帝喾的传说
帝喾之名初见于春秋时史料中。《礼记·祭法》云“殷人褅喾”,而《国语·鲁语》则云“商人褅舜”,三国韦昭认为“舜”当为“喾”字之误。殷墟甲骨卜辞载商人高祖夔,据王国维考定,“夔”为“帝喾”之名,因形讹而成“夋”。因此由夔神而分化成喾、夋二神,同见于《山海经》神话中(zhong)(zhong),唯“夋”写作(zuo)“帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)俊”,为全书中(zhong)(zhong)最主要最显赫的(de)(de)一(yi)个上帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神。“帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)”只偶尔提(ti)到两三(san)次,而(er)另外分化(hua)(hua)出(chu)“帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)舜(shun)(shun)(shun)”一(yi)神。自晋郭璞(pu)至近代(dai)学(xue)者多(duo)认为“舜(shun)(shun)(shun)”自“夋”音变而(er)出(chu)。是“喾(ku)”与(yu)“俊”、“舜(shun)(shun)(shun)”原由同(tong)一(yi)神“夔”分化(hua)(hua)出(chu)来(lai)已(yi)可论定。可参阅(yue)《山海经》郭璞(pu)《注》、郝(hao)懿(yi)行《笺疏(shu)》、毕沅《新校正》、王国维《殷先公先王考(kao)》、郭沫(mo)若《古(gu)代(dai)社会研究》、《卜辞(ci)通纂》、袁珂《山海经校注》。其后(hou)唯“喾(ku)”与(yu)“舜(shun)(shun)(shun)”进入历(li)史文(wen)献中(zhong)(zhong)。喾(ku)保(bao)持了其东(dong)方鸟夷商(shang)远(yuan)祖(zu)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei),大都(dou)说他与(yu)简狄(di)因玄鸟生契(qi)。舜(shun)(shun)(shun)除(chu)《国语》(韦昭已(yi)改为喾(ku))中(zhong)(zhong)仍保(bao)持其为商(shang)族(zu)始祖(zu)神地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)外,其余文(wen)献皆与(yu)尧并举,成为“三(san)王”前的(de)(de)二帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),失(shi)去商(shang)祖(zu)身份。后(hou)因与(yu)禹夏(xia)、后(hou)稷(ji)等(deng)全境诸族(zu)融(rong)合(he)成华夏(xia)族(zu),帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)便被编(bian)排入黄帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)世系(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(见《大戴礼记·帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)篇》)为玄枵之(zhi)孙,成为与(yu)颛(zhuan)顼(xu)并列(lie)(lie)两系(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)重要的(de)(de)一(yi)系(xi)(xi)(xi),而(er)且(qie)把(ba)他编(bian)排为尧,挚、契(qi)、稷(ji)之(zhi)父(fu),即(ji)尧族(zu)、商(shang)族(zu)、周族(zu)都(dou)成了他的(de)(de)子(zi)孙。因为此世系(xi)(xi)(xi)编(bian)成于(yu)周代(dai),所(suo)以(yi)把(ba)周稷(ji)列(lie)(lie)为长子(zi),商(shang)契(qi)列(lie)(lie)为次子(zi),就把(ba)这原来(lai)对立的(de)(de)主要的(de)(de)东(dong)、西两族(zu)融(rong)合(he)成亲兄弟了。可见帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)喾(ku)在民族(zu)融(rong)合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)被安排的(de)(de)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)相当(dang)重要。到《五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)德》提(ti)出(chu)第(di)(di)一(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)说”,他便为五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)一(yi);第(di)(di)二种(zhong)(zhong)、第(di)(di)三(san)种(zhong)(zhong)两“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)说”没有他;第(di)(di)四种(zhong)(zhong)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)说”又有他。至于(yu)他与(yu)高(gao)(gao)辛氏(shi)的(de)(de)关系(xi)(xi)(xi),正如颛(zhuan)顼(xu)和(he)高(gao)(gao)阳氏(shi)的(de)(de)关系(xi)(xi)(xi)一(yi)样,也是到《五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)德》、《帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)》中(zhong)(zhong)才合(he)而(er)为一(yi)的(de)(de)。以(yi)后(hou)遂(sui)成了历(li)史的(de)(de)定说。
帝(di)喾(ku),姓姬(ji),为(wei)(wei)上古五帝(di)之(zhi)一。他(ta)是黄帝(di)的曾孙(sun),“生而神灵,自言(yan)其名”。十五岁时(shi),因(yin)辅佐颛顼帝(di)有功(gong),被封(feng)于(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)(今商斤市(shi)南高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)〕。三十岁时(shi),代(dai)颛顼为(wei)(wei)帝(di),都于(yu)(yu)亳。因(yin)他(ta)兴起于(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin),史称之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)氏。
帝喾即帝位后,“聪以(yi)知(zhi)远,明以(yi)察(cha)微(wei)。顺天之(zhi)义,知(zhi)民之(zhi)急。仁而威(wei),惠(hui)而信,修身而大下(xia)(xia)服”。他在位七十年,天下(xia)(xia)大治,人民安(an)居(ju)乐(le)业。
著名文学(xue)家曹植曾作《帝喾赞》以颂之:“祖自轩(xuan)辕,玄嚣之裔(yi),生言其(qi)名。木德治世。抚宁天(tian)地,神圣灵宾,教讫四海,明并日明。”
帝(di)(di)喾有几个儿(er)子在(zai)中国历(li)史上也是(shi)很有名的。他(ta)的元妃(fei)姜原(yuan)生(sheng)了弃(即后稷)。弃是(shi)周的始祖。次(ci)妃(fei)简(jian)狄生(sheng)了契。契是(shi)商(shang)的祖先。次(ci)妃(fei)庆都生(sheng)了尧(yao)。尧(yao)是(shi)历(li)史上有名的圣贤之君(jun)、五帝(di)(di)之一。次(ci)妃(fei)常(chang)仪生(sheng)了挚(zhi)。挚(zhi)继承(cheng)了喾的帝(di)(di)位,九年后禅让(rang)给帝(di)(di)尧(yao)。
帝(di)喾陵(ling)(ling)位于商(shang)丘(qiu)市唯阳区南25公里的高辛集。现存墓(mu)地为一(yi)高大(da)(da)丘(qiu),长200余米,宽100余米。陵(ling)(ling)前(qian)原(yuan)有帝(di)喾祠、沐(mu)浴室(shi)、更衣亭、禅门等古建筑,院中(zhong)有大(da)(da)量碑刻。现仅存明(ming)代碑刻一(yi)通。
《史记·五帝(di)本纪(ji)》:“帝(di)喾高辛(xin)者,黄帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曾(ceng)孙(sun)也。高辛(xin)父曰(yue)蟜(jiao)极(ji)(ji),蟜(jiao)极(ji)(ji)父曰(yue)玄(xuan)嚣(xiao),玄(xuan)嚣(xiao)父曰(yue)黄帝(di)。自玄(xuan)嚣(xiao)与蟜(jiao)极(ji)(ji)皆不(bu)得(de)在(zai)位,至高辛(xin)即帝(di)位。高辛(xin)於颛(zhuan)顼为族子。高辛(xin)生而神灵,自言(yan)其(qi)名。普施(shi)利(li)物(wu),不(bu)於其(qi)身。聪以(yi)知远,明(ming)(ming)以(yi)察微。顺天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,知民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)。仁而威,惠而信,脩身而天下(xia)服(fu)。取地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)财而节用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),抚教万(wan)民而利(li)诲(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),历(li)日(ri)月(yue)而迎(ying)送之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),明(ming)(ming)鬼(gui)神而敬事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)色郁郁,其(qi)德嶷嶷。其(qi)动也时,其(qi)服(fu)也士。帝(di)喾溉执中(zhong)而遍天下(xia),日(ri)月(yue)所照,风雨(yu)所至,莫不(bu)从服(fu)。帝(di)喾娶陈锋氏(shi)女,生放勋。娶娵(ju)訾(zi)氏(shi)女,生挚。帝(di)喾崩,而挚代立(li)(li)。帝(di)挚立(li)(li),不(bu)善,而弟放勋立(li)(li),是为帝(di)尧。”