赵季 译注
【说明与解析】
本篇内容主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是详细(xi)地(di)记述了西周(zhou)开国(guo)重(zhong)臣周(zhou)公的生(sheng)平事迹,并择(ze)要(yao)(yao)记载了鲁国(guo)经历(li)(li)三十(shi)四代君主(zhu)、历(li)(li)时(shi)一千余年的历(li)(li)史发展(zhan)过(guo)程。
周(zhou)(zhou)公是我(wo)国(guo)政(zheng)治史、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一个极(ji)为重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人物。他帮助周(zhou)(zhou)武(wu)王(wang)开创了(le)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)朝(chao)八百年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基业(ye),从而也把(ba)我(wo)国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一个文(wen)明社会形式推向了(le)巅峰(feng),为我(wo)国(guo)民族融合、政(zheng)治统一作出了(le)巨大(da)贡献(xian)(xian)。同时(shi),他所制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“礼(li)乐(le)(le)(le)行政(zheng)”,对我(wo)国(guo)民族文(wen)化(hua)(hua)传统的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成,也具有(you)(you)开山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)义,至今中华民族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)心理(li)(li)之中,仍涓涓流(liu)淌着西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)时(shi)代那种重伦理(li)(li)、轻逸乐(le)(le)(le)、好(hao)俭朴、乐(le)(le)(le)献(xian)(xian)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君子风度(du)和集体(ti)精神(shen)。司马迁对周(zhou)(zhou)公不(bu)但有(you)(you)一种深厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景仰之情(qing),而且把(ba)周(zhou)(zhou)公作为“立德(de)立功立言(yan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楷模来学习仿效,要(yao)为中国(guo)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)发(fa)展作出贡献(xian)(xian)。在《太史公自序(xu)》中,他激(ji)动地回(hui)忆了(le)父亲临终时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嘱托:“夫(fu)天下称诵周(zhou)(zhou)公,言(yan)其能论歌文(wen)武(wu)之德(de),宣周(zhou)(zhou)邵(shao)之风,达太王(wang)王(wang)季之思虑,爰(yuan)及公刘,以尊后稷也。”可见,周(zhou)(zhou)公的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)榜样(yang)力量是激(ji)励司马迁完成《史记》创作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)因素之一。
但是,历史(shi)唯(wei)物主义地(di)来(lai)看,周(zhou)、孔所创立的(de)儒家文化也有(you)其消极的(de)一面:泯灭个性,过于保守,强调等级,以及由此带来(lai)的(de)繁缛的(de)礼仪……凡此种种,要(yao)批判地(di)对待。另外,司马迁对周(zhou)公的(de)极度褒扬(yang)之中,也表现出司马迁思想的(de)局(ju)限,古人今人多有(you)指出,兹不赘述。下(xia)面谈谈本篇(pian)在艺术上的(de)特点(dian)。
在本篇中,作者正是饱(bao)含着激情来塑造(zao)周公形(xing)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)。作者用(yong)四分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)篇幅,详尽(jin)赅(gai)赡地叙述(shu)了(le)周公的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)生:幼(you)年时(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)笃仁纯孝,平定管蔡分裂叛乱时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)坚定果断(duan),牺牲个人时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)义(yi)无反顾,代理国(guo)政时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)忍辱(ru)负重……作者用(yong)与(yu)主人公性格(ge)相一(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)沉有力的(de)(de)(de)语言(yan)娓(wei)(wei)娓(wei)(wei)道来,为我(wo)们树立了(le)一(yi)(yi)个胸怀博(bo)大、深(shen)沉果断(duan),为国(guo)家(jia)利益(yi)辛劳毕生、鞠躬(gong)尽(jin)瘁的(de)(de)(de)高岸君子形(xing)象(xiang),感人至深(shen)。
另外,在(zai)本篇中(zhong)作者“原始(shi)察(cha)终(zhong),见盛(sheng)观衰(shuai)”,在(zai)客观提(ti)供的(de)史(shi)料基础上,通过对鲁(lu)国历(li)(li)史(shi)盛(sheng)衰(shuai)的(de)考(kao)察(cha)和记(ji)述(shu),生动地再(zai)现(xian)了隐(yin)桓(huan)之事(shi)、庆父(fu)之乱、襄(xiang)仲杀(sha)嫡(di)立庶、三桓(huan)攻伐(fa)公室(shi)的(de)真实历(li)(li)史(shi)画面(mian),反映(ying)出统治阶级内部复(fu)杂激烈(lie)的(de)矛盾斗争,也揭示了鲁(lu)国由盛(sheng)而衰(shuai)的(de)必然(ran)过程(cheng)。
值得注意的(de)是(shi),司马迁特(te)地采用对(dui)比(bi)的(de)手(shou)法,来揭(jie)露那(nei)些腐朽没落的(de)统(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)的(de)丑恶本质。一(yi)是(shi)用周公的(de)品德与鲁国后世无(wu)道君臣进行(xing)(xing)强烈对(dui)比(bi),二是(shi)用鲁国的(de)所谓“洙泗礼(li)义之邦”的(de)高雅招牌与鲁国后期统(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)的(de)yín乱、凶(xiong)残、猥琐(suo)进行(xing)(xing)对(dui)比(bi):从而(er)尖锐深刻地揭(jie)露了某些统(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)斤(jin)斤(jin)于揖让(rang)之节(jie)的(de)表面形式、而(er)行(xing)(xing)事则极(ji)尽其荒淫(yin)之欲诛杀之能(neng)的(de)极(ji)度虚伪(wei)行(xing)(xing)径,表现出(chu)作者(zhe)敏锐的(de)观察(cha)判断能(neng)力和高度现实主(zhu)义精神(shen)。
周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)旦(dan),是(shi)周(zhou)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)之(zhi)弟。从(cong)文王(wang)还(hai)在世时(shi),旦(dan)作为儿子非(fei)常孝(xiao)顺,忠(zhong)厚仁爱,胜(sheng)过其他兄弟。到武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)即位,旦(dan)经常佐助辅弼(bi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang),处理很多政(zheng)务(wu)。武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)九年,亲自(zi)东征(zheng)至盟津,周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)随军辅助。十一年,讨伐殷(yin)(yin)(yin)纣,军至牧野,周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)佐助武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang),发(fa)布了动员(yuan)战斗的(de)《牧誓》。周(zhou)军攻破殷(yin)(yin)(yin)都,进入殷(yin)(yin)(yin)王(wang)宫。杀殷(yin)(yin)(yin)纣以后,周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)手持大钺(yue),召公(gong)(gong)手持小钺(yue),左右(you)夹辅武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang),举(ju)行衅社之(zhi)礼,向上天与殷(yin)(yin)(yin)民(min)昭佈(bu)纣之(zhi)罪状。把箕子从(cong)临禁中释放出来(lai)。封(feng)纣子武(wu)(wu)(wu)庚(geng)禄父,命管叔、蔡(cai)叔辅助他,以承续殷(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)祭祀。遍封(feng)功臣(chen)、同(tong)姓及亲戚(qi)。封(feng)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)于少(shao)昊故(gu)墟曲阜(fu),就是(shi)鲁公(gong)(gong)。但不(bu)让(rang)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)去自(zi)己的(de)封(feng)国(guo),而是(shi)留在朝延辅佐武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)。
武(wu)王(wang)战胜殷纣(zhou)的(de)次(ci)年,天(tian)(tian)下统一(yi)之(zhi)业尚未(wei)成功,武(wu)王(wang)患病(bing),身体不安(an),群(qun)臣(chen)恐(kong)惧,太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)和召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)就想(xiang)虔敬(jing)地占(zhan)卜(bu)以(yi)明吉凶。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“不可以(yi)令(ling)我们(men)先(xian)(xian)王(wang)忧虑(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)悲伤。”周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)是以(yi)自身为质,设立三(san)个祭坛,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)向(xiang)北(bei)站(zhan)立,捧璧持圭,向(xiang)太(tai)王(wang)、王(wang)季(ji)(ji)、文(wen)(wen)王(wang)之(zhi)灵祈祷。命(ming)史(shi)官(guan)作册文(wen)(wen)祝告(gao)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)们(men)的(de)长(zhang)孙周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)发(fa)。辛劳(lao)成疾。如(ru)果(guo)三(san)位先(xian)(xian)王(wang)欠上(shang)天(tian)(tian)一(yi)个儿子(zi),请以(yi)旦代(dai)替周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)发(fa)。旦灵巧能干,多才多艺,能事奉鬼(gui)神。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)发(fa)不如(ru)旦多才多艺,不会事奉鬼(gui)神。但周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)发(fa)受(shou)命(ming)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)庭,要普济天(tian)(tian)下,而且能使你(ni)(ni)们(men)的(de)子(zi)孙在(zai)人世(shi)安(an)定地生活,四(si)方人民(min)无不敬(jing)畏他。他能使天(tian)(tian)赐宝运长(zhang)守不失,我们(men)的(de)先(xian)(xian)王(wang)也能永(yong)享奉祀。现(xian)在(zai)我通过(guo)占(zhan)卜(bu)的(de)大龟听命(ming)于(yu)先(xian)(xian)王(wang),你(ni)(ni)们(men)若能答(da)应我的(de)要求,我将圭璧献上(shang),听从您(nin)的(de)吩(fen)咐。你(ni)(ni)们(men)若不答(da)应,我就把(ba)圭璧收藏(zang)起来(lai)。”周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)命(ming)史(shi)官(guan)作册文(wen)(wen)向(xiang)太(tai)王(wang)、王(wang)季(ji)(ji)、文(wen)(wen)王(wang)祝告(gao)要用己身代(dai)替武(wu)王(wang)发(fa)之(zhi)后,就到(dao)三(san)王(wang)祭坛前占(zhan)卜(bu)。卜(bu)人都说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)吉利,翻开兆书一(yi)看 ,果(guo)然(ran)是吉。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十分(fen)高兴(xing),又(you)开锁察(cha)看藏(zang)于(yu)柜中的(de)占(zhan)兆书,也是吉象(xiang)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)即进(jin)宫(gong)祝贺武(wu)王(wang)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“您(nin)没有(you)灾(zai)祸,我刚接受(shou)三(san)位先(xian)(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)命(ming),让您(nin)只需考虑(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)室天(tian)(tian)下的(de)长(zhang)远之(zhi)计,别无他虑(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。此所谓上(shang)天(tian)(tian)为天(tian)(tian)子(zi)考虑(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)到(dao)啊。”周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)把(ba)册文(wen)(wen)收进(jin)金丝缠束(shu)的(de)柜中密封,告(gao)诫守柜者不许泄露。第二(er)天(tian)(tian),武(wu)王(wang)霍然(ran)痊(quan)愈。
后来武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)去(qu)世,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)幼(you)小,尚(shang)在襁(qiang)褓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。周公(gong)(gong)怕(pa)天(tian)下(xia)人(ren)听(ting)说武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)死而(er)(er)(er)背叛(pan)朝廷,就登(deng)位(wei)替成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)代为(wei)处理政务,主持国家(jia)大权。管叔和他的诸弟(di)在国中(zhong)散布流言说:“周公(gong)(gong)将对成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)利(li)。”周公(gong)(gong)就告诉太公(gong)(gong)望、召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)奭(shì,式)说:“我之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)不(bu)避(bi)嫌疑代理国政,是怕(pa)天(tian)下(xia)人(ren)背叛(pan)周室(shi),没法(fa)向我们(men)的先王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)太王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)季(ji)、文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)交代。三(san)(san)位(wei)先王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)为(wei)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业忧劳甚久(jiu),现在才刚成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)。武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)早逝,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)年(nian)幼(you),只是为(wei)了完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)稳定周朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大业,我才这样(yang)做。”于(yu)是终究辅佐成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),而(er)(er)(er)命其子伯(bo)禽代自己到鲁(lu)国受封。周公(gong)(gong)告诫伯(bo)禽说:“我是文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子、武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟(di),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)叔父(fu),在全(quan)天(tian)下(xia)人(ren)中(zhong)我的地位(wei)不(bu)算低了。但(dan)我却洗一次头(tou)要三(san)(san)次握(wo)起头(tou)发,吃一顿饭三(san)(san)次吐出正在咀嚼的食物(wu),起来接待贤士,这样(yang)还怕(pa)失掉天(tian)下(xia)贤人(ren)。你到鲁(lu)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,千万不(bu)要因(yin)有国土(tu)而(er)(er)(er)骄慢于(yu)人(ren)。”
管叔(shu)、蔡叔(shu)、武(wu)庚等人果然(ran)率领淮夷(yi)造反(fan)。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)乃奉成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)命(ming),举(ju)兵(bing)东(dong)征,写了《大诰》。于是(shi)诛斩管叔(shu),杀掉武(wu)庚,流放蔡叔(shu)。收伏殷之(zhi)遗民,封康(kang)叔(shu)于卫,封微子于宋,让他奉行殷之(zhi)祭祀。平定淮夷(yi)及东(dong)部其他地(di)区,二(er)年时间全部完成(cheng)。诸侯都(dou)宗(zong)顺周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)朝。天降福瑞,唐叔(shu)得(de)到二(er)茎共(gong)生(sheng)一(yi)穗(sui)的粟禾,献给(ji)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang),成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)命(ming)唐叔(shu)到东(dong)部周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)军(jun)队(dui)驻地(di)赠给(ji)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong),写了《馈禾》。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)接受后(hou),感激赞颂(song)天子之(zhi)命(ming),写了《嘉禾》。东(dong)方安定后(hou),周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)回报成(cheng)王(wang)(wang),作诗赠给(ji)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang),其诗名为《鸱鸮》(chī xiāo,吃消)。成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)也(ye)未敢责备周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
成王七年(nian)二(er)月乙未(wei)日(ri),成王在镐(hào,浩)京(jing)朝拜武王庙(miao),然后(hou)步行(xing)至丰(feng)京(jing)朝拜文王庙(miao),命太(tai)保召公(gong)先(xian)行(xing)到洛邑(yi)勘察地形(xing)。三月,周(zhou)公(gong)去洛邑(yi)营造成周(zhou)京(jing)城(cheng),并(bing)进行(xing)占卜,得象大吉,于(yu)是就以洛邑(yi)为国都。
成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)长大,能够处(chu)理国事了。于是周公就(jiu)把政权还(hai)给成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang),成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)临朝听政。过(guo)去周公代替成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)治天下(xia)时(shi),面向(xiang)南方,背(bei)对扆(yǐ,椅)壁,接(jie)受诸侯朝拜。七年之后,还(hai)政于成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang),周公面向(xiang)北站在臣子之位上(shang),仍谨慎恭敬如履薄冰。
当初,成(cheng)王(wang)幼小时,有病了,周公(gong)(gong)就剪下自己(ji)的指(zhi)甲沉入河(he)中,向神(shen)祝告(gao)说:“王(wang)年幼没有主张,冒犯神(shen)命(ming)的是(shi)旦(dan)。”也把(ba)那(nei)祝告(gao)册(ce)文藏于秘府,成(cheng)王(wang)病果然痊愈。到成(cheng)王(wang)临朝后,有人说周公(gong)(gong)坏话,周公(gong)(gong)逃亡(wang)到楚(chu)国(guo)。成(cheng)王(wang)打(da)开秘府,发(fa)现周公(gong)(gong)当年的祈祷册(ce)文,感(gan)动得泪流满(man)面,即(ji)迎回周公(gong)(gong)。
周公(gong)(gong)归国后,怕(pa)成王(wang)年轻,为政荒淫(yin)放荡,就写了亡到楚国。成王(wang)打开(kai)秘(mi)府(fu),发现(xian)周公(gong)(gong)当年的祈祷册(ce)文,感动得泪流(liu)满面,即迎回周公(gong)(gong)。
周(zhou)公归国(guo)(guo)后,怕成(cheng)王(wang)年轻,为(wei)政荒淫放(fang)荡,就写了(le)《多(duo)士》、《毋(wu)逸(yi)(yi)》。《毋(wu)逸(yi)(yi)》说(shuo)(shuo):“做(zuo)(zuo)父母(mu)者,经历长(zhang)久(jiu)(jiu)时期创业(ye)成(cheng)功(gong),其子(zi)孙骄奢淫佚忘(wang)记了(le)祖(zu)先的困苦,毁败了(le)家(jia)(jia)业(ye),做(zuo)(zuo)儿子(zi)的能(neng)不(bu)谨慎(shen)吗?因此(ci)(ci)过(guo)去殷王(wang)中宗(zong),庄重恭(gong)敬(jing)地畏(wei)惧天(tian)(tian)(tian)命,治民(min)(min)时严(yan)以律己(ji),竞竞业(ye)业(ye)不(bu)敢(gan)荒废事业(ye)自图(tu)逸(yi)(yi)乐(le),所以中宗(zong)拥(yong)有(you)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)七十(shi)五年之(zhi)久(jiu)(jiu)。殷之(zhi)高宗(zong),久(jiu)(jiu)在民(min)(min)间(jian)劳碌(liu),与小民(min)(min)共同生活,他(ta)即位后居(ju)丧,三(san)年不(bu)言(yan)语,一旦说(shuo)(shuo)话就得(de)(de)到臣民(min)(min)拥(yong)戴(dai),不(bu)敢(gan)荒淫逸(yi)(yi)乐(le),使殷国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)安(an)定,小民(min)(min)大臣均(jun)无怨言(yan),所以高宗(zong)拥(yong)有(you)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)五十(shi)五年。殷王(wang)祖(zu)甲(jia),觉得(de)(de)自己(ji)并(bing)非长(zhang)子(zi),为(wei)王(wang)不(bu)宜,因此(ci)(ci)长(zhang)时间(jian)逃避于民(min)(min)间(jian),深知(zhi)人(ren)民(min)(min)需要,他(ta)安(an)定国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)、施惠于民(min)(min),不(bu)悔慢(man)鳏(guan)寡孤(gu)独之(zhi)人(ren),所以祖(zu)甲(jia)拥(yong)有(you)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)三(san)十(shi)三(san)年。”《多(duo)士》说(shuo)(shuo):“自汤至(zhi)帝乙,殷代诸王(wang)无不(bu)遵循礼制去祭祀,勉力向德,都能(neng)上配(pei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)命。后来(lai)(lai)到殷纣(zhou)时,大为(wei)荒淫逸(yi)(yi)乐(le),不(bu)顾天(tian)(tian)(tian)意民(min)(min)心,万(wan)民(min)(min)都认为(wei)他(ta)该杀。”“周(zhou)文王(wang)每(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)日头偏(pian)西(xi)还顾不(bu)上吃饭(fan),拥(yong)有(you)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)五十(shi)年。”周(zhou)公写了(le)这(zhei)些用来(lai)(lai)告诫成(cheng)王(wang)。
成王居(ju)于(yu)丰(feng)京,当(dang)时(shi)天下虽(sui)已安定,但周(zhou)朝的(de)官职制度(du)尚未(wei)安排(pai)得(de)当(dang),于(yu)是周(zhou)公(gong)写了(le)《周(zhou)官》,划(hua)定百(bai)(bai)官职责(ze)。写了(le)《立政》,以利百(bai)(bai)姓,百(bai)(bai)姓欢悦。
周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在丰京患(huan)病,临终时说:“一定要把我(wo)(wo)埋葬(zang)在成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周,以(yi)表明我(wo)(wo)不敢(gan)离(li)开成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)。”周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si)后,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)也谦让,最后把周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)葬(zang)于(yu)毕(bi)邑,伴随文(wen)王(wang)(wang),来表示(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)不敢(gan)以(yi)周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为臣(chen)。周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去(qu)(qu)世那年秋(qiu)后,庄(zhuang)稼尚(shang)未收割,一场暴风雷霆,禾稼倒伏,大树连根拔(ba)起(qi)。王(wang)(wang)都的(de)人十分害(hai)怕。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)众大夫穿好朝(chao)服打开金縢之书,看到周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)愿以(yi)己身(shen)代武王(wang)(wang)去(qu)(qu)死(si)的(de)册(ce)文(wen)。太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)于(yu)是(shi)问史官(guan)和(he)(he)有关人员(yuan),他(ta)们说:“确有此事,但过去(qu)(qu)周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)命令我(wo)(wo)们不许说出去(qu)(qu)。”成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)手执册(ce)文(wen)而(er)泣(qi),说:“今后不要在笃行(xing)占卜(bu)了!过去(qu)(qu)周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)为王(wang)(wang)室辛(xin)劳,但我(wo)(wo)年幼不理解。现在上天(tian)(tian)(tian)发威来彰(zhang)明周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之德,现在我(wo)(wo)应设祭(ji)(ji)迎(ying)其(qi)神,亦合于(yu)我(wo)(wo)们国(guo)家之礼。”成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)于(yu)是(shi)举行(xing)郊天(tian)(tian)(tian)之礼,果真天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)雨,风向反转,倒伏之禾全部(bu)立起(qi)。太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)命国(guo)人,凡倒下(xia)的(de)大树都扶(fu)起(qi)培实(shi)土基。当年大丰收。于(yu)是(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)特淮鲁(lu)国(guo)可(ke)以(yi)行(xing)郊祭(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)和(he)(he)庙祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)之礼。鲁(lu)国(guo)所以(yi)有周天(tian)(tian)(tian)子一样的(de)礼乐(le),是(shi)因为褒奖周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)德行(xing)啊。
周(zhou)公死(si)时,其子(zi)伯(bo)(bo)禽早在以前接受封(feng)国(guo),就是(shi)鲁(lu)公。鲁(lu)公伯(bo)(bo)禽当初受封(feng)至(zhi)鲁(lu),三年(nian)以后(hou)(hou)(hou)才向(xiang)周(zhou)公汇(hui)(hui)报(bao)施政(zheng)情况。周(zhou)公说:“为(wei)何(he)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)迟(chi)晚?”伯(bo)(bo)禽说:“变其风(feng)俗(su),改(gai)其礼仪(yi),要等(deng)服(fu)丧(sang)三年(nian)除服(fu)之后(hou)(hou)(hou)才能看到效果,因此(ci)(ci)迟(chi)了(le)。”太公受封(feng)于齐国(guo),五个(ge)月(yue)后(hou)(hou)(hou)就向(xiang)周(zhou)公汇(hui)(hui)报(bao)施政(zheng)情况。周(zhou)公说:“为(wei)何(he)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)迅速?”太公说:“我简化其君(jun)臣之间的仪(yi)节,一切(qie)从其风(feng)俗(su)去做。”等(deng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)来太公听说伯(bo)(bo)禽汇(hui)(hui)报(bao)政(zheng)情很迟(chi),叹息说:“唉(ai)!鲁(lu)国(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代将要为(wei)齐国(guo)之臣了(le),为(wei)政(zheng)不(bu)简约易行,人民就不(bu)会亲(qin)近;政(zheng)令平易近民,人民必然归附。”
伯禽即位之后(hou),有管、蔡等造反之事(shi),淮夷、徐戎(rong)也一起兴兵造反。于是(shi)伯禽率(lv)军(jun)至(zhi)肸(bì,必(bi))邑讨(tao)伐之,写了《肸誓》,说:“准备你们的(de)战(zhan)甲头盔(kui),必(bi)须良好(hao)。不(bu)许(xu)毁坏(huai)牛栏马圈。马牛走失,奴隶逃跑,军(jun)士不(bu)得擅离职(zhi)守(shou)去追(zhui)捕,他人之马牛奴隶跑到自己处要归还。不(bu)许(xu)劫略侵扰,不(bu)许(xu)入户(hu)盗窃。鲁国西、南、北三方(fang)近郊远郊之人,备办粮(liang)草(cao)桢幹,不(bu)许(xu)缺少。甲戌(xu)日我军(jun)修筑工事(shi)征伐徐戎(rong),不(bu)许(xu)届(jie)时不(bu)至(zhi),否则处以极(ji)刑(xing)。”发布(bu)《肸誓》后(hou),就讨(tao)平徐戎(rong),安定了鲁国。
鲁公(gong)伯(bo)禽死后,其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)考(kao)(kao)公(gong)酋继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。考(kao)(kao)公(gong)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死,其(qi)(qi)弟熙继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)是炀(yang)公(gong)。炀(yang)公(gong)修建(jian)了茅阙(que)们。六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)炀(yang)公(gong)死,其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)幽公(gong)宰继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。幽公(gong)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),其(qi)(qi)弟(bì,必)杀幽公(gong)自立为(wei)君,就(jiu)是魏(wei)公(gong)。魏(wei)公(gong)五(wu)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死,其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)厉公(gong)擢继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。厉公(gong)三十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死,鲁人立其(qi)(qi)弟具为(wei)君,就(jiu)是献(xian)(xian)公(gong)。献(xian)(xian)公(gong)三十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)死,其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)真公(gong)濞(bi)(pì,僻)继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。
真(zhen)公(gong)(gong)十(shi)四年(nian)(前841),周厉王(wang)为(wei)政(zheng)无道,出(chu)逃于(yu)彘(zhì,至)邑,周公(gong)(gong)、召公(gong)(gong)共同(tong)执政(zheng)。二(er)十(shi)九年(nian)(前827),周宣王(wang)即位。
三十年(nian)(前826),真公死(si),其弟(di)敖继位,就(jiu)是(shi)武公。
武公(gong)九年(前817)春,武公(gong)和(he)长子括、少(shao)子戏(xi)(xi),西行朝拜周(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)。宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)喜欢戏(xi)(xi),想立(li)(li)(li)(li)戏(xi)(xi)为鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国太子。周(zhou)之(zhi)大夫樊仲山甫劝谏宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)说(shuo):“废弃(qi)长子而(er)立(li)(li)(li)(li)少(shao)子,不(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)合于(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)制(zhi);不(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)合礼(li)(li)(li)制(zhi),必然触犯先(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)命(ming)(ming);触犯先(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)命(ming)(ming)必被诛杀:所(suo)以发令(ling)(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)违(wei)背(bei)礼(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)。命(ming)(ming)令(ling)(ling)难以实行,政(zheng)令(ling)(ling)就没有权威;命(ming)(ming)令(ling)(ling)被实行而(er)又违(wei)背(bei)礼(li)(li)(li)制(zhi),人民将(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)服(fu)从主上(shang)。而(er)下级服(fu)务(wu)于(yu)上(shang)级,年轻者(zhe)服(fu)务(wu)于(yu)年长者(zhe),这才符(fu)合礼(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)。现在天(tian)(tian)子您(nin)(nin)(nin)立(li)(li)(li)(li)诸侯之(zhi)继承人,而(er)立(li)(li)(li)(li)其少(shao)子,是(shi)教(jiao)给(ji)人民违(wei)犯礼(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)。如(ru)果(guo)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国遵(zun)从您(nin)(nin)(nin)的(de)命(ming)(ming)令(ling)(ling),诸侯也(ye)仿(fang)效而(er)行,先(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)命(ming)(ming)必然阻塞难行;如(ru)果(guo)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国不(bu)(bu)(bu)遵(zun)从您(nin)(nin)(nin)废长立(li)(li)(li)(li)少(shao)的(de)命(ming)(ming)令(ling)(ling),您(nin)(nin)(nin)必要诛伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国,您(nin)(nin)(nin)就等于(yu)自己诛伐先(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)命(ming)(ming)。那(nei)时(shi)您(nin)(nin)(nin)诛伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国是(shi)错误,不(bu)(bu)(bu)诛伐也(ye)是(shi)错误,请您(nin)(nin)(nin)慎重考虑。”宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听,终于(yu)立(li)(li)(li)(li)戏(xi)(xi)为鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)太子。夏(xia)天(tian)(tian),武公(gong)回鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)国后去世,戏(xi)(xi)继位,就是(shi)懿公(gong)。
懿(yi)公(gong)九年(nian)(前807),懿(yi)公(gong)之兄(xiong)括(kuo)的(de)儿子(zi)(zi)伯御(yu)和鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国人攻杀(sha)懿(yi)公(gong),立(li)起伯御(yu)为鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)相 。伯御(yu)在位十一年(nian),周宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu),杀(sha)死其君(jun)(jun)伯御(yu),而询(xun)问鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国公(gong)子(zi)(zi)中谁能启发训(xun)(xun)导诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯,让他做鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国嗣君(jun)(jun)。樊穆仲说:“鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)懿(yi)公(gong)之弟称,庄重(zhong)恭谨(jin)敬事(shi)神灵,敬重(zhong)长者;处理事(shi)务执行法(fa)规(gui)时,必定咨询(xun)先王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)遗(yi)训(xun)(xun)和正(zheng)确(que)经验,不(bu)干犯(fan)先王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)遗(yi)训(xun)(xun),不(bu)抵触正(zheng)确(que)经验。”宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)说:“好,这样就(jiu)能训(xun)(xun)导治理其民众了。”于是在夷宫立(li)称为鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)君(jun)(jun),就(jiu)是孝公(gong)。此后,诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯多有违抗王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)命(ming)的(de)。孝公(gong)二十五年(nian)(前771),诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯背叛(pan)周室,犬戎人杀(sha)死幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。秦开始列为诸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯。
二十(shi)七(qi)年(前769),孝公死,其子弗湟继位,就是惠公。
惠公三十(shi)(shi)年(前(qian)739),晋人杀其君(jun)昭侯(hou)。四十(shi)(shi)五年(前(qian)724),晋人又杀其君(jun)孝(xiao)侯(hou)。
四十六年(前(qian)723),惠(hui)公死,长(zhang)庶子(zi)息(xi)(xi)代理政务,执掌君权,就(jiu)是隐公。当初,惠(hui)公正妻无子(zi),其贱妾声子(zi)生儿子(zi)息(xi)(xi)。息(xi)(xi)长(zhang)大后,惠(hui)公为(wei)(wei)(wei)息(xi)(xi)娶(qu)宋(song)国女。宋(song)女来到(dao)(dao)鲁(lu)国,惠(hui)公看她美丽就(jiu)夺(duo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)自己的妻子(zi)。生下(xia)儿子(zi)允。惠(hui)公将(jiang)宋(song)女升(sheng)为(wei)(wei)(wei)正妻,立允为(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)子(zi)。到(dao)(dao)惠(hui)公死时,因为(wei)(wei)(wei)允太(tai)幼(you)小,鲁(lu)人共(gong)同(tong)让息(xi)(xi)代理国政,不叫作(zuo)即位。
隐公五年(前781),在棠地观看捕(bu)鱼。八(ba)年(前715),与郑国交(jiao)换(huan)天(tian)子所赐之封邑(yi)太山的枋(beng,崩)和许田(tian),君子讥贬(bian)这件事。
十(shi)一(yi)年(前(qian)712)冬,公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)挥向隐公(gong)(gong)(gong)献媚说:“百姓认为您(nin)当国(guo)(guo)君于民(min)有(you)利,您(nin)就(jiu)不要代(dai)理(li)而正(zheng)式做国(guo)(guo)君吧。我(wo)请求您(nin)杀(sha)(sha)掉子(zi)允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun),您(nin)让我(wo)当国(guo)(guo)相。”隐公(gong)(gong)(gong)说:“先君有(you)命在前(qian)。我(wo)是因为允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)幼小(xiao),所以代(dai)理(li)国(guo)(guo)政(zheng)。现在允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)已长大,我(wo)正(zheng)营造(zao)菟(tù,兔)裘这个地方准备养老,再(zai)把国(guo)(guo)政(zheng)交(jiao)给子(zi)允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)。”公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)挥害怕子(zi)允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)听到自己的(de)话(hua)而杀(sha)(sha)他,反而向子(zi)允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)说隐公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)坏话(hua)诬(wu)陷说:“隐公(gong)(gong)(gong)想正(zheng)式做国(guo)(guo)君,除掉你,你要考虑此事。请允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)许我(wo)为你杀(sha)(sha)死隐公(gong)(gong)(gong)。”子(zi)允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)答(da)应了。十(shi)一(yi)月,隐公(gong)(gong)(gong)将要祭祀钟巫之(zhi)神,在社圃斋戒,住在(wěi,伪)氏家中(zhong)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)挥派人在氏家杀(sha)(sha)死隐公(gong)(gong)(gong),而立子(zi)允(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)为鲁君,就(jiu)是桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
桓(huan)公(gong)元年(前711),郑国用玉(yu)璧换取(qu)天子赐给鲁(lu)的封邑许田。二年(前710),鲁(lu)君(jun)命把宋国赂送的鼎放(fang)入(ru)太庙,君(jun)子讥贬此事。
三(san)年(nian)(前709),派公子挥(hui)到齐国接娶(qu)齐女为桓公夫(fu)人。六(liu)年(nian)(前706),夫(fu)人生下一子,其生日与桓公相同(tong),所以起名(ming)叫“同(tong)”。同(tong)长大,为太子。
十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(前696),桓公与诸侯在(zai)曹国(guo)盟会,讨伐郑国(guo),支持郑厉公回(hui)国(guo)执政(zheng)。
十八年(前694)春,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)准备外出,与(yu)夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)一同去(qu)(qu)齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。申(xū,需)谏止,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)听(ting),于是去(qu)(qu)了(le)齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)。齐(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)与(yu)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)私通。桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)知道了(le)怒责(ze)夫人(ren)(ren)(ren),夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)把桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)责(ze)骂(ma)之(zhi)事告(gao)诉了(le)齐(qi)侯。夏四(si)月丙子日,齐(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)宴请(qing)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)酒醉后,齐(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)命(ming)(ming)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子彭(peng)生(sheng)抱住桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong),又命(ming)(ming)彭(peng)生(sheng)折断(duan)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)肋(lei)骨,桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死于车(che)中(zhong)。鲁人(ren)(ren)(ren)告(gao)于齐(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)说:“我(wo)们国(guo)(guo)(guo)君畏敬(jing)您的威(wei)严,不(bu)(bu)敢安居,到(dao)齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo)修两国(guo)(guo)(guo)友睦之(zhi)礼。礼成(cheng)而人(ren)(ren)(ren)未归,罪(zui)责(ze)无法追究,只要求得到(dao)彭(peng)生(sheng)以在(zai)诸侯面前洗(xi)掉(diao)丑(chou)闻。”齐(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)杀死彭(peng)生(sheng)以向鲁解释。鲁国(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)立太子同为君,就是庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)母桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)于是留在(zai)齐(qi)国(guo)(guo)(guo),不(bu)(bu)敢归鲁。
庄公(gong)五年(前689)冬,伐卫,武力(li)支持卫惠公(gong)回国执(zhi)政。
八年(nian)(nian)(前686)冬,齐(qi)(qi)公(gong)子纠逃亡来鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)。九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(前685),鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)想(xiang)(xiang)武(wu)力护送子纠返齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)为君,但落后于齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong),齐(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)发(fa)兵(bing)攻鲁(lu)(lu),鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)危急,只(zhi)能杀(sha)了子纠,其臣召忽(hu)从死。齐(qi)(qi)人告知鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)要(yao)生得(de)管(guan)仲。鲁(lu)(lu)人施伯(bo)说:“齐(qi)(qi)想(xiang)(xiang)得(de)到管(guan)仲,并(bing)非想(xiang)(xiang)杀(sha)他(ta)(ta),而是(shi)将要(yao)任(ren)用(yong)他(ta)(ta),他(ta)(ta)被任(ren)用(yong)后必为鲁(lu)(lu)之大患。不(bu)(bu)如杀(sha)死管(guan)仲,把他(ta)(ta)尸体给(ji)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)。”庄公(gong)不(bu)(bu)听(ting),把管(guan)仲押解到齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)人用(yong)管(guan)仲为相(xiang)。
十(shi)三年(前681),鲁庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)和大夫(fu)曹(cao)沫(mo)(huì,会(hui)(hui))在柯地与齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)盟会(hui)(hui),曹(cao)沫(mo)武力(li)劫持齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong),索要鲁被齐(qi)(qi)(qi)侵(qin)占(zhan)的土地,盟誓后释放(fang)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)想毁约,管(guan)仲谏止,终(zhong)于归还给鲁国(guo)被侵(qin)之(zhi)地。十(shi)五年(前679),齐(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)开始称霸于诸(zhu)侯(hou)。二十(shi)三年(前671),庄公(gong)(gong)(gong)到齐(qi)(qi)(qi)国(guo)去观看社祭。
三十(shi)二(er)年(前662),当初(chu),庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公修筑一台正好俯(fu)临党(dang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之家(jia),庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公见其(qi)(qi)孟(meng)女(nv)(nv),十(shi)分(fen)喜(xi)爱,答(da)应立(li)(li)她为(wei)(wei)夫人(ren)(ren),割破胳膊订下盟(meng)誓。孟(meng)女(nv)(nv)生子(zi)(zi)(zi)斑(ban)(ban)。斑(ban)(ban)长(zhang)大后(hou),喜(xi)爱梁(liang)(liang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之女(nv)(nv),前去她家(jia)看她。一个名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)叫荦(luo)的养马人(ren)(ren)从墙外戏弄梁(liang)(liang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)女(nv)(nv)。斑(ban)(ban)大怒,鞭打荦(luo)。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公听说(shuo)此(ci)事,说(shuo):“荦(luo)很有膂(lv)力,应杀掉他,这(zhei)人(ren)(ren)不能打完后(hou)就放了。”斑(ban)(ban)未来得(de)及(ji)杀荦(luo)。正适庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公有病。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公有三个弟(di)弟(di),长(zhang)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)庆父(fu),次曰(yue)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya),幼名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)季友(you)(you)。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公娶(qu)齐女(nv)(nv)为(wei)(wei)夫人(ren)(ren)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)哀(ai)姜(jiang)。哀(ai)姜(jiang)无子(zi)(zi)(zi),哀(ai)姜(jiang)之妹(mei)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)姜(jiang),生子(zi)(zi)(zi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)开。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公正夫人(ren)(ren)无子(zi)(zi)(zi),因喜(xi)爱孟(meng)女(nv)(nv),想立(li)(li)其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)斑(ban)(ban)为(wei)(wei)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公病,向其(qi)(qi)弟(di)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)问(wen)(wen)谁可(ke)继(ji)承君(jun)位。叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)说(shuo):“父(fu)死子(zi)(zi)(zi)继(ji),兄死弟(di)及(ji),这(zhei)是鲁(lu)国(guo)常规(gui)。现有庆父(fu),可(ke)为(wei)(wei)嗣(si)君(jun),您担忧什么?”庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公嫌恶叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)想立(li)(li)庆父(fu),无人(ren)(ren)时又问(wen)(wen)季友(you)(you)。季友(you)(you)说(shuo):“我昌(chang)死也(ye)要立(li)(li)斑(ban)(ban)为(wei)(wei)君(jun)。”庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公曰(yue):“刚才叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)想立(li)(li)庆父(fu),怎么办?”季友(you)(you)就以庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)义命令叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)在针巫氏(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)中(zhong)待命,派针季强迫叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)喝毒酒(jiu),向叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)说(shuo):“你(ni)喝了这(zhei)个,可(ke)以不杀你(ni)的后(hou)人(ren)(ren);不然,你(ni)死了,你(ni)的后(hou)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)将被(bei)杀。”叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)于是饮毒酒(jiu)而死,鲁(lu)国(guo)立(li)(li)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)之子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)叔(shu)(shu)(shu)孙(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。八月癸亥日,庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公死,季友(you)(you)终于立(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)斑(ban)(ban)为(wei)(wei)君(jun),合(he)于庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公遗(yi)命。子(zi)(zi)(zi)斑(ban)(ban)有丧在身,住于党(dang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)。
当(dang)初庆父与(yu)哀(ai)姜私通,庆父想立哀(ai)姜妹之子开。结果庄公(gong)(gong)死(si)后季友立斑(ban)为(wei)君,十(shi)月(yue)己未日,庆父派(pai)圉人(ren)荦在党氏家(jia)杀死(si)鲁公(gong)(gong)子斑(ban)。季友逃到陈国(guo)。庆父终立庄公(gong)(gong)子开,就是(shi)名(ming)湣公(gong)(gong)。
湣公(gong)二年(前660),庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)与哀姜(jiang)(jiang)私通愈(yu)益严重。哀姜(jiang)(jiang)与庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)商(shang)量想杀死(si)湣公(gong)而立(li)庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)为(wei)(wei)鲁(lu)君(jun)。庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)派卜(yǐ,椅)在武闱杀死(si)湣公(gong)。季(ji)友(you)闻(wen)知(zhi)后(hou),与湣公(gong)弟(di)申(shen)从陈(chen)至(zhi)邾,要(yao)求鲁(lu)人(ren)接纳申(shen)为(wei)(wei)鲁(lu)君(jun)。鲁(lu)人(ren)想杀庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu),庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)害怕,逃到莒(ju)。于是季(ji)友(you)拥(yong)戴子申(shen)回到鲁(lu)国,立(li)为(wei)(wei)国君(jun),就是釐(li)(xī,西)公(gong)。釐(li)公(gong)也是庄公(gong)少子。哀姜(jiang)(jiang)害怕,逃到邾。季(ji)友(you)送礼给莒(ju)人(ren)索要(yao)庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu),庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)被送回,季(ji)友(you)派人(ren)杀庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu),庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)要(yao)求允许他流亡国外,季(ji)友(you)不答应,派大夫奚斯(si)哭着去告诉(su)庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)。庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)听(ting)到奚斯(si)的哭声,心中(zhong)明白只好(hao)自杀而死(si)。齐桓公(gong)听(ting)到哀姜(jiang)(jiang)与庆(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)yín乱危害鲁(lu)国,就从邾国把哀姜(jiang)(jiang)召回杀死(si),把她尸(shi)体送归(gui)鲁(lu)国,陈(chen)尸(shi)示(shi)众。鲁(lu)釐(li)公(gong)求情后(hou)埋葬了哀姜(jiang)(jiang)。
季(ji)友母亲(qin)乃陈国(guo)之女,所(suo)以季(ji)友逃亡(wang)时(shi)去陈国(guo),陈国(guo)帮(bang)助(zhu)护送(song)季(ji)友和子申。季(ji)友临降(jiang)生时(shi),桓公(gong)令(ling)人(ren)为之占(zhan)卜,卜人(ren)说(shuo):“这是(shi)(shi)一个(ge)男孩,其(qi)(qi)名叫(jiao)作‘友’,将来位于两社之间,定将成(cheng)为公(gong)室重臣(chen)。季(ji)友死后,鲁国(guo)将衰。”到降(jiang)生时(shi),其(qi)(qi)掌中(zhong)有纹路为‘友’字,就以友命名,取(qu)号(hao)叫(jiao)成(cheng)季(ji)。其(qi)(qi)后人(ren)就是(shi)(shi)季(ji)氏,庆父的后人(ren)为孟氏。
釐(li)公元年(前659),把汶阳与(bì,必)邑封赐季(ji)(ji)友。季(ji)(ji)友为鲁(lu)相(xiang)。
九年(前651),晋(jin)大夫里克杀死(si)其(qi)君奚齐(qi)、卓子。齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)率(lv)领(ling)鲁釐公(gong)(gong)讨伐晋(jin)国之乱(luan),到达高梁而(er)返,立(li)晋(jin)惠公(gong)(gong)为(wei)君。十七年(前643),齐(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)死(si)。二十四年(前636),晋(jin)文公(gong)(gong)即(ji)位。
三十(shi)三年(前627),釐公(gong)死,其子兴继位,就是文公(gong)。
文公(gong)元年(前626),楚国太子商臣(chen)杀其父成(cheng)王,自立为君。三年(前624),文公(gong)朝会晋(jin)襄公(gong)。
十一年(前616)十月甲午日,鲁(lu)人在咸大败(bai)狄人,俘虏长(zhang)狄乔如(ru),鲁(lu)大夫富父终甥用(yong)戈(ge)刺乔如(ru)之(zhi)喉,杀死(si)了他,把(ba)乔如(ru)的(de)首级(ji)埋于子驹(ju)门,并(bing)以乔如(ru)二字为宣(xuan)伯命名。
当初,宋武公之时,鄋(sōu,搜)瞒(man)伐宋,司(si)徒皇父(fu)帅师抵(di)抗,在长丘(qiu)击败狄(di)(di)人,俘(fu)(fu)获(huo)(huo)长狄(di)(di)缘斯。晋国灭掉路国时,俘(fu)(fu)获(huo)(huo)乔如之弟(di)棼(fen)(fēn,焚(fen))如。齐惠(hui)公二年(前607),鄋瞒(man)伐齐,齐王子城(cheng)父(fu)俘(fu)(fu)获(huo)(huo)其弟(di)荣如,埋其首级(ji)于北门。卫人俘(fu)(fu)获(huo)(huo)其弟(di)简如。鄋瞒(man)因(yin)此终于灭亡。
十五年(前621),季文子到晋(jin)国出使(shi)。
十八年(前609)二月,鲁(lu)文公(gong)死(si)。文公(gong)有(you)两个妃(fei)子(zi):长妃(fei)齐(qi)(qi)女是哀(ai)姜(jiang),生儿子(zi)恶和视(shi);次妃(fei)是敬(jing)嬴(ying)(yíng,赢),甚受宠爱,生子(zi)俀(wēi,危(wei))。俀暗中笼络(luo)襄(xiang)仲,襄(xiang)仲想(xiang)立(li)俀为君,叔(shu)仲说(shuo)不行(xing)。襄(xiang)仲请求齐(qi)(qi)惠公(gong),齐(qi)(qi)惠公(gong)刚即位,想(xiang)拉(la)拢鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo),就(jiu)答应了。冬十月,襄(xiang)仲杀死(si)恶与(yu)视(shi)而立(li)俀为鲁(lu)君,就(jiu)是宣公(gong)。哀(ai)姜(jiang)回(hui)齐(qi)(qi)国(guo)(guo),号哭(ku)而过闹市,说(shuo):“天哪!襄(xiang)仲大(da)逆不道,杀嫡立(li)庶!”市上(shang)人(ren)都跟着哭(ku)泣,鲁(lu)国(guo)(guo)人(ren)都称(cheng)她(ta)为“哀(ai)姜(jiang)”。从此(ci)公(gong)国(guo)(guo)室衰微,而孟孙(sun)氏、叔(shu)孙(sun)氏、季孙(sun)氏、三桓(huan)之族强(qiang)盛起来。
宣公(gong)俀十二年(前597),楚(chu)庄王强大,围攻(gong)郑国(guo)。郑伯投降,后庄王又(you)恢复郑封国(guo)的地位。
十八年(前(qian)591),宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)公(gong)死,其子成公(gong)黑肱继位,就是(shi)成公(gong)。季文子说:“使我国杀嫡立庶失去诸侯(hou)支(zhi)持(chi)的(de)人,是(shi)襄(xiang)仲。”襄(xiang)仲立起宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)公(gong)后(hou),襄(xiang)仲之子公(gong)孙归(gui)(gui)父(fu)(fu)(fu)备受宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)公(gong)宠爱。宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)公(gong)想(xiang)除掉三桓,与晋国商量(liang)讨伐三桓。适值宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)公(gong)死去,季文子怨恨(hen)公(gong)孙归(gui)(gui)父(fu)(fu)(fu),归(gui)(gui)父(fu)(fu)(fu)逃到(dao)齐国。
成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)二年(前589)春,齐(qi)国(guo)讨伐鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)占据隆邑。夏季,成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)与晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)大(da)夫郤(xi)(xì,细)克联(lian)军在鞌(ān,安)地大(da)败齐(qi)顷公(gong)的军队,齐(qi)国(guo)归还占我(wo)之地。四(si)年(前587),成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)之晋(jin)(jin)国(guo),晋(jin)(jin)景公(gong)不尊重成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)。成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)想(xiang)背叛(pan)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)与楚联(lian)盟,有人谏止,才作(zuo)罢。十年(前581),成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)至晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)。晋(jin)(jin)景公(gong)死,晋(jin)(jin)人留下(xia)成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)送葬,鲁(lu)(lu)人讳言(yan)此事,十五年(前576)鲁(lu)(lu)第(di)一(yi)次与吴国(guo)来往,与吴王寿梦在钟离盟会。
十六年(nian)(前575),宣(xuan)(xuan)伯请(qing)求晋(jin)国,想让晋(jin)人(ren)(ren)杀掉(diao)季文(wen)子。因为季文(wen)子是(shi)节义(yi)之人(ren)(ren),晋(jin)人(ren)(ren)没有答(da)应宣(xuan)(xuan)伯的(de)请(qing)求。
十(shi)八年(nian)(前(qian)573),成(cheng)公死,其子午继(ji)位(wei),就(jiu)是襄公。这时(shi)襄公才三(san)岁。
襄公(gong)元年(nian)(前572),晋人立悼公(gong)为(wei)君(jun)。去年(nian)冬季,晋大(da)夫(fu)栾书(shu)杀其君(jun)厉公(gong)。四年(nian)(前569),襄公(gong)到晋国(guo)朝(chao)会。
五年(前(qian)568),季文(wen)子(zi)(zi)死(si)。其(qi)家中无穿丝绸之妾,马(ma)棚中没有吃谷(gu)子(zi)(zi)的(de)马(ma),府中无金玉之器(qi),就这(zhei)样俭朴(po)地(di)做(zuo)了三(san)代国君(jun)的(de)相。君(jun)子(zi)(zi)说:“季文(wen)子(zi)(zi)真是廉洁忠正啊!”
九年(前564),鲁国(guo)与晋(jin)国(guo)共同伐郑(zheng)。晋(jin)悼公(gong)(gong)在卫国(guo)为(wei)襄公(gong)(gong)举行冠礼,季武子随从,辅助举行冠礼仪式(shi)。
十一年(前562),三桓氏分别掌握鲁(lu)国三军。
十(shi)二年(前561),朝会晋(jin)国。十(shi)六(liu)年(前557),晋(jin)平(ping)公即位。二十(shi)一(yi)年(前552),朝会晋(jin)平(ping)公。
二(er)十二(er)年(前(qian)551),孔丘降生。
二十五年(前548),齐国(guo)大夫崔杼杀(sha)其君庄公(gong),立庄公(gong)弟景公(gong)为齐君。
二十九(jiu)年(nian)(前544),吴(wu)国的延陵季子(zi)出使鲁国,观周(zhou)乐,能(neng)全部解说其意,鲁人(ren)十分敬重他。
三十(shi)一年(前542)六月(yue),襄公(gong)死。其(qi)年九月(yue),太子死。鲁人立襄公(gong)夫人妹齐归之(zhi)子裯(chou)为(wei)鲁君,就(jiu)是昭公(gong)。
昭公时年十九岁,还是(shi)幼稚顽(wan)皮。穆叔不(bu)想立他,说:“太子(zi)死,有他同(tong)母(mu)之弟(di)可立为(wei)君,如无同(tong)母(mu)弟(di),才(cai)(cai)(cai)立庶(shu)子(zi)中的(de)长子(zi)。年龄相同(tong)的(de)就要(yao)择其才(cai)(cai)(cai)能,才(cai)(cai)(cai)能也相同(tong)则(ze)占(zhan)卜以决定。现在(zai)裯(chou)不(bu)是(shi)嫡子(zi),而且(qie)居丧时并不(bu)悲伤,反有喜色(se),若真(zhen)的(de)立了他,必(bi)为(wei)季氏之忧。”季武子(zi)不(bu)听,终于立裯(chou)为(wei)君。等到襄公下(xia)葬时,裯(chou)已因顽(wan)皮穿(chuan)坏了三件丧服。君子(zi)说:“这人(ren)不(bu)得善终。”
昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前539),朝拜晋(jin)国(guo)到(dao)(dao)(dao)达黄河(he)边,晋(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)婉言拒绝,让昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)返(fan)回(hui),鲁人以为(wei)耻(chi)辱。四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前538),楚(chu)灵(ling)王(wang)(wang)要(yao)诸侯到(dao)(dao)(dao)申地盟会,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)称病不去。七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前535),季武子死。八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前534),楚(chu)灵(ling)王(wang)(wang)建(jian)成(cheng)章(zhang)华台,召(zhao)见(jian)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前往祝贺,灵(ling)王(wang)(wang)赐给(ji)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宝器;后又反悔, 又骗取回(hui)来。十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前530),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)朝会晋(jin)国(guo)至黄河(he),晋(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又辞(ci)谢,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)返(fan)回(hui)。十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前529),楚(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子弃疾杀死其(qi)君灵(ling)王(wang)(wang),自立为(wei)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)。十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前527),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)朝会晋(jin)国(guo),晋(jin)人留下(xia)他给(ji)晋(jin)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)送(song)葬,鲁人以为(wei)耻(chi)辱。二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前522),齐景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)与晏子在边境巡狩(shou),顺便到(dao)(dao)(dao)鲁国(guo)询问(wen)礼制(zhi)。二十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前521),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)朝会晋(jin)国(guo)至黄河(he),晋(jin)国(guo)辞(ci)谢,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)返(fan)回(hui)。
二十(shi)五年(前517)春,有鸲(qú,渠)鹆(yu)(yù,浴)鸟来鲁(lu)国(guo)巢居(ju)。师(shi)己说:“文公(gong)和成(cheng)公(gong)有童谣说:‘鸲鹆(yu)来巢到鲁(lu)国(guo),国(guo)君(jun)出居(ju)到乾(qian)侯。鸲鹆(yu)住(zhu)进来,国(guo)君(jun)去野外。’”
季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与(yu)郈(hòu,后)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斗鸡,季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)给鸡装上护甲(jia),郈氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)给鸡爪套(tao)(tao)上金属套(tao)(tao)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)怒(nu)之下侵犯(fan)郈氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),郈氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也愤(fen)恨季(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。臧(zang)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)之弟臧(zang)会(hui)曾造伪诬陷臧(zang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),后藏在季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)中,臧(zang)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)因(yin)此拘禁季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)人。季(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)大(da)怒(nu),把臧(zang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)臣囚(qiu)禁。臧(zang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与(yu)郈氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)向昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)告难。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九月戊戌日攻伐季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),进入(ru)其家(jia)(jia)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)登台请(qing)求(qiu)说(shuo)(shuo):“您(nin)因(yin)听(ting)信(xin)谗(chan)言而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)细察(cha)我(wo)之过错(cuo)大(da)小,就来诛伐我(wo),请(qing)允许我(wo)迁居到沂(yi)上。”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)答(da)应(ying)。季(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)请(qing)求(qiu)把自己囚(qiu)禁于(yu)(yu)鄪邑,仍(reng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)答(da)应(ying)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)请(qing)求(qiu)带五乘车(che)流(liu)亡国(guo)(guo)(guo)外,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)还不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)答(da)应(ying)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)(jia)驹说(shuo)(shuo):“您(nin)答(da)应(ying)了吧。季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)掌握政权时间甚(shen)久,徒(tu)党极多,他(ta)们(men)将合(he)谋(mou)对(dui)付您(nin)。”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)听(ting)。郈氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo)(shuo):“一(yi)(yi)定(ding)杀死季(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。”叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)臣戾对(dui)其徒(tu)众说(shuo)(shuo):“季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)灭亡或仍(reng)存在,哪(na)样对(dui)我(wo)们(men)有利?”大(da)家(jia)(jia)都回(hui)答(da):“没有了季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)存在。”戾说(shuo)(shuo):“对(dui),马上救援季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)他(ta)们(men)击败(bai)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)军队。孟(meng)懿(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)听(ting)到叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)战胜,也杀死郈昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)。郈昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)正作为昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)节派往孟(meng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),所以孟(meng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)抓住了他(ta)。孟(meng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)、叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)、季(ji)(ji)(ji)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)三(san)家(jia)(jia)共同讨伐昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)逃亡。己亥日,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)至齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)。齐景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)说(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)给你两万五千户人及土地(di)来接待(dai)你。”子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)(jia)说(shuo)(shuo):“怎么能(neng)(neng)放弃周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之业而做齐国(guo)(guo)(guo)臣子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作罢(ba)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)(jia)说(shuo)(shuo):“齐景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)讲信(xin)用,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如早去晋国(guo)(guo)(guo)。”昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)从。叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)见昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)回(hui)国(guo)(guo)(guo),就去见季(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),平(ping)(ping)(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)叩(kou)头至地(di)表示惶愧。开始他(ta)们(men)想(xiang)迎回(hui)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),孟(meng)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)、季(ji)(ji)(ji)孙(sun)(sun)(sun)后又(you)反悔,于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)作罢(ba)。
二十六(liu)年(前516)春,齐(qi)伐鲁(lu)(lu),占领(ling)郓邑让鲁(lu)(lu)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公居住。夏季,齐(qi)景公想武力护(hu)送昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公回(hui)国,命部下不得接受鲁(lu)(lu)国的(de)礼物(wu)。鲁(lu)(lu)大夫申丰(feng)、汝贾许诺给齐(qi)大夫高龁(hé,何)、子(zi)将粟(su)谷八万斗(dou)。子(zi)将就向齐(qi)侯说(shuo):“鲁(lu)(lu)群臣不服(fu)从(cong)鲁(lu)(lu)君(jun)(jun),有奇怪现(xian)象。宋元公为鲁(lu)(lu)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公到晋国求援(yuan),想支(zhi)持昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公回(hui)国,死于(yu)途中。叔孙昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)子(zi)请求让鲁(lu)(lu)君(jun)(jun)回(hui)国,无病而死。不知是(shi)(shi)上(shang)天(tian)抛弃鲁(lu)(lu)君(jun)(jun),还是(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)得罪了鬼(gui)神(shen)?请您再等等看吧。”齐(qi)景公听(ting)从(cong)了他(ta)(ta)的(de)话。
二十八年(nian)(前514),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)到晋(jin)国,要(yao)求支(zhi)持(chi)他回(hui)国为(wei)君。季(ji)(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)贿赂晋(jin)国的六(liu)卿(qing)(qing),六(liu)卿(qing)(qing)接受了(le)季(ji)(ji)氏礼物(wu),就(jiu)去(qu)谏(jian)止晋(jin)君,晋(jin)君也就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)再(zai)坚持(chi),只让昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)居住在乾(qian)侯(hou)。二十九年(nian)(前513),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)至郓邑。齐景公(gong)(gong)派人给昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)送信(xin),信(xin)中称昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)为(wei)“主(zhu)君”。昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)以(yi)之(zhi)为(wei)耻辱(ru),一(yi)怒(nu)之(zhi)下又去(qu)了(le)乾(qian)侯(hou)。三十一(yi)年(nian)(前511),晋(jin)人想支(zhi)持(chi)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)回(hui)鲁(lu),召见季(ji)(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)。季(ji)(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)身着布衣赤脚而行,通过六(liu)卿(qing)(qing)谢(xie)罪。六(liu)卿(qing)(qing)替季(ji)(ji)平(ping)子(zi)(zi)说话,说:“晋(jin)国虽支(zhi)持(chi)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong),但鲁(lu)人不(bu)(bu)愿意。”晋(jin)君也就(jiu)作罢。三十二年(nian)(前510),昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)死在乾(qian)侯(hou)。鲁(lu)人一(yi)同立(li)起(qi)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)弟宋为(wei)君,就(jiu)是定公(gong)(gong)。
定(ding)(ding)公(gong)即位(wei)时,赵简子(zi)问史墨(mo)说:“季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏会灭亡吗?”史墨(mo)回答说:“不(bu)会。季(ji)(ji)(ji)友为(wei)鲁国(guo)立过大功(gong),受(shou)封于鄪是(shi)国(guo)之上卿,至(zhi)季(ji)(ji)(ji)文(wen)子(zi)、季(ji)(ji)(ji)武(wu)子(zi)时,累世增其功(gong)业(ye)。鲁文(wen)公(gong)死,东门逐杀(sha)嫡(di)立庶,鲁国(guo)君(jun)(jun)丧失其权。权力(li)掌(zhang)在(zai)季(ji)(ji)(ji)氏手中,至(zhi)今已历四代国(guo)君(jun)(jun)了。人(ren)民不(bu)知道他们的国(guo)君(jun)(jun),这样的国(guo)君(jun)(jun)怎么能掌(zhang)握国(guo)家!因此做国(guo)君(jun)(jun)的一定(ding)(ding)要慎(shen)守礼器爵号(hao),不(bu)能给予别人(ren)。
定(ding)公五年(前505),季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)平子(zi)(zi)(zi)死(si)。阳(yang)虎因私愤囚禁季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi),季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)与(yu)他(ta)订立(li)盟(meng)约,才被释放。七年(前503),齐国伐鲁,占(zhan)领郓邑,阳(yang)虎住在那里作为自己的奉邑,在那里处(chu)理政务。八年(前502),阳(yang)虎想(xiang)把三(san)桓(huan)之(zhi)家(jia)嫡子(zi)(zi)(zi)全部杀(sha)掉,改(gai)立(li)起与(yu)自己关系密切(qie)的庶子(zi)(zi)(zi)代替嫡子(zi)(zi)(zi);阳(yang)虎派车接季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)要杀(sha)掉他(ta),季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)计脱身。三(san)桓(huan)共(gong)攻阳(yang)虎,阳(yang)虎跑到阳(yang)关驻(zhu)扎(zha)。九年(前501),鲁军(jun)讨伐阳(yang)虎,阳(yang)虎逃(tao)(tao)亡到齐,后又逃(tao)(tao)至(zhi)晋国赵(zhao)氏处(chu)。
十(shi)年(前500),定(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)与齐景(jing)公(gong)(gong)在夹谷相会(hui),孔子主持礼(li)仪。齐人想袭击定(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong),孔子按礼(li)仪登阶(jie)而上,诛责齐国(guo)秦(qin)淫乐(le)的乐(le)人,齐侯害(hai)怕,未敢袭害(hai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong),而且归还侵占的鲁(lu)国(guo)土地来谢罪。十(shi)二年(前498),派仲(zhong)由拆毁三桓(huan)家族的城墙,没收他们的铠甲武(wu)器(qi)。孟氏不肯拆毁其城,定(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)派兵攻(gong)伐(fa),不能战胜而作罢。季桓(huan)子接受齐国(guo)的美(mei)女(nv)乐(le)工,孔子离(li)开鲁(lu)国(guo)。
十五年(前(qian)495),定(ding)公(gong)死,其子(zi)将继位,就是(shi)哀公(gong)。
哀公五年(前490),齐景公死。六年(前489),齐大夫(fu)田乞杀其君孺子。
七年(前(qian)488),吴(wu)王夫(fu)差(cha)强盛,伐(fa)齐,到(dao)缯(zeng)地,向鲁(lu)国素要牛、羊、猪各一百 头。季康子派子贡说服(fu)吴(wu)王和吴(wu)太宰嚭(pi)(pǐ,痞),用礼(li)(li)制(zhi)折(zhe)服(fu)他们。吴(wu)王说:“我们是(shi)纹身的蛮夷(yi)之人,不值得用礼(li)(li)制(zhi)来要求。”于是(shi)停止(zhi)索(suo)要。
八年(前487),吴(wu)国(guo)(guo)为邹(zou)国(guo)(guo)攻伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu),至城下(xia),与(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)订盟约而离去,齐伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu),占(zhan)领三邑。十年(前485),鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)伐齐国(guo)(guo)南部边境。十一年(前484),齐国(guo)(guo)又(you)伐鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)。季(ji)氏任用冉有甚有成效,因此(ci)思念孔子,孔子就(jiu)自卫国(guo)(guo)归返(fan)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo)(guo)。
十四年(nian)(前(qian)481),齐(qi)国大夫田(tian)常在俆(shū,舒)州(zhou)杀死齐(qi)君简公(gong)(gong)。孔(kong)子要求哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)出(chu)兵征伐(fa)田(tian)常,哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)不从。十五年(nian)(前(qian)480),派子服景伯为(wei)使节,子贡为(wei)副手,去(qu)至齐(qi)国。齐(qi)归(gui)还侵鲁之地。田(tian)常初为(wei)齐(qi)国相,想(xiang)要亲(qin)睦诸侯,所以如此(ci)。
十六年(前479),孔子逝世。
二十二年(前473),越王句(gōu,勾)践灭掉吴王夫差。
二十七(qi)年(前468)春,季康子死。夏,哀公忧(you)虑三(san)桓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)强,想借诸侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力威胁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),三(san)桓也怕(pa)哀公发难(nan),因此君臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间矛盾很(hen)深(shen)。哀公去陵阪(bǎn,板)游玩,路遇孟武(wu)伯(bo),哀公说:“请问你,我能善终吗?”孟武(wu)伯(bo)回答说:“不知(zhi)道。”哀公想借越国(guo)力量攻伐三(san)桓。八(ba)月,哀公去陉氏(shi)(shi)家。三(san)桓攻哀公,哀公逃亡(wang)至卫(wei)国(guo),又(you)离卫(wei)至邹,终于去至越国(guo)。鲁人又(you)迎哀公回国(guo),死于有山氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家。其子宁继位(wei),就是悼公。
悼公时(shi)代,三桓(huan)强盛(sheng),鲁国(guo)君反如小侯,比三桓(huan)之家还(hai)要卑弱。
十三(san)(san)年(前454),韩、赵(zhao)、魏三(san)(san)晋灭掉智伯(bo),瓜分(fen)其地为三(san)(san)家所有。
三十七年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)429),悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)死,其子(zi)(zi)(zi)嘉继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是元公(gong)(gong)(gong)。元公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十一年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)408)死,其子(zi)(zi)(zi)显继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)。穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)三十三年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)376)死,其子(zi)(zi)(zi)奋继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是共 公(gong)(gong)(gong) 。共公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十二年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)353)死,其子(zi)(zi)(zi)屯(tun)继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是康公(gong)(gong)(gong)。康公(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)344)死,其子(zi)(zi)(zi)匽(yǎn,掩)继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是景公(gong)(gong)(gong)。景公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十九年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)315)死,其子(zi)(zi)(zi)叔继(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)是平公(gong)(gong)(gong)。此时六(liu)国皆自称为王(wang)。
平公(gong)十二年(nian)(前303),秦惠(hui)王(wang)死(si)(si)。二十年(nian)(前296),平公(gong)死(si)(si),其(qi)子贾继位,就是文公(gong)。文公(gong)元年(nian)(前295),楚(chu)怀王(wang)死(si)(si)于秦国。二十三年(nian)(前273),文公(gong)死(si)(si),其(qi)子雠继位,就是顷(qing)公(gong)。
顷公二(er)(er)年(nian)(前271),秦攻克(ke)楚(chu)国(guo)郢都,楚(chu)顷王(wang)向东迁都于陈。十九年(nian)(前254),楚(chu)伐(fa)鲁,战区徐州(zhou)。二(er)(er)十四年(nian)(前249),楚(chu)考(kao)烈(lie)王(wang)伐(fa)灭鲁国(guo)。顷公逃亡,迁居到都外小邑(yi),成为平(ping)民,鲁国(guo)祭祀(si)灭绝(jue)。顷公在柯(ke)邑(yi)死去。
鲁国自周公(gong)至顷公(gong),总计(ji)三(san)十(shi)四(si)代。
太史公说(shuo):我听说(shuo)孔子(zi)曾说(shuo)“鲁国的道德真(zhen)是衰微至极了!洙水(shui)(shui)泗水(shui)(shui)之间人们争(zheng)辩计较(jiao)不(bu)已。”看看庆父、叔(shu)牙和闵公即(ji)位之时(shi),鲁国多(duo)么混乱不(bu)堪!隐公桓公交(jiao)替之事;襄仲(zhong)杀嫡立(li)庶;孟孙(sun)(sun)、叔(shu)孙(sun)(sun)、季孙(sun)(sun)三(san)家本是臣子(zi),却亲身攻打昭(zhao)公,以(yi)致昭(zhao)公逃亡。他们虽一直遵循礼仪(yi)揖让之节(jie),但实(shi)际行(xing)事又多(duo)么与此(ci)违背(bei)啊(a)!
周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)旦(dan)者(zhe),周(zhou)(zhou)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)弟也。自文王(wang)(wang)(wang)在时,旦(dan)为子孝,笃仁①,异于(yu)(yu)群子。及(ji)武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)即位,旦(dan)常辅翼武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)②,用事居(ju)多③。武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)九年,东伐至盟津,周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)辅行。十一年,伐纣,至牧野,周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)佐武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang),作《牧誓》④。破殷(yin),入商(shang)宫。已(yi)杀纣,周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)把(ba)大钺(yue),召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)把(ba)小(xiao)钺(yue) ,以(yi)夹武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)⑥,衅社(she)⑦,告纣之罪于(yu)(yu)天(tian)及(ji)殷(yin)民(min)。释箕子之囚⑧。封(feng)纣子武(wu)(wu)(wu)庚禄父,使管叔、蔡(cai)叔傅之⑨,以(yi)继殷(yin)祀⑩。遍封(feng)功臣同姓戚者(zhe)⑾。封(feng)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)旦(dan)于(yu)(yu)少昊之虚曲阜(fu)⑿,是(shi)为鲁(lu)公(gong)(gong)。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)不就封(feng),留佐武(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。
①笃仁(ren):忠厚诚实仁(ren)爱。 ②辅(fu)(fu)翼:佐助辅(fu)(fu)弼。③用事:处理政务(wu)。④《牧(mu)誓》:周武(wu)(wu)王伐(fa)纣时(shi)(shi),在牧(mu)野战(zhan)役(yi)前(qian)发布的(de)(de)战(zhan)斗动员令(ling)。誓词中(zhong)的(de)(de)内容包括揭露殷纣的(de)(de)罪行(xing)和(he)对自己部队战(zhan)斗鼓励及(ji)作战(zhan)要求。《牧(mu)誓》被收在《尚书》中(zhong)。司马迁在《周本纪》中(zhong)载录了(le)(le)全文,对其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)古(gu)僻词语进行(xing)了(le)(le)改写,可(ke)参看(kan)。 ⑤把(ba):手持。 钺:古(gu)代用于斫杀(sha)的(de)(de)金属兵(bing)器(qi),其(qi)状(zhuang)如(ru)大(da)斧,有(you)穿孔可(ke)装(zhuang)柄。⑥夹:在左右(you)辅(fu)(fu)助。⑦衅(xin)社:衅(xin),杀(sha)牲血祭(ji),社,地(di)神。⑧箕(ji)子(zi)之(zhi)因:殷纣yín乱暴虐,比干强(qiang)谏,纣剖(pou)其(qi)心,箕(ji)子(zi)害怕装(zhuang)疯为(wei)奴,被纣囚禁。 ⑨傅:辅(fu)(fu)助。但(dan)这种辅(fu)(fu)助又有(you)教育(yu)及(ji)监视(shi)的(de)(de)意思。 ⑩中(zhong)国(guo)古(gu)代以子(zi)孙不断、祭(ji)祀(si)不绝为(wei)光荣。作为(wei)有(you)道之(zhi)君王往(wang)往(wang)不灭绝敌(di)方子(zi)孙祭(ji)祀(si),所以让武(wu)(wu)庚禄父继承对殷祖先的(de)(de)岁(sui)时(shi)(shi)香(xiang)火(huo)祭(ji)祀(si)。 (11)戚:亲戚。 (12)虚:同(tong)“墟”,区域。
武王(wang)克殷二(er)年,天(tian)下(xia)未集①,武王(wang)有疾(ji),不豫②,群(qun)臣惧(ju),太公(gong)、召公(gong)乃穆卜(bu)③。周(zhou)公(gong)曰:“未可以戚我(wo)(wo)先王(wang)。④”周(zhou)公(gong)于(yu)(yu)是乃自以为质⑤,设三(san)坛,周(zhou)公(gong)北面立⑥,戴璧秉圭⑦,告于(yu)(yu)太王(wang)、王(wang)季、文王(wang)。史(shi)策祝曰⑧:“惟尔元(yuan)孙王(wang)发⑨,勤劳阻疾(ji)⑩。若尔三(san)王(wang)是有负子(zi)之责于(yu)(yu)天(tian)(11),以旦(dan)(dan)代(dai)王(wang)发之身。旦(dan)(dan)巧能(neng)(neng),多(duo)(duo)才多(duo)(duo)艺(yi),能(neng)(neng)事鬼(gui)神(shen)。乃王(wang)发不如旦(dan)(dan)多(duo)(duo)材(cai)多(duo)(duo)艺(yi),不能(neng)(neng)事鬼(gui)神(shen)。乃命(ming)(ming)于(yu)(yu)帝庭(12),敷(fu)佑四方(fang)(13),用能(neng)(neng)定(ding)汝(ru)子(zi)孙于(yu)(yu)下(xia)地(14),四方(fang)之民罔不敬(jing)畏(15)。无坠天(tian)之降葆(bao)命(ming)(ming)(16),我(wo)(wo)先王(wang)亦永(yong)有所(suo)依归(gui)(17)。今我(wo)(wo)其(qi)即(ji)命(ming)(ming)于(yu)(yu)元(yuan)龟(gui)(18),尔之许我(wo)(wo),我(wo)(wo)以其(qi)璧与圭归(gui)(19),以俟尔命(ming)(ming)。尔不许我(wo)(wo),我(wo)(wo)乃屏璧与圭(20)。”周(zhou)公(gong)已令史(shi)策告太王(wang)、王(wang)季、文王(wang),欲代(dai)武王(wang)发,于(yu)(yu)是乃即(ji)三(san)王(wang)而(er)卜(bu)。卜(bu)人皆曰吉,发书视之(21),信吉。周(zhou)公(gong)喜,开籥(22),乃见书遇吉。周(zhou)公(gong)入贺武王(wang)曰:“王(wang)其(qi)无害,旦(dan)(dan)新受(shou)命(ming)(ming)三(san)王(wang),维长(zhang)终是图(23)。兹道能(neng)(neng)念予一人(24)。”周(zhou)公(gong)藏其(qi)策金縢匮中(25),诫守(shou)者勿(wu)敢言。明日,武王(wang)有(26)。
①未(wei)集:尚未(wei)成功。本(ben)句(ju)指(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下统(tong)一(yi)(yi)之(zhi)业尚未(wei)完全(quan)成功。 ②不(bu)豫:不(bu)安,不(bu)舒服。后(hou)代(dai)从(cong)这(zhei)个典故引申,称(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)有(you)病为(wei)“不(bu)豫”。 ③穆卜:恭敬地(di)占(zhan)卜。此(ci)处(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)卜是(shi)用火(huo)灼烧龟(gui)板,通(tong)(tong)过(guo)龟(gui)板上(shang)(shang)出现(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)纹路来(lai)(lai)预测(ce)吉凶。 ④戚:忧愁悲(bei)伤。先王(wang)(wang)(wang):此(ci)处(chu)指(zhi)周(zhou)室祖先太(tai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)季、文王(wang)(wang)(wang)。 ⑤质(zhi):人(ren)(ren)质(zhi)。此(ci)处(chu)指(zhi)周(zhou)公以(yi)(yi)(yi)自己身体为(wei)保(bao)证(zheng)物来(lai)(lai)请(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)先王(wang)(wang)(wang)让武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)恢复(fu)健(jian)康,由自己来(lai)(lai)代(dai)替(ti)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)去死。 ⑥北面:面朝北方(fang)(fang)(fang),古(gu)代(dai)臣见君,要脸向(xiang)北面以(yi)(yi)(yi)示(shi)尊敬。 ⑦戴:捧(peng)着。璧(bi):一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)圆环状的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉制(zhi)礼器,其边宽(kuan)为(wei)内孔直(zhi)径的(de)(de)(de)(de)两倍。秉:手持。圭(gui)(guī,归):古(gu)代(dai)一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)长条形的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉制(zhi)礼器,上(shang)(shang)端为(wei)三角形,下端正方(fang)(fang)(fang)。古(gu)代(dai)祭(ji)神(shen)时以(yi)(yi)(yi)璧(bi)为(wei)尊神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要礼品,而以(yi)(yi)(yi)圭(gui)为(wei)陪献品。 ⑧策祝(zhu):将祈祷(dao)之(zhi)辞(ci)写于(yu)简策之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)而祝(zhu)告于(yu)神(shen)。 ⑨元(yuan)孙:长孙。本(ben)来(lai)(lai)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)发是(shi)文王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)次子(zi),但此(ci)时长子(zi)伯(bo)邑考(kao)(kao)已死,故称(cheng)(cheng)长孙。又因为(wei)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)虽(sui)是(shi)文王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)子(zi),但这(zhei)里(li)(li)是(shi)向(xiang)几代(dai)祖先祈祷(dao),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)概括地(di)称(cheng)(cheng)“孙”。⑩阻:遭到(dao)困厄。 (11)负(fu)子(zi)之(zhi)责:责,同“债”。即(ji)欠子(zi)之(zhi)债。全(quan)句(ju)意(yi)指(zhi):如果上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)要求(qiu)(qiu)你们牺牲一(yi)(yi)个子(zi)孙,让他死去以(yi)(yi)(yi)便到(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)事奉鬼神(shen),即(ji)你们欠上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)一(yi)(yi)个子(zi)孙,那么(me)让我代(dai)替(ti)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)发去吧。 (12)指(zhi)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)受天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)帝之(zhi)庭。 (13)敷:普遍(bian)。佑:佑护。四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang):指(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下。 (14)用:因而。定(ding):安定(ding)。下地(di):指(zhi)人(ren)(ren)间。 (15)罔(wang):无。 (16)无:勿(wu)。坠:丧失。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)降(jiang)葆命(ming)(ming):上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所(suo)降(jiang)给的(de)(de)(de)(de)宝(bao)贵天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming),指(zhi)周(zhou)部族取得天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)时运。葆,通(tong)(tong)“宝(bao)”。 (17)本(ben)句(ju)意(yi)为(wei):如果我能代(dai)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)发去死,武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)发必能使国运长久相传(chuan)不(bu)绝(jue),那么(me)先王(wang)(wang)(wang)就会永远(yuan)在周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)室的(de)(de)(de)(de)宗庙里(li)(li)受到(dao)祭(ji)祀(si)。有(you)所(suo)依归:有(you)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)能存(cun)身。 (18)即(ji)命(ming)(ming):听命(ming)(ming)。元(yuan)龟(gui):大龟(gui)。 (19)归:通(tong)(tong)“馈”,奉送。 (20)屏:藏而不(bu)给。 (21)发书:翻开占(zhan)兆书。 (22)籥(yuè,月):本(ben)为(wei)古(gu)代(dai)一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)管状乐器,但古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)锁(suo)也是(shi)管状的(de)(de)(de)(de),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)称(cheng)(cheng)锁(suo)为(wei)“籥”。(23)维:通(tong)(tong)“唯”。全(quan)句(ju)意(yi)为(wei):现(xian)在您只要考(kao)(kao)虑周(zhou)室天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)长远(yuan)之(zhi)计就可以(yi)(yi)(yi)了,不(bu)必再为(wei)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)病担(dan)心。(24)念:考(kao)(kao)虑。予(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren):古(gu)代(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)自称(cheng)(cheng)“予(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)”,此(ci)处(chu)指(zhi)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)发。 (25)金縢匮(kui)(kui):金丝缠束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柜(ju)子(zi)。縢:缠束(shu)。匮(kui)(kui),同“柜(ju)”。 (26)有(you)瘳(chou):(chōu,抽):病体痊愈(yu)。
其后武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)既崩①,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)少(shao),在强(qiang)葆之中②。周(zhou)(zhou)公恐天(tian)(tian)下(xia)闻武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩而畔③,周(zhou)(zhou)公乃(nai)践阼代成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)摄(she)(she)行政当国④。管叔(shu)及其群(qun)弟流言于(yu)国曰(yue):“周(zhou)(zhou)公将不(bu)(bu)利于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。”周(zhou)(zhou)公乃(nai)告太公望、召公奭曰(yue):“我之所以(yi)弗辟而摄(she)(she)行政者⑤,恐天(tian)(tian)下(xia)畔周(zhou)(zhou),无以(yi)告我先王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)太王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)季(ji)、文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。三王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之忧劳天(tian)(tian)下(xia)久矣(yi),于(yu)今而后成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蚤终,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)少(shao),将以(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)(zhou)⑥,我所以(yi)为(wei)之若此(ci)。”于(yu)是卒相(xiang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),而使(shi)其子伯禽(qin)代就封于(yu)鲁(lu)(lu)。周(zhou)(zhou)公戒(jie)伯禽(qin)曰(yue):“我文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之子,武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之弟,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之叔(shu)父,我于(yu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)亦不(bu)(bu)贱矣(yi)。然我一沐三捉发(fa)⑦,一饭三吐哺(bu)⑧,起以(yi)待士,犹恐失(shi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之贤人。子之鲁(lu)(lu),慎无以(yi)国骄人⑨。”
①崩:古代称天子(zi)之(zhi)死(si)为(wei)“崩”。②强(qiang)葆:同“襁褓”。③畔:通(tong)“叛(pan)”。④践阼(zuo):登上帝位(wei)。阼(zuo),堂前两台(tai)阶(jie)中东面一个(ge)。宾主(zhu)相见,客人(ren)走西面台(tai)阶(jie),叫作“阶(jie)”,主(zhu)人(ren)走东面台(tai)阶(jie),叫做“阼(zuo)”。天子(zi)主(zhu)持(chi)(chi)祭(ji)祀时(shi)登阼(zuo),所以(yi)“阼(zuo)”也指帝位(wei)。但周(zhou)(zhou)公并未(wei)即位(wei),而(er)只是代理天子(zi)之(zhi)事,此处(chu)太(tai)史公是简(jian)略言之(zhi)。摄:代理。行政:处(chu)理政务。当国:主(zhu)持(chi)(chi)国家大(da)权。 ⑤弗辟:不(bu)避让(rang)。辟,同“避”。 ⑥成周(zhou)(zhou):完成周(zhou)(zhou)王朝稳定之(zhi)大(da)业。 ⑦沐:古代洗发(fa)为(wei)“沐”,洗身为(wei)“浴”。 ⑧哺:口中所含的食(shi)物。 ⑨以(yi)国骄人(ren):认为(wei)自(zi)己是有(you)封国的国君(jun)而(er)看不(bu)起(qi)别人(ren)。
管、蔡、武(wu)(wu)庚(geng)(geng)等果率淮夷而(er)反①。周公乃奉(feng)成(cheng)王命(ming),兴师东伐,作《大诰》②。遂诛管叔(shu),杀武(wu)(wu)庚(geng)(geng),放蔡叔(shu)。收殷(yin)余民,以封(feng)(feng)康叔(shu)于卫,封(feng)(feng)微子于宋,以奉(feng)封(feng)(feng)殷(yin)祀。宁淮夷东上(shang)④,二年(nian)而(er)毕定。诸侯咸服宗周⑤。
①淮夷:此(ci)少(shao)数部(bu)族,西周(zhou)时居住在今淮河下游。 ②《大诰》:《尚书》篇名。周(zhou)公东征(zheng)之际对各国诸侯及官(guan)员所做的讲(jiang)话。 ③放:流放。 ④宁:平定。 ⑤咸(xian):都。 宗周(zhou):以(yi)周(zhou)王室为宗主。
天降(jiang)祉福(fu)①,唐(tang)叔得(de)禾(he)②,异母同颖(ying),献之成王(wang),成王(wang)命唐(tang)叔以馈(kui)周(zhou)公于东(dong)土④,作《馈(kui)禾(he)》⑤。周(zhou)公既受命禾(he)⑥,嘉天子命,作《馈(kui)禾(he)》⑦。东(dong)土以集,周(zhou)公归(gui)报(bao)成王(wang),乃为诗贻王(wang),命之曰《鸱鸮(xiao)》⑧。王(wang)亦(yi)未敢(gan)训周(zhou)公⑨。
①祉:福。 ②禾(he):粟谷之茎。③母:草(cao)木能结(jie)果实(shi)(shi)者(zhe)为(wei)母,不结(jie)果实(shi)(shi)者(zhe)为(wei)牡,结(jie)果实(shi)(shi)不饱满为(wei)童(tong)。颖:禾(he)穗。 ④馈(kui):古代赠送食物叫作“馈(kui)”。于东(dong)(dong)土:当时(shi)周公(gong)东(dong)(dong)征(zheng)未归,尚在东(dong)(dong)方。 ⑤《馈(kui)禾(he)》:已亡佚。 ⑥命禾(he):天子所赐之禾(he)。 ⑦《嘉(jia)禾(he)》:已亡佚。 ⑧《鸱鸮(xiao)》:后被收在《诗经·豳(bin)(bīn,宾)风(feng)》中。是周公(gong)用象征(zheng)的(de)手(shou)法(fa),写鸱鸮(xiao)建巢之事(shi),来(lai)隐喻自己的(de)心迹。 ⑨训(xun):责备。据《毛(mao)(mao)诗》及孔(kong)颖达《毛(mao)(mao)诗正义》,周公(gong)摄(she)政,管蔡(cai)流言,成王(wang)怀疑周公(gong)将(jiang)篡位,因此(ci)周公(gong)东(dong)(dong)征(zheng)之后,写《鸱鸮(xiao)》诗说明(ming)管蔡(cai)不能不诛(zhu),成王(wang)亦虽然(ran)不悦,但未敢(gan)责备周公(gong)。
成王七年二月(yue)乙未,王朝步(bu)自周①,至丰②,使太保召(zhao)公(gong)先之洛(luo)(luo)相土③。其三月(yue),周公(gong)往营(ying)成周洛(luo)(luo)邑,卜居焉(yan),曰吉(ji),遂国之④。
①朝(chao)(chao):朝(chao)(chao)拜(bai)(bai)。此(ci)处指成王到武(wu)王之(zhi)庙(miao)朝(chao)(chao)拜(bai)(bai),祈告营造成周洛邑之(zhi)事。周:此(ci)指镐(hào,浩)京,武(wu)王之(zhi)庙(miao)在此(ci)。 ②丰:文(wen)王之(zhi)庙(miao)所在地(di)丰邑。至丰:去到文(wen)王庙(miao)祈告。③相土:堪察地(di)形。 ④国:建都。
成王(wang)(wang)长,能听(ting)政。于是周公乃还(hai)政于成王(wang)(wang),成王(wang)(wang)临(lin)朝。周公之代成王(wang)(wang)治(zhi)①,南面倍依以(yi)朝诸侯(hou)②。及七年后,还(hai)政成王(wang)(wang),北(bei)面就臣位,匔匔如畏然(ran)③。
①治(zhi):处理(li)政务(wu),管理(li)国家。 ②南(nan)面(mian)(mian):面(mian)(mian)向(xiang)南(nan)边。倍(bei):背(bei)向(xiang)着。依(yi):通“扆(yi)”(yǐ,椅):古代堂(tang)之后壁(bi)即室之前壁(bi),壁(bi)上(shang)西(xi)边是牖(yǒu,有),东边是户(门),户牖(窗)之间(jian)为扆(yi)。古代天(tian)子(zi)接受朝拜,就背(bei)对扆(yi),脸向(xiang)南(nan)。③匔(gōng,工)匔;谨(jin)慎(shen)恭敬的样子(zi)。
初(chu),成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)少(shao)时(shi),病(bing),周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)乃(nai)(nai)自(zi)揃(jian)其蚤沈之(zhi)河①,以祝(zhu)于神曰:“王(wang)少(shao)未有识,奸神命者乃(nai)(nai)旦也(ye)②。”亦藏其策于府③。成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)病(bing)有廖(liao)。及成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)事(shi),人或谮(jian)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)④,周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)奔(ben)楚⑤。成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)发府,见(jian)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)祷书,乃(nai)(nai)泣,反周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)⑥。
①揃(jiǎn,剪):剪断。蚤:通“爪”,指甲。沈:沉入水中。 ②奸(gān,甘):冒犯。 ③府(fu):储藏文书之处。 ④谮(zèn,去(qu)声(sheng)“怎”):说坏话诬陷别人。 ⑤奔:逃亡。 反:同“返”。
周公归,恐成王(wang)壮(zhuang),治(zhi)有所淫(yin)(yin)佚①,乃(nai)作《多(duo)士(shi)》②,作《毋逸(yi)》③。《毋逸(yi)》称(cheng)(cheng):“为(wei)人(ren)父母,为(wei)业(ye)至长久,子孙骄奢忘之,以亡其(qi)家,为(wei)人(ren)子可(ke)不(bu)慎乎!故(gu)昔在殷(yin)王(wang)中宗(zong),严(yan)恭敬畏天(tian)命④,自度治(zhi)民⑤,震(zhen)惧不(bu)敢(gan)荒宁⑥,故(gu)中宗(zong)飨(xiang)国七十五年(nian)(nian)⑦。其(qi)在高宗(zong),久劳于外,为(wei)与小人(ren)⑧,作其(qi)继位⑨,乃(nai)有亮⑩,三年(nian)(nian)不(bu)言,言乃(nai)欢(huan)⑾,不(bu)敢(gan)荒宁,密靖殷(yin)国⑿,至于小大无怨,故(gu)高宗(zong)飨(xiang)国五十五年(nian)(nian)。其(qi)在祖甲,不(bu)义惟王(wang)(13),久为(wei)小人(ren)于外,知小人(ren)之依(14),能保(bao)施小民(15),不(bu)悔鳏寡,故(gu)祖甲飨(xiang)国三十三年(nian)(nian)。”《多(duo)士(shi)》称(cheng)(cheng)曰(yue):“自汤至于帝乙,无不(bu)率祀明德(de)(16),帝无不(bu)配天(tian)者(17)。在今后嗣(si)王(wang)纣,诞淫(yin)(yin)厥佚(18),不(bu)顾天(tian)及民之从也。其(qi)民皆可(ke)诛。”(周多(duo)士(shi))“文王(wang)日中昃不(bu)暇食(19),飨(xiang)国五十年(nian)(nian)。”作此(ci)以诫成王(wang)。
①淫(yin)佚:荒(huang)淫(yin)放荡。 ②《多士》:今(jin)存(cun)(cun)于《尚书》中,是(shi)(shi)周(zhou)公代替成(cheng)王(wang)向殷遗民(min)中的奴(nu)隶主(zhu)阶级发表的诰令。《多士》并非(fei)(fei)告(gao)诫周(zhou)成(cheng)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)作,此句及后边的“《多士》称曰”一句当是(shi)(shi)衍文(wen)。 ③《毋逸》:今(jin)存(cun)(cun)《尚书》中,作《无逸》。是(shi)(shi)周(zhou)公告(gao)诫成(cheng)王(wang)的讲话(hua)。 ④严:同“俨”,庄重的样子。恭:恭敬(jing)的意思。 ⑤自度:以法度自律。⑥震惧(ju):小心(xin)谨慎常(chang)怀恐惧(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(害怕(pa)治理(li)不(bu)(bu)好国(guo)(guo)家)。荒(huang)宁:荒(huang)废事业,自图逸乐。 ⑦飨:通“享”,享有。飨国(guo)(guo):拥有国(guo)(guo)家。 ⑧小人(ren):地位(wei)低下的劳动者。 ⑨作:始(shi)。 ⑩亮:指(zhi)帝王(wang)居(ju)丧。 (11)言乃欢:指(zhi)他(ta)一旦说(shuo)话(hua)就很(hen)贤(xian)明,臣民(min)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)喜(xi)悦。(12)密(mi):安。靖:定。(13)不(bu)(bu)义(yi)惟(wei)王(wang):以自己做天子为不(bu)(bu)义(yi)。惟(wei),为、是(shi)(shi)。《集解》引(yin)马融的话(hua)说(shuo):“祖(zu)甲有兄祖(zu)庚,而祖(zu)甲贤(xian),武丁(祖(zu)甲之(zhi)(zhi)父)欲立(li)之(zhi)(zhi),祖(zu)甲以王(wang)废长立(li)少不(bu)(bu)义(yi),逃亡民(min)间,故曰‘不(bu)(bu)义(yi)惟(wei)王(wang)’。”(14)小人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)依:小民(min)所依靠的,指(zhi)仁政(zheng)。(15)保:安。施:惠。 (16)率(lv):遵(zun)循(礼制)。明:勉。 (17)配天:指(zhi)其(qi)德形能与上天的要求(qiu)相符合。 (18)诞(dan):大。厥:其(qi)。 (19)昃(ze)(zè,仄):太阳偏西。
成(cheng)王在丰,天下已(yi)安,周之官(guan)政(zheng)未次(ci)序①,于是周公作(zuo)《周官(guan)》②,官(guan)别(bie)其宜(yi)③。作(zuo)《立政(zheng)》④,便(bian)百(bai)姓。百(bai)姓说(shuo)⑤。
①官政(zheng):官职(zhi)制(zhi)度。未次序:还(hai)未安排得(de)系统、合(he)理(li)。 ②《周(zhou)官》:已亡佚。今存《伪(wei)尚书》中(zhong)之(zhi)《周(zhou)官》乃假(jia)托周(zhou)公之(zhi)作。 ③官别其宜:划分出每种(zhong)官职(zhi)合(he)理(li)的(de)职(zhi)责范围。 ④《立政(zheng)》:今存《尚书》中(zhong)。主(zhu)要向(xiang)成王(wang)讲述(shu)天下(xia)安定以后(hou),用人(ren)和(he)理(li)政(zheng)方(fang)针(zhen)。 ⑤百姓:西周(zhou)时对贵(gui)族阶级的(de)总(zong)称(cheng)。说:“同“悦”。
周公(gong)在丰,病,将没①,曰:“必葬我(wo)成周,以明(ming)吾(wu)不(bu)敢离成王。”周公(gong)既卒,成王亦让,葬周公(gong)于毕,从文王②,以明(ming)予小子不(bu)敢臣周公(gong)也③。
①没:同(tong)“殁”,死。 ②周文王墓也在毕,所以说陪(pei)从文王。 ③予小(xiao)子(zi):天子(zi)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)谦称,此处(chu)是成王口(kou)气。
周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒后,秋未(wei)获①,暴(bao)风雷(lei)(雨),禾尽偃,大(da)木尽拔。周(zhou)(zhou)国大(da)恐②。成王(wang)与大(da)夫朝服以(yi)开(kai)金縢书,王(wang)乃得周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)所自以(yi)为功代武王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说。二(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)及王(wang)乃问(wen)史百(bai)执事(shi),史百(bai)执事(shi)曰(yue):“信有,昔周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)命我勿(wu)敢言。”成王(wang)执书以(yi)泣,曰(yue):“自今后其无(wu)穆卜乎!昔周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)勤劳王(wang)家(jia),惟(wei)予幼人弗及知。今天(tian)动(dong)威(wei)以(yi)彰(zhang)周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,惟(wei)朕小(xiao)子其迎③,我国家(jia)礼(li)亦宜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”王(wang)出郊(jiao),天(tian)乃雨,反风,禾尽起(qi)。二(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)命国人,凡大(da)木所偃,尽起(qi)而筑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)④。岁则大(da)孰⑤。于是成王(wang)乃命鲁得郊(jiao)、祭文王(wang)⑥。鲁有天(tian)子礼(li)乐者⑦,以(yi)褒周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德也⑧。
①获(huo):收割(ge)庄稼。 ②周(zhou)(zhou)国(guo)(guo):周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)都(dou),此处指(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)都(dou)之(zhi)人。 ③朕小(xiao)子:成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)自己的(de)谦(qian)称。 ④筑:培土并(bing)坚实(shi)。⑤孰:同(tong)“熟”,丰收。 ⑥郊(jiao)(jiao)、祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang):祭(ji)(ji)祀天帝的(de)仪式在郊(jiao)(jiao)外(wai)举行(xing),故称“郊(jiao)(jiao)”。只有天子才能祭(ji)(ji)天。这里周(zhou)(zhou)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)允许(xu)鲁国(guo)(guo)进(jin)行(xing)郊(jiao)(jiao)祭(ji)(ji),是一(yi)种特(te)殊(shu)的(de)奖(jiang)赏和荣誉(yu)(yu)。祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang):指(zhi)(zhi)庙祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)。鲁国(guo)(guo)得以(yi)(yi)庙祭(ji)(ji)文(wen)王(wang)(wang),也是一(yi)种天子赐予的(de)特(te)殊(shu)荣誉(yu)(yu)。 ⑦本(ben)句意为:鲁国(guo)(guo)国(guo)(guo)君可以(yi)(yi)使用天子所(suo)使用的(de)礼(li)仪和乐舞。天子之(zhi)礼(li)乐,据《礼(li)记· 明堂位》称:“成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)以(yi)(yi)周(zhou)(zhou)公为有勋劳于天下,是以(yi)(yi)封(feng)周(zhou)(zhou)公于曲阜,地方(fang)七(qi)百里,革车千乘(cheng),命鲁公世(shi)世(shi)祀周(zhou)(zhou)公以(yi)(yi)天子之(zhi)礼(li)乐。” ⑧:褒(bao):嘉奖(jiang)。
周公卒(zu),子伯(bo)(bo)(bo)禽(qin)(qin)固已前(qian)受(shou)封,是为(wei)鲁公。鲁公伯(bo)(bo)(bo)禽(qin)(qin)之初受(shou)封之鲁,三(san)年而(er)后(hou)报政(zheng)周公①。周公曰(yue):“何迟(chi)也?”伯(bo)(bo)(bo)禽(qin)(qin)曰(yue):“变其(qi)俗,革其(qi)礼(li)②,丧(sang)三(san)年然后(hou)除之,故迟(chi)。”太公亦封于齐,五(wu)月而(er)报政(zheng)周公。周公曰(yue):“何疾也?”曰(yue):“吾简其(qi)君臣(chen)礼(li),从(cong)其(qi)俗为(wei)也。”及(ji)后(hou)闻伯(bo)(bo)(bo)禽(qin)(qin)报政(zheng)迟(chi),乃叹曰(yue):“呜呼,鲁后(hou)世其(qi)北面事齐矣!夫政(zheng)不(bu)简不(bu)易,民不(bu)有近;平易近民,民必归(gui)之。”
①报政(zheng):汇报施政(zheng)效果。 ②革:变革。
伯(bo)(bo)禽(qin)即位之(zhi)后(hou),有管、祭等反(fan)也,淮夷、徐(xu)(xu)戎亦(yi)并兴反(fan)①。于(yu)是伯(bo)(bo)禽(qin)率师伐之(zhi)于(yu)肸(xi),作《肸(xi)誓》②,曰:“陈尔甲胄③,无敢(gan)(gan)(gan)不(bu)善。无敢(gan)(gan)(gan)伤牿④。马牛其风(feng)⑤,臣妾逋逃⑥,勿(wu)敢(gan)(gan)(gan)越逐⑦,敬复之(zhi)⑧,无敢(gan)(gan)(gan)寇(kou)攘⑨,逾墙恒(heng)⑩。鲁人(ren)三(san)郊三(san)隧⑾,歭而刍茭(jiao)、糗粮、桢(zhen)幹⑿,无敢(gan)(gan)(gan)不(bu)逮(13)。我(wo)甲戌筑(zhu)而征徐(xu)(xu)戎,无敢(gan)(gan)(gan)不(bu)及(14),有大刑(15)。”作此《肸(xi)誓》,遂平徐(xu)(xu)戎,定鲁。
①徐(xu)(xu)戎:古东(dong)夷(yi)(yi)部族之(zhi)(zhi)一,西周时(shi)(shi)居住(zhu)在今(jin)淮河中下(xia)游,曾联合淮夷(yi)(yi)等(deng)抗周。又称“徐(xu)(xu)夷(yi)(yi)”。兴反:造反。 ②《肸誓》:今(jin)存于《尚书》中,作《费(bì,必)誓》。③胄:头盔。 ④牿(gu):关牛(niu)马的圈(quan)栏(lan)。无敢(gan)伤牿(gu):深(shen)意是保(bao)护好牛(niu)马以备(bei)作战时(shi)(shi)使用。⑤风:走失。 ⑥臣妾:男女(nv)奴隶。逋逃:逃跑。 ⑦越:远(yuan)离(li)。逐:追(zhui)赶。 ⑧复:归还。 ⑨寇(kou)攘:劫掠侵(qin)扰。 ⑩逾墙恒:跳墙,指(zhi)(zhi)偷窃物品。 (11)三(san)(san)(san)郊(jiao)三(san)(san)(san)隧:古以城(cheng)外为郊(jiao),郊(jiao)外为隧。三(san)(san)(san)郊(jiao)三(san)(san)(san)隧,此(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)鲁国(guo)西、南、北三(san)(san)(san)方的近郊(jiao)远(yuan)郊(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)。因东(dong)方面临(lin)徐(xu)(xu)戎,需要防守敌人(ren)。所以只向三(san)(san)(san)郊(jiao)三(san)(san)(san)隧之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)征发(fa)军用物资(zi)。 (12)歭:准备(bei),备(bei)办。刍茭(jiao):牲(sheng)口(kou)吃(chi)的草。糗粮:干粮。桢(zhen)幹:筑土(tu)墙之(zhi)(zhi)工具,夹土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)板叫“幹”,支(zhi)持(chi)幹之(zhi)(zhi)木桩叫“桢(zhen)”。 (13)逮(dai):达到,此(ci)处指(zhi)(zhi)达到要求的物资(zi)数(shu)量。 (14)及:到来 。 (15)大刑:指(zhi)(zhi)死刑。
鲁(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)伯(bo)禽(qin)卒(zu),子考公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)酋(qiu)立(li)(li)。考公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),立(li)(li)弟熙,是(shi)(shi)谓炀(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。炀(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)筑茅阙门①。六年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),子幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰立(li)(li)。幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian),幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟杀幽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)而(er)自立(li)(li),是(shi)(shi)为魏公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。魏公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五十年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),子厉(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擢立(li)(li)。厉(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十七年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),鲁(lu)人立(li)(li)其弟具,是(shi)(shi)为献(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。献(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu)②,子真公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)濞立(li)(li)。
①茅阙(que)门(men):简称“茅门(men)”,实际应为(wei)“雉(zhi)门(men)”。《说(shuo)文·隹部》:“雉(zhi)古文作。”或省为(wei)“弟”,与茅形(xing)近,而误为(wei)“茅”。诸侯有三门(men):库门(men)、雉(zhi)门(men)、路门(men)。外朝在雉(zhi)门(men)之(zhi)外。因(yin)雉(zhi)门(men)两旁有高台,称作“阙(que)”,故(gu)(gu)又(you)名“茅阙(que)门(men)”。 ②本(ben)段所记之(zhi)鲁(lu)国(guo)各(ge)君谥(shi)号及年代,因(yin)在我国(guo)历史记载正式纪年以前,故(gu)(gu)与他书(shu)多(duo)分歧,今择其要(yao)一并录(lu)于下(xia):考(kao)公(gong)酋(qiu),《世本(ben)》作“考(kao)公(gong)就(jiu)”、“考(kao)公(gong)遒”。炀公(gong)熙(xi)六年卒(zu),《汉书(shu)· 律(lv)历志(zhi)》作“六十年”。幽公(gong)宰,《世本(ben)》作“幽公(gong)圉”。魏(wei)公(gong),《世本(ben)》作“微公(gong)弗”。献(xian)公(gong)三十二年卒(zu),《汉书(shu)· 律(lv)历志(zhi)》作“五十年”。
真公十四年,周厉王(wang)无(wu)道(dao),出奔彘①,共和行政②。二十九年,周宣(xuan)王(wang)即位。
三十年,真(zhen)公(gong)卒,弟敖立,是为(wei)武公(gong)。
①奔:逃亡(wang)。 ②共(gong)(gong)和行(xing)政(zheng):周厉王因国人暴动逃亡(wang)后,周公(gong)与(yu)召公(gong)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)执政(zheng),史称“ 共(gong)(gong)和行(xing)政(zheng)”。
武(wu)(wu)公九年(nian)春,武(wu)(wu)公与长子(zi)括,少(shao)子(zi)戏(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),西(xi)朝周(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)爱戏(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),欲立(li)戏(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)为鲁(lu)太子(zi)。周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)樊仲山父(fu)谏宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰:“废长立(li)少(shao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)顺(shun);不(bu)(bu)(bu)顺(shun),必(bi)犯(fan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)命①,犯(fan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)命,必(bi)诛(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)②:故(gu)出令(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)(bu)顺(shun)也(ye)。令(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)行,政之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)立(li)③;行而不(bu)(bu)(bu)顺(shun),民将(jiang)(jiang)弃上④。夫下事(shi)上,少(shao)事(shi)长,所以为顺(shun)。今(jin)天子(zi)诸侯(hou)⑤,立(li)其少(shao),是(shi)教民逆也(ye)。若(ruo)鲁(lu)从之(zhi)(zhi),诸侯(hou)效之(zhi)(zhi),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)命将(jiang)(jiang)有所壅⑥;若(ruo)弗(fu)从而诛(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)自诛(zhu)(zhu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)命也(ye)。诛(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)亦(yi)失,不(bu)(bu)(bu)诛(zhu)(zhu)亦(yi)失,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)其图(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)。”宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)弗(fu)听,卒立(li)戏(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)为鲁(lu)太子(zi)。夏,武(wu)(wu)公归而卒,戏(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)立(li),是(shi)为懿(yi)公。
①犯王(wang)命:干(gan)犯了(le)周先王(wang)制定的嫡长(zhang)子继承(cheng)制。 ②诛:诛灭。 ③政(zheng)之不立:政(zheng)令(ling)不能具有权威。 ④弃上:不服从(cong)其统治者。 ⑤建:立。 ⑥壅(yong):阻塞不能通行。
懿公九年(nian),懿公兄括之(zhi)子伯御(yu)与鲁(lu)人攻弑懿公,而立(li)伯御(yu)为君(jun)。伯御(yu)即(ji)位十一年(nian),周宣王伐鲁(lu),杀其君(jun)伯御(yu),而问(wen)鲁(lu)公子能道顺诸(zhu)侯者(zhe)①,以(yi)为鲁(lu)后(hou)②。樊穆(mu)仲曰(yue):“鲁(lu)懿公弟(di)称,肃(su)恭明神(shen)③,敬事耆老(lao)④;赋事行(xing)刑,必问(wen)于遗训而咨(zi)(zi)于固(gu)实⑤,不干(gan)所问(wen)⑥,不犯所(知)〔咨(zi)(zi)〕⑦。宣王曰(yue):“然(ran),能训治其民(min)矣(yi)。”乃立(li)称于夷宫⑧,是为孝公。自是后(hou),诸(zhu)侯多畔王命(ming)。
①道(dao):同“导”,启发。顺:通“训”,教(jiao)戒(jie)。 ②鲁后:鲁国君位的(de)(de)继承人。 ③明神:敬神。 ④耆(qi)老(lao):此处泛指老(lao)人。 ⑤遗训:此处指先王(wang)之(zhi)遗训。咨:询问。固实(shi):固,通“故(gu)”。故(gu)实(shi)即已往实(shi)践中(zhong)的(de)(de)典型事例及其相应(ying)处理(li)方(fang)法。 ⑥干:干犯(fan)。⑦犯(fan):抵(di)触。 ⑧夷(yi)宫(gong):《集解》引(yin)韦(wei)昭注:“夷(yi)宫(gong)者,宣王(wang)祖父夷(yi)王(wang)之(zhi)庙。古者爵命(任命爵位)必于祖庙。”
孝公二十五年,诸侯(hou)畔周,大戎杀(sha)幽王。秦始列(lie)为(wei)诸侯(hou)②。
①周幽王(wang)二(er)十一年(前(qian)771),申侯引(yin)犬戎人宗周攻杀幽王(wang)。 ②幽王(wang)死(si)后,平王(wang)继位,秦(qin)襄公(gong)(gong)护(hu)送平王(wang)东迁洛邑有(you)功,被(bei)平王(wang)封为诸侯。二(er)十七年,孝公(gong)(gong)卒,子弗(fu)湟立,是为惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)。
惠公(gong)三十年(nian),晋人弑其君(jun)昭侯(hou)。四十五(wu)年(nian),晋人又弑其君(jun)孝侯(hou)。
四十六年,惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)卒(zu),长庶子(zi)息(xi)摄当国①,行君事(shi),是为(wei)(wei)隐公(gong)(gong)。初,惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)適夫人无子(zi)②,公(gong)(gong)贱妾声子(zi)生(sheng)子(zi)息(xi)。息(xi)长,为(wei)(wei)娶于宋。宋女(nv)至而好(hao),惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)夺而自妻之。生(sheng)子(zi)允(yun)。登(deng)宋女(nv)为(wei)(wei)夫人③,以允(yun)为(wei)(wei)太子(zi)。及惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)卒(zu),为(wei)(wei)允(yun)少故(gu),鲁人共令息(xi)摄政,不言即位。
①长(zhang)庶子(zi)(zi):古(gu)人称正妻所(suo)生(sheng)为“嫡(di)子(zi)(zi)”,妾所(suo)生(sheng)为“庶子(zi)(zi)”。息虽为庶子(zi)(zi),但在众(zhong)嫡(di)庶中(zhong)年龄最大,称“长(zhang)庶子(zi)(zi)”。因为他(ta)(ta)不(bu)是嫡(di)子(zi)(zi),所(suo)以(yi)按嫡(di)长(zhang)子(zi)(zi)继承制他(ta)(ta)不(bu)能(neng)为君,只能(neng)代理。 ②適:通(tong)“嫡(di)”,正妻为嫡(di)。 ③登:高升。
隐公五年,观(guan)渔(yu)于棠①。八(ba)年,与郑易天子之(zhi)(zhi)太山之(zhi)(zhi)邑祊及许田②,君子讥之(zhi)(zhi)③。
①渔:渔人(ren)捕鱼(yu)(yu)。这句(ju)是指让捕鱼(yu)(yu)之(zhi)人(ren)陈(chen)设取鱼(yu)(yu)之(zhi)备,观其取鱼(yu)(yu)以为戏乐。此举不(bu)合君礼。事(shi)详见《左传·隐公(gong)(gong)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)》。《谷梁传》亦谓“礼,尊不(bu)亲小事(shi),卑(bei)不(bu)尸大功。鱼(yu)(yu),卑(bei)者之(zhi)事(shi)也。公(gong)(gong)观之(zhi),非正也”。 ②易(yi):交(jiao)换。事(shi)详《左传· 隐公(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)》:“郑(zheng)(zheng)伯(bo)请(qing)释泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)之(zhi)祀而(er)祀周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong),以泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)之(zhi)祊易(yi)许(xu)(xu)田(tian)(tian)。三月,郑(zheng)(zheng)伯(bo)使宛来归祊,不(bu)祀泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)也。”因郑(zheng)(zheng)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)是周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)宣王的同母弟,所(suo)(suo)以赐给(ji)郑(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)祊(bēng,崩)邑(yi)(yi),令其在天子祭(ji)(ji)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)时,郑(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)助祭(ji)(ji)。又(you)因周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)成(cheng)王营建洛(luo)邑(yi)(yi)王城时,想迁都于(yu)洛(luo)邑(yi)(yi),所(suo)(suo)以赐给(ji)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)洛(luo)邑(yi)(yi)附近的许(xu)(xu)田(tian)(tian),以便鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)君朝见周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王时住宿(su)。后周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)天子泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)之(zhi)祀废弃,故祊邑(yi)(yi)对郑(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)无用(yong),又(you)因祊远离郑(zheng)(zheng)国(guo)(祊在今(jin)山(shan)东(dong)费县附近),而(er)许(xu)(xu)田(tian)(tian)(在今(jin)河南许(xu)(xu)昌附近)又(you)远离鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)国(guo),所(suo)(suo)以郑(zheng)(zheng)庄公(gong)(gong)想用(yong)郑(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)祊换鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)之(zhi)许(xu)(xu)田(tian)(tian)。但(dan)天子所(suo)(suo)赐之(zhi)邑(yi)(yi)不(bu)能随(sui)便交(jiao)换,所(suo)(suo)以想出一个借口,说让鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)祭(ji)(ji)祀泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan),而(er)郑(zheng)(zheng)祭(ji)(ji)祀周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(许(xu)(xu)田(tian)(tian)有周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)庙)。此事(shi)至鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)才交(jiao)换完(wan)毕(bi)。 ③君子讥之(zhi):指作史者评论此事(shi)时讥贬(bian)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)郑(zheng)(zheng)二国(guo)擅自(zi)交(jiao)换天子赐邑(yi)(yi)。
十一(yi)年冬(dong),公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)挥谄谓隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)①:“百姓便君②,君其(qi)遂立(li)③。吾(wu)(wu)请为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君杀子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun),君以(yi)我为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)。”隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“有先君命。吾(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)允(yun)(yun)少(shao),故摄(she)代。今(jin)允(yun)(yun)长矣,吾(wu)(wu)方营菟裘之(zhi)地而老焉④,以(yi)授(shou)子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)政。”挥惧子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)闻而反诛(zhu)之(zhi),乃反谮(jian)隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)于子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)曰(yue)(yue)⑤:“隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)欲遂立(li),去子(zi)(zi),子(zi)(zi)其(qi)图之(zhi)。请为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)杀隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)。”子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)许诺(nuo)。十一(yi)月,隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)祭钟巫⑥,齐于社圃⑦,馆于氏(shi)⑧。挥使人弑隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)于氏(shi),而立(li)子(zi)(zi)允(yun)(yun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君,是为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)桓公(gong)(gong)。
①谄:巴结献媚(mei)。 ②便君(jun):以您(nin)当国(guo)君(jun)为合宜。 ③遂:终(zhong)。隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)本(ben)为代(dai)理,公(gong)(gong)子挥功他(ta)最终(zhong)还是自立(li)为君(jun),不(bu)(bu)再让(rang)位于太子允。 ④营:建造房屋。老:养老。 ⑤谮(jian):说坏(huai)话诬(wu)陷。 ⑥钟(zhong)巫(wu):神名(ming)。鲁(lu)(lu)隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)祭(ji)钟(zhong)巫(wu)的原(yuan)因是,当鲁(lu)(lu)隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)还是公(gong)(gong)子时(shi),在(zai)狐壤(rang)地方与郑国(guo)作战(zhan)被俘(fu)。郑人(ren)把(ba)隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)囚(qiu)禁(jin)在(zai)郑国(guo)大夫尹氏处。隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)买通(tong)尹氏,向尹氏家中所(suo)立(li)钟(zhong)巫(wu)之神的牌位祈(qi)祷(dao),后与尹氏归(gui)鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo),隐(yin)公(gong)(gong)就在(zai)鲁(lu)(lu)国(guo)也立(li)起钟(zhong)巫(wu)的神牌,经常祭(ji)祀(si),认(ren)为它有(you)灵验。 ⑦齐:同“斋”,即斋戒,古人(ren)在(zai)祭(ji)祀(si)前要整(zheng)洁身(shen)心。《礼记·祭(ji)统》说:“及时(shi)将祭(ji),君(jun)子乃斋。……及其(qi)将斋也防其(qi)邪物(指邪念(nian)),讫(禁(jin)绝(jue))其(qi)嗜(shi)欲,耳不(bu)(bu)听乐(le)。”社圃(pu):园名(ming)。 ⑧馆(guan):住宿。
桓公元年,郑以璧易(yi)天子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)许田(tian)①。二年,以宋之(zhi)(zhi)赂鼎入于太庙②,君子(zi)讥之(zhi)(zhi)。
①隐公(gong)八年时(shi),郑已将(jiang)祊邑给鲁国。本年郑国因为(wei)祊邑比许田小,故又加赠玉璧来补偿。交换(huan)祊邑与许田之(zhi)事正式完成。可参见(jian)《春秋(qiu)》及《左传》桓(huan)公(gong)元年记(ji)载。②宋之(zhi)赂鼎(ding):鼎(ding)名“郜(gao)(gao)(gào,告)大鼎(ding)”。原为(wei)郜(gao)(gao)国所铸,宋灭(mie)郜(gao)(gao),占有此鼎(ding)。鲁桓(huan)公(gong)二年时(shi),宋国太宰华督杀其君(jun)殇(shang)公(gong),立宋庄公(gong),用郜(gao)(gao)大鼎(ding)贿(hui)赂鲁桓(huan)公(gong),又给齐、陈、郑三国礼物,争取(qu)支持(chi)。鲁桓(huan)公(gong)将(jiang)此鼎(ding)放入太庙,鲁大夫臧哀伯谏止,公(gong)不听。其事经(jing)过及臧哀伯谏辞(ci)详见(jian)《左传· 桓(huan)公(gong)二年》。
三(san)年,使挥迎妇于齐为夫人。六年,夫人生子,与桓公同日,故名曰(yue)同,同长,为太子。
十六年,会(hui)与曹,伐郑,入厉(li)公①。
①郑厉(li)公(gong)于(yu)桓(huan)公(gong)十五年(nian)被大夫祭(ji)(zhài,寨)仲(zhong)所逼(bi),出奔。本年(nian)春天(tian),鲁(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)与宋公(gong)、蔡侯(hou)、卫侯(hou)在曹盟会,夏四月伐(fa)郑。想(xiang)支持(chi)郑厉(li)公(gong)归国(guo)执政(zheng),但未(wei)成功。
十(shi)八年春,公(gong)将(jiang)有行,遂与夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)如(ru)齐(qi)(qi)。申谏止①,公(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)听,遂如(ru)齐(qi)(qi)。齐(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)通桓公(gong)夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)②。公(gong)怒夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)③,夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)以(yi)告齐(qi)(qi)侯④。夏四月丙(bing)子,齐(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)飨公(gong)⑤,公(gong)醉(zui),使(shi)公(gong)子彭(peng)生(sheng)抱鲁(lu)桓公(gong),因命(ming)彭(peng)生(sheng)摺其胁⑥,公(gong)死于(yu)(yu)车。鲁(lu)人(ren)告于(yu)(yu)齐(qi)(qi)曰:“寡君畏君之威,不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢宁(ning)居,来(lai)修(xiu)好礼。礼成而不(bu)(bu)(bu)反,无所归咎 ,请得彭(peng)生(sheng)以(yi)除丑于(yu)(yu)诸侯。”齐(qi)(qi)人(ren)杀彭(peng)生(sheng)以(yi)说鲁(lu)⑦。立太子同,是为庄公(gong),庄公(gong)母夫(fu)(fu)人(ren)因留齐(qi)(qi)⑧,不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢归鲁(lu)。
①申(shen)谏辞为:“女有家(夫(fu)),男有室(妻),无相渎(轻慢)也。谓之有礼(li)。易此(ci),必败。”见《左传· 桓公(gong)(gong)十八年(nian)》。 ②鲁(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)的(de)夫(fu)人文姜(jiang)是齐(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)之妹,二人通奸。 ③怒:谴(qian)责。④据《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)传· 庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)元年(nian)》,文姜(jiang)向(xiang)齐(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)说:“鲁(lu)君说太子(zi)同(tong)不是他(ta)的(de)儿(er)子(zi),而是齐(qi)侯的(de)儿(er)子(zi)。”齐(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)听了大怒。⑤飨:用酒食招待。 ⑥摺(zhe)(lā,拉)其胁(xie):摺(zhe),折断。胁(xie):肋骨。⑦说鲁(lu):向(xiang)鲁(lu)国解释。 ⑧因:于是。
庄公五年冬(dong),伐卫(wei),内卫(wei)惠(hui)公①。
①内:同“纳”,用(yong)武力支持某人归国(guo)(guo)为君(jun)。卫惠公因谗毁其兄卫太(tai)子伋,致被国(guo)(guo)人不容,出奔于齐。此(ci)次被诸侯武力支持回国(guo)(guo)。可参见(jian)《卫康叔(shu)世家》。
八(ba)年,齐公(gong)(gong)子(zi)纠来(lai)奔①。九年,鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)欲(yu)内子(zi)纠于(yu)齐,后桓公(gong)(gong),桓公(gong)(gong)发兵击鲁(lu)(lu)(lu),鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)急,杀子(zi)纠。召忽死。齐告鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)生致管仲(zhong)②。鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)人施伯曰:“齐欲(yu)得管仲(zhong),非(fei)杀之也,将用之,用之则为鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)患。不如杀,以其(qi)尸与之。”庄公(gong)(gong)不听,遂囚(qiu)管仲(zhong)与齐③。齐人相(xiang)管仲(zhong)。
①齐(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)被杀后国(guo)内大乱(luan),襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)之子子纠母是(shi)鲁国(guo)之女,因此(ci)来避(bi)难(nan)并(bing)寻求援助。本(ben)段(duan)史实详见(jian)《齐(qi)(qi)太公(gong)(gong)世家》。 ②生致:得到(dao)活的。齐(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)抢在(zai)公(gong)(gong)子纠之前进入齐(qi)(qi)国(guo),成(cheng)为齐(qi)(qi)君(jun)。又(you)听鲍叔(shu)牙建议,想(xiang)任用(yong)管仲为齐(qi)(qi)相,故欲(yu)生致管仲。参见(jian)《齐(qi)(qi)太公(gong)(gong)世家》及《管晏列传》。 ③与(yu):给。
十三年,鲁(lu)庄公(gong)(gong)与曹沫(mo)会齐桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)会于柯,曹沫(mo)劫齐桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)①,求鲁(lu)侵(qin)地(di),已盟而释桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)欲(yu)背约,管(guan)仲(zhong)谏(jian),卒归鲁(lu)侵(qin)地(di)。十五(wu)年,齐桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)始霸。二(er)十三年,庄公(gong)(gong)如齐观社②。
①劫:劫持。事详(xiang)见《刺客列传(chuan)》。 ②观(guan)社:参观(guan)祭(ji)祀社神之活动。按齐国祭(ji)社,聚(ju)男(nan)女以游(you)观(guan),本身不(bu)合于周(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)。鲁(lu)庄公(gong)去观(guan)看别(bie)国诸侯(hou)祭(ji)社,也不(bu)合于周(zhou)(zhou)礼(li)。因此曹沫(huì,会)曾谏(jian)止,“公(gong)不(bu)听(ting),遂(sui)如齐”事详(xiang)见《左(zuo)传(chuan)·庄公(gong)二十三(san)年》、《国语(yu)·鲁(lu)语(yu)上》。
三(san)(san)十二年(nian),初,庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)筑台临党氏(shi)①,见孟(meng)女,说而(er)爱之,许立(li)为(wei)(wei)夫人,割臂以(yi)(yi)盟。孟(meng)女生子(zi)(zi)斑(ban)(ban)(ban)。斑(ban)(ban)(ban)长(zhang),说梁(liang)氏(shi)女,往观。圉人荦自(zi)墙外与梁(liang)氏(shi)女戏(xi)。斑(ban)(ban)(ban)怒(nu),鞭(bian)荦。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)闻之,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“荦有力(li)焉,遂杀之,是未(wei)可(ke)鞭(bian)而(er)置也②。”斑(ban)(ban)(ban)未(wei)得杀。会庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)有疾,庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)有三(san)(san)弟,长(zhang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)庆父,次曰(yue)(yue)(yue)叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya),次曰(yue)(yue)(yue)季(ji)友。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)娶齐女为(wei)(wei)夫人曰(yue)(yue)(yue)哀姜。哀姜无子(zi)(zi)。哀姜娣曰(yue)(yue)(yue)叔(shu)(shu)姜③,生子(zi)(zi)开。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)无適嗣(si)④,爱孟(meng)女,欲立(li)其(qi)子(zi)(zi)斑(ban)(ban)(ban)。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)病,而(er)问嗣(si)于(yu)弟叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)。叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“一(yi)继一(yi)及⑤,鲁之常(chang)也。庆父在,可(ke)为(wei)(wei)嗣(si),君何(he)忧?”庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)患叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)欲立(li)庆父,退而(er)问季(ji)友。季(ji)友曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“请(qing)以(yi)(yi)死立(li)斑(ban)(ban)(ban)也。”庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“曩者叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)欲立(li)庆父⑥,奈(nai)何(he)?”季(ji)友以(yi)(yi)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)命(ming)(ming)命(ming)(ming)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)待命(ming)(ming)于(yu)针巫(wu)氏(shi),使针季(ji)劫饮叔(shu)(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)以(yi)(yi)鸩⑦,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“饮此则有后奉祀⑧;不然,死且无后。”牙(ya)(ya)(ya)逐饮鸩而(er)死,鲁立(li)其(qi)子(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)叔(shu)(shu)孙氏(shi)。八月癸(gui)亥(hai),庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)卒,季(ji)友竟立(li)子(zi)(zi)斑(ban)(ban)(ban)为(wei)(wei)君,如庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)命(ming)(ming)。侍丧,舍于(yu)党氏(shi)。
①临:毗临。 ②置:赦免。 ③娣:妹。 ④適嗣(si):正(zheng)妻之子。 ⑤继:父死子为(wei)君。及:兄死弟为(wei)君。 ⑥曩者:不久前。 ⑦鸩(zhen):毒(du)酒(jiu)。鸩(zhen)相传是(shi)一(yi)种有毒(du)的(de)鸟,其羽毛泡成的(de)毒(du)酒(jiu)也叫(jiao)作“鸩(zhen)”。 ⑧言(yan)外之意是(shi)不杀(sha)你的(de)后人。
先时庆(qing)父与哀(ai)姜私通,欲立哀(ai)姜娣子开。及庄公(gong)卒而季友(you)立斑,十月己未,庆(qing)父使圉人荦杀鲁(lu)公(gong)子斑于党氏。季友(you)奔(ben)陈(chen)。庆(qing)父竟立庄公(gong)子开,是为(wei)湣公(gong)。
湣公(gong)二年,庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)与(yu)哀姜通益甚。哀姜与(yu)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)谋杀(sha)湣公(gong)而立(li)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)使卜袭杀(sha)湣公(gong)于武闱。季友闻(wen)之(zhi),自(zi)陈(chen)与(yu)湣公(gong)弟申如邾,请(qing)鲁(lu)求内之(zhi)①。鲁(lu)人欲(yu)诛庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)恐(kong),奔莒(ju) 。于是季友奉子申入②,立(li)之(zhi),是为釐公(gong)。釐公(gong)亦庄公(gong)少子。哀姜恐(kong),奔邾。季友以赂如莒(ju)求庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)③,庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)归,使人杀(sha)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)请(qing)奔,弗听,乃(nai)使大夫奚(xi)斯行哭而往。庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)闻(wen)奚(xi)斯音,乃(nai)自(zi)杀(sha)。齐桓公(gong)闻(wen)哀姜与(yu)庆(qing)(qing)(qing)父(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)乱以危鲁(lu),乃(nai)召之(zhi)邾而杀(sha)之(zhi),以其尸归,戮(lu)之(zhi)鲁(lu)④。鲁(lu)釐公(gong)请(qing)而葬之(zhi)。
①请鲁(lu):请求(qiu)(qiu)鲁(lu)国人。 ②:奉(feng):跟随。 ③求(qiu)(qiu)庆父(fu):要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)把庆父(fu)引渡回(hui)鲁(lu)国。④戮:陈尸示众。
季(ji)友母陈(chen)女,故(gu)亡在(zai)陈(chen)①,陈(chen)故(gu)佐送季(ji)友及子申②。季(ji)友之将生(sheng)也(ye),父鲁(lu)桓公使人卜之,曰:“男也(ye),其名(ming)曰‘友’,间于两社③,为公室辅(fu)④。季(ji)友亡,则鲁(lu)不昌。”及生(sheng),有文在(zai)掌曰:“友”,遂以名(ming)之,号为成季(ji)。其后(hou)为季(ji)氏(shi),庆父后(hou)为孟氏(shi)也(ye)。
①亡:逃亡。 ②佐(zuo)送:帮助护送(季(ji)友和子申回(hui)鲁国(guo))。 ③位于(yu)两社(she)(she)之间,意指(zhi)成为执政大臣。古诸(zhu)侯库门(men)之内、雉(zhi)门(men)之外为外朝(chao),左右有(you)周(zhou)社(she)(she)、亳(bo)(bó,博)社(she)(she)。诸(zhu)臣多(duo)于(yu)外朝(chao)处理政事。 ④公室:即国(guo)君之家族。辅(fu):辅(fu)佐(zuo)之臣。
釐公元年,以(yi)汶阳、鄪封季(ji)(ji)友。季(ji)(ji)友为相。
九年,晋(jin)里克杀其(qi)君(jun)奚齐、卓(zhuo)子。齐桓(huan)公率釐公讨晋(jin)乱,至高梁而还(hai),立晋(jin)惠公。十(shi)七年,齐桓(huan)公卒。二(er)十(shi)四年,晋(jin)文公即位(wei)。
三十三年,釐公卒,子(zi)兴立,是为文公。
文公元年,楚太子商臣弑其父成王,代立。三年,文公朝晋襄公①。
①据《左(zuo)传》载(zai),文(wen)公(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)时晋(jin)(jin)(jin)国因为文(wen)公(gong)不朝晋(jin)(jin)(jin),来(lai)鲁讨伐,文(wen)公(gong)去晋(jin)(jin)(jin)。晋(jin)(jin)(jin)君派阳(yang)处父与文(wen)公(gong)盟而辱文(wen)公(gong)。本年(nian)(nian),晋(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)又认为去年(nian)(nian)做法太过火,所(suo)以(yi)重新进行盟约仪式。参(can)见《〉左(zuo)传· 文(wen)公(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)、三年(nian)(nian)》。
十一(yi)年(nian)十月甲午,鲁(lu)败翟于咸①,获长翟乔如,富(fu)父(fu)终甥舂其(qi)喉②,以戈杀之,埋其(qi)首于子驹之门③,以命宣伯④。
①翟:通(tong)“狄”,我国(guo)古代(dai)北方少数(shu)民族名。 ②舂:通(tong)“冲”,直刺。 ③子(zi)驹之(zhi)门:鲁(lu)国(guo)都(dou)北郭有三门,最(zui)西称子(zi)驹门。 ④此指用“乔(qiao)如(ru)”来给叔孙(sun)(sun)得(de)(de)臣之(zhi)子(zi)(宣伯)命名。按此次(ci)战胜翟人(ren)、追获(huo)长翟乔(qiao)如(ru),主要是(shi)(shi)鲁(lu)大夫(fu)叔孙(sun)(sun)得(de)(de)臣的(de)(de)(de)功劳,当战斗时,得(de)(de)臣是(shi)(shi)主帅(shuai),富父终(zhong)甥(sheng)是(shi)(shi)车右(you)(战车上位(wei)于右(you)面保护主帅(shuai)之(zhi)人(ren))的(de)(de)(de)副手(shou)。详见《左传·文公十(shi)一年》。得(de)(de)臣给自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)儿子(zi)起(qi)名“乔(qiao)如(ru)”是(shi)(shi)为了纪念(nian)此战的(de)(de)(de)胜利(li)和自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)功绩。
初,宋武公(gong)(gong)之世,鄋瞒(man)伐宋①,司徒(tu)皇父帅师御之,以败翟于长丘,获(huo)长翟缘斯(si)。晋之灭路,获(huo)乔(qiao)如(ru)弟(di)棼如(ru)。齐惠(hui)公(gong)(gong)二年,鄋瞒(man)伐齐,齐王子城父获(huo)其弟(di)荣如(ru),埋其首于北(bei)门。卫人获(huo)其季(ji)弟(di)简如(ru)。鄋瞒(man)由是遂亡(wang)。
①鄋瞒:北方(fang)狄族(zu)一部落名(ming)。亦称(cheng)“长狄(翟)”。相传其(qi)为防(fang)风氏(shi)之后代(dai),夏(xia)商时称(cheng)为汪芒氏(shi),周代(dai)称(cheng)为长狄氏(shi)。
十五年,季(ji)文子使于(yu)晋。
十八年二月,文公(gong)(gong)卒。文公(gong)(gong)有二妃:长(zhang)妃齐女为(wei)(wei)哀姜,生(sheng)子(zi)恶及(ji)视;次妃敬嬴,嬖爱①,生(sheng)子(zi)俀。俀私事(shi)襄仲(zhong)②,襄仲(zhong)欲立之(zhi)(zhi),叔仲(zhong)曰不(bu)可。襄仲(zhong)请(qing)齐惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong),惠(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)新立,欲亲鲁(lu),许(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)。冬十月,襄仲(zhong)杀(sha)子(zi)恶及(ji)视而(er)立俀,是为(wei)(wei)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)。哀姜归齐,哭(ku)而(er)过市(shi),曰:“天乎!襄仲(zhong)为(wei)(wei)不(bu)道③,杀(sha)適(shi)立庶(shu)!”市(shi)人(ren)皆哭(ku),鲁(lu)人(ren)谓之(zhi)(zhi)“哀姜”。鲁(lu)由此公(gong)(gong)室(shi)卑⑤,三桓强⑥。
①嬖(bì,必),爱(ai):宠(chong)幸。 ②私(si)事(shi)(shi):事(shi)(shi),本(ben)意(yi)为(wei)事(shi)(shi)奉。此处(chu)私(si)事(shi)(shi)指暗中笼(long)络。③不道:即无道。④恶、视为(wei)正妃所生(sheng),是嫡子(zi)(zi):俀(wēi,危(wei))是次妃所生(sheng),是庶(shu)子(zi)(zi)。所以(yi)说“杀適(shi)(嫡)立庶(shu)。” ⑤卑:衰(shuai)微。 ⑥三桓(huan):鲁桓(huan)公三个儿子(zi)(zi)形成的(de)仲孙(sun)氏(shi)(庆父之(zhi)后)、叔(shu)孙(sun)氏(shi)(叔(shu)牙之(zhi)后)和季孙(sun)氏(shi)(季友之(zhi)后)三个贵族家族。
宣公俀十(shi)二年(nian),楚庄王强,围郑。郑伯降,复国之。
十(shi)八年,宣公卒(zu),子成公黑肱立,是为成公。季文子曰(yue):“使我(wo)杀(sha)適立庶(shu)失大援(yuan)者,襄(xiang)仲。”襄(xiang)仲立宣公,公孙归父有宠。宣公欲去三(san)桓①,与(yu)晋谋伐三(san)桓。会(hui)宣公卒(zu),季文子怨之②,归父奔齐。
①去:除掉。 ②怨(yuan)之(zhi):怨(yuan)恨襄(xiang)仲之(zhi)子公孙归父(fu)。
成(cheng)公二年春,齐(qi)(qi)伐(fa)取我(wo)隆①。夏,公与晋(jin)与郤克败齐(qi)(qi)顷(qing)公于(yu)鞌②,齐(qi)(qi)复归(gui)我(wo)侵(qin)地。四年,成(cheng)公如晋(jin),晋(jin)景公不(bu)敬鲁。鲁欲背晋(jin)合于(yu)楚(chu),或谏③,乃不(bu)④。十年,成(cheng)公如晋(jin)。晋(jin)景公卒,因留成(cheng)公送葬,鲁讳之⑤。十五年,始与吴王寿(shou)作梦会钟离。
①其详载(zai)于(yu)《左传·成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)二年(nian)》。 ②指(zhi)“齐晋(jin)(jin)鞌(ān,安)之(zhi)(zhi)战(zhan)”,详参见《齐太(tai)公(gong)(gong)世家》。 ③谏者乃季文子。据《左传·成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)四年(nian)》:“秋(qiu),公(gong)(gong)至自晋(jin)(jin),欲求成(cheng)于(yu)楚而叛(pan)(pan)晋(jin)(jin)。季文子曰:‘不(bu)可(ke)。晋(jin)(jin)虽无道,未可(ke)叛(pan)(pan)也。国(guo)大(da)(da)、臣睦,而迩于(yu)我,诸侯听焉(服从(cong)晋(jin)(jin)国(guo)),未可(ke)以(yi)贰(背叛(pan)(pan))。《史佚之(zhi)(zhi)志》有之(zhi)(zhi)曰:“非我族(zu)类(lei),其心必异。”楚虽大(da)(da),非吾族(zu)也,其(岂)肯(ken)字(爱)我乎(hu)?’公(gong)(gong)乃止。” ④不(bu):同(tong)“否”。 ⑤此指(zhi)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》记事之(zhi)(zhi)笔(bi)法。鲁成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)送葬是一(yi)种屈(qu)辱,所以(yi)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》讳言(yan)此事,并连正常的(de)“葬晋(jin)(jin)景公(gong)(gong)”都不(bu)记载(zai)。
十六年,宣(xuan)伯告晋,欲诛季文(wen)子(zi)(zi),文(wen)子(zi)(zi)有义,晋人弗许①。
①此(ci)事详载(zai)于《左(zuo)传·成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)十六年》。宣(xuan)伯(bo)(bo)与成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)母穆(mu)姜(jiang)私通,穆(mu)姜(jiang)按宣(xuan)伯(bo)(bo)之意强(qiang)迫成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)除(chu)掉(diao)孟(meng)献子、季(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)子及(ji)其家族。成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)不(bu)同意,宣(xuan)伯(bo)(bo)又向晋(jin)国大(da)夫郤(vì,细)犨(chōu,抽)说二人(ren)(ren)坏话。当时季(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)子随成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)与晋(jin)军在一起(qi),宣(xuan)伯(bo)(bo)想让晋(jin)人(ren)(ren)杀季(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)子,自己在国内杀孟(meng)献子。晋(jin)人(ren)(ren)囚(qiu)禁季(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)子,晋(jin)大(da)夫范(fan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)子说:“季(ji)孙(季(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)子)于鲁(lu),相二君矣(yi)。妾(qie)不(bu)衣帛,马不(bu)食粟,可不(bu)谓忠乎?信谗慝而弃忠良,若(ruo)诸侯何(怎么向诸侯交代)?”晋(jin)人(ren)(ren)终于释放季(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)子。
十八年(nian),成共卒,子午立,是为襄公。是时襄公三岁也。
襄公元年(nian),晋(jin)立悼公。往年(nian)冬(dong),晋(jin)栾书(shu)弑其君厉(li)公。四年(nian),襄公朝晋(jin)。
五年,季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)卒。家(jia)无衣帛之妾,厩(jiu)无食粟之马,府无金玉,以相三(san)君①。君子(zi)曰:“季(ji)文(wen)子(zi)廉忠矣②。”
①三君:指鲁宣公、成公、襄(xiang)公。 ②见《左(zuo)传·襄(xiang)公五(wu)年》所引君子(zi)之(zhi)评(ping)论。
九年,与晋(jin)伐郑。晋(jin)悼(dao)公冠襄公于卫(wei)①,季武子从②,相行礼。
①冠(guan):冠(guan)礼(li)(li)(li)。古代(dai)童子长(zhang)到(dao)成(cheng)年须进行(xing)的一种礼(li)(li)(li)仪(yi)。天子、诸侯十(shi)二(er)(er)而冠(guan),襄公(gong)本年十(shi)二(er)(er)岁(sui),应(ying)行(xing)冠(guan)礼(li)(li)(li)。 ②据《左传·襄公(gong)九(jiu)年》季武子说:“君(jun)冠(guan)(国(guo)君(jun)实行(xing)冠(guan)礼(li)(li)(li)),必(bi)以(yi)(yi)裸(guàn,灌(guan),以(yi)(yi)香酒(jiu)酹地)享(通(tong)“飨”)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)金石之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐节之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)先(xian)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祧(庙)处之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。今(jin)寡君(jun)在行(xing)(道途之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中),未可具(ju)也,请及(ji)兄弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)而假备(借(jie)用诸设备)焉。”晋侯答应(ying),到(dao)了卫国(guo),借(jie)卫成(cheng)公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庙及(ji)其钟磬而举行(xing)襄公(gong)冠(guan)礼(li)(li)(li)。
十一(yi)年(nian),三桓氏分为三军①。
①此前鲁(lu)有二军,季武子想专权于鲁(lu)国,故增设一军,而由(you)仲孙、叔孙、季孙三氏分别(bie)掌握(wo)。
十(shi)二年,朝(chao)晋(jin)。十(shi)六年,晋(jin)平公即(ji)位。二十(shi)一年,朝(chao)晋(jin)平公。
二十二年,孔丘生。
二十(shi)五年(nian),齐崔杼弑(shi)其(qi)君庄公(gong),立(li)其(qi)弟景公(gong)。
二(er)十九年(nian),吴延陵季(ji)子使鲁,问周乐,尽知其意,鲁人敬焉①。
①参见《吴太伯世家(jia)》中季(ji)札观乐事。
三十一(yi)年六月(yue),襄公卒(zu)。其九月(yue),太子卒(zu)。鲁人(ren)立齐归之(zhi)子裯(chou)为君(jun),是为昭公。
昭(zhao)公年十九(jiu),犹有童心①。穆叔不(bu)欲(yu)立(li),曰:“太子死,有母弟可立(li),不(bu)即立(li)长。年均(jun)择贤②,义钧则(ze)卜之③。今裯非適嗣④,且又居丧意不(bu)在戚(qi)而(er)有喜色⑤,若果立(li),必(bi)为季氏忧。”季武(wu)子弗听,卒立(li)之。比及葬⑥,三易衰(shuai)⑦。君子曰:“是不(bu)终也⑧。”
①指昭公幼稚不庄重。 ②钧(jun):通“均”,相等。 ③义(yi)钧(jun):贤能(neng)相等。④裯为襄公妾所生,为庶子。 ⑤戚:悲(bei)伤。 ⑥襄公六月辛已死,十月癸酉葬,殡停约四(si)(si)个月。⑦衰(chī,崔):同(tong)“缞(cui)”,丧服。四(si)(si)个月穿坏了三件丧服,说明昭公顽皮(pi)止极。⑧不终:不得(de)善终。
昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)①,朝(chao)晋(jin)(jin)至河,晋(jin)(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)谢还(hai)(hai)之(zhi),鲁耻(chi)焉。四(si)年(nian)(nian),楚灵(ling)王会诸侯于(yu)申(shen),昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)称(cheng)病不往。七年(nian)(nian),季(ji)武(wu)子卒。八年(nian)(nian),楚灵(ling)王就章华(hua)台(tai),召昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)往贺,赐(ci)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宝器;已而悔,复诈(zha)取之(zhi)②。十(shi)二年(nian)(nian),朝(chao)晋(jin)(jin)至河,晋(jin)(jin)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)谢还(hai)(hai)之(zhi)。十(shi)三年(nian)(nian),楚公(gong)(gong)(gong)子弃疾弑其(qi)君灵(ling)王,代立。十(shi)五年(nian)(nian),朝(chao)晋(jin)(jin),晋(jin)(jin)留(liu)之(zhi)葬晋(jin)(jin)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong),鲁耻(chi)之(zhi)。二十(shi)年(nian)(nian),齐景公(gong)(gong)(gong)与晏子狩(shou)竟③,因入鲁问礼。二十(shi)一年(nian)(nian),朝(chao)晋(jin)(jin)至河,晋(jin)(jin)谢还(hai)(hai)之(zhi)。
①据(ju)(ju)《十(shi)二(er)诸侯年表(biao)》及《左传》,应为“二(er)年”。 ②据(ju)(ju)《左传· 昭公(gong)七年》载,楚(chu)王(wang)赠(zeng)昭公(gong)大(da)屈之弓(gong)(gong),又后悔,楚(chu)大(da)夫(fu)见昭公(gong),说:“以(yi)前齐、晋、越三国都想要此弓(gong)(gong),楚(chu)王(wang)不(bu)给(ji)。现在您拿回去,要好好把守宝弓(gong)(gong),防(fang)备(bei)三国起(qi)兵(bing)夺宝。”昭公(gong)害(hai)怕,把弓(gong)(gong)又还(hai)给(ji)楚(chu)王(wang)。 ③竟:同“境”。
二十(shi)五(wu)年春,鸲鹆(yu)来(lai)巢①。师己曰:“文、成(cheng)之世童谣曰②:‘鸲鹆(yu)来(lai)巢,公在(zai)乾(qian)侯(hou)。鸲鹆(yu)入处,公在(zai)外野。’”
①鸲(qú,渠)鹆(yù,浴):即八哥(ge)鸟。据《集解》引《周礼》、《公羊传》之语,当时认为(wei)鸲鹆一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)到(dao)济水以北,而且(qie)穴居。现(xian)(xian)鸲鹆到(dao)了北方的鲁(lu)国而且(qie)巢(chao)居,是(shi)一(yi)种(zhong)反(fan)常的自然现(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。②童(tong)谣详见《左传· 昭公二十五年》。
季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与劶(kou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斗鸡,季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)芥(jie)鸡羽①,劶(kou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)金距②。季(ji)(ji)平(ping)子(zi)怒(nu)而侵劶(kou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),劶(kou)昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)(bo)亦(yi)怒(nu)平(ping)子(zi)。臧(zang)昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟(di)会伪(wei)谗(chan)臧(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)③,匿(ni)季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)④,葬昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)(bo)囚季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人。季(ji)(ji)平(ping)子(zi)怒(nu),囚臧(zang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)老⑤。臧(zang)、劶(kou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)难告昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九月戊戌伐(fa)季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),遂入。平(ping)子(zi)登台请(qing)(qing)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“君以(yi)谗(chan)不察臣(chen)罪(zui),诛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),请(qing)(qing)迁沂上。”弗(fu)(fu)许(xu)(xu)。请(qing)(qing)囚于(yu)鄪,弗(fu)(fu)许(xu)(xu)。请(qing)(qing)以(yi)五乘亡(wang),弗(fu)(fu)许(xu)(xu)。子(zi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)驹曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“君其许(xu)(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。政自季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)久矣(yi),为(wei)徒(tu)者众(zhong),众(zhong)将和谋。”弗(fu)(fu)听(ting)。劶(kou)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“必杀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”叔(shu)(shu)孙(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)戾谓其众(zhong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“无季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与有,孰利(li)?”皆曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“无季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是无叔(shu)(shu)孙(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。”戾曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“然,救(jiu)季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)!”遂败(bai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)师。孟(meng)(meng)懿子(zi)闻叔(shu)(shu)孙(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)胜,亦(yi)杀劶(kou)昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)(bo)。劶(kou)昭(zhao)(zhao)伯(bo)(bo)为(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)使,故孟(meng)(meng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。三家(jia)(jia)(jia)共(gong)伐(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)遂奔。己亥,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)至(zhi)于(yu)齐(qi)。齐(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“请(qing)(qing)致千社待君⑥。”子(zi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“弃周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业而臣(chen)于(yu)齐(qi),可乎?”乃止(zhi)(zhi)。子(zi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“齐(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)无信,不如(ru)早之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晋。”弗(fu)(fu)从。叔(shu)(shu)孙(sun)(sun)见公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)还,见平(ping)子(zi),平(ping)子(zi)顿首(shou)⑦。初欲迎昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),孟(meng)(meng)孙(sun)(sun)、季(ji)(ji)孙(sun)(sun)后悔,乃止(zhi)(zhi)。
①芥:通“介”,护甲(jia)。 ②金距(ju):在鸡爪上装金属(shu)套。距(ju),鸡爪。 ③伪(wei)谗:造伪(wei)诬陷。 ④匿季氏:藏于季氏之(zhi)家(jia)。 ⑤老(lao):大(da)夫之(zhi)家(jia)臣。 ⑥社(she)(she):古以二十(shi)五家(jia)为一社(she)(she)。 ⑦顿首:叩地(di)而拜。形容(rong)季平子由于把国君赶走(zou)而觉不安(an)。
二十六(liu)年(nian)春,齐(qi)伐鲁(lu),取郓而居昭公(gong)焉(yan)。夏,齐(qi)景公(gong)将内公(gong),令无受鲁(lu)赂。申丰(feng)、汝贾(jia)许齐(qi)臣高龁、子(zi)(zi)将粟五千庾①。子(zi)(zi)将言于(yu)齐(qi)侯曰:“群臣不能事鲁(lu)君(jun)(jun),有异焉(yan)②。宋元(yuan)公(gong)为鲁(lu)如晋(jin),求内之(zhi),道卒(zu)。叔孙昭子(zi)(zi)求内其君(jun)(jun),无病(bing)而死。不知天弃鲁(lu)乎?抑鲁(lu)君(jun)(jun)有罪于(yu)鬼神(shen)也?愿(yuan)君(jun)(jun)且(qie)待。”齐(qi)景公(gong)从(cong)之(zhi)。
①庾(yǔ,雨):古代容(rong)量(liang)单位(wei),十六斗为一庾。②有异:有许多怪现象。
二(er)(er)十(shi)八年,昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)如晋(jin)(jin),求入①。季平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)私(si)于(yu)晋(jin)(jin)六(liu)卿(qing)(qing)②,六(liu)卿(qing)(qing)受(shou)季氏赂(lu),谏晋(jin)(jin)君,晋(jin)(jin)君乃止(zhi),居昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)乾侯。二(er)(er)十(shi)九年,昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)如郓(yun)。齐景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)使人(ren)赐昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)书(shu),自谓“主君”③。昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)耻之,怒而去(qu)乾侯④。三十(shi)一年,晋(jin)(jin)欲内昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),召季平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。平(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)布衣跣行⑤,因(yin)六(liu)卿(qing)(qing)谢罪。六(liu)卿(qing)(qing)为言曰:“晋(jin)(jin)欲内昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),众不从。”晋(jin)(jin)人(ren)止(zhi)。三十(shi)二(er)(er)年,昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒于(yu)乾侯。鲁人(ren)共立(li)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟宋为君,是为定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。
①人:流亡在外的国(guo)君(jun)(jun)归国(guo)为(wei)君(jun)(jun)。 ②私:贿赂(lu)。 ③“自”字应(ying)据(ju)《六(liu)国(guo)年表》及《左传(chuan)·昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)二十九(jiu)年》删。此(ci)乃齐(qi)景公(gong)(gong)称鲁昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)为(wei)“主君(jun)(jun)”。“主君(jun)(jun)”是(shi)对大夫的称谓(wei),齐(qi)侯把昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)视同(tong)一个大夫,因(yin)此(ci)昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)以为(wei)耻。 ④去:至。《六(liu)国(guo)年表》作“之”,去往之意。⑤跣:赤脚。⑥因(yin):通过(guo)。
定(ding)公立,赵简子问史墨(mo)曰:“季氏亡乎?”史墨(mo)对(dui)曰:“不(bu)(bu)亡。季友有大功于(yu)(yu)鲁,受鄪为(wei)上卿(qing) ,至于(yu)(yu)文(wen)子、武子,世(shi)增其业①。鲁文(wen)公卒,东门(men)遂杀適立庶,鲁君(jun)(jun)于(yu)(yu)是失国(guo)政。政在季氏,于(yu)(yu)今四君(jun)(jun)矣(yi)②。民不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)君(jun)(jun),何以(yi)得国(guo)!是以(yi)为(wei)君(jun)(jun)慎器与名③,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)假(jia)人④。”
①世(shi):累世(shi)。 ②四君:指(zhi)鲁宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)、成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)、襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)、昭公(gong)(gong)。 ③器:车(che)辆服饰等,代表着人的地位(wei)等级(ji)。名:指(zhi)爵(jue)号(hao)。 ④假:给予。
定公(gong)五年(nian),季(ji)平子(zi)(zi)卒。阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)私怒①,囚(qiu)季(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi),与盟,乃舍之(zhi)。七年(nian),齐伐(fa)(fa)我(wo),取郓,以(yi)为(wei)鲁阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)邑(yi)以(yi)从政②。八年(nian),阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)欲(yu)尽杀三桓(huan)適(shi),而(er)更(geng)立其所善庶子(zi)(zi)以(yi)代之(zhi)③;载季(ji)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)将杀之(zhi)④,桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)诈而(er)得脱(tuo)。三桓(huan)共(gong)攻阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)⑤,阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)居(ju)阳(yang)关。九年(nian),鲁伐(fa)(fa)阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)⑥,阳(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)奔齐,已而(er)奔晋赵氏(shi)。
①私怒(nu):因私愤而(er)发(fa)怒(nu)。②据《左传(chuan)(chuan)·定公(gong)七年(nian)》,春,齐(qi)国归还鲁国的郓和(he)阳(yang)关二邑(yi),阳(yang)虎(hu)占为(wei)自己的奉邑(yi),在那里处理(li)政务。夏,齐(qi)又(you)伐鲁。③更:改。所(suo)善:关系密切的。 ④其事(shi)详载(zai)于《左传(chuan)(chuan)·定公(gong)八(ba)年(nian)》。阳(yang)虎(hu)想(xiang)借在蒲园晏请季桓子之机杀之。林楚驾车(che)载(zai)桓子,桓子说服林楚同人孟孙氏家避(bi)难。 ⑤事(shi)详见《左传(chuan)(chuan)·定公(gong)八(ba)年(nian)》。 ⑥详见《左传(chuan)(chuan)·定公(gong)九年(nian)》。
十年,定公(gong)与齐(qi)(qi)景(jing)公(gong)会于夹谷,孔子行相事①。齐(qi)(qi)欲袭(xi)鲁君②,孔子以礼历阶③,诛齐(qi)(qi)淫乐④,齐(qi)(qi)侯惧,乃止(zhi),归鲁侵地而(er)谢过⑤。十二年,使(shi)仲由毁三桓(huan)城(cheng),收其甲兵。孟氏不肯堕(duo)城(cheng)⑥,伐之,不克而(er)止(zhi)。季桓(huan)子受齐(qi)(qi)女乐,孔子去(qu)。
①行相事:做盟会的司仪。 ②据《齐太公世家》,齐景公怕孔子(zi)做鲁(lu)国(guo)相,鲁(lu)国(guo)称霸,因此用犁(li)(chú,除)之计,想在盟会之时让莱夷之人奏乐,借机(ji)俘获鲁(lu)君。 ③历阶(jie):拾级而上(shang)。 ④诛:斩。此指斩奏淫乐之夷人。⑤谢(xie)过:谢(xie)罪。 ⑥堕(hui,灰):毁。
十五年,定公卒,子将立,是(shi)为哀公。
哀公五年,齐(qi)景公卒(zu)。六年,齐(qi)田(tian)乞弑其(qi)君孺(ru)子。
七年,吴王夫差强,伐齐(qi),至缯,征百(bai)牢于(yu)鲁(lu)①。季(ji)康子使(shi)子贡说(shuo)吴王及太宰嚭,以礼屈之。吴王曰:“我文身(shen)②,不(bu)足责(ze)礼。”乃止。
①百牢:牛、羊、猪各一百头(tou)。 ②文身(shen):即“纹(wen)身(shen)”。纹(wen)身(shen)断发是古代吴越(yue)的蛮夷(yi)之俗,吴王强(qiang)调这一点,为(wei)自己的越(yue)礼(li)行为(wei)辩解。
八年,吴为邹伐(fa)(fa)鲁,至(zhi)城(cheng)下,盟而去(qu)。齐(qi)伐(fa)(fa)我,取三邑(yi)。十年,伐(fa)(fa)齐(qi)南边。十一年,齐(qi)伐(fa)(fa)鲁。季(ji)氏用冉有(you)有(you)功①,思孔(kong)子,孔(kong)子自卫归鲁。
①功:成效。
十(shi)四年,齐田(tian)常(chang)弑(shi)其(qi)君简公于俆(xu)州。孔子(zi)请伐之,哀公不听。十(shi)五(wu)年,使子(zi)服(fu)景伯(bo)、子(zi)贡(gong)为(wei)介①,适齐,齐归我(wo)侵地。田(tian)常(chang)初相,欲亲诸侯(hou)。
①介:副手。
十六年,孔子卒。
二(er)十二(er)年,越王(wang)句践灭吴王(wang)夫(fu)差。
二(er)十七(qi)年(nian)春,季康子(zi)卒(zu)。夏,哀(ai)公(gong)患(huan)三桓,将欲(yu)因(yin)诸侯以(yi)劫(jie)之(zhi),三桓亦患(huan)公(gong)作难①,故君(jun)臣多(duo)间②。公(gong)游(you)于(yu)(yu)陵阪,遇孟武伯于(yu)(yu)街,曰:“请问余及死乎(hu)?”对曰:“不(bu)知也。”公(gong)欲(yu)以(yi)越(yue)伐(fa)三桓。八月,哀(ai)公(gong)如陉氏(shi)。三桓攻(gong)公(gong),公(gong)奔(ben)于(yu)(yu)卫,去如邹,遂如越(yue)。国人(ren)迎(ying)哀(ai)公(gong)复归(gui),卒(zu)于(yu)(yu)有山(shan)氏(shi)③。子(zi)宁立,是为悼(dao)公(gong)。
①作(zuo)难(nan):发难(nan)。 ②间:仇隙。 ③有山氏(shi):即陉氏(shi)。
悼公之(zhi)时,三(san)桓胜①,鲁如小侯,卑于三(san)桓之(zhi)家。
①胜:兴盛。
十(shi)三(san)年(nian),三(san)晋灭智伯,分其(qi)地有(you)之。
三(san)十(shi)七年,悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu),子(zi)嘉立(li)(li),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)元公(gong)(gong)(gong)。元公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)一(yi)年卒(zu),子(zi)显(xian)立(li)(li),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)。穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十(shi)三(san)年卒(zu)①,子(zi)奋立(li)(li),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)共(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。共(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)二(er)(er)年卒(zu)②,子(zi)屯(tun)立(li)(li),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)康公(gong)(gong)(gong)。康公(gong)(gong)(gong)九年卒(zu),子(zi)匽立(li)(li),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)。景公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)九年卒(zu),子(zi)叔立(li)(li),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)平公(gong)(gong)(gong),是(shi)时六(liu)国皆(jie)称王。
①《六(liu)国(guo)年表》作“三十(shi)二(er)年”,与《汉(han)书·律历志》合,当(dang)是(shi)。②当(dang)以《六(liu)国(guo)年表》作“二(er)十(shi)三年”。
平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),秦(qin)(qin)惠王(wang)卒。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(二(er)(er)(er))年(nian)(nian)(nian),平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒,子(zi)贾立(li),是(shi)为(wei)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(七(qi))〔元〕年(nian)(nian)(nian),楚(chu)怀王(wang)死于(yu)秦(qin)(qin)。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian),文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒,子(zi)雠(chou)立(li),是(shi)为(wei)顷公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
顷(qing)公(gong)(gong)二年,秦拔楚(chu)之郢,楚(chu)顷(qing)王东徙于(yu)陈。十(shi)九年,楚(chu)伐我(wo),取徐(xu)州。二十(shi)四(si)年,楚(chu)考烈王伐灭(mie)鲁。顷(qing)公(gong)(gong)亡(wang),迁于(yu)下邑①,为家人②,鲁绝祀③。顷(qing)公(gong)(gong)卒于(yu)柯。
①下(xia)邑(yi):都城(cheng)以外(wai)为小邑(yi)。 ②家人:平民。 ③绝祀:祭祀灭(mie)绝。此处指亡(wang)国。
鲁起(qi)周公至(zhi)顷公,凡三十四世。
太(tai)史(shi)公(gong)曰(yue):余闻孔子称曰(yue):“甚矣(yi)鲁(lu)道之(zhi)衰也!洙泗之(zhi)间龂龂如也”①。观庆父及叔牙、闵公(gong)之(zhi)际,何其(qi)乱也?隐、桓之(zhi)事;襄仲(zhong)杀適立庶;三家北(bei)面为臣,亲(qin)攻昭公(gong),昭公(gong)以奔。至(zhi)其(qi)揖让之(zhi)礼则从矣(yi)②,而行(xing)事何其(qi)戾也③?
①龂(yǎn,掩)龂:争辩的样子。 ②从:遵守。 ③戾:背反。
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