王淑艳 译注
【说明与解析】
在这篇列传里(li)，主要记(ji)述了商(shang)鞅事秦变法革新、功过得失(shi)以及卒受恶名(ming)于秦的史实，倾注了太史公对(dui)其(qi)刻(ke)薄少(shao)恩所(suo)持(chi)的批评(ping)态度。
然而，商(shang)鞅变法却(que)是我国历史上成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)一例。孝公(gong)当政(zheng)，已进入七雄争霸的(de)战国时期(qi)，周室衰微，诸侯相互攻伐，斗争异(yi)常(chang)激烈，谁(shei)想立于不(bu)败之地，谁(shei)就得寻求自强(qiang)(qiang)的(de)途径。商(shang)鞅就是顺应历史的(de)潮流，三(san)见孝公(gong)，说(shuo)以强(qiang)(qiang)国之术(shu)，使孝公(gong)“不(bu)自知厀之前(qian)于席，语数日不(bu)厌。”君臣默契，奠定(ding)了变法成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)基础。
记述变法(fa)(fa)的(de)矛盾冲(chong)突(tu)是本文一大特点(dian)。变法(fa)(fa)未(wei)行，就(jiu)(jiu)遭到守旧(jiu)派(pai)的(de)公然(ran)(ran)(ran)反对。商(shang)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)与甘龙、杜挚面(mian)对面(mian)的(de)斗(dou)(dou)争，其焦点(dian)就(jiu)(jiu)集中(zhong)在“法(fa)(fa)古”、“循礼”还是“治世不一道、便(bian)国不法(fa)(fa)古”的(de)冲(chong)突(tu)上；变法(fa)(fa)实行，众皆哗然(ran)(ran)(ran)，“言(yan)初(chu)令(ling)之不便(bian)者以千数”。商(shang)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)却立木悬赏，取(qu)信于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)；刑(xing)太(tai)子师，以肃(su)其法(fa)(fa)。变法(fa)(fa)十年，“秦民(min)(min)大悦”，“家(jia)给(ji)人足(zu)”“民(min)(min)勇(yong)于(yu)(yu)公战、怯于(yu)(yu)私斗(dou)(dou)”，国家(jia)日益(yi)强盛。率师包围(wei)安邑，俘魏公子卬，迫使魏国割地(di)迁都，亦是变法(fa)(fa)极富成(cheng)效的(de)佐证。他悲剧的(de)结局(ju)乃是与守旧(jiu)派(pai)斗(dou)(dou)争的(de)延续。与赵良(liang)一席谈话，其祸已萌，但商(shang)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)终未(wei)采纳赵良(liang)言(yan)，受制(zhi)于(yu)(yu)自(zi)己的(de)变法(fa)(fa)，作茧自(zi)缚(fu)，以至车裂族灭，并非偶(ou)然(ran)(ran)(ran)。
从章(zhang)法(fa)结构上看，前有蓄势，后有照应(ying)，通篇以(yi)(yi)变法(fa)作(zuo)骨。始言商(shang)鞅(yang)“好刑(xing)(xing)名法(fa)术(shu)之(zhi)学”，为(wei)(wei)变法(fa)作(zuo)了辅垫；继而“鞅(yang)欲变法(fa)”，导(dao)出革新与守旧的斗争；“卒定变法(fa)之(zhi)令”，具体(ti)记载了新法(fa)的内容；“于是太子(zi)犯法(fa)”，刑(xing)(xing)黥太子(zi)师傅、以(yi)(yi)严法(fa)令；而终以(yi)(yi)“嗟乎，为(wei)(wei)法(fa)之(zhi)敝一至此”。材料取舍紧紧围绕变法(fa)之(zhi)骨，使得(de)骨坚(jian)而肉丰、血脉贯通而主题(ti)突出。
《商君列传》乃历史实录，当(dang)是不(bu)言(yan)而(er)(er)(er)喻的。而(er)(er)(er)强烈(lie)的文学色彩特别是适当(dang)的小(xiao)说因(yin)素，更突出了这篇(pian)记载的本质真(zhen)实。本文调(diao)动了夸张(zhang)、比照(zhao)、对偶、排比、形容、描写(xie)等多种(zhong)文学手段，析理透辟、深刻，语(yu)言(yan)生(sheng)动形象。而(er)(er)(er)这些文学手段多着眼(yan)于人物精神世界
的刻画和细节的描写，使(shi)人物更为(wei)丰满、灵动(dong)、传神，而又(you)不失历史的真(zhen)实。
商君逃难一节(jie)，《战国策》并没记载。恐怕是出于(yu)太史(shi)公的(de)虚构，这(zhei)一细节(jie)显然又是后世小说创作中的(de)“误会(hui)法”，运用误会(hui)，生(sheng)发矛盾，引起戏剧性效果。这(zhei)类细节(jie)不仅不伤害历史(shi)的(de)真实，而且使历史(shi)人物、历史(shi)事件的(de)本质彰明、突出，增强了历史(shi)感，从(cong)而给(ji)人以更(geng)生(sheng)动、更(geng)形(xing)象、更(geng)深刻的(de)印(yin)记。
商君(jun)，是卫国(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)君(jun)姬(ji)妾生的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子。名鞅(yang)，姓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)本来(lai)姓姬(ji)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)年轻时就(jiu)喜欢刑名法术(shu)之学，侍奉魏(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)相公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)做了(le)中庶子。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)知(zhi)道他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)贤能(neng)(neng)，还没来(lai)得及向(xiang)魏(wei)(wei)王(wang)推荐(jian)。正赶上公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)得了(le)病(bing)，魏(wei)(wei)惠(hui)王(wang)亲自去看望他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，说(shuo)：“你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)倘有不(bu)测，国(guo)(guo)家(jia)将(jiang)怎么办呢(ni)？”公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)回答说(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)中庶子公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)，虽然年轻，却有奇才(cai)，希望大(da)王(wang)能(neng)(neng)把国(guo)(guo)政全部交给(ji)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，由他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)去治(zhi)理。”魏(wei)(wei)惠(hui)王(wang)听(ting)后(hou)默(mo)默(mo)无言。当(dang)魏(wei)(wei)惠(hui)王(wang)将(jiang)要(yao)(yao)离开时，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)屏退左右随侍人员，说(shuo)：“大(da)王(wang)假如不(bu)任(ren)用公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)，就(jiu)一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)杀(sha)(sha)掉他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，不(bu)要(yao)(yao)让他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)走(zou)出国(guo)(guo)境。”魏(wei)(wei)王(wang)答应了(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)就(jiu)离去了(le)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)召来(lai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)，道歉说(shuo)：“刚才(cai)大(da)王(wang)询问能(neng)(neng)够出任(ren)国(guo)(guo)相的(de)(de)(de)人，我(wo)(wo)推荐(jian)了(le)你(ni)。看大(da)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)情不(bu)会同意(yi)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)建议。我(wo)(wo)当(dang)先(xian)忠于君(jun)后(hou)考(kao)虑臣的(de)(de)(de)立场(chang)，因而劝大(da)王(wang)假如不(bu)任(ren)用公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)，就(jiu)该杀(sha)(sha)掉他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。大(da)王(wang)答应了(le)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)请求(qiu)。你(ni)赶快(kuai)离开吧(ba)，不(bu)快(kuai)走(zou)马上就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)被擒。”公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)说(shuo)：“大(da)王(wang)既然不(bu)能(neng)(neng)听(ting)您的(de)(de)(de)话任(ren)用我(wo)(wo)，又怎么能(neng)(neng)听(ting)您的(de)(de)(de)话来(lai)杀(sha)(sha)我(wo)(wo)呢(ni)？”终于没有离开魏(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)。惠(hui)王(wang)离开后(hou)，对随侍人员说(shuo)：“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)很严重，真叫(jiao)人伤心啊(a)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)想要(yao)(yao)我(wo)(wo)把国(guo)(guo)政全部交给(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)掌管，难(nan)道不(bu)是糊涂了(le)吗？”
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔座死后不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙鞅(yang)听(ting)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)秦(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下令在全国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)寻(xun)访有才能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人，要(yao)重整秦(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸业(ye)(ye)，向东(dong)收复(fu)失地，他(ta)(ta)(ta)就西去秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，依靠(kao)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宠臣(chen)姓(xing)景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太监(jian)(jian)(jian)求见(jian)(jian)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召见(jian)(jian)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)，让(rang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)了(le)(le)(le)很(hen)长时间的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)大事，孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)边(bian)听(ting)一(yi)(yi)边(bian)打瞌睡，一(yi)(yi)点也听(ting)不(bu)(bu)(bu)进去。事后孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)迁怒(nu)景监(jian)(jian)(jian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)人是(shi)大言欺人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)家(jia)伙，这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)人怎么(me)能(neng)任用(yong)呢！”景监(jian)(jian)(jian)又(you)用(yong)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话责备(bei)(bei)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)。卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)用(yong)尧、舜(shun)治国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)劝说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)大王，他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)志不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)领会。”过了(le)(le)(le)几(ji)(ji)天(tian)，景监(jian)(jian)(jian)又(you)请(qing)求孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召见(jian)(jian)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)。卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)再(zai)见(jian)(jian)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时，把治国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之道(dao)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淋漓尽致，可(ke)是(shi)还合不(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)意(yi)。事后孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又(you)责备(bei)(bei)景监(jian)(jian)(jian)，景监(jian)(jian)(jian)也责备(bei)(bei)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)。卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)用(yong)禹(yu)、汤(tang)、文、武(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)劝说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)大王而他(ta)(ta)(ta)听(ting)不(bu)(bu)(bu)进去。请(qing)求他(ta)(ta)(ta)再(zai)召见(jian)(jian)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)。”卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)又(you)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)见(jian)(jian)到孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)对他(ta)(ta)(ta)很(hen)友好，可(ke)是(shi)没任用(yong)他(ta)(ta)(ta)。会见(jian)(jian)退出后，孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)对景监(jian)(jian)(jian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)错(cuo)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)可(ke)以和他(ta)(ta)(ta)谈(tan)(tan)谈(tan)(tan)了(le)(le)(le)。”景监(jian)(jian)(jian)告(gao)诉(su)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)，卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)用(yong)春秋(qiu)五霸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)去说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)服大王，看他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)思是(shi)准备(bei)(bei)采纳了(le)(le)(le)。果真再(zai)召见(jian)(jian)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)就知道(dao)该说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)些什么(me)啦。”于是(shi)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)又(you)见(jian)(jian)到了(le)(le)(le)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)跟他(ta)(ta)(ta)谈(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)常投(tou)机，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知不(bu)(bu)(bu)觉地在垫席上(shang)向前(qian)移动膝盖(gai)，谈(tan)(tan)了(le)(le)(le)好几(ji)(ji)天(tian)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)觉得厌倦(juan)。景监(jian)(jian)(jian)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“您(nin)凭(ping)什么(me)能(neng)合上(shang)大王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)意(yi)呢？我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)们国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)高兴(xing)极(ji)了(le)(le)(le)。”卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)回答说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)劝大王采用(yong)帝王治国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办(ban)法(fa)(fa)，建立夏、商(shang)、周那(nei)样的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盛世，可(ke)是(shi)大王说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：‘时间太长了(le)(le)(le)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)等，何况贤(xian)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)，谁(shei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)希望自己在位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)时候名扬天(tian)下，怎么(me)能(neng)叫我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)闷(men)闷(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)乐地等上(shang)几(ji)(ji)十年、几(ji)(ji)百(bai)年才成就帝王大业(ye)(ye)呢？’所以，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)用(yong)富国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)强兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办(ban)法(fa)(fa)劝说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)才特别高兴(xing)。然而，这(zhei)(zhei)样也就不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)与(yu)殷(yin)、周的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德行相媲(pi)美(mei)了(le)(le)(le)。”
孝公(gong)任用(yong)卫(wei)鞅后(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久，打算(suan)变(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)法(fa)(fa)度(du)(du)(du)，又恐怕(pa)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)议论自己(ji)。卫(wei)鞅说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“行动犹豫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)决，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)搞出名堂，办事(shi)犹豫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)决就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)成(cheng)(cheng)功。况(kuang)且超(chao)出常人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行为(wei)，本来就(jiu)常被(bei)世俗(su)非议；有独(du)道见(jian)(jian)解的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，一(yi)(yi)定会(hui)被(bei)一(yi)(yi)般人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)嘲(chao)笑(xiao)。愚(yu)蠢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)后(hou)都(dou)弄不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)白，聪(cong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)先就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)预见(jian)(jian)将(jiang)要(yao)发生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和百姓谋(mou)划新事(shi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)创始而(er)(er)可以(yi)(yi)和他(ta)们共(gong)(gong)享成(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欢乐。探讨最(zui)高(gao)道德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与世俗(su)合流(liu)，成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)大(da)业的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与一(yi)(yi)般人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)共(gong)(gong)谋(mou)。因此，圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只(zhi)要(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)够使(shi)国(guo)家(jia)强(qiang)盛(sheng)，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必(bi)沿(yan)(yan)用(yong)旧(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)；只(zhi)要(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)够利(li)于(yu)(yu)百姓，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必(bi)遵循旧(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礼制(zhi)(zhi)。”孝公(gong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“讲(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)。”甘龙(long)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)这(zhei)样。圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改变(bian)民(min)(min)俗(su)而(er)(er)施以(yi)(yi)教(jiao)化，聪(cong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改变(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)而(er)(er)治理国(guo)家(jia)。顺应(ying)民(min)(min)风民(min)(min)俗(su)而(er)(er)施教(jiao)化，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)费力就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)功；沿(yan)(yan)袭(xi)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)而(er)(er)治理国(guo)家(jia)，官吏习惯而(er)(er)百姓安定。”卫(wei)鞅说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“甘龙(long)所说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)世俗(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa)啊。一(yi)(yi)般人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)安于(yu)(yu)旧(jiu)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)习俗(su)，而(er)(er)读书(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)拘泥于(yu)(yu)书(shu)本上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)见(jian)(jian)闻。这(zhei)两种人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)奉公(gong)守法(fa)(fa)还可以(yi)(yi)，但不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和他(ta)们谈论成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改革。三代礼制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同而(er)(er)都(dou)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)统(tong)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)，五伯法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)都(dou)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)各霸一(yi)(yi)方。聪(cong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制(zhi)(zhi)定法(fa)(fa)度(du)(du)(du)，愚(yu)蠢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)法(fa)(fa)度(du)(du)(du)制(zhi)(zhi)约(yue)；贤能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)变(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)礼制(zhi)(zhi)，寻常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)礼制(zhi)(zhi)约(yue)束。”杜(du)挚说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“没(mei)有百倍(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)改变(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)；没(mei)有十倍(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功效(xiao)(xiao)，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更(geng)(geng)(geng)换旧(jiu)器。仿(fang)效(xiao)(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)没(mei)有过失，遵循旧(jiu)礼不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)会(hui)出偏(pian)差。”卫(wei)鞅说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“治理国(guo)家(jia)没(mei)有一(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)办法(fa)(fa)，有利(li)于(yu)(yu)国(guo)家(jia)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)仿(fang)效(xiao)(xiao)旧(jiu)法(fa)(fa)度(du)(du)(du)。所以(yi)(yi)汤武不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沿(yan)(yan)袭(xi)旧(jiu)法(fa)(fa)度(du)(du)(du)而(er)(er)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)王天(tian)下(xia)(xia)，夏殷不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)换旧(jiu)礼制(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)灭亡。反(fan)对旧(jiu)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)非难，而(er)(er)沿(yan)(yan)袭(xi)旧(jiu)礼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)值得赞扬。”孝公(gong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“讲(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)任命(ming)卫(wei)鞅为(wei)左庶(shu)长，终于(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)变(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)令。
下令把(ba)十(shi)家(jia)编(bian)成一(yi)什，五家(jia)编(bian)成一(yi)伍(wu)，互相(xiang)监(jian)视(shi)检举，一(yi)家(jia)犯(fan)法(fa)，十(shi)家(jia)连带治罪。不(bu)告(gao)发奸(jian)(jian)恶(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)处(chu)以拦腰(yao)斩断的(de)(de)(de)(de)刑(xing)罚，告(gao)发奸(jian)(jian)恶(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)与斩敌首级(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同样受赏(shang)(shang)，隐藏奸(jian)(jian)恶(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)与投降敌人(ren)同样的(de)(de)(de)(de)惩(cheng)罚。一(yi)家(jia)有(you)(you)两个以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)壮丁不(bu)分居的(de)(de)(de)(de)，赋(fu)税(shui)加倍。有(you)(you)军(jun)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)，各按(an)标准升爵受赏(shang)(shang)；为私(si)事(shi)斗殴的(de)(de)(de)(de)，按(an)情节(jie)轻重分别(bie)处(chu)以大小不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)刑(xing)罚。致力于农业生产(chan)(chan)(chan)，让粮食(shi)丰收、布帛(bo)增产(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)除自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)劳役或赋(fu)税(shui)。因(yin)从(cong)事(shi)工商业及懒惰(duo)而贫(pin)穷的(de)(de)(de)(de)，把(ba)他(ta)们(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)妻子(zi)全都没(mei)收为官奴(nu)。王(wang)族里没(mei)有(you)(you)军(jun)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)能(neng)列(lie)入家(jia)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)册。明确(que)尊卑爵位(wei)等(deng)(deng)级(ji)，各按(an)等(deng)(deng)级(ji)差别(bie)占有(you)(you)土地(di)、房产(chan)(chan)(chan)，家(jia)臣奴(nu)婢的(de)(de)(de)(de)衣裳、服饰，按(an)各家(jia)爵位(wei)等(deng)(deng)级(ji)决定。有(you)(you)军(jun)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)显(xian)赫荣(rong)耀，没(mei)有(you)(you)军(jun)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)即使很富有(you)(you)也不(bu)能(neng)显(xian)荣(rong)。
新(xin)法准备就(jiu)绪后，还没(mei)公布，恐怕百(bai)姓不相信，就(jiu)在国都后边市(shi)场的南(nan)门竖(shu)起一(yi)(yi)根三丈(zhang)长的木头，招募百(bai)姓中能把(ba)木头搬到北(bei)门的人赏给(ji)十金。百(bai)姓觉得这(zhei)件事很奇怪，没(mei)人敢(gan)动。又宣布“能把(ba)木头搬到北(bei)门的人赏五(wu)十金”。有一(yi)(yi)个人把(ba)它搬走了(le)，当(dang)下就(jiu)给(ji)了(le)他五(wu)十金，借此表(biao)明令出必行(xing)，绝不欺骗(pian)。事后就(jiu)颁布了(le)新(xin)法。
新(xin)法在民(min)间施(shi)行(xing)了整一年，秦国(guo)老(lao)百姓(xing)到(dao)国(guo)都(dou)(dou)说(shuo)新(xin)法不方便的人(ren)(ren)数以(yi)千计。正当这时(shi)，太子触犯了新(xin)法。卫鞅说(shuo)：“新(xin)法不能顺(shun)利推行(xing)，是因(yin)为上层人(ren)(ren)触犯它。”将依新(xin)法处(chu)罚太子。太子，是国(guo)君的继承(cheng)人(ren)(ren)，又不能施(shi)以(yi)刑罚，于是就处(chu)罚了监督他行(xing)为的老(lao)师公(gong)子虔，以(yi)墨刑处(chu)罚了给他传授知识(shi)的老(lao)师公(gong)孙贾。第二(er)天，秦国(guo)人(ren)(ren)就都(dou)(dou)遵照新(xin)法执行(xing)了。新(xin)法推行(xing)了十年，秦国(guo)百姓(xing)都(dou)(dou)非常高兴，路上没有人(ren)(ren)拾(shi)别人(ren)(ren)丢的东西为己有，山林里也没了盗贼，家(jia)家(jia)富(fu)裕充(chong)足。人(ren)(ren)民(min)勇于为国(guo)家(jia)打仗(zhang)，不敢为私利争斗，乡村、城镇社会秩序安定。当初说(shuo)新(xin)法不方便的秦国(guo)百姓(xing)又有来说(shuo)法令方便的，卫鞅说(shuo)：“这都(dou)(dou)是扰乱(luan)教(jiao)化的人(ren)(ren)”，于是把他们(men)全部迁到(dao)边疆去。此(ci)后，百姓(xing)再没人(ren)(ren)敢议论(lun)新(xin)法了。
于(yu)是卫鞅被任(ren)命为(wei)大良造。率领着军队(dui)围攻魏国(guo)(guo)安邑，使(shi)他们屈服(fu)投降。过(guo)了(le)(le)三年，秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)在(zai)咸阳(yang)建筑宫廷(ting)城阙，把国(guo)(guo)都(dou)从雍地迁到咸阳(yang)。下令禁止百姓父子(zi)兄弟同居一室。把零星的乡镇村庄合并成(cheng)县(xian)，设置(zhi)了(le)(le)县(xian)令、县(xian)丞，总共合并划分(fen)为(wei)三十一个县(xian)。废除井田重新划分(fen)田塍的界线，鼓(gu)励开垦(ken)荒地，而使(shi)赋(fu)税平衡。统一全国(guo)(guo)的度(du)量衡制度(du)。施行了(le)(le)四(si)年，公子(zi)虔(qian)又犯了(le)(le)新法，被判(pan)处劓刑。过(guo)了(le)(le)五年，秦(qin)国(guo)(guo)富强，周天子(zi)把祭肉赐给秦(qin)孝公，各国(guo)(guo)诸侯(hou)都(dou)来祝贺(he)。
第二年，齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)军(jun)(jun)队在马陵打(da)败(bai)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)军(jun)(jun)，俘虏了(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)太子申，射杀将(jiang)(jiang)军(jun)(jun)庞涓。下一年，卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)劝孝(xiao)公(gong)说(shuo)：“秦和魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)关系(xi)，就(jiu)(jiu)象人(ren)得了(le)(le)心腹疾病，不是魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兼并了(le)(le)秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，就(jiu)(jiu)是秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)吞(tun)并了(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。为(wei)什么(me)要这(zhei)(zhei)样说(shuo)呢(ni)？魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)(di)(di)处山岭险要的(de)(de)(de)西部，建都安邑，与秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)黄河(he)为(wei)界而独立据(ju)有崤山以(yi)东(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)利(li)(li)。形势(shi)有利(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西进(jin)犯秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，没利(li)(li)时就(jiu)(jiu)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)东(dong)(dong)扩展领(ling)地(di)(di)(di)。如(ru)今(jin)凭(ping)借大(da)王(wang)(wang)圣明贤(xian)能(neng)，秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)才繁荣昌盛(sheng)。而魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)往年被(bei)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打(da)得大(da)败(bai)，诸侯们都背叛了(le)(le)他(ta)，可(ke)以(yi)趁此良机(ji)攻(gong)打(da)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)抵挡(dang)不住秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，必然(ran)要向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)东(dong)(dong)撤退。一向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)东(dong)(dong)撤退，秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)(jiu)占据(ju)了(le)(le)黄河(he)和崤山险固的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)势(shi)，向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)东(dong)(dong)就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)控制各国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)诸侯，这(zhei)(zhei)可(ke)是统一天(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)帝王(wang)(wang)伟业啊(a)(a)！”孝(xiao)公(gong)认为(wei)说(shuo)得对(dui)。就(jiu)(jiu)派(pai)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)率(lv)领(ling)军(jun)(jun)队攻(gong)打(da)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)派(pai)公(gong)子卬(ang)(ang)领(ling)兵迎击(ji)。两(liang)军(jun)(jun)相拒对(dui)峙，卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)派(pai)人(ren)给魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)将(jiang)(jiang)公(gong)子卬(ang)(ang)送(song)来一封信，写(xie)道(dao)：“我(wo)当(dang)初与公(gong)子相处的(de)(de)(de)很快(kuai)(kuai)乐，如(ru)今(jin)你我(wo)成(cheng)了(le)(le)敌对(dui)两(liang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)将(jiang)(jiang)领(ling)，不忍心相互攻(gong)击(ji)，可(ke)以(yi)与公(gong)子当(dang)面(mian)相见，订立盟约，痛(tong)痛(tong)快(kuai)(kuai)快(kuai)(kuai)地(di)(di)(di)喝几杯然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)各自撤兵，让秦魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)两(liang)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相安无事。”魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)子卬(ang)(ang)认为(wei)卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)说(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)对(dui)。会盟结(jie)束(shu)，喝酒，而卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)埋伏(fu)下的(de)(de)(de)士兵突(tu)然(ran)袭击(ji)并俘虏了(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)子卬(ang)(ang)，趁机(ji)攻(gong)打(da)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)军(jun)(jun)队，彻底打(da)垮了(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)军(jun)(jun)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，押(ya)着公(gong)子卬(ang)(ang)班师回国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)惠王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)军(jun)(jun)队多次被(bei)齐(qi)(qi)、秦击(ji)溃，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)内空虚，一天(tian)比一天(tian)消(xiao)弱，害怕了(le)(le)，就(jiu)(jiu)派(pai)使者割让河(he)西地(di)(di)(di)区奉献给秦国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)做为(wei)媾和的(de)(de)(de)条件。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)(jiu)离开安邑，迁都大(da)梁(liang)。梁(liang)惠王(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)悔(hui)地(di)(di)(di)说(shuo)：“我(wo)真后(hou)(hou)(hou)悔(hui)当(dang)初没采纳(na)公(gong)叔座的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)见啊(a)(a)。”卫(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)(yang)打(da)败(bai)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)军(jun)(jun)回来以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，秦孝(xiao)公(gong)把於、商(shang)十五(wu)个(ge)邑封给了(le)(le)他(ta)，封号叫做商(shang)君。
商(shang)(shang)君(jun)出任(ren)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)相(xiang)(xiang)十年(nian)，很(hen)多皇(huang)亲国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)戚都怨(yuan)恨他(ta)(ta)。赵良(liang)去见商(shang)(shang)君(jun)。商(shang)(shang)君(jun)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)(wo)能(neng)见到你，是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)孟兰皋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介绍(shao)，现在(zai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)们交(jiao)个(ge)朋友，可以(yi)吗？”赵良(liang)回答说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“鄙(bi)(bi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)奢望。孔子(zi)(zi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)过(guo)(guo)：‘推(tui)荐(jian)贤(xian)能(neng)，受到人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民拥戴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才会(hui)(hui)前(qian)(qian)来(lai)(lai)；聚(ju)集(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖之徒，即使能(neng)使成王(wang)业的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也会(hui)(hui)引退。’鄙(bi)(bi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才，所以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)从(cong)(cong)(cong)命(ming)(ming)(ming)。鄙(bi)(bi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)听(ting)(ting)(ting)到过(guo)(guo)这(zhei)样(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法：‘不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)该(gai)占有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)职位而(er)(er)占有(you)它(ta)叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)贪(tan)(tan)位，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)该(gai)享有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)声(sheng)而(er)(er)享有(you)它(ta)叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)贪(tan)(tan)名(ming)。’鄙(bi)(bi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)接受了(le)(le)您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情谊，恐怕那(nei)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)鄙(bi)(bi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)既贪(tan)(tan)位又(you)贪(tan)(tan)名(ming)了(le)(le)。所以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)从(cong)(cong)(cong)命(ming)(ming)(ming)。”商(shang)(shang)鞅说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“您(nin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高兴我(wo)(wo)(wo)对(dui)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治理(li)(li)吗？”赵良(liang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“能(neng)够听(ting)(ting)(ting)从(cong)(cong)(cong)别人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意见叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)聪(cong)，能(neng)够自我(wo)(wo)(wo)省(sheng)察叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)明，能(neng)够自我(wo)(wo)(wo)克(ke)制(zhi)叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)强(qiang)。虞舜曾说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)过(guo)(guo)：‘自我(wo)(wo)(wo)谦虚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)尊重(zhong)。’您(nin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)遵(zun)循虞舜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主张去做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，无须(xu)问我(wo)(wo)(wo)了(le)(le)。”商(shang)(shang)鞅说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“当(dang)(dang)初，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)习俗(su)和戎狄(di)一(yi)(yi)样(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，父子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分开，男女老少(shao)同居(ju)一(yi)(yi)室。如(ru)今(jin)(jin)我(wo)(wo)(wo)改(gai)变了(le)(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)，使他(ta)(ta)们男女有(you)别，分居(ju)而(er)(er)住(zhu)，大(da)(da)造(zao)宫廷城(cheng)阙，把秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)营建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)像鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、魏国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)样(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。您(nin)看我(wo)(wo)(wo)治理(li)(li)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，与五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)比(bi)，谁更(geng)(geng)有(you)才干(gan)？”赵良(liang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“一(yi)(yi)千张羊皮比(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)领狐(hu)腋(ye)贵重(zhong)，一(yi)(yi)千个(ge)随(sui)声(sheng)附合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)比(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)正(zheng)义直(zhi)言(yan)。武(wu)王(wang)允(yun)许大(da)(da)臣们直(zhi)言(yan)谏诤，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家就(jiu)(jiu)昌(chang)盛(sheng)，纣王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)臣不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)讲话(hua)，因而(er)(er)灭亡(wang)。您(nin)如(ru)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)反对(dui)武(wu)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)法，那(nei)么(me)(me)，请(qing)允(yun)许鄙(bi)(bi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)整(zheng)天(tian)直(zhi)言(yan)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受责(ze)备，可以(yi)吗？”商(shang)(shang)君(jun)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“俗(su)话(hua)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，外(wai)表上(shang)(shang)动听(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)好比(bi)是(shi)(shi)花(hua)朵，真实(shi)(shi)至(zhi)诚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)如(ru)同果(guo)实(shi)(shi)，苦(ku)口相(xiang)(xiang)劝(quan)、听(ting)(ting)(ting)来(lai)(lai)逆(ni)耳(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)是(shi)(shi)治病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)药，献媚奉(feng)承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua)是(shi)(shi)疾病(bing)。您(nin)果(guo)真肯终(zhong)日正(zheng)义直(zhi)言(yan)，那(nei)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)治病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)药了(le)(le)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)将拜您(nin)为(wei)(wei)师(shi)(shi)，您(nin)为(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)(me)又(you)拒绝和我(wo)(wo)(wo)交(jiao)朋友呢！”赵良(liang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“那(nei)五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，是(shi)(shi)楚国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)偏僻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乡下人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。听(ting)(ting)(ting)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)贤(xian)明，就(jiu)(jiu)想去当(dang)(dang)面拜见，要(yao)(yao)(yao)去却没有(you)路(lu)费，就(jiu)(jiu)把自己(ji)卖给(ji)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，穿着(zhe)粗(cu)布(bu)短衣(yi)给(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家喂(wei)牛(niu)。整(zheng)整(zheng)过(guo)(guo)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)知(zhi)道(dao)了(le)(le)这(zhei)件(jian)事，把他(ta)(ta)从(cong)(cong)(cong)牛(niu)嘴下面提拔起来(lai)(lai)，凌驾于(yu)万人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之上(shang)(shang)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)没有(you)谁不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)满(man)意。他(ta)(ta)出任(ren)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)相(xiang)(xiang)六(liu)七年(nian)，向(xiang)东(dong)讨伐过(guo)(guo)郑国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，三次(ci)拥立(li)晋国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)，一(yi)(yi)次(ci)出兵救楚。在(zai)境内施(shi)行(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)。巴(ba)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)前(qian)(qian)来(lai)(lai)纳贡；施(shi)德(de)(de)政(zheng)于(yu)诸侯，四方(fang)(fang)少(shao)数民族前(qian)(qian)来(lai)(lai)朝见。由(you)余听(ting)(ting)(ting)到这(zhei)种情形，前(qian)(qian)来(lai)(lai)敲门(men)(men)(men)投奔。五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)出任(ren)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)相(xiang)(xiang)，劳累不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)坐车(che)，酷(ku)暑(shu)炎热不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)打伞(san)，走遍国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用随(sui)从(cong)(cong)(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)辆，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)带武(wu)装防卫(wei)，他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功名(ming)载于(yu)史册，藏于(yu)府库(ku)，他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)施(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)于(yu)后(hou)代。五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)死时(shi)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)论男女都痛哭流涕，连小孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)唱歌谣，正(zheng)在(zai)舂米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也因悲哀而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)发出相(xiang)(xiang)应的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼声(sheng)。这(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)羖(gu)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)啊(a)。如(ru)今(jin)(jin)您(nin)得(de)以(yi)见秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)，靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)宠臣景监推(tui)荐(jian)介绍(shao)，这(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)什(shen)么(me)(me)名(ming)声(sheng)了(le)(le)。身(shen)(shen)为(wei)(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)造(zao)福而(er)(er)大(da)(da)规(gui)模(mo)地(di)(di)(di)营建宫阙，这(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)为(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家建立(li)功业了(le)(le)。惩治太子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)师(shi)(shi)傅，用严刑酷(ku)法残害百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)，这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)积累怨(yuan)恨、聚(ju)积祸(huo)患啊(a)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)比(bi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)更(geng)(geng)深入人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)，百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)模(mo)仿(fang)上(shang)(shang)边的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)为(wei)(wei)比(bi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)更(geng)(geng)为(wei)(wei)迅速。如(ru)今(jin)(jin)您(nin)却违情背(bei)理(li)(li)地(di)(di)(di)建立(li)权威变更(geng)(geng)法度，这(zhei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)对(dui)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)施(shi)行(xing)(xing)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)啊(a)。您(nin)又(you)在(zai)商(shang)(shang)於(wu)(wu)封地(di)(di)(di)南(nan)面称君(jun)，天(tian)天(tian)用新法来(lai)(lai)逼(bi)迫秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贵族子(zi)(zi)弟(di)。《诗(shi)经》上(shang)(shang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：‘相(xiang)(xiang)鼠还懂(dong)得(de)礼貌，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)反而(er)(er)没有(you)礼仪，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)既然失去了(le)(le)礼仪，为(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)快(kuai)快(kuai)地(di)(di)(di)死呢。’照这(zhei)句诗(shi)看来(lai)(lai)，实(shi)(shi)在(zai)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)恭(gong)维您(nin)了(le)(le)。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)虔闭门(men)(men)(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出已经八年(nian)了(le)(le)，您(nin)又(you)杀死祝(zhu)欢(huan)而(er)(er)用墨刑惩处公(gong)(gong)孙贾。《诗(shi)经》上(shang)(shang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：‘得(de)到人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振兴，失掉人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灭亡(wang)。’这(zhei)几(ji)件(jian)事，都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)得(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呀。您(nin)一(yi)(yi)出门(men)(men)(men)，后(hou)边跟着(zhe)数以(yi)十计的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)辆，车(che)上(shang)(shang)都是(shi)(shi)顶盔(kui)贯(guan)甲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卫(wei)士，身(shen)(shen)强(qiang)力壮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)贴身(shen)(shen)警(jing)卫(wei)，持矛操戟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)紧靠(kao)您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)车(che)子(zi)(zi)奔随(sui)。这(zhei)些(xie)防卫(wei)缺少(shao)一(yi)(yi)样(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，您(nin)必定不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)出门(men)(men)(men)。《尚书(shu)》上(shang)(shang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：‘凭靠(kao)施(shi)德(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)昌(chang)盛(sheng)，凭靠(kao)武(wu)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灭亡(wang)。’您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)处境就(jiu)(jiu)好象早(zao)晨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)露水(shui)，很(hen)快(kuai)就(jiu)(jiu)会(hui)(hui)消亡(wang)一(yi)(yi)样(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)危险，您(nin)还打算要(yao)(yao)(yao)延年(nian)益寿吗？那(nei)为(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)把商(shang)(shang)於(wu)(wu)十五(wu)(wu)邑封地(di)(di)(di)交(jiao)还秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，到偏僻荒远的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)浇园(yuan)自耕，劝(quan)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)重(zhong)用那(nei)些(xie)隐居(ju)山(shan)林的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤(xian)才，赡养老人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，抚育(yu)孤儿，使父兄相(xiang)(xiang)互敬重(zhong)，依功序(xu)爵，尊崇(chong)有(you)德(de)(de)之士，这(zhei)样(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)才可以(yi)稍保(bao)平安(an)。您(nin)还要(yao)(yao)(yao)贪(tan)(tan)图商(shang)(shang)於(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富有(you)，以(yi)独揽秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)为(wei)(wei)荣(rong)宠，聚(ju)集(ji)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)怨(yuan)恨，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)舍弃宾(bin)客而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)当(dang)(dang)朝，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所要(yao)(yao)(yao)拘捕(bu)您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)难道(dao)能(neng)少(shao)吗？您(nin)丧身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)象抬(tai)起足(zu)来(lai)(lai)那(nei)样(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)迅速地(di)(di)(di)到来(lai)(lai)。”但商(shang)(shang)君(jun)没有(you)听(ting)(ting)(ting)从(cong)(cong)(cong)赵良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劝(quan)告。
五(wu)个(ge)月(yue)之后(hou)，秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)去世，太子(zi)即(ji)位。公(gong)子(zi)虔一班人(ren)(ren)告(gao)发商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)要造(zao)反(fan)，派人(ren)(ren)去逮捕商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)。商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)逃(tao)跑到(dao)(dao)(dao)边境(jing)关(guan)口(kou)，想(xiang)住(zhu)旅(lv)店。旅(lv)店的(de)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)他(ta)(ta)就是商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)，说：“商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)有令，住(zhu)店的(de)人(ren)(ren)没有证件(jian)店主(zhu)要连(lian)带判罪。”商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)长长地叹息说：“唉呀！制(zhi)定新法(fa)的(de)遗害竟然到(dao)(dao)(dao)了这样的(de)地步！”离开秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)潜逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)怨恨他(ta)(ta)欺骗公(gong)子(zi)卬而打败魏(wei)(wei)(wei)军，拒绝(jue)收留他(ta)(ta)。商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)打算到(dao)(dao)(dao)别(bie)的(de)国(guo)(guo)(guo)家。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)说：“商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)，是秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)逃(tao)犯，秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)强大逃(tao)犯跑到(dao)(dao)(dao)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)国(guo)(guo)(guo)来(lai)，不(bu)送还，不(bu)行。”于是把(ba)商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)送回秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)再回到(dao)(dao)(dao)秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)，就潜逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)他(ta)(ta)的(de)封地商(shang)(shang)邑，和他(ta)(ta)的(de)部属发动邑中的(de)士兵，向北攻(gong)击郑国(guo)(guo)(guo)谋(mou)求生路，秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)出(chu)兵攻(gong)打商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)，把(ba)他(ta)(ta)杀(sha)死在郑国(guo)(guo)(guo)黾(min)池(chi)。秦(qin)(qin)惠(hui)王把(ba)商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)五(wu)马分尸示众，说：“不(bu)要像(xiang)商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)那(nei)样谋(mou)反(fan)！”于是就诛(zhu)灭了商(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)全家。
太史(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)说：商(shang)君(jun)，他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)性就是个(ge)残忍少(shao)恩的(de)(de)(de)(de)人，考察他(ta)当初用(yong)帝王之道游(you)说孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)，凭借着虚饰浮说，不(bu)是他(ta)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)资质。再说凭靠着国君(jun)宠臣(chen)太监的(de)(de)(de)(de)推荐(jian)，等到被任用(yong)，就刑罚公(gong)(gong)(gong)子虔，欺骗魏(wei)将公(gong)(gong)(gong)子卬，不(bu)听(ting)赵(zhao)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)规劝，足以(yi)证明商(shang)君(jun)残忍少(shao)恩了。我曾经读过商(shang)君(jun)开塞耕战(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)书籍，其内容和他(ta)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)作为(wei)相类似。但最终还是在秦国落得个(ge)谋(mou)反的(de)(de)(de)(de)恶(e)名，这是有缘故的(de)(de)(de)(de)呀！
商君(jun)者(zhe)，卫(wei)之(zhi)诸(zhu)庶孽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子也(ye)(ye)①，名鞅(yang)，姓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)氏(shi)，其(qi)祖本姬姓也(ye)(ye)。鞅(yang)少(shao)好刑(xing)名之(zhi)学②，事魏相公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔座(zuo)为中(zhong)庶子。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔座(zuo)知(zhi)其(qi)贤，未(wei)及(ji)进③。会(hui)座(zuo)病④，魏惠王(wang)(wang)亲往问病，曰(yue)：“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔病有如不可讳(hui)⑤，将(jiang)奈社稷何⑥？”公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔曰(yue)：“座(zuo)之(zhi)中(zhong)庶子公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)鞅(yang)，年虽少(shao)，有奇才，愿王(wang)(wang)举国而听之(zhi)。”王(wang)(wang)嘿(hei)然⑦。王(wang)(wang)且去，座(zuo)屏人言(yan)(yan)曰(yue)：“王(wang)(wang)即不听用(yong)鞅(yang)，必杀(sha)之(zhi)，无令(ling)出境。”王(wang)(wang)许诺而去。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔座(zuo)召鞅(yang)谢(xie)曰(yue)：“今者(zhe)王(wang)(wang)问可以(yi)为相者(zhe)，我(wo)言(yan)(yan)若⑧，王(wang)(wang)色不许我(wo)⑨。我(wo)方先君(jun)后(hou)臣，因(yin)谓王(wang)(wang)即弗用(yong)鞅(yang)，当杀(sha)之(zhi)。王(wang)(wang)许我(wo)。汝可疾去矣⑩，且见禽(qin)。”鞅(yang)曰(yue)：“彼王(wang)(wang)不能用(yong)君(jun)之(zhi)言(yan)(yan)任臣，又安(an)能用(yong)君(jun)之(zhi)言(yan)(yan)杀(sha)臣乎？”卒不去。惠王(wang)(wang)既去，而谓左右曰(yue)：“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔病甚，悲乎，欲令(ling)寡人以(yi)国听公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙(sun)鞅(yang)也(ye)(ye)，岂不悖哉！”
①庶孽：旁支(zhi)侧出或妾生(sheng)之(zhi)子。②刑(xing)名之(zhi)学：战(zhan)国(guo)时以(yi)申(shen)不(bu)(bu)害为代(dai)表的法(fa)家(jia)一(yi)派。主(zhu)张循名责实，以(yi)推行法(fa)治，强化上下关系。刑(xing)，通“形”。指形体或事实。名，指言(yan)论或主(zhu)张。③进：推荐、保举。④会：适(shi)逢，正赶上。⑤有如不(bu)(bu)可(ke)讳(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)：倘有不(bu)(bu)测。不(bu)(bu)可(ke)讳(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，亦作“不(bu)(bu)讳(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)”。死亡的婉(wan)转说法(fa)。讳(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，忌(ji)讳(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，隐瞒。⑥这一(yi)句的意思是说国(guo)家(jia)怎么(me)办呢？有托付何人的意思。社稷(ji)：国(guo)家(jia)政权(quan)的代(dai)称。社，土地神(shen)。稷(ji)，谷神(shen)。以(yi)古代(dai)君(jun)主(zhu)都祭祀社稷(ji)，故以(yi)代(dai)称国(guo)家(jia)。⑦嘿：同“默”。⑧言(yan)：指推举。若：你(ni)。⑨色：脸色，神(shen)情。⑩疾：快，迅速。禽：同“擒(qin)”拘捕，捕捉。悖(bei)：荒唐，糊涂。
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔既死(si)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)闻秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下令国(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)求贤者，将修缪公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业①，东复(fu)(fu)(fu)侵(qin)地②，乃(nai)遂西入(ru)秦(qin)，因(yin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宠(chong)臣景(jing)监以(yi)(yi)求见孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)既见卫鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)，语(yu)事良(liang)久(jiu)，孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时时睡(shui)，弗听。罢而孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)怒景(jing)监曰(yue)(yue)：“子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)客妄(wang)人耳，安(an)足用(yong)邪(xie)！”景(jing)监以(yi)(yi)让(rang)卫鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)③。卫鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)说(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)帝(di)道④，其志不开悟矣(yi)。”后五(wu)日(ri)，复(fu)(fu)(fu)求见鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)⑤。鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)复(fu)(fu)(fu)见孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，益愈⑥，然而未(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)旨(zhi)⑦。罢而孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)复(fu)(fu)(fu)让(rang)景(jing)监，景(jing)监亦让(rang)鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)。鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)说(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)王道而未(wei)入(ru)也⑧。请复(fu)(fu)(fu)见鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)。”鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)复(fu)(fu)(fu)见孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而未(wei)用(yong)也。罢而去。孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)谓景(jing)监曰(yue)(yue)：“汝客善，可(ke)与语(yu)矣(yi)。”鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)说(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)霸道⑨，其意欲用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。诚复(fu)(fu)(fu)见我，我知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。”卫鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)复(fu)(fu)(fu)见孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)与语(yu)，不自(zi)知(zhi)厀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前于(yu)席也⑩。语(yu)数日(ri)不厌。景(jing)监曰(yue)(yue)：“子(zi)何以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)吾(wu)君(jun)(jun)？吾(wu)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欢甚也。”鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)说(shuo)君(jun)(jun)以(yi)(yi)帝(di)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道比(bi)(bi)三代，而君(jun)(jun)曰(yue)(yue)：‘久(jiu)远，吾(wu)不能(neng)待(dai)。且贤君(jun)(jun)者，各(ge)及其身显名天下，安(an)能(neng)邑(yi)邑(yi)待(dai)数十百年以(yi)(yi)成帝(di)王乎？’故(gu)吾(wu)以(yi)(yi)强国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)术(shu)说(shuo)君(jun)(jun)，君(jun)(jun)大说(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳(13)。然亦难(nan)以(yi)(yi)比(bi)(bi)德于(yu)殷周矣(yi)(14)。”
①缪(mou)公之业(ye)：指(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公修德行武(wu)，开拓(tuo)疆(jiang)土，争霸(ba)诸侯的(de)事业(ye)。详见卷(juan)五(wu)(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)本(ben)纪(ji)》“孝(xiao)公元年令(ling)”。缪(mou)，通(tong)“穆(mu)(mu)”。②东复侵(qin)地(di)：指(zhi)原属晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)的(de)河(he)西(xi)地(di)区。晋(jin)(jin)献公死去以(yi)后，流亡在外的(de)晋(jin)(jin)公子(zi)夷吾为(wei)了争夺(duo)君(jun)(jun)位(wei)“使人请秦(qin)(qin)，求入(ru)晋(jin)(jin)”，并(bing)表示(shi)“诚(cheng)得立(li)，请割(ge)晋(jin)(jin)之河(he)西(xi)八城与(yu)秦(qin)(qin)”。及夷吾立(li)为(wei)晋(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)，“背约不(bu)(bu)与(yu)河(he)西(xi)城”。秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公十(shi)四年（前646），晋(jin)(jin)乘秦(qin)(qin)饥，兴兵攻(gong)秦(qin)(qin)，结果(guo)晋(jin)(jin)惠公夷吾反被(bei)秦(qin)(qin)生擒，只好与(yu)秦(qin)(qin)盟，“献其河(he)西(xi)地(di)”。后来(lai)“秦(qin)(qin)以(yi)往者数(shu)易君(jun)(jun)，君(jun)(jun)臣乖乱，故(gu)晋(jin)(jin)复强”，把原先割(ge)让给秦(qin)(qin)国(guo)的(de)河(he)西(xi)之地(di)，又重新夺(duo)回。见卷(juan)五(wu)(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)本(ben)纪(ji)》，参见卷(juan)三十(shi)九《晋(jin)(jin)世家》。③让：责备(bei)。④说：规劝(quan)，劝(quan)说。帝道(dao)：相传为(wei)尧舜等五(wu)(wu)帝治理国(guo)家的(de)方(fang)法。⑤这一句(ju)的(de)意(yi)思(si)是景监再向孝(xiao)公请求召(zhao)见公孙鞅(yang)。⑥益愈：反复前日之论，稍加(jia)修正。由帝道(dao)渐入(ru)王(wang)道(dao)。⑦未(wei)中旨：未(wei)能(neng)与(yu)孝(xiao)公的(de)心意(yi)相合。⑧王(wang)道(dao)：即三王(wang)之道(dao)。指(zhi)夏禹、商汤、周(zhou)文(wen)王(wang)、周(zhou)武(wu)王(wang)之道(dao)。⑨霸(ba)道(dao)：即五(wu)(wu)霸(ba)之道(dao)。指(zhi)以(yi)尊王(wang)攘夷为(wei)号召(zhao)的(de)齐桓、晋(jin)(jin)文(wen)之道(dao)。五(wu)(wu)霸(ba)，说法不(bu)(bu)一，一般认为(wei)是秦(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公、晋(jin)(jin)文(wen)公、齐桓公、宋(song)襄公、楚庄(zhuang)王(wang)。他(ta)们多凭借武(wu)力威势治理国(guo)家，开拓(tuo)疆(jiang)土。⑩厀(xi)之前于(yu)席(xi)：身上跪在席(xi)子(zi)上向前膝(xi)行。厀(xi)，通(tong)“膝(xi)”。古人席(xi)地(di)而坐，膝(xi)盖挨着席(xi)子(zi)。三代：指(zhi)夏、商、周(zhou)三个(ge)朝代。邑邑：同“悒悒”。郁闷不(bu)(bu)乐。(13)说：同“悦”。愉快，喜(xi)悦。(14)比德：比量德行。
孝公既用卫鞅①，鞅欲变法(fa)，恐天下议(yi)己。卫鞅曰(yue)：“疑行无名②，疑事无功。且夫(fu)有高人之(zhi)行者(zhe)，固见非于(yu)世(shi)③；有独知(zhi)之(zhi)虑者(zhe)，必见敖于(yu)民(min)④。愚者(zhe)暗于(yu)成(cheng)事⑤，知(zhi)者(zhe)见于(yu)未萌⑥。民(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可与(yu)虑始而(er)可与(yu)乐(le)成(cheng)⑦。论至德(de)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和于(yu)俗，成(cheng)大功者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)谋于(yu)众(zhong)。是以(yi)(yi)圣人苟可以(yi)(yi)强国，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)法(fa)其故⑧；苟可以(yi)(yi)利民(min)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)循其礼。”孝公曰(yue)：“善。”甘龙(long)(long)曰(yue)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然。圣人不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)民(min)而(er)教(jiao)(jiao)⑨，知(zhi)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变法(fa)而(er)治(zhi)。因民(min)而(er)教(jiao)(jiao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)劳而(er)成(cheng)功；缘法(fa)而(er)治(zhi)者(zhe)⑩，吏习而(er)民(min)安(an)之(zhi)。”卫鞅曰(yue)：“龙(long)(long)之(zhi)所言，世(shi)俗之(zhi)言也。常人安(an)于(yu)故俗，学者(zhe)溺(ni)于(yu)所闻。以(yi)(yi)此两者(zhe)居官守(shou)法(fa)可也，非所与(yu)论于(yu)法(fa)之(zhi)外也。三代不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同礼而(er)王，五伯(bo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同法(fa)而(er)霸。智者(zhe)作法(fa)，愚者(zhe)制(zhi)焉(13)；贤者(zhe)更礼，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖者(zhe)拘焉(14)。”杜挚曰(yue)：“利不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)百，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)变法(fa)；功不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)十，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)器(15)。法(fa)古无过，循礼无邪(xie)。”卫鞅曰(yue)：“治(zhi)世(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一道，便(bian)国不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)法(fa)古。故汤武不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)循古而(er)王，夏殷不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)礼而(er)亡。反古者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可非，而(er)循礼者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足多(16)。”孝公曰(yue)：“善。”以(yi)(yi)卫鞅为左(zuo)庶长，卒(zu)定变法(fa)之(zhi)令(ling)。
①卫鞅：商(shang)(shang)鞅为卫国(guo)人(ren)，故称。下(xia)句(ju)“恐(kong)天下(xia)议(yi)己”，是说孝(xiao)公欲从(cong)商(shang)(shang)鞅之言(yan)而变法，可是又怕天下(xia)议(yi)论他，不(bu)(bu)(bu)是说商(shang)(shang)鞅“恐(kong)天下(xia)议(yi)己”。②疑：犹(you)豫不(bu)(bu)(bu)定。③以上(shang)二句(ju)的意思是说，超出常人(ren)的人(ren)本(ben)来要被世俗(su)非难(nan)的。④敖：通(tong)“謷”。嘲笑(xiao)。《商(shang)(shang)君书》或作“骜”，或作“訾”。“骜”通(tong)“訾”。“訾”，毁谤。⑤暗：不(bu)(bu)(bu)清楚，不(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)白。⑥知：通(tong)“智(zhi)”。未(wei)萌：未(wei)发露、察觉。⑦虑：事先谋划、创始(shi)。⑧法：效法。故：指(zhi)成法。⑨易民：改变民风民俗(su)。⑩缘：依照，沿(yan)袭。王：成王，统一天下(xia)。五伯：即五霸。(13)制：被制约。(14)不(bu)(bu)(bu)肖(xiao)：不(bu)(bu)(bu)成材，没出息(xi)。(15)器：指(zhi)古代(dai)标志名位、爵号的器物。(16)多：推重，赞扬。
令民为(wei)什伍①，而相(xiang)牧(mu)司连坐②。不(bu)告(gao)(gao)奸(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)腰斩，告(gao)(gao)奸(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)与(yu)(yu)斩敌首同(tong)赏，匿奸(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)与(yu)(yu)降敌同(tong)罚。民有二男以上不(bu)分异者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)③，倍其赋。有军(jun)功(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，各以率(lv)受上爵④；为(wei)私(si)斗(dou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，各以轻重被刑大(da)小(xiao)。僇力本(ben)业⑤，耕织致粟(su)帛多者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)复其身⑥。事末利及怠(dai)而贫(pin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)⑦，举以为(wei)收孥⑧。宗(zong)室非有军(jun)功(gong)论⑨，不(bu)得为(wei)属籍(ji)⑩。明(ming)尊卑爵秩等级，各以差次(ci)名(ming)田宅，臣妾衣服以家次(ci)。有功(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)显荣，无(wu)功(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)虽富无(wu)所芬华(hua)。
①什(shen)伍：户籍编制，十家(jia)(jia)为什(shen)，五(wu)家(jia)(jia)为伍。②牧司：检(jian)举(ju)，监督。连坐：一人(ren)犯(fan)法，其他人(ren)连带治(zhi)罪。坐，因(yin)犯(fan)……罪。③分异：分家(jia)(jia)另过(guo)。这是为繁殖人(ren)口(kou)，发展生(sheng)产。④率(lv)：标(biao)准(zhun)。⑤僇力：即“戮力”。尽力，致力于。⑥复其身：免其本(ben)身劳役或(huo)赋税。复，免除。⑦事(shi)末(mo)利：从事(shi)工(gong)商业(ye)。末(mo)，非(fei)根本(ben)，不重要(yao)的(de)(de)事(shi)物。古代以农业(ye)为本(ben)，以工(gong)商业(ye)为末(mo)。⑧收(shou)孥：拘(ju)挚本(ben)人(ren)妻(qi)子，没收(shou)为官奴婢。孥，奴婢。⑨宗(zong)室：此指王族(zu)。⑩属籍：家(jia)(jia)族(zu)的(de)(de)名(ming)册，谱(pu)牒。差次：等级次序。差，等。分别等级。名(ming)：占有。芬华：比(bi)喻显荣(rong)。即显赫(he)荣(rong)耀。
令既(ji)具(ju)①，未布②，恐民之(zhi)不信，已乃立三丈(zhang)之(zhi)木于国都(dou)市南(nan)门③，募民有能徙置北门者(zhe)予十(shi)金。民怪(guai)之(zhi)，莫敢徙。复曰“能徙者(zhe)予五十(shi)金”。有一人徙之(zhi)，辄(zhe)予五十(shi)金④，以明不期。卒下令。
令(ling)(ling)行于(yu)民(min)(min)期(qi)年(nian)⑤，秦(qin)民(min)(min)之(zhi)国都(dou)言初令(ling)(ling)之(zhi)不(bu)便(bian)者(zhe)以千数。于(yu)是太子犯法(fa)(fa)。卫(wei)鞅曰：“法(fa)(fa)之(zhi)不(bu)行，自上犯之(zhi)。”将法(fa)(fa)太子⑥。太子，君(jun)嗣(si)也(ye)，不(bu)可施刑(xing)，刑(xing)其(qi)(qi)傅公子虔，黔其(qi)(qi)师公孙贾⑦。明(ming)日，秦(qin)人皆趋令(ling)(ling)⑧。行之(zhi)十年(nian)，秦(qin)民(min)(min)大说，道不(bu)拾遗，山无盗贼，家给人足。民(min)(min)勇(yong)于(yu)公战，怯于(yu)私斗，乡邑大治。秦(qin)民(min)(min)初言令(ling)(ling)不(bu)便(bian)者(zhe)有来言令(ling)(ling)便(bian)者(zhe)，卫(wei)鞅曰“此(ci)皆乱化(hua)之(zhi)民(min)(min)也(ye)”⑨，尽迁之(zhi)于(yu)边城。其(qi)(qi)后民(min)(min)莫敢议令(ling)(ling)。
于是以鞅为(wei)大良造。将兵围魏安邑，降之。居(ju)(ju)三年，作为(wei)筑冀阙宫(gong)庭于咸阳⑩，秦(qin)自雍徙(xi)都(dou)(dou)之。而(er)令民(min)父子(zi)兄弟(di)同室(shi)内息(xi)者(zhe)为(wei)禁。而(er)集小（都(dou)(dou)）乡邑聚(ju)为(wei)县，置(zhi)令、丞，凡三十一县。为(wei)田开(kai)阡陌封(feng)疆，而(er)赋税平。平斗桶权(quan)衡丈尺。行之四年，公(gong)子(zi)虔复犯约，劓之。居(ju)(ju)五年，秦(qin)人富强，天子(zi)致胙于孝公(gong)（13），诸侯毕贺。
①具：准备就绪(xu)。②布：颁(ban)布，公布。③国(guo)(guo)都市(shi)南(nan)门(men)：指都城后边(bian)市(shi)场南(nan)门(men)。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)国(guo)(guo)都建(jian)制：前(qian)朝(chao)，后市(shi)，左祖、右社。④辄：就。金(jin)：古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)货币单位。⑤期年(nian)(nian)：一整年(nian)(nian)。⑥法(fa)：处罚(fa)、治罪。⑦黥(qing)：即墨刑。用刀(dao)在面额上刺字，再涂(tu)以墨。⑧趋令(ling)：遵照新法(fa)执行。⑨乱(luan)化(hua)：扰乱(luan)教化(hua)。⑩冀(ji)阙：古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)宫庭外(wai)公布法(fa)令(ling)的(de)门(men)阙。冀(ji)，记(ji)。出列教令(ling)，当记(ji)于门(men)阙。(11)阡陌：纵横交错的(de)田(tian)塍。南(nan)北叫阡，东西称陌。封：聚土作为标志。疆：划定疆界。(12)劓：古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)割(ge)掉(diao)鼻(bi)子的(de)刑罚(fa)。（13）致胙：天子把(ba)祭祀(si)用的(de)肉(rou)赐给诸侯，表(biao)示荣宠的(de)特(te)殊礼遇。
其明年(nian)(nian)，齐(qi)败魏(wei)兵(bing)(bing)于(yu)马陵，虏其太子(zi)(zi)申，杀(sha)将军宠涓①。其明年(nian)(nian)，卫鞅(yang)说(shuo)孝(xiao)公(gong)曰：“秦(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)魏(wei)，譬若人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)腹心(xin)疾(ji)，非魏(wei)并秦(qin)(qin)，秦(qin)(qin)即(ji)并魏(wei)。何者？魏(wei)居领阨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西②，都安邑(yi)③，与(yu)秦(qin)(qin)界(jie)河而(er)独擅山(shan)东(dong)(dong)(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利④。利则(ze)西侵(qin)秦(qin)(qin)，病(bing)则(ze)东(dong)(dong)(dong)收地⑤。今以(yi)(yi)(yi)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤圣(sheng)，国(guo)赖以(yi)(yi)(yi)盛(sheng)。而(er)魏(wei)往(wang)年(nian)(nian)大(da)破于(yu)齐(qi)，诸侯(hou)畔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)⑥，可因此(ci)时伐魏(wei)。魏(wei)不支秦(qin)(qin)，必东(dong)(dong)(dong)徙。东(dong)(dong)(dong)徙，秦(qin)(qin)据河山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固，东(dong)(dong)(dong)乡(xiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)诸侯(hou)⑦，此(ci)帝(di)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业(ye)也。”孝(xiao)公(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)然(ran)，使(shi)卫鞅(yang)将而(er)伐魏(wei)。魏(wei)使(shi)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)(ang)将而(er)击之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。军既相距⑧，卫鞅(yang)遗魏(wei)将公(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)(ang)书(shu)曰⑨：“吾始与(yu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)欢，今俱为(wei)两国(guo)将，不忍相攻(gong)，可与(yu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)面相见，盟，乐(le)饮(yin)而(er)罢兵(bing)(bing)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)安秦(qin)(qin)魏(wei)。”魏(wei)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)(ang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)然(ran)。会盟已，饮(yin)，而(er)卫鞅(yang)伏甲士而(er)袭虏魏(wei)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)(ang)，因攻(gong)其军，尽破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)归(gui)秦(qin)(qin)。魏(wei)惠王(wang)兵(bing)(bing)数(shu)破于(yu)齐(qi)秦(qin)(qin)⑩，国(guo)内空(kong)，日以(yi)(yi)(yi)削，恐，乃使(shi)使(shi)割河西之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地献于(yu)秦(qin)(qin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)和。而(er)魏(wei)遂去安邑(yi)，徙都大(da)梁(liang)。梁(liang)惠王(wang)曰：“寡(gua)人恨不用公(gong)叔座之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言也。”卫鞅(yang)既破魏(wei)还，秦(qin)(qin)封之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於、商十五邑(yi)，号为(wei)商君(jun)。
①见(jian)卷五《秦本纪》、卷四十四《魏世(shi)家》、卷四十六(liu)《田敬(jing)仲完世(shi)家》、卷六(liu)十五《孙(sun)子(zi)吴起列传(chuan)》。②领阨：山岭险要处。领，通“岭”。阨，通“隘”，狭隘，险要。③都安邑(yi)：建(jian)都安邑(yi)，亦即以(yi)安邑(yi)为(wei)都城(cheng)。④界河(he)：以(yi)黄河(he)为(wei)界。⑤病：与上句(ju)“利”对举(ju)。⑥畔：通“叛”。⑦乡：同“向”。⑧相距(ju)：两军接近，尚(shang)未交战。距(ju)，通“拒”，抵御。⑨遗：致送(song)，赠予(yu)。书(shu)：信(xin)。⑩数：屡(lv)次、频(pin)繁。三家分晋以(yi)后，河(he)西之(zhi)地属魏。
商(shang)君(jun)(jun)相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)十(shi)年(nian)，宗室(shi)贵(gui)戚多(duo)(duo)怨望(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)①。赵(zhao)良(liang)见(jian)商(shang)君(jun)(jun)。商(shang)君(jun)(jun)曰(yue)：“鞅(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得(de)见(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，从(cong)(cong)孟兰皋②。今(jin)(jin)(jin)鞅(yang)请(qing)(qing)得(de)交，可(ke)(ke)乎？”赵(zhao)良(liang)曰(yue)：“仆(pu)弗(fu)敢愿也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔丘(qiu)有(you)(you)言(yan)曰(yue)：‘推贤而(er)(er)(er)戴者(zhe)(zhe)进③，聚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖而(er)(er)(er)王者(zhe)(zhe)退。’仆(pu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肖，故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢受命。仆(pu)闻(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)：‘非(fei)(fei)其位(wei)而(er)(er)(er)居(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)贪(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)位(wei)，非(fei)(fei)其名而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)贪(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)名。’仆(pu)听(ting)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义，则恐仆(pu)贪(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)位(wei)贪(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)名也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢闻(wen)(wen)命。”商(shang)君(jun)(jun)曰(yue)：“子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)说(shuo)吾(wu)治(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)与？”赵(zhao)良(liang)曰(yue)：“反听(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)聪④，内视之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)明⑤，自胜(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)强⑥。虞(yu)舜有(you)(you)言(yan)曰(yue)：‘自卑(bei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)尚矣(yi)⑦。’君(jun)(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)若(ruo)道(dao)虞(yu)舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)⑧，无(wu)(wu)为问(wen)仆(pu)矣(yi)。”商(shang)君(jun)(jun)曰(yue)：“始(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)戎翟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)，父(fu)子(zi)(zi)无(wu)(wu)别，同室(shi)而(er)(er)(er)居(ju)。今(jin)(jin)(jin)我(wo)更制其教(jiao)，而(er)(er)(er)为其男女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别，大(da)(da)(da)筑冀阙，营如鲁卫矣(yi)。子(zi)(zi)观我(wo)治(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，孰与五羖(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)贤⑨？”赵(zhao)良(liang)曰(yue)：“千羊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如一(yi)(yi)狐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)掖⑩；千人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诺(nuo)诺(nuo)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如一(yi)(yi)士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谔谔。武王谔谔以(yi)昌，殷(yin)纣墨(mo)墨(mo)以(yi)亡(wang)（13）。君(jun)(jun)若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)非(fei)(fei)武王乎，则仆(pu)请(qing)(qing)终日正(zheng)言(yan)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)诛（14），可(ke)(ke)乎？”商(shang)君(jun)(jun)曰(yue)：“语有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)，貌言(yan)华也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)（15），至言(yan)实(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)（16），苦(ku)言(yan)药也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)（17），甘言(yan)疾也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)（18）。夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)果(guo)肯终日正(zheng)言(yan)，鞅(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)药也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。鞅(yang)将事子(zi)(zi)（19），子(zi)(zi)又(you)何(he)辞(ci)焉(yan)！”赵(zhao)良(liang)曰(yue)：“夫(fu)五羖(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)，荆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄙人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。闻(wen)(wen)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)缪公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贤而(er)(er)(er)愿望(wang)见(jian)，行(xing)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)资，自粥于(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)客（20），被褐(he)食牛（21）。期(qi)年(nian)，缪公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，举之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牛口之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下，而(er)(er)(er)加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百(bai)(bai)姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)（22），秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)莫敢望(wang)焉(yan)。相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)六七(qi)年(nian)，而(er)(er)(er)东伐(fa)郑（23），三置晋国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)（24），一(yi)(yi)救(jiu)荆国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸（25）。发教(jiao)封内（26），而(er)(er)(er)巴人(ren)(ren)致贡；施(shi)德(de)诸侯，而(er)(er)(er)八(ba)戎来服（27）。由余(yu)闻(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（28），款(kuan)关请(qing)(qing)见(jian)（29）。五羖(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，劳不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)坐乘，暑不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)张盖(gai)，行(xing)于(yu)国(guo)(guo)中，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)从(cong)(cong)车(che)乘，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)操(cao)干戈(ge)，功(gong)名藏于(yu)府库，德(de)行(xing)施(shi)于(yu)后(hou)世。五羖(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)死，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)男女流涕，童(tong)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)歌谣，舂(chong)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相杵（30）。此五羖(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)见(jian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，因嬖人(ren)(ren)景监以(yi)为主（31），非(fei)(fei)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)为名也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)百(bai)(bai)姓为事，而(er)(er)(er)大(da)(da)(da)筑冀阙，非(fei)(fei)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)为功(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。刑黥太子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)师傅，残伤民以(yi)骏刑（32），是(shi)积怨畜(chu)祸也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)民也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)深于(yu)命，民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效上(shang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)捷于(yu)令（33）。今(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)又(you)左(zuo)建外易（34），非(fei)(fei)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)为教(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。君(jun)(jun)又(you)南(nan)面而(er)(er)(er)称寡人(ren)(ren)（35），日绳秦(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贵(gui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)（36）。《诗》曰(yue)：‘相鼠有(you)(you)体，人(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)礼(li)，人(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)礼(li)，何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遄死（37），以(yi)《诗》观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，非(fei)(fei)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)为寿也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)（38）。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)虔杜门不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出已(yi)八(ba)年(nian)矣(yi)，君(jun)(jun)又(you)杀祝欢(huan)而(er)(er)(er)黥公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孙贾。《诗》曰(yue)：‘得(de)人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)兴，失人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)崩。’（39）此数事者(zhe)(zhe)，非(fei)(fei)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)得(de)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，后(hou)车(che)十(shi)数，从(cong)(cong)车(che)载甲，多(duo)(duo)力而(er)(er)(er)骈胁者(zhe)(zhe)为骖(can)乘（40），持矛而(er)(er)(er)操(cao)阘戟者(zhe)(zhe)旁车(che)而(er)(er)(er)趋（41）。此一(yi)(yi)物不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具，君(jun)(jun)固不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出。《书》曰(yue)：‘恃(shi)德(de)者(zhe)(zhe)昌，恃(shi)力者(zhe)(zhe)亡(wang)。’（42）君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危若(ruo)朝露，尚将欲延年(nian)益寿乎？则何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)归十(shi)五都，灌园于(yu)鄙（43），劝秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王显(xian)岩穴(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士（44），养老存孤，敬父(fu)兄，序有(you)(you)功(gong)，尊有(you)(you)德(de)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)少安。君(jun)(jun)尚将贪(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)商(shang)于(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)，宠(chong)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)，畜(chu)百(bai)(bai)姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怨，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王一(yi)(yi)旦捐宾客而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立(li)朝（45），秦(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)收(shou)君(jun)(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)（46），岂其微哉(zai)（47）？亡(wang)可(ke)(ke)翘足而(er)(er)(er)待。”商(shang)君(jun)(jun)弗(fu)从(cong)(cong)。
①怨望(wang)：怨恨。望(wang)，埋怨责(ze)备(bei)。②从(cong)孟(meng)兰皋(gao)(gao)：经(jing)由(you)孟(meng)兰皋(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)介绍。③戴者(zhe)：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善于(yu)治理政(zheng)事(shi)而(er)(er)(er)受到(dao)(dao)(dao)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)姓爱戴的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。④反听：能够接受别人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)意(yi)见(jian)。⑤内视：自(zi)我(wo)省察。⑥自(zi)胜：自(zi)我(wo)克(ke)制(zhi)。⑦自(zi)卑：谦虚(xu)，卑下自(zi)守(shou)。尚：尊重。⑧前(qian)(qian)一“道”为遵循(xun)。后(hou)一道为主(zhu)(zhu)张、道理。⑨这(zhei)一句(ju)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，我(wo)和(he)五(wu)(wu)羖大(da)夫(fu)比(bi)，谁更(geng)贤(xian)能。孰与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，用(yong)于(yu)比(bi)较，与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)……比(bi)，哪个……。五(wu)(wu)羖（ｇǔ，股）大(da)夫(fu)：即(ji)(ji)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)名(ming)相百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。原(yuan)为虞国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)夫(fu)，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)灭(mie)虞，被晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)俘虏，随(sui)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即(ji)(ji)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夷(yi)吾的(de)(de)姐姐随(sui)嫁到(dao)(dao)(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，后(hou)逃离(li)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，在(zai)(zai)宛地(di)被楚(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)捉获。穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)闻(wen)其(qi)贤(xian)，就用(yong)五(wu)(wu)张黑色的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊皮(pi)把他赎回，与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)谈(tan)三(san)(san)日(ri)，穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)悦(yue)，“授(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)”。这(zhei)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)下文赵良(liang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)云(yun)颇不同。见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)五(wu)(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》参见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)《老子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)韩非列传(chuan)》原(yuan)文“伊尹为庖，百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)为虏”段关(guan)于(yu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)注文。⑩掖(ye)：同“腋(ye)”。胳肢窝。诺诺：答应之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声，有顺(shun)从(cong)、附(fu)合(he)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)。谔谔：直言的(de)(de)样子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。（13）这(zhei)两(liang)句(ju)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，武王(wang)(wang)让大(da)臣们直言谏诤，国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)就昌盛；纣王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)大(da)臣们不敢提意(yi)见(jian)，因而(er)(er)(er)灭(mie)亡。墨(mo)墨(mo)：通(tong)“默默”。不言，无(wu)声息。（14）诛：责(ze)怪。（15）貌(mao)言华：表面上动听而(er)(er)(er)实际虚(xu)浮(fu)的(de)(de)话(hua)。（16）至言：真(zhen)实的(de)(de)话(hua)。(17)苦言：逆耳(er)的(de)(de)话(hua)。（18）甘言：献(xian)媚奉(feng)承的(de)(de)话(hua)。（19）事(shi)：师(shi)事(shi)。（20）粥（ｙù，育）：通(tong)“鬻”。卖。（21）被：同“披”。穿。食：给(ji)……吃。（22）加：凌驾。百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)姓：指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贵族。（23）东(dong)(dong)(dong)伐(fa)(fa)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)：据《左(zuo)传(chuan)》载，鲁僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，驻军于(yu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)而(er)(er)(er)代郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)设防(fang)的(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)夫(fu)杞(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)派(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)送(song)回信(xin)息，说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)让他负责(ze)掌管北(bei)(bei)门的(de)(de)锁钥，如果秘密(mi)派(pai)军前(qian)(qian)来，郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)得到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召五(wu)(wu)羖大(da)夫(fu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孟(meng)明(ming)等(deng)三(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)东(dong)(dong)(dong)袭郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。其(qi)事(shi)在(zai)(zai)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。及至孟(meng)明(ming)等(deng)到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)滑(hua)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，发现郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)防(fang)备(bei)，怕(pa)“攻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不克(ke)，围之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不继(ji)”，就灭(mie)滑(hua)而(er)(er)(er)还。按(an)这(zhei)次秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)“东(dong)(dong)(dong)伐(fa)(fa)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”，《左(zuo)传(chuan)》不及百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)，只载当(dang)初被百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)推(tui)荐的(de)(de)蹇(jian)叔曾谏穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不要“劳(lao)师(shi)以(yi)(yi)袭远”。卷(juan)(juan)五(wu)(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》述(shu)及百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)蹇(jian)叔哭(ku)送(song)出(chu)师(shi)事(shi)，卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》、卷(juan)(juan)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)《郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》则未及其(qi)事(shi)。（24）三(san)(san)置晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)：卷(juan)(juan)五(wu)(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》载，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)651），晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)献(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去世(shi)(shi)(shi)，发生里(li)(li)(li)克(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱，流亡在(zai)(zai)梁的(de)(de)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夷(yi)吾“使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)请秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，求入(ru)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)”，“穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)许之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)将兵送(song)夷(yi)吾归(gui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)为君(jun)(jun)(jun)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，在(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)做人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)质(zhi)的(de)(de)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)圉(yu)听说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)病，怕(pa)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)去世(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)他仍被留(liu)在(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，而(er)(er)(er)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)“更(geng)立他子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”为君(jun)(jun)(jun)，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逃离(li)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)归(gui)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。转(zhuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去世(shi)(shi)(shi)（《春秋》在(zai)(zai)明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，《左(zuo)传(chuan)》在(zai)(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)圉(yu)立为晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)，后(hou)谥为怀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)怨恨圉(yu)逃跑归(gui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迎送(song)当(dang)时流亡在(zai)(zai)楚(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)另(ling)一位晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)重耳(er)归(gui)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)为君(jun)(jun)(jun)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，此(ci)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)636）事(shi)。参见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》、《左(zuo)传(chuan)》“僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”。（25）一救荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸：当(dang)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)楚(chu)(chu)城(cheng)濮(pu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan)。据《左(zuo)传(chuan)》载，鲁僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)亦(yi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，即(ji)(ji)前(qian)(qian)633年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）冬，楚(chu)(chu)成王(wang)(wang)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)陈(chen)、蔡(cai)、郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)围宋(song)，宋(song)派(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)到(dao)(dao)(dao)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)告急。转(zhuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)用(yong)先轸(zhen)谋(mou)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、齐(qi)结成抗楚(chu)(chu)联盟(meng)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)派(pai)其(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)甯（ｎìｎｇ，佞）率(lv)师(shi)参战(zhan)。夏四(si)(si)月晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、宋(song)、齐(qi)、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)抗楚(chu)(chu)盟(meng)军大(da)败(bai)楚(chu)(chu)师(shi)于(yu)城(cheng)濮(pu)，从(cong)而(er)(er)(er)保(bao)卫(wei)了(le)宋(song)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，制(zhi)止了(le)楚(chu)(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)侵(qin)。荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，即(ji)(ji)楚(chu)(chu)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。救荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸，即(ji)(ji)救楚(chu)(chu)伐(fa)(fa)宋(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸。参见(jian)卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九《晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)世(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)》。又《索隐(yin)》谓(wei)救荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸“朝周(zhou)(zhou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也”。此(ci)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也不无(wu)根据，盖此(ci)战(zhan)结束(shu)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、齐(qi)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、宋(song)成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、蔡(cai)庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)盟(meng)践，以(yi)(yi)尊周(zhou)(zhou)室(shi)。见(jian)《左(zuo)传(chuan)·僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》。按(an)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)濮(pu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan)大(da)败(bai)楚(chu)(chu)师(shi)，似与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)并无(wu)多大(da)关(guan)系，此(ci)战(zhan)主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)名(ming)将先轸(zhen)在(zai)(zai)起(qi)作用(yong)。又，由(you)初置晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)经(jing)“一救荆(jing)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸”的(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，到(dao)(dao)(dao)“东(dong)(dong)(dong)伐(fa)(fa)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，其(qi)间有二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久，与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上文“相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)六(liu)(liu)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”不合(he)。又，梁玉绳《史记(ji)志疑(yi)》云(yun)：“奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为相，未知的(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)何年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。”卷(juan)(juan)五(wu)(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》载：秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)“以(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)羖羊皮(pi)”赎百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)入(ru)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)事(shi)（前(qian)(qian)655），穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)与(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“语三(san)(san)日(ri)”，大(da)悦(yue)，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“授(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)”。据此(ci)，百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)相秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，大(da)概就在(zai)(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)吧。当(dang)时百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)“年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)已七(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)余(yu)”。由(you)“年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)已七(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)余(yu)”而(er)(er)(er)“授(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)”的(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)(dao)(dao)“东(dong)(dong)(dong)伐(fa)(fa)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，则百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)当(dang)已近百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)岁，甚或(huo)已逾(yu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)岁。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)，判断赵良(liang)的(de)(de)话(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否合(he)于(yu)史实，太史公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)记(ji)述(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否确凿，百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)龄因素是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不容忽视的(de)(de)。（26）发教：施行德化(hua)。封(feng)内：境内。（27）八(ba)戎(rong)：泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸戎(rong)部族及其(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)。（28）由(you)余(yu)闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：卷(juan)(juan)五(wu)(wu)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)(ben)纪(ji)》载，由(you)余(yu)的(de)(de)先人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)原(yuan)系晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)，他会说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)晋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)话(hua)。我(wo)王(wang)(wang)“闻(wen)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)贤(xian)，故使由(you)余(yu)观秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”。后(hou)由(you)余(yu)降秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，“穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)客(ke)礼(li)礼(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，问伐(fa)(fa)戎(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)”。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)623），“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)用(yong)由(you)余(yu)谋(mou)伐(fa)(fa)戎(rong)王(wang)(wang)，益国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)，开地(di)千里(li)(li)(li)，遂霸西戎(rong)”。上句(ju)“八(ba)戎(rong)来服”，盖指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)。（29）款关(guan)：叩(kou)关(guan)，即(ji)(ji)入(ru)关(guan)求见(jian)。款，叩(kou)，敲。（30）相杵：捣米时发出(chu)相应的(de)(de)呼声。（31）嬖：宠爱，宠幸。主(zhu)(zhu)：荐主(zhu)(zhu)，保(bao)举的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。（32）骏(jun)刑(xing)：严峻(jun)的(de)(de)刑(xing)罚。骏(jun)，通(tong)“峻(jun)”。（33）以(yi)(yi)上二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)句(ju)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，教化(hua)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)姓比(bi)命令更(geng)深(shen)入(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)，百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)姓模仿上边的(de)(de)行为比(bi)命令更(geng)迅速(su)(su)。（34）左(zuo)建(jian)外(wai)易(yi)：违(wei)情背(bei)理地(di)建(jian)立权(quan)威(wei)，改变法(fa)制(zhi)。左(zuo)，失正。外(wai)，失中(zhong)。（35）南面：古(gu)代君(jun)(jun)(jun)王(wang)(wang)坐北(bei)(bei)朝南。寡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谦称。指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商鞅被封(feng)商於(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)，号商君(jun)(jun)(jun)。（36）绳：约束(shu)，纠(jiu)正。引申(shen)为逼迫(po)。（37）以(yi)(yi)上四(si)(si)句(ju)诗(shi)出(chu)自(zi)《诗(shi)经(jing)·鄘(yong)风·相鼠》第三(san)(san)章。遄，快，迅速(su)(su)。（38）为寿(shou)：敬酒，致礼(li)。此(ci)引申(shen)为褒扬，恭维。（39）以(yi)(yi)上二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)句(ju)诗(shi)，《诗(shi)经(jing)》未载。可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逸诗(shi)。（40）骈胁：肌(ji)肉壮健(jian)，不显(xian)胁骨。骖乘：乘车时居于(yu)右者(zhe)，即(ji)(ji)陪乘。多指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)警卫(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)员。（41）阘(da)（ｘī，希）：长戟。旁(pang)：同“傍(bang)”。依傍(bang)，靠近。（42）《书》曰二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)句(ju)；《尚书》里(li)(li)(li)没(mei)有。《索隐(yin)》谓(wei)此(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《周(zhou)(zhou)书》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言，孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)删之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余(yu)。（43）鄙：边邑(yi)。此(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)远僻静的(de)(de)地(di)方。（44）显(xian)：显(xian)扬。引申(shen)为重用(yong)。岩穴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士：隐(yin)居山林的(de)(de)贤(xian)能之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士。（45）捐(juan)宾客(ke)：舍弃宾客(ke)。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对死亡的(de)(de)委婉说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)。（46）收：逮捕，拘压。(47)微：少。
后五月(yue)而秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)卒，太子(zi)立。公(gong)子(zi)虔(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)徒告(gao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)欲(yu)反，发吏捕商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)亡(wang)至关下，欲(yu)舍客舍①。客人(ren)(ren)不知其(qi)是商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)也(ye)②，曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)法，舍人(ren)(ren)无验者坐之(zhi)(zhi)③。商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)喟然叹(tan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“嗟乎(hu)，为法之(zhi)(zhi)敝(bi)一至此哉④！”去之(zhi)(zhi)魏(wei)。魏(wei)人(ren)(ren)怨其(qi)欺公(gong)子(zi)卬(ang)而破魏(wei)师(shi)，弗受。商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)欲(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)他(ta)国。魏(wei)人(ren)(ren)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)，秦(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)贼(zei)。秦(qin)(qin)强而贼(zei)入魏(wei)，弗归(gui)，不可”。遂(sui)内秦(qin)(qin)⑤。商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)既复(fu)入秦(qin)(qin)，走商(shang)(shang)(shang)邑(yi)，与其(qi)徒属发邑(yi)兵北出(chu)击郑⑥。秦(qin)(qin)发兵攻商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)，杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)郑黾池⑦。秦(qin)(qin)惠王车裂商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)以徇(xun)⑧，曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“莫如商(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)反者！”遂(sui)灭(mie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)家。
①舍：住(zhu)。后一(yi)(yi)“舍”为(wei)旅店(dian)。②客人(ren)(ren)：旅店(dian)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)。③舍人(ren)(ren)：住(zhu)店(dian)的人(ren)(ren)。验：凭(ping)证(zheng)。路引一(yi)(yi)类(lei)的身(shen)份证(zheng)件。坐之：即店(dian)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)与住(zhu)店(dian)的人(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)起判罪。④敝：通“弊”。弊病，害处。⑤内：同“纳(na)”。交(jiao)纳(na)。⑥徒属：封邑中(zhong)的部属。⑦卷十五《六(liu)国年表》谓商君死彤地(di)。⑧车裂(lie)：古代酷(ku)刑，以车撕裂(lie)人(ren)(ren)体。俗叫(jiao)五马分尸。徇：示众。
太史公曰：商君，其(qi)(qi)天资刻薄人(ren)也①。迹其(qi)(qi)欲干孝公以(yi)帝王术②，挟(xie)持浮说，非(fei)其(qi)(qi)质矣(yi)。且所因由嬖臣，及得用(yong)，刑公子虔，欺(qi)魏将(jiang)卬，不师(shi)赵良之言(yan)，亦足(zu)发明商君之少恩矣(yi)③。余尝读(du)商君开(kai)塞耕战(zhan)书，与其(qi)(qi)人(ren)行事相类。卒受恶名(ming)于秦，有(you)以(yi)也夫(fu)④！
①天资：天性。刻薄：残忍少恩。②迹：考察，追究。干：求取，这里是游说的意思。③发明：证明，说明。④有以：有缘故，有因由。
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