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田儋列传原文、注释与翻译

作者:司马迁 文章来源:会员上传 请你点此纠错或发表评论

【原文】

田儋者,狄(di)人也,故(gu)齐王田氏(shi)族也。儋从(cong)弟(di)(di)田荣(rong),荣(rong)弟(di)(di)田横,皆豪,宗(zong)彊,能(neng)得人。

陈(chen)涉之初(chu)起王(wang)楚也(ye),使周(zhou)市略定魏地(di),北至狄(di)(di),狄(di)(di)城守。田(tian)(tian)儋(dan)详为缚其(qi)奴(nu),从少年(nian)之廷,欲谒杀奴(nu)。见(jian)狄(di)(di)令,因(yin)击(ji)杀令,而召豪吏(li)子弟(di)曰:诸侯皆(jie)反秦(qin)自(zi)立(li),齐,古之建国,儋(dan),田(tian)(tian)氏,当王(wang)。遂自(zi)立(li)为齐王(wang),发兵以击(ji)周(zhou)市。周(zhou)市军还(hai)去,田(tian)(tian)儋(dan)因(yin)率兵东(dong)略定齐地(di)。

秦将章(zhang)邯围魏王咎(jiu)於(wu)临济,急。魏王请救於(wu)齐(qi),齐(qi)王田(tian)儋将兵救魏。章(zhang)邯夜衔枚击,大破齐(qi)、魏军,杀田(tian)儋於(wu)临济下。儋弟(di)田(tian)荣收儋馀兵东(dong)走东(dong)阿(a)。

齐(qi)(qi)人闻(wen)王(wang)(wang)田儋死,乃立故齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)建之(zhi)弟田假为齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang),田角为相,田间为将,以距诸侯。

田(tian)(tian)(tian)荣(rong)之走东阿,章邯(han)追围之。项(xiang)梁(liang)闻田(tian)(tian)(tian)荣(rong)之急,乃引兵击破章邯(han)军(jun)东阿下(xia)。章邯(han)走而西,项(xiang)梁(liang)因追之。而田(tian)(tian)(tian)荣(rong)怒齐(qi)(qi)之立(li)(li)假,乃引兵归,击逐齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)假。假亡走楚(chu)。齐(qi)(qi)相角亡走赵(zhao);角弟田(tian)(tian)(tian)间前求救赵(zhao),因留不敢归。田(tian)(tian)(tian)荣(rong)乃立(li)(li)田(tian)(tian)(tian)儋子市(shi)为(wei)齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)。荣(rong)相之,田(tian)(tian)(tian)横为(wei)将,平(ping)齐(qi)(qi)地。

项梁(liang)既追章(zhang)(zhang)邯,章(zhang)(zhang)邯兵(bing)益盛,项梁(liang)使使告赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、齐,发兵(bing)共(gong)击章(zhang)(zhang)邯。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)荣曰(yue):使楚(chu)杀田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假,赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)杀田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)角(jiao)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)间(jian),乃肯(ken)出兵(bing)。楚(chu)怀王曰(yue):田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假与国之(zhi)王,穷而(er)归(gui)我,杀之(zhi)不义。赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)亦(yi)不杀田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)角(jiao)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)间(jian)以市於齐。齐曰(yue):蝮螫手则(ze)斩(zhan)手,螫足则(ze)斩(zhan)足。何者?为(wei)害於身也。今(jin)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)角(jiao)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)间(jian)於楚(chu)、赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao),非直手足戚也,何故不杀?且秦(qin)复得志於天下,则(ze)齮龁(he)用事(shi)者坟墓矣。楚(chu)、赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)不听,齐亦(yi)怒,终(zhong)不肯(ken)出兵(bing)。章(zhang)(zhang)邯果败杀项梁(liang),破楚(chu)兵(bing),楚(chu)兵(bing)东(dong)走,而(er)章(zhang)(zhang)邯渡河围赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)於钜鹿。项羽往救赵(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao),由此(ci)怨田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)荣。

项羽既存赵(zhao),降章邯等(deng),西(xi)屠咸阳,灭秦而立侯王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye),乃徙齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)市更王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)胶东,治即墨。齐(qi)将田(tian)都从共(gong)救赵(zhao),因(yin)入关,故立都为齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),治临淄。故齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)建孙田(tian)安(an)(an),项羽方渡河救赵(zhao),田(tian)安(an)(an)下济(ji)北(bei)数(shu)城,引(yin)兵(bing)降项羽,项羽立田(tian)安(an)(an)为济(ji)北(bei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),治博阳。田(tian)荣以负(fu)项梁不(bu)肯出兵(bing)助楚、赵(zhao)攻(gong)秦,故不(bu)得(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang);赵(zhao)将陈馀亦失(shi)职(zhi),不(bu)得(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang):二人俱怨项王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。

顼王(wang)既归,诸侯各就(jiu)国(guo),田荣(rong)使人将兵助陈馀,令反赵地(di),而(er)(er)荣(rong)亦发兵以距击(ji)田都,田都亡走楚(chu)。田荣(rong)留齐王(wang)市(shi),无令之胶东。市(shi)之左右曰:项王(wang)彊暴,而(er)(er)王(wang)当之胶东,不(bu)就(jiu)国(guo),必危(wei),市(shi)惧,乃亡就(jiu)国(guo)。田荣(rong)怒,追击(ji)杀齐王(wang)市(shi)於(wu)(wu)即(ji)墨(mo),还(hai)攻杀济北王(wang)安。於(wu)(wu)是田荣(rong)乃自立为齐王(wang),尽并三齐之地(di)。

项王(wang)闻之,大怒,乃北伐齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)田荣兵败(bai)(bai),走平原(yuan),平原(yuan)人杀(sha)荣。项王(wang)遂烧夷齐(qi)(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭,所过者尽屠(tu)之。齐(qi)(qi)人相聚畔之。荣弟横(heng),收齐(qi)(qi)散兵,得数万(wan)人,反击项羽(yu)於(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)阳(yang)。而汉(han)王(wang)率诸侯败(bai)(bai)楚,入(ru)彭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。项羽(yu)闻之,乃醳齐(qi)(qi)而归,击汉(han)於(wu)彭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),因连(lian)与汉(han)战,相距荥(ying)阳(yang)。以故田横(heng)复(fu)得收齐(qi)(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邑,立田荣子广为齐(qi)(qi)王(wang),而横(heng)相之,专国政,政无巨细皆断(duan)於(wu)相。

横(heng)(heng)定齐(qi)(qi)三年,汉(han)(han)(han)(han)王(wang)使郦生往说下(xia)(xia)(xia)齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)广(guang)(guang)及其相国横(heng)(heng)。横(heng)(heng)以为然(ran),解(jie)其历(li)下(xia)(xia)(xia)军(jun)(jun)(jun)。汉(han)(han)(han)(han)将(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)(han)信引兵且东(dong)击(ji)齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)初使华无(wu)伤、田解(jie)军(jun)(jun)(jun)於历(li)下(xia)(xia)(xia)以距汉(han)(han)(han)(han),汉(han)(han)(han)(han)使至(zhi),乃罢守(shou)(shou)战备(bei),纵酒,且遣使与(yu)汉(han)(han)(han)(han)平。汉(han)(han)(han)(han)将(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)(han)信已(yi)平赵、燕(yan),用蒯通计,度平原,袭破(po)齐(qi)(qi)历(li)下(xia)(xia)(xia)军(jun)(jun)(jun),因入(ru)临淄(zi)。齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)广(guang)(guang)、相横(heng)(heng)怒,以郦生卖己,而亨郦生。齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)广(guang)(guang)东(dong)走高(gao)密(mi),相横(heng)(heng)走博(bo),守(shou)(shou)相田光走城阳,将(jiang)(jiang)军(jun)(jun)(jun)田既军(jun)(jun)(jun)於胶(jiao)(jiao)东(dong)。楚(chu)使龙(long)且救齐(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)与(yu)合军(jun)(jun)(jun)高(gao)密(mi)。汉(han)(han)(han)(han)将(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)(han)信与(yu)曹(cao)(cao)参破(po)杀龙(long)且,虏齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)广(guang)(guang)。汉(han)(han)(han)(han)将(jiang)(jiang)灌婴(ying)(ying)追得齐(qi)(qi)守(shou)(shou)相田光。至(zhi)博(bo),而横(heng)(heng)闻齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)死,自(zi)立(li)(li)(li)为齐(qi)(qi)王(wang),还(hai)击(ji)婴(ying)(ying),婴(ying)(ying)败横(heng)(heng)之军(jun)(jun)(jun)於嬴(ying)下(xia)(xia)(xia)。田横(heng)(heng)亡走梁(liang),归彭越。彭越是时居梁(liang)地,中立(li)(li)(li),且为汉(han)(han)(han)(han),且为楚(chu)。韩(han)(han)信已(yi)杀龙(long)且,因令(ling)曹(cao)(cao)参进兵破(po)杀田既於胶(jiao)(jiao)东(dong),使灌婴(ying)(ying)破(po)杀齐(qi)(qi)将(jiang)(jiang)田吸於千乘。韩(han)(han)信遂平齐(qi)(qi),乞自(zi)立(li)(li)(li)为齐(qi)(qi)假王(wang),汉(han)(han)(han)(han)因而立(li)(li)(li)之。

後岁馀(yu),汉(han)灭(mie)项籍,汉(han)王(wang)立为(wei)(wei)皇帝(di),以彭越为(wei)(wei)梁(liang)王(wang)。田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)惧诛,而与其徒属五百馀(yu)人(ren)入海,居(ju)岛中。高帝(di)闻(wen)之(zhi),以为(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)兄弟本(ben)定齐(qi),齐(qi)人(ren)贤者多附(fu)焉,今在海中不收,後恐为(wei)(wei)乱,乃(nai)(nai)(nai)使(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)赦田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)罪而召之(zhi)。田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)因谢曰:臣(chen)亨(heng)陛(bi)下(xia)之(zhi)使(shi)(shi)郦生,今闻(wen)其弟郦商为(wei)(wei)汉(han)将而贤,臣(chen)恐惧,不敢(gan)奉(feng)诏(zhao)(zhao),请(qing)为(wei)(wei)庶人(ren),守海岛中。使(shi)(shi)还(hai)报,高皇帝(di)乃(nai)(nai)(nai)诏(zhao)(zhao)卫尉郦商曰:齐(qi)王(wang)田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)即至,人(ren)马从者敢(gan)动(dong)摇者致族夷!乃(nai)(nai)(nai)复使(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)持(chi)节具告(gao)以诏(zhao)(zhao)商状,曰:「田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)来,大(da)者王(wang),小者乃(nai)(nai)(nai)侯耳;不来,且(qie)举(ju)兵加(jia)诛焉。田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)乃(nai)(nai)(nai)与其客二人(ren)乘传诣雒(luo)阳。

未(wei)至三(san)十里(li),至尸乡厩置,横(heng)(heng)谢使(shi)者曰:人(ren)臣见(jian)天(tian)子当洗沐。止(zhi)留(liu)。谓其(qi)(qi)(qi)客(ke)曰:横(heng)(heng)始与汉王俱南面(mian)称(cheng)孤,今汉王为(wei)天(tian)子,而(er)(er)横(heng)(heng)乃为(wei)亡虏而(er)(er)北(bei)面(mian)事之,其(qi)(qi)(qi)耻(chi)固已甚矣(yi)。且吾(wu)亨人(ren)之兄,与其(qi)(qi)(qi)弟并肩而(er)(er)事其(qi)(qi)(qi)主,纵彼畏(wei)天(tian)子之诏,不(bu)敢动我(wo),我(wo)独不(bu)愧於(wu)心(xin)乎(hu)?且陛(bi)下所以欲见(jian)我(wo)者,不(bu)过(guo)欲一见(jian)吾(wu)面(mian)貌耳。今陛(bi)下在洛阳,今斩吾(wu)头,驰三(san)十里(li)间,形(xing)容尚未(wei)能败,犹可观也(ye)。遂自(zi)(zi)刭,令客(ke)奉其(qi)(qi)(qi)头,从使(shi)者驰奏之高帝。高帝曰:嗟乎(hu),有以也(ye)夫!起自(zi)(zi)布(bu)衣,兄弟三(san)人(ren)更王,岂不(bu)贤(xian)乎(hu)哉!为(wei)之流涕,而(er)(er)拜其(qi)(qi)(qi)二客(ke)为(wei)都(dou)尉,发(fa)卒二千(qian)人(ren),以王者礼葬(zang)田横(heng)(heng)。

既葬,二客(ke)穿其(qi)冢(zhong)旁孔,皆(jie)自刭(jing),下从之(zhi)。高帝闻之(zhi),乃大惊,大田横之(zhi)客(ke)皆(jie)贤。吾闻其(qi)馀尚五百人在海中(zhong),使使召之(zhi)。至则闻田横死,亦皆(jie)自杀。於(wu)是(shi)乃知(zhi)田横兄弟能得士也。

太史(shi)公曰(yue):甚矣(yi)蒯(kuai)通(tong)之(zhi)谋,乱齐(qi)骄淮(huai)阴,其(qi)卒亡此两人!蒯(kuai)通(tong)者,善(shan)为(wei)长(zhang)短说,论(lun)战国之(zhi)权变,为(wei)八十一首(shou)。通(tong)善(shan)齐(qi)人安(an)期生,安(an)期生尝干(gan)项(xiang)羽,项(xiang)羽不能(neng)用其(qi)筴。已而项(xiang)羽欲(yu)封此两人,两人终不肯(ken)受,亡去。田(tian)横(heng)之(zhi)高节,宾(bin)客(ke)慕义而从横(heng)死,岂非至(zhi)贤!余因而列焉(yan)。不无善(shan)画者,莫能(neng)图,何哉?

秦项之际,天下交(jiao)兵。六国(guo)树党,自置(zhi)豪英。田儋殒寇,立市相(xiang)荣。楚封王假,齐破郦生。兄弟更王,海岛传声。

译文

田(tian)儋(dan)(dan)是狄(di)县人,战国时齐王(wang)田(tian)氏的同族。田(tian)儋(dan)(dan)的堂弟(di)(di)、田(tian)荣(rong)的弟(di)(di)弟(di)(di)田(tian)横,是当地有势(shi)力的人物,而且(qie)宗族强盛,很(hen)得(de)人心。

在(zai)(zai)陈涉开始起兵(bing)自称(cheng)楚王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)候,派遣周市(shi)攻(gong)取(qu)(qu)并(bing)平定了魏地,向东(dong)打到狄(di)县(xian)(xian)(xian),狄(di)县(xian)(xian)(xian)固守县(xian)(xian)(xian)城。田(tian)儋假装绑(bang)住自己的(de)(de)(de)家奴(nu),带(dai)领着(zhe)手(shou)下的(de)(de)(de)年轻人去县(xian)(xian)(xian)府,称(cheng)在(zai)(zai)拜(bai)见县(xian)(xian)(xian)令之(zhi)后杀死有罪的(de)(de)(de)家奴(nu)。在(zai)(zai)拜(bai)见县(xian)(xian)(xian)令的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)候,他们(men)乘机杀死他,然(ran)后又(you)召集有势力的(de)(de)(de)官吏和年轻人说:“各地诸侯都已经反(fan)秦自立,齐(qi)地是古代封建的(de)(de)(de)诸侯国,而我田(tian)儋,是齐(qi)王(wang)田(tian)氏的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)族,应当为王(wang)。”于是,田(tian)儋自立为齐(qi)王(wang),并(bing)且起兵(bing)攻(gong)打周市(shi)。周市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)军队(dui)撤走以后,田(tian)儋乘机带(dai)兵(bing)东(dong)进,夺取(qu)(qu)并(bing)平定了齐(qi)国故(gu)地。

秦将章(zhang)邯(han)带兵(bing)在临(lin)济(ji)围攻魏(wei)王咎,情(qing)况(kuang)紧急,魏(wei)王派人到齐国(guo)来(lai)求救。齐王田儋带领军队援救魏(wei)国(guo)。章(zhang)邯(han)在夜间让兵(bing)马口中衔枚,趁夜幕(mu)的(de)掩护进行偷袭,把(ba)齐魏(wei)联(lian)军打得大败,在临(lin)济(ji)城下杀死田儋。田儋的(de)堂弟田荣收(shou)集田儋的(de)余部向东逃跑到了东阿(a)。

齐国人听说田(tian)儋战死的(de)消息之(zhi)后,于是就拥立(li)以前齐王田(tian)建的(de)弟弟田(tian)假为(wei)齐王,田(tian)角为(wei)丞相(xiang),田(tian)间(jian)为(wei)大(da)将,以此来抗拒诸侯。

田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)荣在败逃(tao)东阿的(de)时候(hou),章邯(han)(han)(han)进行(xing)围追(zhui)阻截。项梁听说田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)荣情况(kuang)危急,于是(shi)就(jiu)领兵来(lai)到(dao)东阿城下,并(bing)且一举(ju)击败章邯(han)(han)(han)。章邯(han)(han)(han)往西(xi)逃(tao)跑,项梁则乘胜追(zhui)击。但田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)荣对齐人立田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假(jia)为齐王(wang)一事非常(chang)气愤,于是(shi)就(jiu)带(dai)兵回去(qu),攻击追(zhui)逐齐王(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假(jia),田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假(jia)逃(tao)到(dao)楚国,丞(cheng)相田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)角逃(tao)到(dao)赵国;田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)角的(de)弟弟田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)间在此以前已(yi)到(dao)赵国求救(jiu),也就(jiu)留在赵国不敢回去(qu)了(le)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)荣于是(shi)立田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)儋的(de)儿(er)子田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)市为齐王(wang),自任丞(cheng)相,田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横为大将,平定了(le)齐地。

项(xiang)梁(liang)追击(ji)(ji)章邯(han)(han)(han)以(yi)后,章邯(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)军队(dui)反倒(dao)日渐强盛(sheng),于是项(xiang)梁(liang)就派遣使者通报齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)和赵(zhao)国(guo)(guo),要两(liang)国(guo)(guo)共同发兵(bing)攻打章邯(han)(han)(han)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)荣说(shuo)(shuo):“如果(guo)楚国(guo)(guo)杀死(si)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假(jia),赵(zhao)国(guo)(guo)杀死(si)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)角、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)间(jian),那(nei)我们(men)(men)才肯出(chu)兵(bing)。”楚怀王说(shuo)(shuo):“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假(jia)是我们(men)(men)同盟国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)君王,在走投无路的(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)候来投靠我们(men)(men),杀了他是不(bu)(bu)(bu)合道义的(de)(de)(de)(de)。”赵(zhao)国(guo)(guo)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)愿意用杀田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)角、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)间(jian)来和齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)作交易。齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)人(ren)说(shuo)(shuo):“手被(bei)蝮(fu)蛇咬了就要砍掉手,足(zu)被(bei)蝮(fu)蛇咬了就要砍掉足(zu)。为(wei)(wei)什么(me)(me)呢(ni)?因(yin)为(wei)(wei)倘若不(bu)(bu)(bu)这样(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua),就要害及全身。而(er)现在田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)假(jia)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)角、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)间(jian)对于楚国(guo)(guo)、赵(zhao)国(guo)(guo)来说(shuo)(shuo),并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是手足(zu)骨肉之亲,为(wei)(wei)什么(me)(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)杀掉他们(men)(men)呢(ni)?况且若是秦朝(chao)再得志(zhi)于天下的(de)(de)(de)(de)话(hua),那(nei)么(me)(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)仅我们(men)(men)要身受(shou)其(qi)辱,而(er)且连(lian)祖坟恐怕也(ye)要被(bei)人(ren)挖出(chu)呢(ni)。”楚国(guo)(guo)、赵(zhao)国(guo)(guo)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)肯依从齐(qi)国(guo)(guo),齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)也(ye)非(fei)常生(sheng)气,最(zui)终(zhong)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)肯出(chu)兵(bing)援救。章邯(han)(han)(han)果(guo)然击(ji)(ji)败(bai)了楚军,并(bing)且杀了项(xiang)梁(liang),楚军往东溃逃,而(er)章邯(han)(han)(han)也(ye)就乘机(ji)渡过黄河,围(wei)攻赵(zhao)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨鹿。项(xiang)羽前往援救赵(zhao)国(guo)(guo),由(you)此(ci)也(ye)就非(fei)常怨恨田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)荣。

项(xiang)(xiang)羽(yu)已经(jing)保全了(le)赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo),又(you)降服了(le)章邯等秦(qin)(qin)朝将(jiang)领,西向(xiang)入咸阳(yang)进行杀戮,灭(mie)了(le)秦(qin)(qin)朝,然(ran)后又(you)分封(feng)诸侯王(wang)。于(yu)是他(ta)把齐(qi)王(wang)田(tian)(tian)市改封(feng)为(wei)胶东王(wang),治所(suo)在即墨。齐(qi)国(guo)将(jiang)领田(tian)(tian)都因跟随项(xiang)(xiang)羽(yu)共同救赵(zhao)(zhao),接(jie)着又(you)进军关(guan)中,因此(ci)项(xiang)(xiang)羽(yu)立田(tian)(tian)都为(wei)齐(qi)王(wang),治所(suo)在临淄。前齐(qi)王(wang)田(tian)(tian)建的孙子田(tian)(tian)安,他(ta)在项(xiang)(xiang)羽(yu)正(zheng)渡河救赵(zhao)(zhao)的时候,接(jie)连攻(gong)下了(le)济(ji)北城池多座,然(ran)后带兵投(tou)降了(le)项(xiang)(xiang)羽(yu),项(xiang)(xiang)羽(yu)因此(ci)立田(tian)(tian)安为(wei)济(ji)北王(wang),治所(suo)在博阳(yang)。田(tian)(tian)荣因为(wei)违背项(xiang)(xiang)羽(yu)不(bu)肯(ken)出(chu)兵援助(zhu)楚、赵(zhao)(zhao)两(liang)国(guo)攻(gong)打(da)秦(qin)(qin)朝,因此(ci)不(bu)能被封(feng)为(wei)王(wang);赵(zhao)(zhao)国(guo)将(jiang)领陈余也因为(wei)失(shi)职(zhi),没(mei)有被封(feng)为(wei)王(wang),这两(liang)个人都很怨恨(hen)项(xiang)(xiang)羽(yu)。

项(xiang)羽既已回到(dao)(dao)楚(chu)国,所封诸侯也(ye)就各自(zi)回到(dao)(dao)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)封地(di)(di)。田(tian)(tian)荣派(pai)人(ren)(ren)带(dai)兵帮助(zhu)陈余(yu),让他(ta)在赵地(di)(di)反叛项(xiang)羽,田(tian)(tian)荣自(zi)己(ji)也(ye)发兵抗(kang)击田(tian)(tian)都,田(tian)(tian)都逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)楚(chu)国。田(tian)(tian)荣扣(kou)留(liu)了齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)市,不(bu)让他(ta)到(dao)(dao)胶(jiao)东(dong)(dong)的(de)治所。田(tian)(tian)市手下的(de)人(ren)(ren)说:“项(xiang)羽强(qiang)大而凶暴,而您作(zuo)为(wei)齐(qi)王(wang)(wang),应该(gai)到(dao)(dao)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)封国胶(jiao)东(dong)(dong)去(qu),若是不(bu)去(qu)的(de)话,一(yi)定有危险。”田(tian)(tian)市非常害(hai)怕,于(yu)是就逃(tao)跑去(qu)胶(jiao)东(dong)(dong)。田(tian)(tian)荣得知后勃然大怒,急忙带(dai)人(ren)(ren)追(zhui)赶齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)市,在即(ji)墨把(ba)他(ta)杀死了。回来又攻打(da)济北王(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)安,并(bing)且把(ba)他(ta)杀死。于(yu)是,田(tian)(tian)荣就自(zi)立为(wei)齐(qi)王(wang)(wang),全(quan)部占有了三齐(qi)之地(di)(di)。

项(xiang)羽(yu)听(ting)到(dao)这(zhei)(zhei)个消(xiao)(xiao)息(xi)之(zhi)后,十分恼怒,于是就起(qi)(qi)兵北伐(fa)齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。齐(qi)王(wang)田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)被打得大(da)(da)(da)败,逃(tao)跑到(dao)平(ping)原,平(ping)原人(ren)把田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)杀死了。其后项(xiang)羽(yu)就烧毁(hui)荡平(ping)了齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)都城的城郭,所过之(zhi)处都大(da)(da)(da)加屠戮,齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)无法(fa)忍受,互相(xiang)聚集起(qi)(qi)来反(fan)叛(pan)他。田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)的弟弟田(tian)(tian)横(heng),收(shou)募起(qi)(qi)齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)的散兵,得到(dao)好几万人(ren)马。反(fan)过头来在城阳攻打项(xiang)羽(yu)。而在这(zhei)(zhei)时,汉(han)王(wang)刘邦带领诸侯的军队击(ji)败楚军,进入彭(peng)(peng)城。项(xiang)羽(yu)听(ting)到(dao)这(zhei)(zhei)个消(xiao)(xiao)息(xi)之(zhi)后,就放(fang)开齐(qi)军回去(qu),在彭(peng)(peng)城对汉(han)兵发起(qi)(qi)攻击(ji),接着就是与汉(han)军的多(duo)次交锋,在荥(ying)阳相(xiang)持不下。因此田(tian)(tian)横(heng)再次得以收(shou)复齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)城邑,立田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)之(zhi)子田(tian)(tian)广为(wei)齐(qi)王(wang),田(tian)(tian)横(heng)自为(wei)丞相(xiang)辅佐他,并专(zhuan)断国(guo)(guo)(guo)政,所有(you)政事(shi),无论大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao),皆由田(tian)(tian)横(heng)决定。

田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)平定(ding)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)三年之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),汉(han)(han)王(wang)(wang)(wang)刘(liu)邦(bang)派郦食(shi)其到(dao)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo),向齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)广(guang)和丞(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)游说,要(yao)他(ta)(ta)们归顺(shun)汉(han)(han)朝(chao)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)认为(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)事可(ke)行,就(jiu)解除了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)历(li)下(xia)(xia)对汉(han)(han)军(jun)的(de)(de)(de)防备。汉(han)(han)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)(han)(han)信本来(lai)(lai)带(dai)兵(bing)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)要(yao)向东(dong)(dong)攻打齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)起初曾派华(hua)无伤、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)解带(dai)领(ling)军(jun)队(dui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)历(li)下(xia)(xia)驻(zhu)扎(zha)(zha)以抗拒汉(han)(han)军(jun),等到(dao)汉(han)(han)使(shi)(shi)者到(dao)来(lai)(lai),就(jiu)废弃了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)守城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)战(zhan)(zhan)备,放任兵(bing)士饮酒(jiu),并派使(shi)(shi)者与(yu)汉(han)(han)朝(chao)讲和。但汉(han)(han)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)(han)(han)信在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)平定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)赵国(guo)(guo)、燕国(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),用蒯通的(de)(de)(de)计(ji)策,越过(guo)平原,突然出击(ji),打败(bai)(bai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)历(li)下(xia)(xia)驻(zhu)扎(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)守军(jun),接着又(you)(you)攻入临淄(zi)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)广(guang)、丞(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)见(jian)汉(han)(han)军(jun)突然出现,非常生(sheng)气(qi),认为(wei)(wei)(wei)自己被郦生(sheng)出卖了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),立(li)刻(ke)烹(peng)杀郦生(sheng)。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)广(guang)往东(dong)(dong)逃(tao)到(dao)高密,丞(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)逃(tao)到(dao)博阳,守相(xiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)光逃(tao)向城(cheng)阳,将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)军(jun)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)既带(dai)领(ling)军(jun)队(dui)驻(zhu)守胶(jiao)东(dong)(dong)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)时,楚(chu)国(guo)(guo)派来(lai)(lai)龙(long)且(qie)带(dai)领(ling)军(jun)队(dui)救助齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)广(guang)与(yu)龙(long)且(qie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高密会师。汉(han)(han)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)(han)(han)信与(yu)曹(cao)参在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高密大破齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)楚(chu)联军(jun),杀死楚(chu)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)龙(long)且(qie),俘虏齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)广(guang)。汉(han)(han)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)灌婴(ying)(ying)继续追击(ji),又(you)(you)俘虏了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)守相(xiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)光。灌婴(ying)(ying)继续进军(jun),到(dao)达博阳。而田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)听(ting)到(dao)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)广(guang)已(yi)死,就(jiu)自立(li)为(wei)(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang),转过(guo)来(lai)(lai)与(yu)灌婴(ying)(ying)交战(zhan)(zhan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)嬴下(xia)(xia),田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)的(de)(de)(de)军(jun)队(dui)被灌婴(ying)(ying)打得大败(bai)(bai)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)逃(tao)到(dao)梁地(di),投归彭越。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)时,彭越拥兵(bing)梁地(di),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)楚(chu)汉(han)(han)之(zhi)(zhi)间保持中(zhong)立(li),又(you)(you)像(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)汉(han)(han)王(wang)(wang)(wang),又(you)(you)像(xiang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。韩(han)(han)(han)信在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)杀死了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)楚(chu)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)龙(long)且(qie)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),接便命(ming)(ming)令曹(cao)参继续向胶(jiao)东(dong)(dong)进军(jun),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)里(li)大败(bai)(bai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)既并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)战(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)中(zhong)杀死了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)他(ta)(ta);韩(han)(han)(han)信又(you)(you)命(ming)(ming)灌婴(ying)(ying)追击(ji)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)吸,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)千乘将(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)他(ta)(ta)击(ji)败(bai)(bai)并斩杀他(ta)(ta)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样,韩(han)(han)(han)信便平定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di),向刘(liu)邦(bang)上书,请立(li)自己为(wei)(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo)假王(wang)(wang)(wang),刘(liu)邦(bang)也就(jiu)因势立(li)韩(han)(han)(han)信为(wei)(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。

过后(hou)一年(nian)多,汉(han)王刘邦消灭了项羽,就自(zi)立(li)为(wei)皇(huang)帝,封(feng)彭越为(wei)梁王。田(tian)横(heng)(heng)害怕被杀(sha),就带领他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)部下(xia)五(wu)百(bai)多人(ren)逃入海中,居住在(zai)一个(ge)(ge)小岛之(zhi)上。汉(han)高祖刘邦听到这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)消息之(zhi)后(hou),认为(wei)田(tian)横(heng)(heng)兄(xiong)弟本来(lai)(lai)就平(ping)(ping)定(ding)了齐(qi)国(guo)(guo),齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)贤士大(da)都依附于(yu)他(ta)(ta),如今要(yao)(yao)让(rang)他(ta)(ta)流落在(zai)海中而不加以(yi)收揽的(de)(de)(de)话(hua),以(yi)后(hou)恐怕难(nan)免有祸患。因此就派使(shi)者(zhe)赦免田(tian)横(heng)(heng)之(zhi)罪并(bing)且(qie)召他(ta)(ta)入朝,田(tian)横(heng)(heng)却辞(ci)谢说:“我(wo)(wo)曾经烹杀(sha)了陛下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)者(zhe)郦生(sheng),现在(zai)我(wo)(wo)又听说郦生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)弟弟郦商是(shi)一个(ge)(ge)很有才能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)汉(han)朝将领,所(suo)以(yi)我(wo)(wo)非(fei)常害怕,不敢奉诏(zhao)进(jin)京(jing)(jing),请(qing)求(qiu)您(nin)允许我(wo)(wo)做一个(ge)(ge)平(ping)(ping)民百(bai)姓(xing),呆在(zai)这(zhei)海岛上。”使(shi)者(zhe)回来(lai)(lai)报告(gao),高祖立(li)刻(ke)(ke)下(xia)诏(zhao)给卫尉郦商说:“齐(qi)王田(tian)横(heng)(heng)将要(yao)(yao)到京(jing)(jing),谁(shei)要(yao)(yao)敢动一下(xia)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)随从(cong)人(ren)员,立(li)刻(ke)(ke)满门(men) 抄斩!”接着(zhe)又派使(shi)者(zhe)拿着(zhe)符节把皇(huang)帝下(xia)诏(zhao)指示郦商的(de)(de)(de)情况原原本本地(di)高知田(tian)横(heng)(heng),并(bing)且(qie)说:“田(tian)横(heng)(heng)若(ruo)是(shi)来(lai)(lai)京(jing)(jing),最大(da)可(ke)以(yi)封(feng)为(wei)王,最小也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)封(feng)为(wei)侯;若(ruo)是(shi)不来(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)话(hua),将派军队加以(yi)诛(zhu)灭。”田(tian)横(heng)(heng)于(yu)是(shi)和他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)两个(ge)(ge)门(men)客一块乘坐驿站的(de)(de)(de)马车前往洛阳。

在离(li)洛阳三十里远,有一个(ge)(ge)(ge)叫尸(shi)乡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang),这(zhei)一天(tian)(tian)田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)等人(ren)来(lai)(lai)到此(ci)地驿站。田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)对(dui)汉(han)使说:“作为(wei)人(ren)臣拜见天(tian)(tian)子应(ying)该沐浴一新。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)住(zhu)下来(lai)(lai)。田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)对(dui)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)门客说:“我(wo)(wo)(wo)田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)起初和(he)汉(han)王(wang)(wang)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)南面称(cheng)孤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang),而(er)(er)现(xian)在汉(han)王(wang)(wang)做了(le)(le)(le)天(tian)(tian)子,而(er)(er)我(wo)(wo)(wo)田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)却(que)成了(le)(le)(le)亡国奴(nu),而(er)(er)要(yao)北面称(cheng)臣侍(shi)奉(feng)他(ta)(ta),这(zhei)本来(lai)(lai)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)莫(mo)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耻辱了(le)(le)(le)。更何况我(wo)(wo)(wo)烹(peng)杀了(le)(le)(le)人(ren)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兄(xiong)长,再(zai)与他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弟弟来(lai)(lai)并(bing)肩侍(shi)奉(feng)同一个(ge)(ge)(ge)主子,纵然他(ta)(ta)害怕皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诏命,不(bu)敢动(dong)我(wo)(wo)(wo),难道我(wo)(wo)(wo)于(yu)心就(jiu)(jiu)毫不(bu)羞(xiu)愧(kui)吗?再(zai)有,皇(huang)帝(di)陛下召我(wo)(wo)(wo)来(lai)(lai)京的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,不(bu)过是(shi)(shi)(shi)想见一下我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面貌(mao)罢了(le)(le)(le)。如今皇(huang)帝(di)就(jiu)(jiu)在洛阳,现(xian)在我(wo)(wo)(wo)割下我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)头(tou)颅,快马(ma)飞奔三十里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功夫,我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)貌(mao)还不(bu)会改变(bian),还是(shi)(shi)(shi)能够看一下我(wo)(wo)(wo)究竟(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么样子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”说完之后,就(jiu)(jiu)自刎了(le)(le)(le),命两个(ge)(ge)(ge)门客手(shou)捧他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)头(tou),跟随使者飞驰入朝,奏知汉(han)高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)(zu)。汉(han)高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)(zu)说道:“哎呀(ya)!能有此(ci)言此(ci)行,真是(shi)(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)(le)不(bu)起呀(ya)!从平民(min)百姓起家,兄(xiong)弟三个(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)接(jie)连(lian)为(wei)王(wang)(wang),难道不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)贤能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)吗!”汉(han)高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)(zu)忍不(bu)住(zhu)为(wei)他(ta)(ta)流下了(le)(le)(le)眼泪。然后高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)(zu)拜田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)两个(ge)(ge)(ge)门客为(wei)都尉,并(bing)且派两千名士卒,以诸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丧礼安葬(zang)了(le)(le)(le)田(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)。

安(an)葬(zang)完(wan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),两个门客在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)墓(mu)旁挖了(le)(le)个洞,然后(hou)(hou)自刎,倒(dao)在(zai)洞里,追随田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)死去。汉高祖(zu)听说(shuo)(shuo)此事之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),大为吃(chi)惊(jing),认为田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)的门客都是贤才(cai)。高祖(zu)听说(shuo)(shuo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)手下(xia)还有五(wu)百人(ren)在(zai)海岛上,又派使者召他们(men)进(jin)京。进(jin)京之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),这五(wu)百门客听到田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)已死,他们(men)也(ye)都自杀。由此更可以了(le)(le)解田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)(heng)兄弟确实是能够得到贤士拥戴的人(ren)。

太史(shi)公说:蒯通(tong)的(de)计谋实在是(shi)厉害(hai)呀!它既搞乱了齐国而(er)又骄纵坏了淮阴侯,最后又害(hai)死了田(tian)横(heng)(heng)(heng)、韩信这两个人(ren)!蒯通(tong)擅(shan)长于纵横(heng)(heng)(heng)之说,曾写书论战国时期(qi)的(de)权变方策(ce)(ce),总共八十一(yi)篇。蒯通(tong)与齐国人(ren)安期(qi)生要(yao)好,安期(qi)生曾谋求项(xiang)羽任用他(ta)(ta)(ta),但(dan)项(xiang)羽不(bu)能(neng)采用他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)策(ce)(ce)谋。后来(lai)项(xiang)羽又想封他(ta)(ta)(ta)们二人(ren)爵(jue)位,但(dan)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们不(bu)肯(ken)受爵(jue),就逃走了。田(tian)横(heng)(heng)(heng)节操高(gao)(gao)尚,宾(bin)客仰慕他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)高(gao)(gao)义而(er)愿意随(sui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)去死,这难(nan)道还不(bu)是(shi)至为贤能(neng)的(de)人(ren)吗?我(wo)根(gen)据事实把(ba)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)事迹记录在这里。但(dan)是(shi)非常可惜,当时没有(you)善于绘画(hua)的(de)人(ren),没有(you)把(ba)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)容(rong)貌和业绩描画(hua)下来(lai),什么原因呢?

逐句注释

田(tian)儋者,狄人(ren)也。故齐王田(tian)氏族(zu)也①。儋从弟田(tian)荣②,荣弟田(tian)横,皆豪③,宗(zong)强,能得(de)人(ren)。

陈涉(she)之初(chu)起(qi)王(wang)楚也④,使周市(shi)(shi)(shi)略(lve)定魏地,北至狄,狄城守。田儋(dan)详(xiang)为缚其奴(nu)⑤,从少(shao)年之廷,欲谒(ye)杀(sha)奴(nu)⑥。见狄令(ling),因(yin)击杀(sha)令(ling),而召豪吏子弟(di)曰:“诸侯皆反秦自(zi)立,齐,古之建国⑦,儋(dan),田氏,当(dang)王(wang)。”遂(sui)自(zi)立为齐王(wang),发兵以(yi)击周市(shi)(shi)(shi)。周市(shi)(shi)(shi)军(jun)还去,田儋(dan)因(yin)率兵东(dong)略(lve)定齐地。

①故(gu)齐(qi)王(wang):从(cong)前的(de)齐(qi)王(wang),即春秋末年(nian)和战国(guo)时期的(de)齐(qi)王(wang)。②从(cong)弟(di):堂弟(di)。③豪(hao):强横有(you)势力的(de)人。④本句指秦二世元年(nian)(前209)七月,陈涉率领戍(shu)卒反秦,自立(li)为(wei)王(wang),国(guo)号为(wei)“楚(chu)”的(de)时候(hou)。⑤详:通“佯”,假装。⑥欲谒(ye)杀奴(nu)(nu):想(xiang)报告(gao)官(guan)府之后,杀掉(diao)有(you)罪的(de)家(jia)奴(nu)(nu)。《集解》引(yin)服虔(qian)语云(yun):“古(gu)杀奴(nu)(nu)婢皆(jie)当告(gao)官(guan)。儋欲杀令,故(gu)诈缚奴(nu)(nu)而以谒(ye)也(ye)。”谒(ye)(yè,业),拜见。⑦古(gu)之建国(guo):古(gu)代因受封(feng)而建立(li)的(de)国(guo)家(jia)。

秦(qin)将(jiang)章邯围魏王(wang)咎于(yu)临济,急。魏王(wang)请救于(yu)齐,齐王(wang)田(tian)儋将(jiang)兵救魏。章邯夜衔枚击①,大破齐、魏军,杀(sha)田(tian)儋于(yu)临济下(xia)。儋弟田(tian)荣收儋余兵东(dong)走东(dong)阿。

齐(qi)人闻(wen)王田(tian)儋死(si),乃立故齐(qi)王建之弟田(tian)假为齐(qi)王,田(tian)角(jiao)为相(xiang),田(tian)间为将,以(yi)距诸侯②。

①枚:古代行军时,士卒口衔的(de)用(yong)以(yi)防止喧(xuan)哗的(de)器具,形(xing)状如筷子。③距(ju):通“拒”,抵抗。

田(tian)荣(rong)之走东阿,章(zhang)邯(han)(han)追围之。项梁(liang)闻田(tian)荣(rong)之急(ji),乃引兵(bing)击(ji)破章(zhang)邯(han)(han)军东阿下。章(zhang)邯(han)(han)走而西,项梁(liang)因追之。而因荣(rong)怒齐(qi)之立假(jia)(jia),乃引兵(bing)归(gui),击(ji)逐齐(qi)王(wang)假(jia)(jia)。假(jia)(jia)亡(wang)走楚①。齐(qi)相(xiang)角(jiao)(jiao)亡(wang)走赵;角(jiao)(jiao)弟(di)田(tian)间前求救赵,因留不(bu)敢归(gui)。田(tian)荣(rong)乃立田(tian)儋(dan)子市(shi)为齐(qi)王(wang),荣(rong)相(xiang)之,田(tian)横为将,平(ping)齐(qi)地(di)。

项(xiang)梁既追章(zhang)邯,章(zhang)邯兵益盛,项(xiang)梁使使告(gao)赵(zhao)(zhao)齐(qi),发兵共击章(zhang)邯。田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)曰:“使楚(chu)(chu)杀(sha)(sha)田(tian)(tian)假,赵(zhao)(zhao)杀(sha)(sha)田(tian)(tian)角、田(tian)(tian)间(jian),乃肯出兵。”楚(chu)(chu)怀王曰:“田(tian)(tian)假与(yu)国之(zhi)王②,穷而归(gui)我③,杀(sha)(sha)之(zhi)不(bu)义。”赵(zhao)(zhao)亦(yi)不(bu)杀(sha)(sha)田(tian)(tian)角、田(tian)(tian)间(jian)以市于(yu)(yu)(yu)齐(qi)④。齐(qi)曰“蝮(fu)螫(shi)手(shou)则(ze)斩手(shou)⑤,螫(shi)足(zu)则(ze)斩足(zu)。何(he)者?为(wei)害于(yu)(yu)(yu)身也。今田(tian)(tian)假、田(tian)(tian)角、田(tian)(tian)间(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)楚(chu)(chu)、赵(zhao)(zhao),非(fei)直(zhi)手(shou)足(zu)戚也⑥,何(he)故不(bu)杀(sha)(sha)?且秦复得志于(yu)(yu)(yu)天下,则(ze)?龁用事者坟墓矣⑦。”楚(chu)(chu)、赵(zhao)(zhao)不(bu)听,齐(qi)亦(yi)怒(nu),终(zhong)不(bu)肯出兵。章(zhang)邯果败杀(sha)(sha)项(xiang)梁,破楚(chu)(chu)兵,楚(chu)(chu)兵东走,而章(zhang)邯渡河围赵(zhao)(zhao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)巨(ju)鹿。项(xiang)羽(yu)往救赵(zhao)(zhao),由(you)此(ci)怨(yuan)田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)。

①假亡(wang)走楚:田(tian)假逃跑到楚国(guo)。②与国(guo):相与同盟、患难相救的(de)友好国(guo)家。③穷:困窘,处(chu)境艰难。④市(shi):交易(yi),做买(mai)卖(mai)。⑤蝮:蝮蛇,一(yi)种毒(du)蛇。螫:毒(du)虫刺人(ren)。⑥手(shou)足戚:有血缘(yuan)关(guan)系的(de)亲(qin)戚。⑦?龁(yǐhé,倚河):侧(ce)齿咬,引申为毁伤。用事者:掌权的(de)人(ren),指反(fan)秦起义的(de)首(shou)领们。

项(xiang)羽(yu)(yu)既存赵①,降章邯等,西屠咸(xian)阳(yang),灭秦(qin)(qin)而立侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)也,乃(nai)徙齐王(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)市更王(wang)(wang)胶东(dong)②,治即墨③。齐将田(tian)(tian)(tian)都从共救赵,因入(ru)关(guan),故立都为(wei)齐王(wang)(wang),治临淄。故齐王(wang)(wang)建(jian)孙田(tian)(tian)(tian)安,项(xiang)羽(yu)(yu)方渡河(he)救赵,田(tian)(tian)(tian)安下济(ji)北数城④,引兵(bing)降项(xiang)羽(yu)(yu),项(xiang)羽(yu)(yu)立田(tian)(tian)(tian)安为(wei)济(ji)北王(wang)(wang),治博阳(yang)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)荣以负项(xiang)梁不(bu)肯出(chu)兵(bing)助(zhu)楚、赵攻秦(qin)(qin),故不(bu)得王(wang)(wang);赵将陈余亦失职,不(bu)得王(wang)(wang):二人俱(ju)怨项(xiang)羽(yu)(yu)。

①存赵:保(bao)全(quan)了赵国(guo),使之没被秦军攻(gong)陷。②徙(xǐ,洗):迁移,调动。③治:指王(wang)都和地方官署(shu)所在地。④下:攻(gong)克。

项王(wang)既(ji)归,诸侯各就国(guo)①,田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)使(shi)人将兵助陈余,令反(fan)赵(zhao)地(di)(di),而荣(rong)亦发兵以距击田(tian)(tian)都(dou),田(tian)(tian)都(dou)亡走楚。田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)留齐(qi)王(wang)市,无令之胶(jiao)东②。市之左(zuo)右曰:“项王(wang)强暴,而王(wang)当之胶(jiao)东,不(bu)就国(guo),必危。”市惧,乃亡就国(guo)。田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)怒,追击杀(sha)齐(qi)王(wang)市于即墨,还攻杀(sha)济北王(wang)安(an)。于是田(tian)(tian)荣(rong)乃自立为齐(qi)王(wang),尽并三齐(qi)之地(di)(di)。

项(xiang)王(wang)闻之(zhi),大怒,乃北伐齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)王(wang)田(tian)荣(rong)兵败,走平原(yuan),平原(yuan)人杀(sha)荣(rong)。项(xiang)王(wang)遂烧(shao)夷齐(qi)(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)郭③,所过者尽屠之(zhi)。齐(qi)(qi)人相聚畔之(zhi)④。荣(rong)弟横,收齐(qi)(qi)散兵,得数万人,反击(ji)项(xiang)羽于城(cheng)(cheng)阳(yang)。而(er)汉(han)王(wang)率诸侯败楚,入彭城(cheng)(cheng)。项(xiang)羽闻之(zhi),乃?齐(qi)(qi)而(er)归(gui)⑤,击(ji)汉(han)于彭城(cheng)(cheng),因连与汉(han)战,相距荥阳(yang)。以故田(tian)横复得收齐(qi)(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)邑(yi),立田(tian)荣(rong)子广为(wei)齐(qi)(qi)王(wang),而(er)横相之(zhi),专(zhuan)国(guo)政,政无巨(ju)细皆断(duan)于相。

①就国:到达自己的封(feng)地。②之:到,往。③烧夷:烧平。④畔:通(tong)“叛”。背(bei)叛。⑤?(shì,是):通(tong)“释”。放弃。

横(heng)(heng)定齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三年,汉(han)王(wang)(wang)使(shi)(shi)郦(li)生(sheng)(sheng)往说(shuo)下齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)广及其(qi)相(xiang)国横(heng)(heng)①。横(heng)(heng)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)然,解其(qi)历(li)下军。汉(han)将(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)信(xin)引兵(bing)且东击(ji)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)②。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)初使(shi)(shi)华无伤、田解军于历(li)下以(yi)距汉(han),汉(han)使(shi)(shi)至,乃(nai)罢守战备,纵酒,且遣使(shi)(shi)与汉(han)平(ping)③。汉(han)将(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)信(xin)已平(ping)赵、燕,用蒯通计,度平(ping)原,袭破齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)历(li)下军,因(yin)入临淄。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)广、相(xiang)横(heng)(heng)怒(nu),以(yi)郦(li)生(sheng)(sheng)卖己,而亨郦(li)生(sheng)(sheng)④。齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)广东走(zou)高(gao)密,相(xiang)横(heng)(heng)走(zou)博(bo)(bo)(阳),守相(xiang)田光(guang)(guang)走(zou)城(cheng)阳,将(jiang)(jiang)军田既(ji)军于胶东。楚(chu)使(shi)(shi)龙且救齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)与合军高(gao)密。汉(han)将(jiang)(jiang)韩(han)信(xin)与曹(cao)参(can)破杀龙且,虏齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)广。汉(han)将(jiang)(jiang)灌婴(ying)追得齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)守相(xiang)田光(guang)(guang)。至博(bo)(bo)(阳),而横(heng)(heng)闻齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)死,自(zi)立(li)为(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang),还击(ji)婴(ying),婴(ying)败(bai)横(heng)(heng)之军于嬴下。田横(heng)(heng)亡走(zou)梁(liang),归彭越(yue)。彭越(yue)是时居梁(liang)地,中立(li),且为(wei)(wei)汉(han),且为(wei)(wei)楚(chu)。韩(han)信(xin)已杀龙且,因(yin)今曹(cao)参(can)进兵(bing)破杀田既(ji)于胶东,使(shi)(shi)灌婴(ying)破杀齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)将(jiang)(jiang)田吸于千乘(cheng)。韩(han)信(xin)遂平(ping)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),乞自(zi)立(li)为(wei)(wei)齐(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)假王(wang)(wang)⑤,汉(han)因(yin)而立(li)之。

①郦(li)生:指(zhi)郦(li)食其。②且:将要(yao)。③平(ping):媾(gou)和。④亨:通(tong)“烹”,指(zhi)古时一种(zhong)用鼎(ding)锅(guo)煮(zhu)死犯罪的酷刑。⑤乞:请求。假王:暂时行使(shi)权力的诸(zhu)侯王。

后岁余,汉灭项籍,汉王(wang)立(li)为(wei)(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di),以彭越为(wei)(wei)梁(liang)王(wang)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)惧诛(zhu),而与其(qi)徒属五百余人(ren)(ren)入海(hai),居岛(dao)中(zhong)。高帝(di)闻(wen)之(zhi),以为(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)兄弟本定齐(qi),齐(qi)人(ren)(ren)贤者(zhe)多附焉,今(jin)(jin)在(zai)海(hai)中(zhong)不(bu)收,后恐(kong)为(wei)(wei)乱,乃(nai)(nai)使(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)赦田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)罪而召之(zhi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)因谢(xie)曰(yue)①:“臣(chen)亨陛下之(zhi)使(shi)(shi)郦生,今(jin)(jin)闻(wen)其(qi)弟郦商为(wei)(wei)汉将(jiang)而贤,臣(chen)恐(kong)惧,不(bu)敢奉(feng)诏(zhao)(zhao),请为(wei)(wei)庶人(ren)(ren),守海(hai)岛(dao)中(zhong)。”使(shi)(shi)还报(bao),高皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)及诏(zhao)(zhao)卫尉(wei)郦商曰(yue):“齐(qi)王(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)即至,人(ren)(ren)马从(cong)者(zhe)敢动摇者(zhe)致族夷②!”乃(nai)(nai)复使(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)持节具告以诏(zhao)(zhao)商状(zhuang)③,曰(yue):“田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)来,大者(zhe)王(wang),小(xiao)者(zhe)乃(nai)(nai)侯耳(er);不(bu)来,且(qie)举兵(bing)加诛(zhu)焉。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)横(heng)乃(nai)(nai)与其(qi)客二人(ren)(ren)乘(cheng)传诣雒(luo)阳(yang)④。

①谢:推辞。②族夷:满门抄(chao)斩。③持节:手持皇(huang)帝的符(fu)节。既代表皇(huang)帝又能证明自己的身(shen)份。④乘传:乘坐驿站的专用马车。诣:到(dao)……。

未至三(san)十(shi)里,至尸乡(xiang)厩置①,横(heng)谢使者曰:“人臣见天(tian)子当洗沐。”止(zhi)留(liu)。谓其(qi)客曰:“横(heng)始与汉(han)王俱南面称孤②,今汉(han)王为天(tian)子,而(er)横(heng)乃为亡虏而(er)北(bei)面事(shi)之③,其(qi)耻固已甚矣。且(qie)吾亨人之兄,与其(qi)弟并肩而(er)事(shi)其(qi)主,纵彼畏(wei)天(tian)子之诏,不(bu)敢动(dong)我(wo),我(wo)独不(bu)愧于心(xin)乎(hu)?且(qie)陛下(xia)(xia)所以(yi)欲见我(wo)者,不(bu)过(guo)欲一见吾面貌耳。今陛下(xia)(xia)在洛阳(yang),今斩吾头(tou),驰(chi)三(san)十(shi)里间,形容尚未能败④,犹可观也(ye)。”遂自刭⑤,令客奉(feng)其(qi)头(tou),从使者驰(chi)奏之高帝。高帝曰:“嗟乎(hu),有以(yi)也(ye)夫⑥!起自布衣,兄弟三(san)人更王,岂不(bu)贤(xian)乎(hu)哉!”为之流涕,而(er)拜其(qi)二(er)(er)客为都尉,发(fa)卒二(er)(er)千人,以(yi)王者礼葬田横(heng)。

既(ji)葬,二客穿(chuan)其冢旁孔⑦,皆(jie)自(zi)刭,下从之⑧。高帝闻(wen)之,乃(nai)大(da)惊,以田(tian)(tian)横之客皆(jie)贤。吾闻(wen)其余(yu)五(wu)百人在海中,使(shi)使(shi)召之。至则(ze)闻(wen)田(tian)(tian)横死,亦皆(jie)自(zi)杀(sha)。于是(shi)乃(nai)知田(tian)(tian)横兄弟能(neng)得士也。

①厩置:马房。②南面(mian)弥孤:面(mian)朝南称王。③北(bei)面(mian)事之(zhi):因臣子拜见皇(huang)帝皆面(mian)朝北(bei),北(bei)云作为臣子侍奉(feng)皇(huang)帝。④败:坏,变(bian)质。⑤自刭:自己以(yi)刀割(ge)颈(jing)而死。⑥以(yi):代指原因,缘故(gu)。⑦冢:坟(fen)墓。⑧下从之(zhi):倒进坟(fen)坑(keng)中(zhong)陪(pei)葬(zang)。

太史公曰(yue):甚矣蒯通(tong)之(zhi)谋,乱齐骄淮(huai)阴①,其(qi)卒亡(wang)此两(liang)人(ren)②!蒯通(tong)者,善(shan)为长短说③,论战国之(zhi)权变④,为八十一(yi)首。通(tong)善(shan)齐人(ren)安期生,安期生尝干项(xiang)羽(yu)(yu)⑤,项(xiang)羽(yu)(yu)不(bu)能(neng)用其(qi)筴⑥。已而项(xiang)羽(yu)(yu)欲封此两(liang)人(ren),两(liang)人(ren)终不(bu)肯受,亡(wang)去。田横之(zhi)高节,宾客(ke)慕义而从横死,岂非至贤!余因而列焉⑦。不(bu)无善(shan)画(hua)者,莫(mo)能(neng)图(tu),何哉?

①骄淮(huai)阴(yin):骄纵坏了淮(huai)阴(yin)侯韩(han)信。②卒:最终。③善(shan)为长(zhang)短(duan)说:想把(ba)事情说长(zhang)就能(neng)证明(ming)(ming)长(zhang),想把(ba)事情说短(duan)就能(neng)证明(ming)(ming)它(ta)短(duan)。意即纵横(heng)捭阖(he),能(neng)言善(shan)辩。④权变:机(ji)变,随机(ji)应变。⑤干:求取。⑥筴:通(tong)“策”。⑧列(lie):叙(xu)述,论列(lie)。

赏析

这篇列传以齐国的(de)兴衰成败作为主(zhu)线(xian),并以此(ci)统领全(quan)篇。由于本篇所写的(de)人物多(duo)(duo)、事(shi)件多(duo)(duo),倘若(ruo)没有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)条主(zhu)线(xian)的(de)话,很容易使(shi)人读(du)后(hou)感到枝叶繁生,不着边际,而司(si)马迁在描写的(de)时候抓住了齐国兴衰成败这一(yi)(yi)(yi)线(xian)索(suo),围绕(rao)这一(yi)(yi)(yi)线(xian)索(suo)来展(zhan)开矛盾冲(chong)突和故事(shi)情(qing) 节。

本(ben)篇描(miao)写(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)虽多(duo)(duo),但集(ji)中(zhong)笔墨(mo),重(zhong)(zhong)点突出(chu)。主要(yao)写(xie)了三个人(ren)(ren)物(wu),即田(tian)(tian)(tian)儋(dan)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)荣(rong)(rong)和田(tian)(tian)(tian)横。对(dui)(dui)于(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)儋(dan),重(zhong)(zhong)点写(xie)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)起(qi)事时(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)足智多(duo)(duo)谋(mou),刚勇果断。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)借杀(sha)死(si)(si)犯罪家奴(nu)要(yao)报告(gao)官府得(de)知(zhi)为(wei)(wei)由(you),杀(sha)死(si)(si)狄城守令(ling),迅速起(qi)兵(bing)以响(xiang)应陈涉。对(dui)(dui)于(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)荣(rong)(rong),虽然也(ye)(ye)(ye)表现了他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勇敢坚强,但主要(yao)写(xie)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)对(dui)(dui)个人(ren)(ren)恩怨斤斤计较,不能(neng)以大(da)(da)局为(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong),最(zui)后(hou)以此而失败。在田(tian)(tian)(tian)儋(dan)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)荣(rong)(rong)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)横三个人(ren)(ren)物(wu)当(dang)(dang)中(zhong),司马(ma)迁最(zui)敬仰,因(yin)而描(miao)绘用力也(ye)(ye)(ye)最(zui)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)横。在田(tian)(tian)(tian)横的(de)(de)(de)(de)苦(ku)心(xin)经营(ying)之(zhi)下(xia),齐国由(you)原来千(qian)(qian)(qian)疮百孔(kong)、破落不堪的(de)(de)(de)(de)海隅之(zhi)地,成为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)个有(you)千(qian)(qian)(qian)里之(zhi)地、二(er)十(shi)万(wan)(wan)精兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)强大(da)(da)诸侯国。当(dang)(dang)时(shi)(shi),郦(li)食(shi)其曾这样对(dui)(dui)高(gao)祖刘(liu)邦(bang)说道(dao):“方今燕、赵已定(ding),唯齐未(wei)下(xia)。今田(tian)(tian)(tian)广据千(qian)(qian)(qian)里之(zhi)齐,田(tian)(tian)(tian)间将二(er)十(shi)万(wan)(wan)之(zhi)众,军(jun)于(yu)历(li)城,诸田(tian)(tian)(tian)宗强,负海阻河(he)、济(ji),南近(jin)楚,人(ren)(ren)多(duo)(duo)变诈,足下(xia)虽遣数十(shi)万(wan)(wan)师,未(wei)可(ke)以岁月破也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”(卷九(jiu)十(shi)七(qi)《郦(li)生陆贾列传》)田(tian)(tian)(tian)横在楚汉(han)相争(zheng)之(zhi)际的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用,是(shi)(shi)牵制了楚王(wang)项(xiang)羽,并在客(ke)(ke)观(guan)上为(wei)(wei)汉(han)王(wang)刘(liu)邦(bang)最(zui)后(hou)平定(ding)天下(xia)开(kai)辟了道(dao)路。但田(tian)(tian)(tian)横的(de)(de)(de)(de)失误在于(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)太(tai)诚(cheng)实(shi)了,他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)相信了郦(li)食(shi)其的(de)(de)(de)(de)话,解(jie)除(chu)了历(li)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)守备(bei),这样就使韩信的(de)(de)(de)(de)偷袭(xi)一(yi)(yi)举得(de)逞,而齐国也(ye)(ye)(ye)由(you)此一(yi)(yi)败涂地。另外,汉(han)朝统一(yi)(yi)天下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)势又确实(shi)是(shi)(shi)不可(ke)阻挡的(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以,当(dang)(dang)时(shi)(shi)在田(tian)(tian)(tian)横的(de)(de)(de)(de)面前就只有(you)两(liang)(liang)条路,一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)投降,一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)死(si)(si)亡。如(ru)果投降了汉(han)朝,田(tian)(tian)(tian)横能(neng)够有(you)高(gao)官厚禄,富贵(gui)如(ru)故,但是(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)却宁愿选择了死(si)(si)亡。司马(ma)迁用浓(nong)墨(mo)重(zhong)(zhong)彩,满(man)怀同(tong)情(qing)地写(xie)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)(si)。在死(si)(si)之(zhi)前他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)从容、镇定(ding)地洗沐一(yi)(yi)新,然后(hou)自(zi)刎。更(geng)(geng)为(wei)(wei)可(ke)悲可(ke)叹(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)两(liang)(liang)个随从和五百部下(xia),知(zhi)道(dao)田(tian)(tian)(tian)横自(zi)杀(sha)而死(si)(si)之(zhi)后(hou),也(ye)(ye)(ye)都和他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)样,从容慷慨(kai)地自(zi)杀(sha)就义。作(zuo)者(zhe)司马(ma)迁受过宫(gong)刑,更(geng)(geng)反复思考过死(si)(si)和人(ren)(ren)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)价值与(yu)意义。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)在最(zui)后(hou)饱含深情(qing)地慷慨(kai)叹(tan)道(dao):“田(tian)(tian)(tian)横之(zhi)高(gao)节,宾客(ke)(ke)慕义而从横死(si)(si),岂非至贤!余因(yin)而列焉。不无善画者(zhe),莫能(neng)图,何(he)哉?”这是(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)么(me)深重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)历(li)史遗憾(han)!

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