ying)(ying)(ying)毫无反应。金(jin)(jin)(jin)军(jun)(jun)首领一声(sheng)令下,金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)蜂踊而上(shang),冲(chong)进宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)营(ying)(ying)(ying),这才发现(xian)(xian)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)军(jun)(jun)已(yi)经(jing)全部(bu)安全撤离了。

原来(lai)毕再遇使了(le)“金蝉脱壳”之计(ji)。他命(ming)令兵士(shi)将(jiang)数十(shi)只羊的后腿(tui)(tui)捆好绑在(zai)树上,使倒悬(xuan)的羊的前腿(tui)(tui)拼命(ming)蹬踢,又在(zai)羊腿(tui)(tui)下放(fang)了(le)几十(shi)面鼓,羊腿(tui)(tui)拼命(ming)蹬踢,鼓声隆隆不断。毕再遇用(yong)“悬(xuan)羊击鼓“的计(ji)策迷惑了(le)敌(di)军,利用(yong)两天的时(shi)间安全转移了(le)。

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