优孟衣冠来历与阅读训练(lian)
春秋时期,从古巫中又分化出“优”,优以歌舞、诙谐、作乐、耍杂技等,服侍于帝王左右,娱人而不娱神。优,统称乐人,他们能歌能舞,又能调笑滑稽。擅词令调笑的称俳优;善演奏器乐的称伶优。以服侍国君的特殊条件,优常能在调笑戏谑、隐寓的谈吐中发挥讽谏作用。《史记·滑稽(ji)列传》记(ji)载了有名(ming)的“优孟衣(yi)冠”的故事(shi):楚(chu)国宰相孙(sun)叔敖(ao)为(wei)楚(chu)国争夺霸权地(di)位,立下过汗马功劳。不想死(si)后(hou)家境萧(xiao)条,儿子的生(sheng)活都很(hen)困难。优孟便穿上孙(sun)叔敖(ao)的衣(yi)服,扮(ban)做(zuo)他的模(mo)样(yang)去讽谏楚(chu)庄王。楚(chu)王听(ting)后(hou)很(hen)受感动,反省自己对故旧照顾不周的错误,马上改(gai)正,给孙(sun)叔敖(ao)的儿子封赠田地(di)奴隶。优孟把一个(ge)已(yi)死(si)的人扮(ban)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)得(de)维妙维肖(xiao),去打动劝说君王。他是(shi)(shi)在(zai)以演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戏的方式(shi)从(cong)政。“优孟衣(yi)冠”后(hou)来成为(wei)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)剧的代称。虽然它算不上是(shi)(shi)真(zhen)正的戏剧,但完(wan)全是(shi)(shi)一段扮(ban)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人物(wu),且有情节的表(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。内中(zhong)孕含着戏剧的因素,是(shi)(shi)极(ji)其明(ming)显的。其谐谑调笑的语言艺(yi)术,对后(hou)来的戏曲有着深远影响(xiang)。
阅(yue)读下文,回答后(hou)面(mian)的问(wen)题(本阅(yue)读适合高中二年级以(yi)上阅(yue)读,由华(hua)语网编(bian)辑整理)
优(you)孟(meng)(meng),故楚(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐人也(ye)(ye)。长八(ba)尺,多辩,常以(yi)(yi)谈笑(xiao)讽谏。楚(chu)(chu)庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,有(you)所(suo)(suo)爱马(ma),衣以(yi)(yi)文绣,置之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)华屋(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),席以(yi)(yi)露床,啖(dan)以(yi)(yi)枣脯。马(ma)病肥(fei)死(si)(si),使(shi)髃臣(chen)丧(sang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),欲(yu)以(yi)(yi)棺椁(guo)大(da)夫礼葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。左右争之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)不可(ke)。王(wang)下(xia)令(ling)曰(yue)(yue):"有(you)敢(gan)以(yi)(yi)马(ma)谏者,罪至死(si)(si)。"优(you)孟(meng)(meng)闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),入殿(dian)门,仰天(tian)大(da)哭(ku)。王(wang)惊(jing)而(er)(er)(er)问(wen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)故。优(you)孟(meng)(meng)曰(yue)(yue):"马(ma)者王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)爱也(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)楚(chu)(chu)国堂(tang)(tang)堂(tang)(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da),何求(qiu)不得,而(er)(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)大(da)夫礼葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),薄,请(qing)以(yi)(yi)人君礼葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。"王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):"寡人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过一至此(ci)乎!"于(yu)是使(shi)以(yi)(yi)马(ma)属(shu)太官,无(wu)令(ling)天(tian)下(xia)久闻也(ye)(ye)。楚(chu)(chu)相(xiang)(xiang)孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)知其(qi)(qi)(qi)贤人也(ye)(ye),善待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。病且(qie)死(si)(si),属(shu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):"我死(si)(si),汝必(bi)贫困。若往见优(you)孟(meng)(meng),言我孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)。"居(ju)(ju)数年,其(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)穷困负薪,逢优(you)孟(meng)(meng),与(yu)言曰(yue)(yue):"我,孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)子(zi)也(ye)(ye)。父且(qie)死(si)(si)时,属(shu)我贫困往见优(you)孟(meng)(meng)。"优(you)孟(meng)(meng)曰(yue)(yue):"若无(wu)远有(you)所(suo)(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。"即(ji)为(wei)(wei)孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)衣冠,抵掌谈语。岁余(yu),像(xiang)孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao),楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)及(ji)左右不能别(bie)也(ye)(ye)。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)置酒,优(you)孟(meng)(meng)前为(wei)(wei)寿。庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)大(da)惊(jing),以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)复生也(ye)(ye),欲(yu)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)。优(you)孟(meng)(meng)曰(yue)(yue):"请(qing)归与(yu)妇计之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),三日(ri)而(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)。"庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)许(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。三日(ri)后(hou)(hou),优(you)孟(meng)(meng)复来。王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):"妇言谓何?"孟(meng)(meng)曰(yue)(yue):"妇言慎无(wu)为(wei)(wei),楚(chu)(chu)相(xiang)(xiang)不足(zu)(zu)为(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)相(xiang)(xiang),尽忠为(wei)(wei)廉(lian)以(yi)(yi)治楚(chu)(chu),楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)得以(yi)(yi)霸。今死(si)(si),其(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)无(wu)立锥(zhui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,贫困负薪以(yi)(yi)自饮食(shi)(shi)。必(bi)如(ru)孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao),不如(ru)自杀。"因歌曰(yue)(yue):"山(shan)居(ju)(ju)耕田苦,难以(yi)(yi)得食(shi)(shi)。起(qi)而(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)吏,身(shen)贪鄙者余(yu)财,不顾耻辱。身(shen)死(si)(si)家(jia)(jia)室富,又恐为(wei)(wei)奸触(chu)大(da)罪,身(shen)死(si)(si)而(er)(er)(er)家(jia)(jia)灭。贪吏安(an)可(ke)为(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)!念为(wei)(wei)廉(lian)吏,奉(feng)法守职,竟死(si)(si)不敢(gan)为(wei)(wei)非。廉(lian)吏安(an)可(ke)为(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)!楚(chu)(chu)相(xiang)(xiang)孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)持廉(lian)至死(si)(si),方(fang)今妻(qi)子(zi)穷困负薪而(er)(er)(er)食(shi)(shi),不足(zu)(zu)为(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)!"于(yu)是庄(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)王(wang)谢优(you)孟(meng)(meng),乃召孙(sun)叔敖(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)(ao)子(zi),封之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寝丘四百户(hu),以(yi)(yi)奉(feng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)祀(si)。后(hou)(hou)十世不绝。
(节选自《史记·滑稽列传(chuan)》)
1.对(dui)下列(lie)句子(zi)中加点(dian)的词的解(jie)释,不正(zheng)确的一项是
A.多辩(bian)(bian),常以(yi)谈(tan)笑讽谏 辩(bian)(bian):辩(bian)(bian)驳(bo)
B.席以露床,啖以枣(zao)脯 啖:给(ji)……吃(chi)
C.有(you)敢以马(ma)谏者,罪(zui)至死 谏:规劝
D.属我贫困往见(jian)优孟 属:嘱咐(fu)
2.以(yi)下六句话,分(fen)别编(bian)为四组,全都表(biao)现优孟"以(yi)谈笑讽谏(jian)"的(de)一组是
①请以人君礼葬之(zhi)②即为孙(sun)叔敖衣冠③庄王置酒,优孟前为寿④请归与妇计之(zhi),三日而为相(xiang)⑤必(bi)如(ru)孙(sun)叔敖,不如(ru)自杀⑥属我贫困往见优孟
A.①③④ B.①⑤⑥ C.②③⑤ D.②④⑥
3.下列对(dui)原文有关内(nei)容的(de)分(fen)析和(he)概括(kuo),不正确(que)的(de)一项是
A.优孟言辞诙谐幽默(mo)。楚庄(zhuang)王想厚葬(zang)所爱之马,群臣进谏反遭严词拒绝(jue);优孟以反语讽谏,说是(shi)以大(da)夫(fu)礼不够隆重,使庄(zhuang)王认识错误,收(shou)回成命(ming)。
B.孙(sun)叔敖(ao)十分看(kan)中优(you)孟(meng),临终前预料儿(er)子必(bi)将贫困,要他到时(shi)去(qu)找(zhao)优(you)孟(meng)寻(xun)求(qiu)帮助。优(you)孟(meng)慨(kai)然(ran)允诺孙(sun)叔敖(ao)子后(hou),极力模仿孙(sun)叔敖(ao),想使楚庄王(wang)醒(xing)悟。
C.楚(chu)庄(zhuang)王误以为优(you)孟是孙叔敖复生,想(xiang)任他为相。优(you)孟与妻子商(shang)定三日之后为相,又责怪庄(zhuang)王利用孙叔敖成就霸(ba)业,而(er)对他的后代却(que)不(bu)闻不(bu)问。
D.优孟由孙(sun)叔敖一事而引发(fa)感慨,指出为官者不应(ying)贪(tan)鄙求(qiu)财,否则(ze)将触犯法令而身死家(jia)灭(mie);但廉吏(li)死后,其(qi)家(jia)人却会面(mian)临穷困潦倒的悲惨境遇(yu)。