《小满》初中说明(ming)文阅读题及答案
①小(xiao)满节(jie)气，在每年5月20日至22日之间，24节(jie)气中的第八个节(jie)气，也是夏(xia)季的第二个节(jie)气。今年小(xiao)满交节(jie)时(shi)刻为5月20日22时(shi)36分(fen)。
②寒(han)来暑(shu)往是(shi)气(qi)候，鸟语花香是(shi)物(wu)候。小(xiao)满(man)(man)是(shi)一个(ge)表征物(wu)候的(de)节(jie)气(qi)。其(qi)关注点不在气(qi)，而在物(wu)。古书称“四月(yue)中(zhong)，小(xiao)满(man)(man)者，物(wu)致于此小(xiao)得盈(ying)满(man)(man)”。这时(shi)，北(bei)方(fang)冬小(xiao)麦(mai)等夏(xia)熟(shu)(shu)作(zuo)物(wu)籽粒开始饱满(man)(man)，但还(hai)没有完全成熟(shu)(shu)，所(suo)以叫“小(xiao)满(man)(man)”。小(xiao)满(man)(man)是(shi)最“接地气(qi)”的(de)节(jie)气(qi)。
③农谚有“小满(man)(man)小满(man)(man)，麦(mai)粒(li)渐满(man)(man)”的(de)说法。此时，小麦(mai)度过一(yi)冬的(de)休眠期(qi)后(hou)，经(jing)(jing)过返青拔节，抽穗开(kai)花，亟需薰(xun)风暖(nuan)熟，虽然仍是一(yi)片青绿(lv)(lv)，但有着(zhe)一(yi)股蓄势待发的(de)劲头。麦(mai)穗已经(jing)(jing)抽齐，麦(mai)粒(li)鼓着(zhe)腮帮一(yi)般，泛出一(yi)层(ceng)透明的(de)绿(lv)(lv)色。等到这晶莹的(de)嫩绿(lv)(lv)变为黄绿(lv)(lv)，麦(mai)子(zi)也即将(jiang)成(cheng)熟了。农谚又云“小满(man)(man)未满(man)(man)，还有危(wei)险(xian)”。小麦(mai)成(cheng)长(zhang)的(de)最后(hou)阶段灌(guan)浆期(qi)十分关键，籽粒(li)才(cai)刚刚盈(ying)实，若碰到灾难天气或病虫害，麦(mai)粒(li)未经(jing)(jing)过充(chong)分的(de)乳熟期(qi)，小麦(mai)的(de)品质便会大打(da)折扣(kou)。
④在南方地(di)区，小(xiao)满(man)(man)还有“小(xiao)满(man)(man)小(xiao)满(man)(man)，江(jiang)河渐(jian)满(man)(man)”的(de)说法，反(fan)映(ying)了这时南方降雨增多(duo)的(de)气候特点。确(que)实，从小(xiao)满(man)(man)开始，全国各地(di)渐(jian)次进(jin)入夏季，雨量越来越大，江(jiang)河的(de)水位也逐渐(jian)上(shang)涨。
⑤此时，南方(fang)的早稻(dao)早已抽(chou)穗，农人除了给早稻(dao)增肥，还要忙着栽(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)中稻(dao)。“秧(yang)奔小(xiao)满谷奔秋(qiu)”，小(xiao)满正是(shi)(shi)适宜水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)栽(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)的季节。农人们(men)将培育好的秧(yang)苗按(an)间隔，齐整地栽(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)在地里(li)。若是(shi)(shi)高度机(ji)械化的地区(qu)，就采取机(ji)器种植了。但最重要的，是(shi)(shi)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)”。若小(xiao)满雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)不丰，稻(dao)田(tian)(tian)田(tian)(tian)坎干裂，就无法栽(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)：若雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)过丰，栽(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)好的稻(dao)苗便经不住大雨的袭击，秧(yang)苗轻(qing)则东倒(dao)西歪，重则被雨滴(di)打伤。南方(fang)的小(xiao)满节气，充满了对水(shui)(shui)(shui)的期许(xu)。
⑥小满，是麦子的秋，是水稻的夏。
⑦按中国传统(tong)科学理论，四月小满即是一(yi)(yi)年中阳气最旺(wang)的时(shi)节，也是最潮湿闷热(re)的时(shi)节。这时(shi)万物生长最为繁(fan)茂，人体的新陈代谢(xie)也最旺(wang)盛。正(zheng)因为如此，人体在小满时(shi)消耗的营(ying)养物质(zhi)最多(duo)，所(suo)以需(xu)要及(ji)时(shi)补充，才能使身体、五脏六腑不至于有所(suo)伤耗。这时(shi)，可以多(duo)吃一(yi)(yi)些清热(re)、暖胃、温补的食(shi)品。因为空气潮湿，小满节气也是呼吸系统(tong)疾病(bing)、皮肤病(bing)的高发期，人们(men)要预防湿邪入侵(qin)，多(duo)吃一(yi)(yi)些有化湿通淤作用(yong)的食(shi)物，如赤小豆、薏苡仁、绿豆、冬(dong)瓜等，忌(ji)食(shi)辛辣甘肥、生湿助湿的食(shi)物。
11．本文围绕“小(xiao)满(man)”这一节气，说明了(le)哪(na)些(xie)方面的(de)内(nei)容？请简要概括。（3分(fen)）
答：
12．文章多次引用农谚进行说(shuo)(shuo)明，请(qing)概括说(shuo)(shuo)说(shuo)(shuo)这样写的作用。（2分）
答：
13．科学(xue)性是说明文的生(sheng)命。请结合下面语(yu)句中的加(jia)点词语(yu)做简(jian)要分析。（4分）
（1）今年小满交节时刻为
（2）从小满(man)开始(shi)，全国各地(di)渐次进入夏季，雨量越来越大，江(jiang)河(he)的水位(wei)也逐渐上涨。
答：
14．二十四节气是我国古代订立的一种用来指导农事(shi)的补充历法(fa)，凝聚着劳动人民的智慧(hui)。请从你(ni)知道(dao)的节(jie)气(qi)中任选—个加以(yi)介绍。（3分）
答：
参考答案：
11.①小满的时间；②小满的含义；③小满时农作物的生长特点；④小满时的气候特点；⑤人们饮食的注意事项。【…点此查看完整答案（答案页第7页）…】14.①清明节又叫踏(ta)青节(jie)，在仲春(chun)与暮春(chun)之交，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)冬(dong)至后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)108天，是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)传统节(jie)日(ri)(ri)(ri)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭祀节(jie)日(ri)(ri)(ri)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)祭祖和(he)(he)扫(sao)(sao)墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)子(zi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)汉族传统的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)节(jie)大约(yue)始于周代(dai)，距今已有(you)二(er)千五百多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)历(li)(li)史。清明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)节(jie)原是(shi)(shi)(shi)指春(chun)分(fen)(fen)后(hou)十五天，1935年中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)华民(min)(min)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政府明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)定(ding)(ding)4月5日(ri)(ri)(ri)为国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)定(ding)(ding)假(jia)日(ri)(ri)(ri)清明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)节(jie)，也(ye)叫做民(min)(min)族扫(sao)(sao)墓(mu)节(jie)。2006年5月20日(ri)(ri)(ri)，经国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)务院(yuan)批准(zhun)，将(jiang)(jiang)清明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)节(jie)列(lie)(lie)入(ru)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)批国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家级非物质(zhi)文化遗产名录(lu)。②芒(mang)种(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)十四节(jie)气中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)9个节(jie)气，更是(shi)(shi)(shi)干支历(li)(li)午月的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起始；时(shi)间(jian)点(dian)(dian)(dian)在公历(li)(li)每年6月6日(ri)(ri)(ri)前后(hou)，太阳到(dao)达黄(huang)经75°时(shi)．芒(mang)种(zhong)字面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“有(you)芒(mang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)麦子(zi)快收，有(you)芒(mang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稻子(zi)可(ke)种(zhong)”。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)将(jiang)(jiang)芒(mang)种(zhong)分(fen)(fen)为三候：“一(yi)(yi)(yi)候螳螂生(sheng)(sheng)；二(er)候鹏始鸣；三候反舌无声。”此时(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)长(zhang)江中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下游(you)地区将(jiang)(jiang)进入(ru)多(duo)雨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黄(huang)梅时(shi)节(jie)。【分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)】文章采用(yong)逻辑(ji)顺序，第(di)(di)①段(duan)(duan)(duan)引(yin)出说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)对(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，第(di)(di)②﹣⑤段(duan)(duan)(duan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)满(man)节(jie)气的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)义和(he)(he)农作(zuo)物生(sheng)(sheng)长(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)点(dian)(dian)(dian)，第(di)(di)⑥﹣⑦段(duan)(duan)(duan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)满(man)节(jie)气的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气候特(te)(te)点(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)人们(men)(men)饮(yin)食(shi)注意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)项。【解答】（1）考查(cha)概(gai)括说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)内容。第(di)(di)②﹣⑤段(duan)(duan)(duan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)满(man)节(jie)气的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)义和(he)(he)农作(zuo)物生(sheng)(sheng)长(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)点(dian)(dian)(dian)，第(di)(di)⑥﹣⑦段(duan)(duan)(duan)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)满(man)节(jie)气的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)气候特(te)(te)点(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)人们(men)(men)饮(yin)食(shi)注意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)项。（2）考查(cha)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)法及其(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)。常见的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)法有(you)：举例子(zi)、分(fen)(fen)类别、下定(ding)(ding)义、摹状貌、作(zuo)诠释、打比(bi)方(fang)、列(lie)(lie)数字、列(lie)(lie)图表(biao)、作(zuo)引(yin)用(yong)等。解答此类题(ti)(ti)型，首先要(yao)了解说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常用(yong)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)法及特(te)(te)征(zheng)，然后(hou)必须要(yao)结合文段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)来分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)法，然后(hou)根据文章的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内容或(huo)者文段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)内容所体(ti)现出来的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)对(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)来分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)作(zuo)用(yong)即可(ke)。用(yong)作(zuo)引(yin)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)法，说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)了小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)满(man)这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)气的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)义和(he)(he)农作(zuo)物生(sheng)(sheng)长(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)点(dian)(dian)(dian)，生(sheng)(sheng)动形象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，有(you)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)服力．（3）考查(cha)说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文语言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)点(dian)(dian)(dian)。抓(zhua)住说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文语言(yan)(yan)准(zhun)确(que)(que)这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)点(dian)(dian)(dian)答题(ti)(ti)。 答题(ti)(ti)格(ge)式：①说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)词(ci)(ci)(ci)语的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)，②说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)用(yong)了该词(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)，准(zhun)确(que)(que)/生(sheng)(sheng)动形象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)/地说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)了事(shi)(shi)物……的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)/事(shi)(shi)理(li)，③xx词(ci)(ci)(ci)体(ti)现了语言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)准(zhun)确(que)(que)性。（4）开放性题(ti)(ti)。解答此题(ti)(ti)只要(yao)从二(er)十四节(jie)气（除了小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)满(man)）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)选(xuan)择一(yi)(yi)(yi)个说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)其(qi)含(han)义即可(ke)。【点(dian)(dian)(dian)评】说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文赏析(xi)(xi)词(ci)(ci)(ci)语的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)达作(zuo)用(yong)，抓(zhua)住说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文语言(yan)(yan)准(zhun)确(que)(que)这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)点(dian)(dian)(dian)答题(ti)(ti)。 答题(ti)(ti)格(ge)式：①说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)词(ci)(ci)(ci)语的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)，②说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)用(yong)了该词(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)，准(zhun)确(que)(que)/生(sheng)(sheng)动形象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)/地说(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)了事(shi)(shi)物……的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)/事(shi)(shi)理(li)，③xx词(ci)(ci)(ci)体(ti)现了语言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)准(zhun)确(que)(que)性。
