人教版九年级语(yu)文复习(xi)文言文实词及虚词意(yi)义(yi)知识点归纳
一、文言(yan)实词归纳:(基本篇目(mu))
1、基本字词归纳
(一(yi))文(wen)言(yan)实词(ci)(ci):文(wen)言(yan)实词(ci)(ci)的基本词(ci)(ci)汇(hui)和(he)现代汉语(yu)词(ci)(ci)义(yi)相同,但(dan)由于历史的发展和(he)语(yu)言(yan)的变(bian)(bian)化,不少文(wen)言(yan)实词(ci)(ci)在词(ci)(ci)义(yi)上(shang)已经发生了很大变(bian)(bian)化,甚(shen)至有(you)的已经不用,所以掌握(wo)一(yi)定(ding)的文(wen)言(yan)实词(ci)(ci),有(you)助于扫(sao)除文(wen)言(yan)文(wen)阅读上(shang)的障碍。
①古音通假
即通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)假(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)字(zi)(zi)(zi),文言文里(li)用(yong)(yong)音(yin)同或音(yin)近的(de)字(zi)(zi)(zi)来代替另一个字(zi)(zi)(zi)来使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)现(xian)象(xiang)叫通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)假(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。有(you)(you)两种情况:一是本(ben)有(you)(you)其(qi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)而不(bu)用(yong)(yong),用(yong)(yong)另一个同音(yin)字(zi)(zi)(zi)代替。如《愚公移山》中“一厝(cuo)朔东,一厝(cuo)雍(yong)南”中的(de)“厝(cuo)”通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“措”,放置(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。二是本(ben)无(wu)其(qi)字(zi)(zi)(zi),有(you)(you)音(yin)无(wu)字(zi)(zi)(zi),用(yong)(yong)同音(yin)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表示。通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)假(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)方(fang)式(shi)包括(kuo)同音(yin)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)假(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(“说”通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“悦”,高兴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)),双声通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)假(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(“亡(wang)”通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“无(wu)”,没有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)),和迭韵通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)假(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(“徧”通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“遍(bian)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi))。通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)假(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)现(xian)象(xiang)在(zai)(zai)文言中普遍(bian)存在(zai)(zai),在(zai)(zai)复习时(shi)要进行系统的(de)汇(hui)总,便(bian)于掌握。
②古今异义
由于(yu) 语(yu)言的(de)(de)(de)发(fa)展变迁(qian),不少文(wen)言词(ci)(ci)汇的(de)(de)(de)词(ci)(ci)义(yi)发(fa)生了很大的(de)(de)(de)变化,出现(xian)了词(ci)(ci)形完全相同而古(gu)今意义(yi)有(you)别的(de)(de)(de)双(shuang)音词(ci)(ci),在现(xian)代为双(shuang)音词(ci)(ci)而在古(gu)代为偏(pian)义(yi)词(ci)(ci)或短语(yu)的(de)(de)(de)语(yu)言现(xian)象。例如(ru):
《桃花源记》中“率妻子邑人(ren)来此绝境”中的(de)“妻子”古(gu)义指妻子和儿女(nv);今(jin)义指男(nan)子的(de)配(pei)偶。“绝境”古(gu)义为与外界隔绝之地(di);今(jin)义为没(mei)有出(chu)路(lu)的(de)境地(di)。
《曹刿论战》中(zhong)“可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)一(yi)战”中(zhong)的(de)“可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)”古(gu)义是两(liang)个(ge)词,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)凭借之意,今义是一(yi)个(ge)词,表(biao)示(shi)许可(ke)(ke)(ke)或可(ke)(ke)(ke)能。
③古今词义变化
词义(yi)的变(bian)化(hua),大(da)致有三个(ge)途径:一是(shi)词义(yi)的扩大(da)。例(li)如(ru)“江”和“河”在(zai)古(gu)代专(zhuan)指(zhi)(zhi)“长江”和“黄河”,现(xian)(xian)在(zai)可以指(zhi)(zhi)任何(he)的江河,词义(yi)扩大(da)了(le);二是(shi)词义(yi)的缩小。例(li)如(ru)“臭”在(zai)古(gu)代是(shi)“气味”的意思,现(xian)(xian)在(zai)专(zhuan)指(zhi)(zhi)不好闻的气味,词义(yi)缩小了(le);三是(shi)词义(yi)的转(zhuan)移。例(li)如(ru)“涕(ti)”在(zai)古(gu)代指(zhi)(zhi)“眼(yan)泪(lei)”,而现(xian)(xian)在(zai)却(que)指(zhi)(zhi)鼻(bi)涕(ti)了(le),词义(yi)发生了(le)转(zhuan)移。
④一词多义
在(zai)古汉语中,同(tong)(tong)样(yang)一(yi)个词,在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的语言环境中,有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的用法(fa),不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的读音(yin),表达(da)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)意义。例(li)如(ru):
名——
名之者谁?太守自谓也。《醉翁亭记》(命名)
山不在高,有仙则名。《陋室铭》(出名,著名)
不能名其一处(chu)也。《口技》(说出)
⑤词类活用
在古(gu)汉语的(de)(de)(de)实词(ci)(ci)中,某个词(ci)(ci)属(shu)于哪类(lei)(lei)词(ci)(ci),通常是比较固定的(de)(de)(de)。但在一定的(de)(de)(de)语言(yan)环境(jing)中,某些实词(ci)(ci)失去了它原来所属(shu)词(ci)(ci)类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)意义和功(gong)能,而(er)临时充当另一类(lei)(lei)词(ci)(ci),这种现象叫“词(ci)(ci)类(lei)(lei)活用”。
复习词(ci)类活(huo)用(yong)首先要区别(bie)“词(ci)类活(huo)用(yong)”和(he)“一(yi)词(ci)多(duo)义”。一(yi)词(ci)多(duo)义是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)个词(ci)经常具有(you)两(liang)类或两(liang)类以上的(de)(de)语法功能(neng),如“指(zhi)(zhi)”解释为(wei)“手指(zhi)(zhi)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)名词(ci),解释为(wei)“指(zhi)(zhi)点(dian)”“指(zhi)(zhi)出”是(shi)(shi)(shi)动(dong)词(ci)。其(qi)次分析词(ci)类活(huo)用(yong)还要和(he)同(tong)音词(ci)区别(bie)开来。有(you)的(de)(de)词(ci)读音相同(tong),写法也相同(tong),但(dan)如果它们在意义上没有(you)任何联系(xi),就不是(shi)(shi)(shi)词(ci)类活(huo)用(yong)。如“先自度其(qi)足而置之其(qi)坐”中(zhong)的(de)(de)“足”是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)“脚”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)名词(ci);而“今南方已定(ding),兵甲已足”,句中(zhong)的(de)(de)“足”是(shi)(shi)(shi)“充足”的(de)(de)意思。