卷十二下·告子章句下
孟子曰:“五霸者,三王之罪人也。(五霸者,大国秉直道以率诸侯,齐桓、晋文、秦缪、宋襄、楚庄是也。三王:夏禹、商汤、周文王是也。)
今之诸侯,五霸之罪人也。今之大夫,今之诸侯之罪人也。(谓当孟子之时诸侯及大夫也。诸侯,臣,总谓之大夫。罪人之事,下别言之。)
天子诸侯曰巡狩,诸侯朝于天子曰述职。春省耕而补不足,秋省敛而助不给。入其疆,土地辟,田野治,养老尊贤,俊杰在位,则有庆,庆以地。入其疆,土地荒芜,遗老失贤,掊克在位,则有让。一不朝则贬其爵,再不朝则削其地,三不朝则六师移之。是故天子讨而不伐,诸侯伐而不讨。五霸者,搂诸侯以伐诸侯者也。故曰五霸者,三王之罪人也。(巡狩、述职,皆以助人民。庆,赏也。养老尊贤,能者在位,赏之以地,益其地也。掊克不良之人在位,则责让之。不朝而至三,则讨之以六师,移之,就之也。讨者,上讨下也。伐者,敌国相征伐也。五霸强搂牵诸侯以伐诸侯,不以王命也,于三王之法,乃为之罪人也。)
五霸桓公为盛,葵兵之会诸侯,束牲载书而不歃血。初命曰:‘诛不孝,无易树子,无以妾为妻。’再命曰:‘尊贤育才,以彰有德。’三命曰:‘敬老慈幼,无忘宾旅。’四命曰:‘士无世官,官事无摄;取士必得,无专杀大夫。’五命曰:‘无曲防,无遏籴,无有封而不告。’曰:‘凡我同盟之人,既盟之后,言归于好。’今之诸侯皆犯此五禁,故曰今之诸侯,五霸之罪人也。(齐桓公,五霸之盛者也,与诸侯会于葵丘,束缚其牲,但加载书,不复歃血。言畏桓公,不敢负之,不得专诛不孝。树,立也。已立世子,不得擅易也。不得立爱妾为嫡妻也。尊贤养才,所以彰明有德之人。敬老爱小,恤矜孤寡,客羁旅勿忘忽也。仕为大臣,不得世官,贤臣乃得世禄也。官事无摄,无旷庶僚也。取士必得贤也,立贤无方也。无专杀大夫,不得以私怒行戮也。无敢违王法而以己意设防禁也,无遏止籴不通邻国也,无以私恩擅有封赏而不告盟主也。言归于好,无构怨也。桓公施此五命,而今诸侯皆犯之,故曰罪人也。)
长君之恶其罪小,逢君之恶其罪大。今之大夫皆逢君之恶,故曰今之大夫,今之诸侯之罪人也。”(君有恶命,臣长大而宣之,其罪在不能拒逆君命,故曰小也。逢,迎也。君之恶心未发,臣以谄媚逢迎之,而导君为非,故曰罪大。今诸侯之大夫皆逢君之恶,故曰罪人也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“罪人也”。
○正义曰:此章指言王道浸衰,转为罪人,孟子伤之,是以博思古法,匡时君也。“孟子曰:五霸者,三王之罪人也”至“五霸之罪人也”者,又至“今之诸侯之罪人也”,孟子言齐桓、晋文、秦缪、宋襄、楚庄五霸者,乃为夏禹、商汤、周之罪人也;今之诸侯,谓孟子时之诸侯,乃为五霸者之罪人也;今之大夫,亦谓孟子时之大夫,乃为今之时诸侯之罪人也。自“天子诸侯”至“三王之罪人也”者,此一段是孟子自解五霸为三王之罪人也。“天子诸侯曰巡守”至“助不给”,已说在《惠王篇》,言入其疆,谓古天子行巡守之礼,巡诸侯所守之地,至入其诸侯疆境,见其土地开辟而不芜,田野耕治而不荒,又能养其耆老,尊敬贤者,有俊杰之才能在位行政事。如此,则有庆赏,以其庆赏益其地也。入其封︹,见土地荒芜而不开辟,又遗弃其耆老,失其贤人,惟以掊克多取聚敛之臣在其位,以残民。如此,则有责让。不特责让之,又其一不朝觐述所职,则贬损其爵;至二不朝,则削减其土地;以至三不朝,则命六师以移易其位也,以其不能保安社稷也。是故天子于诸侯,有其罪则讨,而不行兵征伐。诸侯之于诸侯,则行兵征伐而不讨。盖彼有罪,而布令陈辞以责之,是谓讨也;彼有罪而用兵行师以加之,是谓伐也。且五霸者,牵率诸侯者也,故曰五霸者,三王之罪人也。以其五霸擅自专权,不待天子锡之弓矢然后征,锡之钺然后杀者也,特牵率诸侯以伐诸侯而已,是则岂非三王之罪人欤?故齐桓率诸侯以伐蔡,晋文率诸侯以灭曹,秦缪率诸侯以伐晋,宋襄率诸侯以伐楚,楚庄率诸侯以伐陈,是搂诸侯以伐诸侯者也。“五霸桓公为盛”至“五霸之罪人也”,此一段是孟子自解今之诸侯乃五霸之罪人也。言齐桓公为五霸最盛者也,以其土地之广,甲兵之众,强制诸侯,惧其未尽从己也,于是期约诸侯,为葵丘之会。葵丘,杜预曰:“陈留外黄县有葵丘,鲁地也。”诸侯皆束缚其牲,但加载书,而不复歃血。歃血,ヱ血也,言不敢负桓公之约也。桓公于是初命之曰:“诛不孝”,言所诛在不孝矣;“无易树子”,言世子已立,更不得擅自变易也;“无以妾为妻”,言不得以爱幸之妾而立嫡妻也。其再命之曰:“尊贤育才,以彰有德”,言贤者当尊之于朝,以崇其才;德者当养之于学,以成其德,是所谓以彰明有德者也。其三命之曰:“敬老慈幼,无忘宾旅”,言当敬重其耆老,慈悯其幼,少又当无忘忽其宾客羁旅。其四命之曰:“士无世官”,不得兼摄其职也,以其一官不专,则一事不举也;“取士必得”,言所取之士,必得其贤,不得使之群小ゾ乱之也;“无专杀大夫”,言大夫有罪者,当皆请命于天子,而诸侯不得专杀之也。其五命之曰:“无曲防,言不得曲防其水,以专利也,当通水利而防鄣之而已;“无遏籴‘,言不得遏止籴不通于邻国也;“无有封而不告”,言不得有私自封赏而不告于天子也。五命之后,于是又布告之,曰:凡我同盟会盟之人,自今既盟誓之后,言当归于交好,无更构怨也。然今之诸侯,皆犯此桓公之五禁,故曰今之诸侯,五霸之罪人也。五禁即五命是也。“长君之恶”至“今之诸侯之罪人也”者,此一段孟子自解今之大夫为今之诸侯罪人者也,盖自诸侯之下,皆为大夫者也。言君有恶命,臣长益而宣布之,其罪犹小,以其但不能距逆君之命也;君之恶未著,而为之臣乃谄媚逢迎而导君为非,故曰其罪大,以其有以启之也。然今之大夫,皆有以迎君之恶而启之,故曰今之大夫,今之诸侯之罪人也。
○注“五霸”至“者也”。正义曰:云“齐桓、晋文”至“楚庄”五者,今案《史记·诸侯年表》云:周庄王十二年,齐桓公小白即位,周王三年始霸,会旅诸侯于甄,周惠王二十三年,诸侯伐郑,周襄王元年夏,会诸侯于葵丘,天子使宰孔赐胙命,无拜,襄王九年卒。是桓公自王三年始霸,至卒,凡得四十三年。晋文公重耳自周襄王十六年即位,是为霸。五年率诸侯以伐曹,襄王二十四年薨,即位凡得九年而已。宋襄公兹父自周襄王三年即位,十三年伐楚,十四年死泓战,是岁襄王十五年矣。秦缪公任好自周惠王十五年即位,二十八年会晋伐楚朝周,是岁周襄王二十年,三十五年伐晋报ゾ,败于汪,三十九年卒,以人从死,是岁襄王三十一年矣。楚庄王侣自周顷王六年即位,十三年伐陈,十六年率诸侯诛陈夏徵舒,立陈成公午,三十三年薨,是岁周定王十六年矣。云“夏禹、商汤、周文武”,说于前矣。
○注(zhu)“齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)”至“罪人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)与(yu)(yu)诸侯(hou)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)于(yu)(yu)葵(kui)(kui)丘(qiu),案(an)(an)(an)鲁僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)《左(zuo)传》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“夏(xia)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)诸侯(hou)于(yu)(yu)葵(kui)(kui)丘(qiu),寻盟(meng),且好(hao),礼(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。秋(qiu),齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)盟(meng)诸侯(hou)于(yu)(yu)葵(kui)(kui)丘(qiu),曰(yue):‘凡(fan)(fan)(fan)我(wo)(wo)同(tong)盟(meng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),既(ji)盟(meng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),言归于(yu)(yu)好(hao)。’”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)岁所(suo)谓(wei)周襄王(wang)元年(nian)(nian)矣(yi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“诛(zhu)不(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)”者(zhe),如(ru)(ru)卫(wei)世(shi)(shi)子辄拒其(qi)(qi)(qi)父蒯聩(kui),楚(chu)世(shi)(shi)子商臣(chen)(chen)弑其(qi)(qi)(qi)父,凡(fan)(fan)(fan)此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)易其(qi)(qi)(qi)世(shi)(shi)子”者(zhe),如(ru)(ru)晋(jin)献(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)(li)奚齐(qi)(qi),以(yi)(yi)易申(shen)生,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)易世(shi)(shi)子者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)立(li)(li)爱妾(qie)为(wei)嫡”者(zhe),正(zheng)(zheng)妃曰(yue)嫡也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),如(ru)(ru)晋(jin)献(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)骊姬,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)爱妾(qie)为(wei)嫡也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“尊(zun)贤(xian)(xian)育才”者(zhe),如(ru)(ru)《南有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)嘉鱼》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“太平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君子”至“诚乐(le)(le)与(yu)(yu)贤(xian)(xian)者(zhe)共之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,《菁菁者(zhe)莪》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗(shi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“乐(le)(le)育才也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,凡(fan)(fan)(fan)此(ci)(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尊(zun)贤(xian)(xian)养(yang)才之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“敬老爱小,恤矜寡孤(gu)”,如(ru)(ru)《周礼(li)(li)·大(da)司徒》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)职(zhi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“以(yi)(yi)保息六养(yang)万(wan)民,一(yi)(yi)曰(yue)慈幼,二(er)(er)曰(yue)养(yang)老”;孟子曰(yue)“文(wen)王(wang)发政施(shi)仁,必(bi)先(xian)鳏寡孤(gu)独”:是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)旨也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“宾(bin)客(ke)(ke)羁(ji)旅,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)忽(hu)忘(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,《周礼(li)(li)·太宰职(zhi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)待宾(bin)客(ke)(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)忘(wang)宾(bin)客(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);孟子曰(yue)关讥(ji)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)征,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)忘(wang)忽(hu)羁(ji)旅也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“仕为(wei)大(da)臣(chen)(chen),不(bu)(bu)得(de)世(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)(guan),乃得(de)世(shi)(shi)禄(lu)”者(zhe),如(ru)(ru)鲁有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)臧孙(sun)氏(shi)(shi)、仲(zhong)孙(sun)氏(shi)(shi)、叔仲(zhong)氏(shi)(shi)、季孙(sun)氏(shi)(shi),晋(jin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)、赵氏(shi)(shi)、荀氏(shi)(shi)、氏(shi)(shi)、栾氏(shi)(shi)、范(fan)氏(shi)(shi),齐(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)高(gao)氏(shi)(shi)、国(guo)氏(shi)(shi)、崔氏(shi)(shi),卫(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)甯氏(shi)(shi)、孙(sun)氏(shi)(shi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皆(jie)世(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);孟子曰(yue)文(wen)王(wang)治岐,士(shi)者(zhe)世(shi)(shi)禄(lu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)禄(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)旷庶僚(liao)”者(zhe),孔(kong)安国(guo)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)僚(liao),官(guan)(guan)(guan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),旷,空(kong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),《尚书(shu)》注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)旷庶官(guan)(guan)(guan),天工人(ren)(ren)其(qi)(qi)(qi)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),位非(fei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)为(wei)空(kong)官(guan)(guan)(guan),言人(ren)(ren)代(dai)天理官(guan)(guan)(guan),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)天官(guan)(guan)(guan)私(si)(si)非(fei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren),亦具官(guan)(guan)(guan)而(er)(er)事(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)摄(she),则(ze)为(wei)非(fei)礼(li)(li)”;孔(kong)子曰(yue)管仲(zhong)官(guan)(guan)(guan)事(shi)不(bu)(bu)摄(she),焉(yan)得(de)俭(jian),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)讥(ji)诮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“取(qu)(qu)士(shi)必(bi)得(de),立(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方”者(zhe),如(ru)(ru)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)取(qu)(qu)管仲(zhong)于(yu)(yu)贼国(guo),汤立(li)(li)贤(xian)(xian)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)矣(yi);若晋(jin)奚齐(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)里克,陈灵公(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)夏(xia)徵(zhi)舒,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取(qu)(qu)士(shi)不(bu)(bu)得(de)矣(yi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)得(de)以(yi)(yi)私(si)(si)怒行戮”者(zhe),如(ru)(ru)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)《左(zuo)传》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“贾季怨阳子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)易其(qi)(qi)(qi)班,而(er)(er)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)援于(yu)(yu)晋(jin),乃使续鞠居杀(sha)处父”;成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian),晋(jin)杀(sha)其(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)夫赵括(kuo);十(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian),宋(song)杀(sha)其(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)夫山;十(shi)六年(nian)(nian),楚(chu)杀(sha)其(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)夫公(gong)(gong)(gong)子侧。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),凡(fan)(fan)(fan)此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,《春(chun)秋(qiu)》书(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)(si)十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)七,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)专杀(sha)大(da)夫也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)敢违(wei)王(wang)法而(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)己(ji)意私(si)(si)设防(fang)禁”者(zhe),然(ran)而(er)(er)此(ci)(ci)意亦通(tong)义(yi)矣(yi),奈何据其(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)文(wen)曰(yue)“遏(e)籴”,则(ze)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)曲防(fang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)曲防(fang)障其(qi)(qi)(qi)水以(yi)(yi)专利(li)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故先(xian)王(wang)制畎遂沟洫,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)此(ci)(ci)矣(yi)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)诸侯(hou)于(yu)(yu)阳,《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊》以(yi)(yi)为(wei)障谷(gu);会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)诸侯(hou)于(yu)(yu)葵(kui)(kui)丘(qiu),《梁》以(yi)(yi)为(wei)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)壅泉:凡(fan)(fan)(fan)此(ci)(ci)可(ke)见矣(yi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)止籴,如(ru)(ru)秦饥、晋(jin)闭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)籴是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)私(si)(si)恩擅(shan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封赏,如(ru)(ru)成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)楚(chu)取(qu)(qu)彭城以(yi)(yi)封鱼石是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡(fan)(fan)(fan)此(ci)(ci)五(wu)(wu)(wu)命,案(an)(an)(an)《左(zuo)传》文(wen)则(ze)曰(yue)“凡(fan)(fan)(fan)我(wo)(wo)同(tong)盟(meng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),既(ji)盟(meng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),言归于(yu)(yu)好(hao)”,而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)及(ji)五(wu)(wu)(wu)命。案(an)(an)(an)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)》、《梁》述(shu)葵(kui)(kui)丘(qiu)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)遏(e)籴,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)易立(li)(li)子,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)妾(qie)为(wei)妻,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)使妇(fu)人(ren)(ren)与(yu)(yu)国(guo)事(shi),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)壅泉而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)及(ji),诛(zhu)不(bu)(bu)孝(xiao),尊(zun)贤(xian)(xian)育材,士(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)(guan),官(guan)(guan)(guan)事(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)摄(she),取(qu)(qu)士(shi)必(bi)得(de),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)专杀(sha)大(da)夫,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)告”。案(an)(an)(an)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊》述(shu)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)阳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui),则(ze)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)障谷(gu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)贮众,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)易立(li)(li)子,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)妾(qie)为(wei)妻”,而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)及(ji)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)使妇(fu)人(ren)(ren)与(yu)(yu)国(guo)事(shi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)详略与(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),盖所(suo)以(yi)(yi)相终始(shi)而(er)(er)已。又案(an)(an)(an)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》凡(fan)(fan)(fan)书(shu)诸侯(hou)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)(si)十(shi)九,而(er)(er)齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)八焉(yan);内(nei)臣(chen)(chen)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)二(er)(er)十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)六,而(er)(er)齐(qi)(qi)居四(si)(si)焉(yan);书(shu)外相会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)凡(fan)(fan)(fan)十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san),而(er)(er)齐(qi)(qi)居六焉(yan)。案(an)(an)(an)《史记》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“兵车(che)(che)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)三(san),乘车(che)(che)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)六”,孔(kong)子曰(yue)“桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)九合诸侯(hou),一(yi)(yi)匡天下(xia)”,《梁传》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“衣裳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)”,范(fan)注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)北杏,十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)鄄,十(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)邮(you),十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)幽,二(er)(er)十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)又会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)幽,僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)柽,二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)贯,三(san)年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)阳,五(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)首戴,七年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)甯,九年(nian)(nian)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)葵(kui)(kui)丘(qiu)”,凡(fan)(fan)(fan)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)会(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
鲁欲使慎子为将军。孟子曰:“不教民而用之,谓之殃民。殃民者,不容于尧、舜之世。一战胜齐,遂有南阳,然且不可。”(慎子,善用兵者。不教民以仁义而用之战斗,是使民有殃祸也。尧、舜之世,皆行仁义,故好战殃民者,不能自容也。就使慎子能为鲁一战取齐南阳之地,且犹不可。山南曰阳,岱山之南,谓之南阳也。)
慎子勃然不悦,曰:“此则滑所不识也。”(滑,慎子名。不悦,故曰我所不知此言何谓也。)
曰:“吾明告子:天子之地方千里,不千里,不足以待诸侯。诸侯之地方百里,不百里,不足以守宗庙之典籍。周公之封于鲁为方百里也,地非不足,而俭于百里。太公之封于齐也,亦为方百里也,地非不足也,而俭于百里。今鲁方百里者五,子以为有王者作,则鲁在所损乎,在所益乎?徒取诸彼以与此,然且仁者不为,况于杀人以求之乎!(孟子见慎子不悦,故曰:明告子,天子诸侯制制如是。诸侯当来朝聘,故言守宗庙,典籍,谓先祖常籍法度之文也。周公大公,地尚不能满百里,俭而不足也,后世兼侵小国,今鲁乃五百里矣。有王者作,若文王、武王者,子以为鲁在所损之中邪、在所益之中也?言其必见损也。但取彼与此为无伤害,仁者尚不肯为,况战斗杀人以求广土地乎!)
君子之事君也,务引其君以当道,志于仁而已。”(言君子事君之法,牵引其君以当正道者,仁也。志仁而已,欲使慎子辅君以仁也。)
[疏]“鲁欲使慎子”至“而已”。
○正义曰:此章指言招携怀远,贵以德礼,既其用兵,庙胜为上,战胜为下,明贱战者也。“鲁欲使慎子为将军”,慎子名滑,善用兵者也,鲁国遂欲使慎子为将军战斗。孟子曰:不教民以仁义之道,而用之战斗,是谓殃祸以残害民也,故好战而殃祸残害其民者,不容于尧、舜二帝之世也。以其尧、舜之世,民皆仁义,但如四凶者,则诛戮之,是不容殃民者也。今欲使慎子为将军,虽为鲁一战而遂取南阳之地,然且犹不可,况有不胜者乎?慎子勃然不悦,曰:此则滑之罪也。慎子见孟子此言,乃勃然变颜而不悦,而愤之曰:此言则滑所不知也。故自称名为滑,是以因知滑为慎子名也。“曰吾明告子”至“于仁而已”,孟子乃与之曰:我分明告子以其不可之意也,且天子之地,方员千里,不阔千里,则其中无可以待诸侯;诸侯之地,方阔百里,不阔百里,则其中无以守宗庙之典籍。典籍,常籍法度之文也,谓先祖之典籍也。周公之封于鲁也,其地为方阔百里者也,非其地不足,而俭用于百里,然亦不敢纵欲以败王制也。太公之封于齐亦然。今鲁国方百里之地有五,以其方五百里者也,子今且以为有王者兴作,则此鲁国之地在所损之中乎,在所益之中乎?言必在所损也。是则徒务战斗,取彼以与此也,是则仁者且不肯为,而战斗杀人以求广土地乎?
○注“慎子善用兵”至“南阳也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):案(an)《史记(ji)》:“慎(shen)到,赵人也(ye)(ye)。学黄老道德之(zhi)术,著十二(er)(er)篇(pian)。”徐(xu)广曰(yue)(yue):“今《慎(shen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)》,刘向所定,有(you)四十六(liu)篇(pian)。”《墨子(zi)(zi)(zi)》云(yun):“公输(shu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)意不过(guo)欲杀臣(chen)(chen),杀臣(chen)(chen),宋莫(mo)能守,可攻也(ye)(ye)。然臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)滑等三百(bai)(bai)(bai)人,已持鲁(lu)国(guo)之(zhi)器(qi)在宋城上(shang)(shang),而(er)(er)待楚寇也(ye)(ye)。虽杀臣(chen)(chen),不能绝也(ye)(ye)。于是(shi)楚王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):善(shan)哉,吾请无攻宋城矣。”是(shi)慎(shen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)即慎(shen)到矣,《荀(xun)卿(qing)·非(fei)十二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)》篇(pian)注云(yun)“慎(shen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)与宋钅开(kai)、孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)同时”是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。《墨子(zi)(zi)(zi)》之(zhi)云(yun),则又知(zhi)是(shi)为(wei)善(shan)用兵(bing)者矣。云(yun)“山南(nan)(nan)曰(yue)(yue)阳(yang),岱山之(zhi)南(nan)(nan)谓(wei)之(zhi)南(nan)(nan)阳(yang)”者,案(an)《尚书·禹贡(gong)》“岳(yue)阳(yang)”,孔安(an)国(guo)云(yun)“山南(nan)(nan)曰(yue)(yue)阳(yang)”。岱山即太山,在齐(qi)国(guo)之(zhi)南(nan)(nan)者也(ye)(ye)。周公封(feng)(feng)于鲁(lu),太公封(feng)(feng)于齐(qi)。案(an)《周礼(li)》上(shang)(shang)公之(zhi)地五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li),齐(qi)、鲁(lu)是(shi)为(wei)上(shang)(shang)公之(zhi)封(feng)(feng),则百(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)实(shi)封(feng)(feng)之(zhi),五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)兼附庸之(zhi)地也(ye)(ye)。今鲁(lu)方百(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li),非(fei)兼附庸也(ye)(ye),安(an)诗自广而(er)(er)已。《礼(li)记(ji)》曰(yue)(yue)“周公封(feng)(feng)于曲(qu)阜百(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)”,《史记(ji)》云(yun)“周封(feng)(feng)伯禽于鲁(lu),四百(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li);太公于齐(qi),兼五(wu)侯地”,是(shi)皆臆说,不足取(qu)信也(ye)(ye)。
孟子曰:“今之事君者皆曰:‘我能为君辟土地,充府库。’今之所谓良臣,古之所谓民贼也。(辟土地,侵小国也。充府库,重赋敛也。今之所谓良臣,于古之法为民贼。伤民,故谓之贼也。)
君不乡道,不志于仁,而求富之,是富桀也。(为恶君聚敛以富之,为富桀也。谓若夏桀也。)
‘我能为君约与国,战必克’。今之所谓良臣,古之所谓民贼也。(连诸侯以战,求必胜之也。)
君不乡道,不志于仁,而求为之强战,是辅桀也。(说与上同。)
由今之道,无变今之俗,虽与之天下,不能一朝居也。”(今之道非善道,今之世俗渐恶久矣,若不变更,虽得天下之政而治之,不能自安一朝之间居其位也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“居也”。
○正义曰:此(ci)(ci)章指言善(shan)为(wei)(wei)国者(zhe),必藏(zang)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min),贼民(min)(min)(min)以往,其馀何观,变俗(su)移风,非乐不化,以乱齐民(min)(min)(min),不知其善(shan)也(ye)(ye)。“孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰”至(zhi)“不能一朝居(ju)也(ye)(ye)”,孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)言今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世为(wei)(wei)臣(chen)而(er)(er)奉事君(jun)者(zhe),皆(jie)曰我能为(wei)(wei)君(jun)广(guang)辟(pi)土(tu)地、充实府库,以其皆(jie)掊(pou)克(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人也(ye)(ye);今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)谓忠臣(chen)良(liang)臣(chen)者(zhe),皆(jie)古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先王治世所(suo)谓为(wei)(wei)残贼民(min)(min)(min)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci),又(you)(you)(you)言君(jun)既(ji)(ji)不趋向慕(mu)于(yu)(yu)道,其心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)又(you)(you)(you)不志于(yu)(yu)仁,是(shi)为(wei)(wei)恶也(ye)(ye)。而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)臣(chen)者(zhe),又(you)(you)(you)掊(pou)克(ke)聚敛而(er)(er)求富之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)如富于(yu)(yu)夏桀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)也(ye)(ye)。又(you)(you)(you)且曰我能为(wei)(wei)君(jun)期与(yu)(yu)敌(di)国战(zhan)斗(dou),必能胜(sheng),如此(ci)(ci),是(shi)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)谓良(liang)臣(chen),即古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)谓民(min)(min)(min)贼者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。君(jun)既(ji)(ji)不向慕(mu)道、不志于(yu)(yu)仁,而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)臣(chen)者(zhe)又(you)(you)(you)求为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)强战(zhan)斗(dou)于(yu)(yu)敌(di)国,是(shi)辅(fu)桀也(ye)(ye)。若犹用(yong)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,又(you)(you)(you)不能变更(geng)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世俗(su),如此(ci)(ci)者(zhe),虽与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以天下,亦且不能自安一朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)以居(ju)其位(wei)也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)以孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)鲁欲使慎子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)将军,所(suo)以深辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。
白圭曰:“吾欲二十而取一,何如?”(白圭,周人也。节以货殖,欲省赋利民,使二十而税一。)
孟子曰:“子之道,貉道也。万室之国,一人陶,则可乎?”(貉,夷貉之人,在荒服者也。貉之说,二十而取一。万家之国,使一人陶瓦器,则可乎?以此喻白圭之所言而已矣。)
曰:“不可,器不足用也。”(白圭曰:一人陶,则瓦器不足以供万室之用也。)
曰:“夫貉,五不生,惟黍生之。无城郭宫室、宗庙祭祀之礼,无诸侯币帛饔餮,无百官有司,故二十而取一而足也。(貉在北方,其气寒,不生五。黍早熟,故独生之。无中国之礼,如此之用,故可二十而取一而足也。)
今居中国,去人伦,无君子,如之何其可也皋陶以寡,且不可以为国,况无君子乎!欲轻之于尧、舜之道者,大貉小貉也。欲重之于尧、舜之道者,大桀小桀也。”(今之居中国,当行礼义,而欲效夷貉无人伦之叙、无君子之道,岂可哉皋陶器者少,尚不可以为国,况无君子之道乎?尧、舜以来,什一而税,足以行礼,故以此为道。今欲轻之,二十而税一者,夷貉为大貉,子为小貉也。欲重之,过什一,则是夏桀为大桀,而子为之小桀也。)
[疏]“白圭”至“小桀也”。
○正义曰:此章指言先王典礼,万世可遵,什一供贡,下富上尊。裔土简惰,二十而税,夷狄有君,不足为贵。圭欲法之,孟子斥之以王制者也。“白圭曰:吾欲二十而取一,何如”,白圭,周人也,白圭言于孟子曰:我今欲省赋利民,但二十中而税一,如之何?“孟子曰:子之道,貉道也。万室之国,一人陶,则可乎”,孟子欲辟之,故与之曰:子以二十而税一之道,乃荒服北裔貉之道也。故托喻以问之,曰万家之国,但以一人陶瓦器而供使用,则可乎,否乎?“曰不可,器不足用也”,白圭答之,曰一人陶器而供万家之国,则器不足用也,是为不可也。“曰夫貉,五不生”至“大桀小桀也”,孟子又与之言曰:夫貉居于北方,其地寒燥,而五不生长,惟黍为熟于寒燥,故生之。又以其无中国之城郭宫室,又无宗庙祭祀之礼,又无币帛饔飧之费,又无百官之众供赡。朝食曰饔,夕食曰飧。如此,无有费用供赡,故于貉但二十而税一亦足给也。今居中国之地,如去人伦之叙,使无君子之道,如何为可乎!然而陶器之少,且尚不可以为供国之用,况于国而无君子之道乎!且自尧、舜二帝以来,皆以什一而税也,今欲轻于尧、舜什一之道,而欲二十而取一,则夷貉为大貉,而子为小貉也;如欲重于尧、舜什一之道,而过于什一,则夏桀为大桀,而子为小桀也,以其桀暴于赋敛者也。此孟子所辟之白圭也。
○注曰“圭,周人也”。
○正案班固(gu)志货殖传(chuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“白(bai)圭,周人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。当魏文侯(hou)时,李克务尽(jin)地力,而(er)白(bai)圭乐观时变(bian),故(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)弃我取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)我与(yu)。能薄饮食(shi),忍嗜欲,节衣(yi)服。曰吾治生,与(yu)伊(yi)尹、吕尚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谋,孙吴用兵,商鞅(yang)行法”是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)传(chuan)》曰古者(zhe)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)籍(ji);古者(zhe)易为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)籍(ji),什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe),天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)正也(ye)(ye)(ye);多(duo)(duo)乎什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),大桀(jie)小(xiao)桀(jie),寡乎什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),大貉(he)(he)(he)小(xiao)貉(he)(he)(he);什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe),天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)正也(ye)(ye)(ye),什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行而(er)天(tian)下(xia)颂声作(zuo)矣(yi)。何休云(yun)(yun)(yun)多(duo)(duo)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)于(yu)(yu)民,比于(yu)(yu)桀(jie),蛮貉(he)(he)(he)无百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)官(guan)制(zhi)度(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)费,税(shui)薄。《梁》云(yun)(yun)(yun)古者(zhe)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)籍(ji);孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰夏氏五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)贡,殷人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)助,周人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)而(er)彻(che)。凡书(shu)传(chuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)众矣(yi)。杜预(yu)曰古者(zhe)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)田(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),谓十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)内(nei)(nei)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。旧法既以(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)矣(yi),《春秋》鲁(lu)宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian),初税(shui)亩(mu),又(you)履其(qi)(qi)馀(yu)亩(mu),更复(fu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),乃是(shi)什(shen)(shen)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)其(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)(er)。故(gu)鲁(lu)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)问有若曰:二(er)(er)(er)吾犹不(bu)足,如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何其(qi)(qi)彻(che)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《周礼·载师》云(yun)(yun)(yun)凡任地近郊(jiao)(jiao)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),远郊(jiao)(jiao)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)三,甸、稍(shao)、县、都皆(jie)(jie)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)过十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er),漆(qi)林之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)征二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)五(wu)(wu)。彼谓王畿(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)(nei)所(suo)共(gong)多(duo)(duo),故(gu)赋(fu)税(shui)重,诸书(shu)所(suo)言什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),皆(jie)(jie)谓畿(ji)(ji)外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国。故(gu)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)曰:“云(yun)(yun)(yun)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)税(shui)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彻(che)。彻(che),通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)法,言天(tian)下(xia)皆(jie)(jie)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)耳。”不(bu)言畿(ji)(ji)内(nei)(nei)亦什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“方(fang)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)井(jing)(jing),井(jing)(jing)九百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)田(tian),八(ba)家(jia)(jia)皆(jie)(jie)私百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu),同养公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)田(tian),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)毕,然后(hou)敢(gan)治私事(shi)。”郑(zheng)玄(xuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun):《诗笺》云(yun)(yun)(yun):井(jing)(jing)税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夫,其(qi)(qi)田(tian)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)。则(ze)九而(er)税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),其(qi)(qi)意(yi)又(you)异于(yu)(yu)《汉·食(shi)货志》。云(yun)(yun)(yun)井(jing)(jing)田(tian)方(fang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里(li),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)九家(jia)(jia)共(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),各受(shou)私田(tian)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)田(tian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu),馀(yu)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)庐舍。然而(er)诸儒多(duo)(duo)用孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)义,如(ru)孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)言,则(ze)家(jia)(jia)别一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)有异于(yu)(yu)此也(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)对(dui)滕公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),请野九一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)助,国中(zhong)(zhong)什(shen)(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使自赋(fu)。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)《周礼·匠人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)》注(zhu)(zhu),孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)此言,乃云(yun)(yun)(yun)是(shi)邦国,亦异外内(nei)(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法。则(ze)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诸侯(hou)郊(jiao)(jiao)外郊(jiao)(jiao)内(nei)(nei),郊(jiao)(jiao)其(qi)(qi)法不(bu)同,郊(jiao)(jiao)内(nei)(nei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),使自赋(fu)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),郊(jiao)(jiao)外九而(er)助一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。故(gu)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)又(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun),诸侯(hou)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彻(che)者(zhe),通(tong)其(qi)(qi)率以(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正,郊(jiao)(jiao)内(nei)(nei)郊(jiao)(jiao)外相通(tong),其(qi)(qi)率为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。杜预(yu)直云(yun)(yun)(yun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),则(ze)又(you)异于(yu)(yu)郑(zheng)。惟(wei)谓一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夫百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu),以(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)归公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。赵注(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)解夏五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),殷七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)助助七(qi)亩(mu)。好恶(e)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)于(yu)(yu)此。郑(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)《考(kao)工(gong)记(ji)》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“周人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)畿(ji)(ji)内(nei)(nei)用夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贡法,邦国用殷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)助法也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
白圭曰:“丹之治水也,愈于禹。”(丹,名;圭,字也。当诸侯之时有小水,白圭为治除之,因自谓过乎禹也。)
孟子曰:“子过矣。禹之治水,水之道也,是故禹以四海为壑。今吾子以邻国为壑,水逆行,谓之洚水。洚水者,洪水也。仁人之所恶也,吾子过矣。”(子之所言过矣,禹除中国之害,以四海为沟壑以受其害水,故后世赖之。今子除水,近注之邻国,触于洚水之名,仁人恶为之,自以为愈于禹,是子亦过甚矣。)
[疏]“白圭”至“过矣”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此(ci)章指言君子除害,普(pu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)人也(ye),白圭(gui)(gui)壑(he)(he)邻(lin)(lin),亦以狭(xia)矣(yi)(yi)。是(shi)故(gu)贤者(zhe)志其大者(zhe)、远(yuan)者(zhe)也(ye)。“白圭(gui)(gui)曰(yue):丹(dan)(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治水(shui)也(ye),愈于(yu)禹(yu)”,丹(dan)(dan)圭(gui)(gui),名也(ye),赵注(zhu)所(suo)以知其为(wei)(wei)(wei)圭(gui)(gui)字(zi)也(ye)。孟子与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue):子此(ci)言有(you)过(guo)谬(miu)矣(yi)(yi),夫(fu)大禹(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治水(shui),因水(shui)道(dao)而疏通归于(yu)海也(ye),此(ci)故(gu)禹(yu)以四海为(wei)(wei)(wei)沟壑(he)(he),以受其水(shui)害,故(gu)当时民(min)皆得平(ping)土(tu)而居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);今吾子以邻(lin)(lin)国为(wei)(wei)(wei)壑(he)(he)以受害,而又有(you)逆其水(shui)道(dao),且逆水(shui)者(zhe),所(suo)以谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洚水(shui),谓洚水(shui)即(ji)洪大之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)也(ye),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)仁人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)恶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。今子如(ru)是(shi),乃云有(you)愈于(yu)大禹(yu),是(shi)吾子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过(guo)谬(miu)矣(yi)(yi)。白圭(gui)(gui)云所(suo)以言此(ci)者(zhe),是(shi)又不(bu)知大禹(yu)不(bu)自(zi)(zi)满(man)假(jia)、不(bu)自(zi)(zi)伐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓也(ye)。于(yu)禹(yu)治水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,是(shi)又白圭(gui)(gui)未得禹(yu)万分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一也(ye)。宜其孟子辞而辟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以为(wei)(wei)(wei)过(guo)谬(miu)者(zhe)矣(yi)(yi)。抑(yi)亦不(bu)思天下有(you)溺者(zhe)由己溺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓也(ye)。
孟子曰:“君子不亮,恶乎执?”(亮,信也。《易》曰:“君子履信思顺。”若为君子之道,舍信将安所执之邪。)
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):此章(zhang)指言(yan)《论(lun)语》曰(yue)“自古皆(jie)有死(si),民(min)无信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)不(bu)立(li)”,重信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至者(zhe)也。孟子(zi)言(yan)君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道如不(bu)以(yi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)为(wei)主,则君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道恶(e)乎执(zhi)?言(yan)执(zhi)君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,特(te)在(zai)(zai)乎信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)也。亮(liang)(liang),信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)也。然言(yan)亮(liang)(liang)而不(bu)言(yan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)者(zhe),盖亮(liang)(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)义(yi),其(qi)(qi)体在(zai)(zai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),其(qi)(qi)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)明。君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,惟明为(wei)能(neng),明善(shan)在(zai)(zai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),为(wei)能(neng)诚(cheng)身,不(bu)明乎善(shan),不(bu)能(neng)诚(cheng)其(qi)(qi)身矣。是则君子(zi)不(bu)亮(liang)(liang),又(you)恶(e)乎执(zhi)欤?以(yi)其(qi)(qi)诚(cheng)也者(zhe),择善(shan)而固执(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)也。故《论(lun)语》云:“自古皆(jie)有死(si),民(min)无信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)不(bu)立(li)。”是重信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至也。
鲁欲使乐正子为政。(乐正子,克也,鲁君使之执政于国。)
孟子曰:“吾闻之,喜而不寐。”(喜其人道德得行,为之喜而不寐。)
公孙丑曰:“乐正子强乎?”曰:“否。”“有知虑乎?”曰:“否。”“多闻识乎?”曰:“否。”(丑问乐正子有此三问之所能乎?孟子皆曰:否,不能有此也。)
“然则奚为喜而不寐?”(丑问无此三者,何为喜而不寐。)
曰:“其为人也好善。”(孟子言乐正子之为人也能好善,故为之喜。)
“好善足乎?”(丑问以但好善,足以治国乎?)
曰:“好善优于天下,而况鲁国乎?夫苟好善,则四海之内,皆将轻千里而来告之以善。夫苟不好善,则人将曰:‘讠讠,予既已知之矣。’讠讠之声音颜色,距人于千里之外。(孟子曰:好善乐闻,善言是采,用之也以此治天下,可以优之,舜是也,何况于鲁不能治乎!人诚好善,四海之内皆轻行千里以善来告之;诚不好善,则其人将曰讠讠,贱他人之言。讠讠者,自足其智,不嗜善言之貌。讠讠之人,发声音,见颜色,人皆知其不欲受善言也。道术之士闻之,止于千里之外而不来也。)
士止于千里之外,则谗谄面谀之人至矣。与谗谄面谀之人居,国欲治,可得乎?”(怀善之士止于千里之外,不肯就之,则邪恶顺意之人至矣。与邪恶居,欲使国治,岂可得乎?)
[疏]“鲁欲”至“得乎”。
○正义曰:此章指言好善从人,圣人一概,禹闻谠言,答之而拜。讠讠吐之,善人亦逝,善去恶来,道若合符。《诗》曰:“雨雪漉漉,见见聿消。”此之谓也。鲁欲使乐正子执政,故言于弟子曰:我闻鲁欲使乐正子为政,遂喜而不寐。以其乐正子将得行其道也。“公孙丑曰:乐正子强乎”至“曰否”,公孙丑见孟子此言以为喜而不寐,乃问孟子曰:乐正子有强力胜乎?曰否,孟子答,无以力胜也。公孙丑问:有智虑能善谋乎?曰否,孟子又答之,曰无用智虑谋也。公孙丑又问曰:有多闻见识乎?曰否,孟子又答,曰无多闻见识也。“然则奚为喜而不寐?曰:其为人也好善”,孟子曰:乐正子为人能好善言,故为之喜也。“好善足乎”,又问,言乐正子但好善言,足以治国乎?“曰:好善优于天下”至“可得乎”,孟子与之曰:能好善言,足优为于天下也,而况鲁国乎?夫人苟好善,则四海之内,有善言之士,皆得不远千里而来告之也;苟不能好善,则四海之内,人将曰彼人之讠讠自足其智,不好善言,我既已知之,如此,则讠讠之人,发声音,形颜色,以距止人于千里之外。是则善言之士既止于千里之外而不来告之,则谗恶谄佞面从之人至矣。然而与谗恶谄佞面谀之人居,国欲使之治,尚可得乎?言不可得而治也。《庄子》云:“好言人之恶以为谗,希意导言以为谄,不择是非而言以为谀”。
○注“乐正子克”。
○正义曰:已说于前矣。
○注“闻善言,虞舜是也”。
○正义曰:孟子曰:“舜闻一善言,见一善行,若决江河,沛然莫之能御。”是之谓也。
○注“禹闻谠言,答之以拜”至“此之谓也”。
○正义曰(yue):禹闻善言(yan)则拜。《尚书》“谠言(yan)”,说于前矣。“《诗(shi)》曰(yue):雨雪漉漉,见见曰(yue)消”者,此盖《角弓》之诗(shi)文也(ye)。注云(yun):见,日(ri)也(ye);漉漉,雨雪之盛貌。
陈子曰:“古之君何如则仕?”(陈臻问:古之君子谓何礼可以仕也。)
孟子曰:“所就三,所去三。迎之致敬以有礼,言将行其言也,则就之;礼貌未衰,言弗行也,则去之。其次,虽未行其言也,迎之致敬以有礼,则就之;礼貌衰,则去之。其下,朝不食,夕不食,饥饿不能出门户,君闻之,曰:‘吾大者不能行其道,又不能从其言也。使饥饿于我土地,吾耻之。’周之,亦可受也,免死而已矣。”(所去就,谓下事也,礼者,接之以礼也;貌者,颜色和顺,有乐贤之容。礼衰,不敬也;貌衰,不悦也。其下者,困而不能与之禄,则当去。矜其困而问之,苟免死而已。此三就三去之道。穷饿而去不疑也,故不言去,免死而留,为死故也。权时之宜,嫌其疑也,故载之也。)
[疏]“陈子”至“己矣”。
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章指言士虽(sui)正道(dao),亦(yi)有(you)量宜,听言为(wei)(wei)上,礼(li)(li)(li)貌(mao)次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),困(kun)而(er)(er)免死(si),斯为(wei)(wei)下(xia)矣(yi)。备(bei)此(ci)三科,亦(yi)无疑也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“陈(chen)(chen)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)何(he)如(ru)则(ze)(ze)(ze)仕(shi)(shi)(shi)”,陈(chen)(chen)臻问孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi):古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)何(he)如(ru)则(ze)(ze)(ze)可(ke)进(jin)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕(shi)(shi)(shi)。“孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):所(suo)(suo)就(jiu)(jiu)三,所(suo)(suo)去(qu)(qu)三”,孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),曰(yue)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)仕(shi)(shi)(shi),所(suo)(suo)去(qu)(qu)、就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)三也(ye)(ye)(ye)。下(xia)文孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。自“迎(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致敬”至“死(si)而(er)(er)已矣(yi)”,是(shi)解所(suo)(suo)去(qu)(qu)、就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)三矣(yi)。言国君(jun)(jun)迎(ying)接(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),致其(qi)(qi)(qi)敬以(yi)(yi)有(you)礼(li)(li)(li),言将行(xing)用其(qi)(qi)(qi)言也(ye)(ye)(ye),则(ze)(ze)(ze)就(jiu)(jiu)而(er)(er)仕(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)所(suo)(suo)谓行(xing)可(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。如(ru)礼(li)(li)(li)貌(mao)接(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li),又有(you)乐(le)贤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)未衰,而(er)(er)言弗得行(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye),则(ze)(ze)(ze)当(dang)退而(er)(er)去(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)道(dao)而(er)(er)仕(shi)(shi)(shi),道(dao)不行(xing)则(ze)(ze)(ze)去(qu)(qu)矣(yi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次国君(jun)(jun)虽(sui)未行(xing)用其(qi)(qi)(qi)言,然(ran)而(er)(er)接(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致敬以(yi)(yi)有(you)礼(li)(li)(li),则(ze)(ze)(ze)就(jiu)(jiu)而(er)(er)仕(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)所(suo)(suo)谓际可(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。及其(qi)(qi)(qi)国君(jun)(jun)接(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li),又无乐(le)贤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong),是(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)礼(li)(li)(li)貌(mao)衰也(ye)(ye)(ye),是(shi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)退而(er)(er)去(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)(li)而(er)(er)仕(shi)(shi)(shi),礼(li)(li)(li)既衰则(ze)(ze)(ze)去(qu)(qu)矣(yi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)朝旦(dan)无以(yi)(yi)食,夕昏又无以(yi)(yi)食,以(yi)(yi)至饥(ji)(ji)饿(e)困(kun)乏不能出(chu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)门户,国君(jun)(jun)闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃曰(yue)吾(wu)(wu)大(da)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)者(zhe),不能使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得行(xing)其(qi)(qi)(qi)道(dao),又不能听从其(qi)(qi)(qi)言,而(er)(er)使饥(ji)(ji)饿(e)于(yu)我之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土地,吾(wu)(wu)羞耻(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。如(ru)此(ci),国君(jun)(jun)有(you)以(yi)(yi)周赐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),亦(yi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)不辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)。无他,免其(qi)(qi)(qi)饿(e)死(si)而(er)(er)已矣(yi)。以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)为(wei)(wei)贫而(er)(er)仕(shi)(shi)(shi),是(shi)公养之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)昔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孔子(zi)(zi)去(qu)(qu)、就(jiu)(jiu)如(ru)是(shi),此(ci)孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)答陈(chen)(chen)臻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)问,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)执此(ci)而(er)(er)详悉告之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
孟子曰:“舜发于畎亩之中,傅说举于版筑之间,胶鬲举于鱼盐之中,管夷吾举于士,孙叔敖举于海,百里奚举于。故天将降大任于是人也,必先苦其心志,劳其筋骨,饿其体肤,空乏其身,行拂乱其所为,所以动心忍性,曾益其所不能。(舜耕历山,二十徵庸。傅说筑傅岩,武丁举以为相。胶鬲,殷之贤臣,遭纣之乱,隐遁为商,文王于鬻贩鱼盐之中得其人,举之以为臣也。士,狱官也。管仲自鲁囚执于士官,桓公举以为相国。孙叔敖隐处耕于海滨,楚庄王举之以为令尹。百里奚亡虞秦,隐于都,穆公举之于而以为相也。言天将降下大事以任圣贤,必先勤劳其身,饿其体而瘠其肤,使其身乏资绝粮,所行不从拂戾而乱之者,所以动惊其心,坚忍其性,使不违仁,困而知勤,增益其素所以不能行之者也。)
人恒过,然后能改。困于心,衡于虑,而后作。徵于色,发于声,而后喻。(人常以有谬思过行,不得福,然后乃更其所为,以不能为能也。困瘁于心,衡,横也,横塞其虑于胸中,而后作为奇计异策、愤激之说也。徵验见于颜色,若屈愿憔悴,渔父见而怪之,发于声而后喻,若甯戚商歌,桓公异之,是而已矣。)
入则无法家拂士,出则无敌国外患者,国恒亡。然后知生于忧患,而死于安乐也。”(入,谓国内也。无法度大臣之家、辅弼之士。出,谓国外也。无敌国可难,无外患可忧,则凡庸之君骄慢荒怠,国常以此亡也。故知能生于忧患,死于安乐也。死,亡也。安乐怠慢,使人亡其知能者也。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“安乐也”。
○正义曰:此章指言圣贤困穷,天坚其志。次贤感激,乃奋其虑。凡人佚乐,以丧知能。贤愚之叙也。“孟子曰:舜发于畎亩之中”至“死于安乐也”者,孟子言舜初起发自历山亩亩之中,而尧禅其位;傅说筑于傅岩之间,而高宗举之为相;胶鬲鬻贩于鱼盐之中而商,文王举为贤臣;管仲为士官之囚,而桓公举为相国;孙叔敖隐遁于海滨,而楚庄王举为令尹;百里奚亡虞归秦,而隐于都市,秦缪公任之以为相。故天欲降其大任,与之卿相之位于此六人也,必先所以如是苦楚其心志,劬劳其身,已饿其体,使之焦枯疫瘠其皮肤,又使其身空乏无资财,所行不遂,而拂戾其所为,又所以惊动其心,坚忍其性,曾益其素所不能而已。又言人常以过谬,然后更改而迁善。困瘁于心而无所通,则其操心也危,横塞其虑而思虑无所达,而后乃能兴作,其大憔悴枯槁之容而验于色,而后有吟咏叹息之气而发于声,则人见其色,闻其声,而后喻晓其所为矣。又言国君者入于国内,无大夫循守其职而为之法家,又无辅弼谏诤之士;出于国外,则无强敌之大国为危难之警:如是者,其国未为不丧亡矣,故曰国常亡。如是,则然后因而知人以忧患谋虑而生,以安乐怠慢而死也,故曰:“生于忧患,而死于安乐也。”
○注“舜耕历山”至“不能行”。
○正义曰:“自舜耕历山”至“缪公举之以为相也”,是皆案《史记》之文也。
○注若屈愿憔悴,与甯戚商歌,桓公异之。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):案(an)《史记》:“屈(qu)原名(ming)平,与楚同(tong)(tong)姓,事怀王,为(wei)三闾大(da)夫(fu),王甚任之(zhi)。上(shang)官大(da)夫(fu)与之(zhi)同(tong)(tong)列,争宠,而(er)心害其(qi)(qi)能(neng),因谗之(zhi)。王怒(nu)而(er)疏(shu)平,复(fu)逐放(fang)之(zhi)。平乃游江滨(bin),被发行吟泽(ze)畔,颜色憔悴,形容枯槁。时(shi)有(you)渔(yu)父(fu)钓于江滨(bin),怪而(er)问之(zhi)曰(yue)(yue):‘子非三闾大(da)夫(fu)乎,何(he)故至此?’原曰(yue)(yue):‘举(ju)世混(hun)浊(zhuo),而(er)我(wo)(wo)独清。众人皆(jie)醉,而(er)我(wo)(wo)独醒。’渔(yu)父(fu)曰(yue)(yue):‘圣(sheng)人不(bu)凝滞于物,与世推移。举(ju)世皆(jie)浊(zhuo),何(he)不(bu)混(hun)其(qi)(qi)泥(ni)而(er)扬其(qi)(qi)波。众人皆(jie)醉,何(he)不(bu)啜其(qi)(qi)糟而(er)其(qi)(qi)ㄤ。’原曰(yue)(yue):‘吾闻新沐者必弹(dan)冠,新浴者必振(zhen)衣。谁(shei)能(neng)以(yi)身察(cha)察(cha),受物之(zhi)汶汶者乎?宁(ning)赴常流(liu),而(er)葬鱼(yu)腹中(zhong)耳。’遂(sui)作(zuo)《长(zhang)沙》之(zhi)赋,怀石(shi)自投(tou)汨罗以(yi)死。后(hou)百馀年,贾谊为(wei)长(zhang)沙王大(da)傅,过湘,投(tou)书以(yi)吊之(zhi)。”甯戚角歌(ge)者,案(an)《三齐记》云:“齐桓公(gong)夜(ye)出(chu)迎(ying)客,甯戚疾(ji)击其(qi)(qi)牛角,高歌(ge)曰(yue)(yue):‘南山(shan)粲,白(bai)石(shi)烂,生不(bu)遭尧与舜禅,短布单衣至,从昏饭牛薄夜(ye)半,长(zhang)夜(ye)曼(man)曼(man)何(he)时(shi)旦?’桓公(gong)乃召与语,说(shuo)之(zhi),遂(sui)以(yi)为(wei)大(da)夫(fu)。”
孟子曰:“教亦多术矣!予不屑之教诲也者,是亦教诲之而已矣。”(教人之道多术。予,我也。屑,也。我不其人之行,故不教诲之。其人感此,退自修学而为仁义,是亦教诲之一道也。)
[疏]正义曰:此(ci)章指言学而(er)(er)(er)见贱,耻(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)(zhe),激而(er)(er)(er)厉之(zhi)(zhi),能(neng)者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)改,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)诲之(zhi)(zhi)方(fang),或(huo)折或(huo)引(yin),同归殊途,成之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)。孟(meng)子言教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)道,非特(te)一术(shu)耳,以(yi)其多(duo)有也(ye)。我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)于不(bu)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)行而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)亦(yi)我(wo)有以(yi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。以(yi)其使彼感激自勉修(xiu)为之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)已(yi),是以(yi)亦(yi)为教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)诲之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。盖谓(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)亦(yi)多(duo)术(shu)者(zhe)(zhe),有君子之(zhi)(zhi)五教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),或(huo)三隅不(bu)反,则(ze)不(bu)复也(ye);或(huo)叩两端而(er)(er)(er)竭;于鄙夫或(huo)渎则(ze)不(bu)告(gao);或(huo)谓(wei)子之(zhi)(zhi)归求有馀(yu)师;或(huo)为挟贵而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)答:是教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)术(shu)矣(yi)。
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