●卷(juan)十一·先进第(di)十一
[疏]正义曰:前篇论夫子在乡党,圣人之行也。
○此篇论弟子,贤(xian)人之行,圣贤(xian)相次,亦(yi)其宜也。
子(zi)曰:“先进於(wu)(wu)礼(li)乐,野(ye)人(ren)也。後进於(wu)(wu)礼(li)乐,君子(zi)也。(孔曰:“先进、後进,谓仕先後辈也。礼(li)乐因世损益,後进与礼(li)乐,俱得(de)时(shi)之中(zhong),斯(si)君子(zi)矣;先进有古(gu)风,斯(si)野(ye)人(ren)也。”)如用(yong)之,则吾(wu)从先进。”(将移(yi)风易(yi)俗,归之淳素。先进犹近古(gu)风,故从之。)
[疏]“子曰”至“吾从先进”。
○正义曰:此章孔子评其弟子之中仕进先後之辈也。“先进於礼乐野人也”者,先进,谓先辈仕进之人,准於礼乐,不能因世损益,而有古风,故曰朴野之人也。“後进於礼乐,君子也”者,後进,谓後辈仕进之人也,准於礼乐,能因时损益,与礼乐俱得时之中,故曰君子之人也。“如用之,则吾从先进”者,言如其用之以为治,则吾从先辈朴野之人。夫子之意,将移风易俗,归之淳素。先进犹近古风,故从之也。
○注“孔曰”至“人也”。
○正义曰:云(yun)(yun)“先进(jin)、後进(jin),谓仕先後辈(bei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),下章(zhang)云(yun)(yun)“从我(wo)於陈、蔡者(zhe),皆不及门(men)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”,谓不及仕进(jin)之门(men),则(ze)此(ci)谓不从於陈、蔡得仕进(jin)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。盖先进(jin)者(zhe),当(dang)襄、昭之世。後进(jin)者(zhe),当(dang)定、哀之世。云(yun)(yun)“礼(li)乐(le)因(yin)世损益(yi)”者(zhe),《为政篇(pian)》云(yun)(yun):“殷因(yin)於夏礼(li),所(suo)损益(yi)可(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。周因(yin)於殷礼(li),所(suo)损益(yi)可(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”又周初则(ze)礼(li)乐(le)盛,周衰则(ze)礼(li)乐(le)衰,是礼(li)乐(le)因(yin)世损益(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“後进(jin)与礼(li)乐(le),俱得时(shi)之中,斯君(jun)子矣”者(zhe),言礼(li)乐(le)随世盛衰,後进(jin)与时(shi)消息,皆中当(dang)於时(shi),故为君(jun)子也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“先进(jin)有古风,斯野(ye)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),言先辈(bei)仕进(jin)之人(ren),比今则(ze)犹(you)尚淳(chun)素,故云(yun)(yun)“斯野(ye)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。
子曰:“从(cong)我(wo)於陈、蔡(cai)者,皆不及门(men)也。”(郑曰:“言(yan)弟子从(cong)我(wo)而(er)厄(e)於陈、蔡(cai)者,皆不及仕(shi)进(jin)之(zhi)门(men),而(er)失其所。”)
[疏]“子曰:从我於陈、蔡者,皆不及门也”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此章孔子闵(min)弟子之失所(suo)。言弟子从我(wo)而(er)厄於(wu)陈(chen)、蔡(cai)者,皆不及仕(shi)进之门,而(er)失其所(suo)也。
德行:颜渊,闵(min)子(zi)骞,冉伯牛,仲弓。言(yan)语:宰我,子(zi)贡(gong)。政(zheng)事:冉有,季路。文(wen)学(xue):子(zi)游,子(zi)夏。
[疏]“德行:颜渊,闵子骞,冉伯牛,仲弓。言语:宰我,子贡。政事:冉有,季路。文学:子游,子夏”。
○正义曰(yue):此章(zhang)因前章(zhang)言弟子(zi)(zi)失所,不(bu)及(ji)仕进(jin),遂举(ju)弟子(zi)(zi)之中,才德尢高可仕进(jin)之人(ren)。郑氏(shi)以(yi)合前章(zhang),皇氏(shi)别(bie)为(wei)一章(zhang)。言若(ruo)(ruo)任(ren)用德行(xing),则有(you)(you)颜渊、闵子(zi)(zi)骞、冉(ran)伯牛(niu)、仲弓四(si)人(ren)。若(ruo)(ruo)用其言语辨说(shuo),以(yi)为(wei)行(xing)人(ren),使四(si)方,则有(you)(you)宰我、子(zi)(zi)贡二(er)人(ren)。若(ruo)(ruo)治理(li)政事,决断不(bu)疑,则有(you)(you)冉(ran)有(you)(you)、季(ji)路二(er)人(ren)。若(ruo)(ruo)文章(zhang)博(bo)学(xue),则有(you)(you)子(zi)(zi)游、子(zi)(zi)夏二(er)人(ren)也(ye)。然夫子(zi)(zi)门徒三千,达者(zhe)七十(shi)有(you)(you)二(er),而(er)此四(si)科唯举(ju)十(shi)人(ren)者(zhe),但言其翘楚者(zhe)耳。或时(shi)在(zai)陈言之,唯举(ju)从者(zhe)。其不(bu)从者(zhe),虽有(you)(you)才德,亦(yi)言不(bu)及(ji)也(ye)。
子曰:“回(hui)也(ye),非助我者也(ye),於吾言(yan)无所不(bu)说。”(孔曰:“助,益也(ye)。言(yan)回(hui)闻言(yan)即解,无发(fa)起增益於已。”)
[疏]“子曰:回也,非助我者也,於吾言无所不说”。
○正义曰:此章称颜回(hui)之(zhi)贤也(ye)(ye)。助(zhu),益(yi)也(ye)(ye)。说,解(jie)也(ye)(ye)。凡师(shi)资问答,以相发起。若(ruo)与子夏论《诗》,子曰:“起予者,商也(ye)(ye)。”如此是有益(yi)於已(yi)也(ye)(ye)。今回(hui)也(ye)(ye),非增益(yi)於已(yi)者也(ye)(ye),以其於吾之(zhi)所(suo)言,皆默而识之(zhi),无所(suo)不解(jie)。言回(hui)闻言即解(jie),无所(suo)发起增益(yi)於已(yi)也(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“孝哉,闵子(zi)(zi)骞!人不间於(wu)其父母昆弟(di)之言。”(陈曰(yue):“言子(zi)(zi)骞上事父母,下(xia)顺兄弟(di),动静尽善,故人不得有非间之言。”)
[疏]“子曰:孝哉(zai),闵子骞!人不间於(wu)其(qi)父母(mu)(mu)昆弟之(zhi)(zhi)言。”正义曰:此章叹美(mei)闵子骞之(zhi)(zhi)孝行(xing)也。昆,兄也。间,谓非毁间厕。言子骞上(shang)事父母(mu)(mu),下(xia)顺兄弟,动静尽善,故人不得有非间之(zhi)(zhi)言。”
南容(rong)(rong)三(san)复(fu)白圭,(孔(kong)曰:“《诗(shi)》云:‘白圭之玷(dian),尚可(ke)磨也(ye)。斯言之玷(dian),不可(ke)为(wei)也(ye)。’南容(rong)(rong)读《诗(shi)》至此(ci),三(san)反覆(fu)之,是其(qi)心慎言也(ye)。”)孔(kong)子(zi)以其(qi)兄之子(zi)妻之。
[疏]“南容三复白圭,孔子以其兄之子妻之”。
○正义曰:此章美南容慎言也。复,覆也。《诗》云:“白圭之玷,尚可磨也。斯言之玷,不可为也。”南容读《诗》至此,三反覆之,是其心慎言也。孔子知其贤,故以其兄之女子妻之。此即“邦有道,不废;邦无道,免於刑戮者”也。弟子各记所闻,故又载之。
○注“《诗》云:白圭之玷,尚可磨也。斯言之玷,不可为也”。
○正义曰:此《大(da)雅·抑(yi)篇》刺厉王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)诗也。《毛传》云:“玷,缺也。”笺云:“斯,此也。玉之(zhi)(zhi)缺,尚可磨钅虑(lv)而平,人君(jun)政(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)一失,谁能反覆之(zhi)(zhi)?”意(yi)言(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)令尢须(xu)谨(jin)慎(shen)(shen)。白玉为(wei)圭(gui),圭(gui)有损缺,犹尚可更磨钅虑(lv)而平,若此政(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)言(yan)语之(zhi)(zhi)有缺失,则遂往而不可改(gai)。为(wei)王(wang)者,安危在於出令,故特宜慎(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)。是诗人戒(jie)其(qi)慎(shen)(shen)言(yan)。南容之(zhi)(zhi)心,亦欲慎(shen)(shen)言(yan),故三(san)覆读此也。
季康子(zi)问:“弟子(zi)孰为好(hao)学?”孔(kong)子(zi)对曰:“有颜(yan)回者好(hao)学,不幸短命死矣(yi)。今也则亡。”
[疏]“季康子问:弟子孰为好学?孔子对曰:有颜回者好学,不幸短命死矣。今也则亡”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)章称颜(yan)回之好(hao)学也(ye)。季康子,鲁执政大夫,故(gu)言氏称对。此(ci)与(yu)哀(ai)公问(wen)同而答(da)异者,以哀(ai)公迁怒贰过,故(gu)因答(da)以谏之。康子无之,故(gu)不云也(ye)。
颜(yan)(yan)渊(yuan)死(si),颜(yan)(yan)路请子之车(che)以(yi)为之椁(guo)。(孔(kong)(kong)曰:“路,渊(yuan)父也。家贫,欲请孔(kong)(kong)子之车(che),卖以(yi)作椁(guo)。”)子曰:“才不(bu)才,亦(yi)各言其子也。鲤(li)也死(si),有棺而无椁(guo)。吾不(bu)徒(tu)行(xing)以(yi)为之椁(guo)。以(yi)吾从(cong)大(da)夫(fu)之後(hou),不(bu)可徒(tu)行(xing)也。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰:“鲤(li),孔(kong)(kong)子之子,伯鱼也。孔(kong)(kong)子时为大(da)夫(fu),言从(cong)大(da)夫(fu)之後(hou),不(bu)可以(yi)徒(tu)行(xing),谦辞也。”)
[疏]“颜渊死”至“徒行也”。
○正义曰:此并三章记颜回死时孔子之语也。“颜渊死,颜路请子之车以为之椁”者,路,颜渊父也。家贫,欲请孔子之车,卖以作椁也。“子曰:才不才,亦各言其子也。鲤也死,有棺而无椁。吾不徒行以为之椁”者,此举亲喻疏也。言渊才、鲤不才虽异,亦各言其子则同。我子鲤也死时,但有棺,以家贫而无椁,吾不卖车以作椁。今女子死,安得卖我车以作椁乎?“以吾从大夫之後,不可徒行也”者,此言不可卖车作椁之由。徒行,步行也。以吾为大夫,不可徒行故也。孔子时为大夫,言从大夫之後者,谦辞也。
○注“孔曰”至“辞也”。
○正义曰(yue):云(yun)(yun)“鲤,孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伯鱼也(ye)”者,《世(shi)家》文也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)时(shi)为大(da)夫,言(yan)从大(da)夫之(zhi)後,不可(ke)以(yi)徒(tu)(tu)行(xing)(xing),谦辞也(ye)”者,案《孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)世(shi)家》:“定公十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)六,由大(da)司寇摄行(xing)(xing)相事。”鲁(lu)受(shou)齐(qi)女乐(le),不听(ting)政三日,孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遂卫(wei)。历至宋、郑、陈(chen)、蔡(cai)、晋、楚,去鲁(lu)凡(fan)十(shi)(shi)四(si)岁(sui)而(er)反乎鲁(lu),然鲁(lu)终不能用。孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亦不求仕,以(yi)哀公十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)七十(shi)(shi)三。今案颜回(hui)(hui)(hui)少孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)三十(shi)(shi)岁(sui),三十(shi)(shi)二而(er)卒(zu),则颜回(hui)(hui)(hui)卒(zu)时(shi),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)六十(shi)(shi)一,方在陈(chen)、蔡(cai)矣;伯鱼年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)五(wu)十(shi)(shi),先(xian)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)死,则鲤也(ye)死时(shi),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)盖(gai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)七十(shi)(shi)左右,皆(jie)非(fei)在大(da)夫位时(shi)。而(er)此注云(yun)(yun)“时(shi)为大(da)夫”,未知有何所(suo)据也(ye)。杜预曰(yue):“尝(chang)为大(da)夫而(er)去,故言(yan)後也(ye)。”据其年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),则颜回(hui)(hui)(hui)先(xian)伯鱼卒(zu),而(er)此云(yun)(yun)颜回(hui)(hui)(hui)死,颜路请(qing)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)车以(yi)为之(zhi)椁,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)“鲤也(ye)死,有棺而(er)无椁”,又似伯鱼先(xian)死者。王肃(su)《家语(yu)》注云(yun)(yun):“此书久(jiu)远(yuan),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)数错(cuo)误,未可(ke)详也(ye)。”或以(yi)为假设之(zhi)辞也(ye)。徒(tu)(tu)犹空也(ye),谓无车空行(xing)(xing)也(ye),是步(bu)行(xing)(xing)谓之(zhi)徒(tu)(tu)行(xing)(xing),故《左传》襄元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“败郑徒(tu)(tu)兵於洧上”,杜注云(yun)(yun):“徒(tu)(tu)兵,步(bu)兵也(ye)。”
颜渊死。子曰:“噫!(包曰:“噫,痛伤之(zhi)(zhi)声(sheng)。”)天(tian)丧(sang)予!天(tian)丧(sang)予!”(天(tian)丧(sang)予者,若丧(sang)已(yi)也。再言之(zhi)(zhi)者,痛惜(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)甚。)
[疏]“颜渊死,子曰:噫!天丧予!天丧予!”
○正(zheng)义曰:噫,痛(tong)伤之声。“天丧予”者,孔子痛(tong)惜颜(yan)渊死,言若天丧已(yi)也。再言之者,痛(tong)惜之甚。
颜渊死,子哭之恸(tong)。(马曰(yue):“恸(tong),哀过(guo)也。”)从者曰(yue):“子恸(tong)矣!”曰(yue):“有恸(tong)乎?(孔曰(yue):“不自知已之悲哀过(guo)。”)非夫人之为(wei)(wei)恸(tong)而谁(shei)为(wei)(wei)?”
[疏]“颜渊死”至“谁为”。
○正义(yi)曰:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)哭之(zhi)恸(tong)(tong)”者(zhe),恸(tong)(tong),过(guo)哀(ai)(ai)(ai)也。言夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)哭颜(yan)渊(yuan),其悲(bei)哀(ai)(ai)(ai)过(guo)甚(shen)。“从者(zhe)曰:子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)恸(tong)(tong)矣”者(zhe),从者(zhe),众弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。见(jian)夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)哀(ai)(ai)(ai)过(guo),故(gu)告曰:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)恸(tong)(tong)矣。”“曰:有恸(tong)(tong)乎”者(zhe),时夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不自知已之(zhi)悲(bei)哀(ai)(ai)(ai)过(guo),故(gu)答曰:有恸(tong)(tong)乎邪。“非夫人(ren)之(zhi)为(wei)恸(tong)(tong)而谁为(wei)”者(zhe),因弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言已悲(bei)哀(ai)(ai)(ai)过(guo)甚(shen),遂说(shuo)已之(zhi)过(guo)哀(ai)(ai)(ai)亦(yi)当於理,非失也。夫人(ren),谓颜(yan)渊(yuan)。言不於颜(yan)渊(yuan)哭之(zhi)为(wei)恸(tong)(tong),而更於谁人(ren)为(wei)恸(tong)(tong)乎?
颜渊(yuan)死,门人欲(yu)厚葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)。子(zi)曰(yue):“不可。”(礼,贫富有宜。颜渊(yuan)贫,而门人欲(yu)厚葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)不听(ting)。)门人厚葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)。子(zi)曰(yue):“回(hui)也视予犹(you)父也,予不得视犹(you)子(zi)也。非(fei)我也,夫(fu)二三(san)子(zi)也。”(马曰(yue):“言回(hui)自有父,父意(yi)欲(yu)听(ting)门人厚葬(zang),我不得割止,非(fei)其厚葬(zang),故(gu)云耳。”)
[疏]“颜渊”至“三子也”。
○正义(yi)曰:“颜(yan)渊(yuan)死,门(men)人(ren)欲厚(hou)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),门(men)人(ren),颜(yan)渊(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi),以其(qi)师有贤行,故(gu)欲丰(feng)厚(hou)其(qi)礼以葬(zang)(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:不可”者(zhe),礼,贫富有宜。颜(yan)渊(yuan)贫,而门(men)人(ren)欲厚(hou)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),故(gu)不听之(zhi)(zhi),曰不可也(ye)。“门(men)人(ren)厚(hou)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),初咨孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不听,门(men)人(ren)故(gu)违孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),而卒厚(hou)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:回也(ye)视(shi)(shi)予(yu)犹(you)父(fu)也(ye)”者(zhe),此(ci)下(xia)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)非(fei)其(qi)厚(hou)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)语也(ye)。言(yan)回也(ye)师事於已(yi),视(shi)(shi)已(yi)犹(you)如(ru)其(qi)父(fu)也(ye)。“予(yu)不得(de)视(shi)(shi)犹(you)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)”者(zhe),言(yan)回自有父(fu)存,父(fu)意欲听门(men)人(ren)厚(hou)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),我(wo)不得(de)割止之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)曰“予(yu)不得(de)视(shi)(shi)犹(you)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)”。“非(fei)我(wo)也(ye),夫二三子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)”者(zhe),言(yan)厚(hou)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)事,非(fei)我(wo)所为(wei),夫门(men)人(ren)二三子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。非(fei)其(qi)厚(hou)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),故(gu)云耳。
季路(lu)问(wen)事(shi)鬼(gui)(gui)神(shen)。子曰:“未(wei)能事(shi)人,焉(yan)能事(shi)鬼(gui)(gui)?”曰:“敢问(wen)死(si)。”曰:“未(wei)知(zhi)生,焉(yan)知(zhi)死(si)?”(陈曰:“鬼(gui)(gui)神(shen)及死(si)事(shi)难明,语之无(wu)益,故不答。”)
[疏]“季路”至“知死”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue)(yue):此章明(ming)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)道无(wu)益之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)也(ye)。子(zi)(zi)路问(wen)事(shi)(shi)鬼(gui)神(shen)(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),对(dui)则天(tian)曰(yue)(yue)神(shen)(shen),人(ren)曰(yue)(yue)鬼(gui),散则虽人(ren)亦曰(yue)(yue)神(shen)(shen),故下文独以(yi)(yi)鬼(gui)答(da)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。子(zi)(zi)路问(wen)承(cheng)事(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)其(qi)理何如(ru),“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)未能事(shi)(shi)人(ren),焉能事(shi)(shi)鬼(gui)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)生人(ren)尚未能事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),况死者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鬼(gui)神(shen)(shen),安能事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎?“曰(yue)(yue):敢问(wen)死”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)路又(you)(you)曰(yue)(yue):“敢问(wen)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)若死,其(qi)事(shi)(shi)何如(ru)。”“曰(yue)(yue):未知生,焉知死”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)言(yan)女(nv)尚未知生时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),则安知死後(hou)乎?皆所以(yi)(yi)抑止子(zi)(zi)路也(ye)。以(yi)(yi)鬼(gui)神(shen)(shen)及死事(shi)(shi)难明(ming),又(you)(you)语(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)益,故不(bu)答(da)也(ye)。
闵子(zi)侍侧,りり如(ru)也(ye);子(zi)路,行行如(ru)也(ye);冉(ran)有(you)、子(zi)贡,侃(kan)(kan)侃(kan)(kan)如(ru)也(ye)。子(zi)乐。(郑曰:“乐各(ge)尽其(qi)性。行行,刚(gang)强之貌(mao)。”)“若由也(ye),不得(de)(de)其(qi)死然”。(孔曰:“不得(de)(de)以(yi)寿终。”)
[疏]“闵子”至“死然”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此章(zhang)孔子(zi)(zi)喜(xi)四(si)弟子(zi)(zi)任(ren)其(qi)(qi)直性也(ye)(ye)。“闵(min)子(zi)(zi)侍(shi)侧,りり如(ru)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),卑(bei)在尊侧曰(yue)侍(shi)。りり,中正(zheng)之貌(mao)。如(ru)也(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)其(qi)(qi)貌(mao)如(ru)此也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)路(lu),行(xing)行(xing)如(ru)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),行(xing)行(xing),刚(gang)(gang)强之貌(mao)。“冉(ran)有、子(zi)(zi)贡,侃(kan)(kan)侃(kan)(kan)如(ru)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),侃(kan)(kan)侃(kan)(kan),和乐之貌(mao)。“子(zi)(zi)乐”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)四(si)子(zi)(zi)各尽其(qi)(qi)自然(ran)之性,故喜(xi)乐也(ye)(ye)。“若(ruo)由也(ye)(ye),不得其(qi)(qi)死然(ran)”者(zhe)(zhe),然(ran)犹焉(yan)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)子(zi)(zi)路(lu)以(yi)刚(gang)(gang),必不得其(qi)(qi)以(yi)寿终焉(yan)。
鲁人(ren)(ren)为长府(fu)。闵子(zi)骞(qian)曰(yue):“仍(reng)旧(jiu)贯,如之何(he)?何(he)必改(gai)作?”(郑曰(yue):“长府(fu),藏名也(ye),藏财货曰(yue)府(fu)。仍(reng),因也(ye)。贯,事也(ye)。因旧(jiu)事则可也(ye),何(he)乃复(fu)更(geng)改(gai)作。”)子(zi)曰(yue):“夫人(ren)(ren)不(bu)言(yan),言(yan)必有(you)中(zhong)。”(王曰(yue):“言(yan)必有(you)中(zhong)者,善其(qi)不(bu)欲劳民改(gai)作。”)
[疏]“鲁人”至“有中”。
○正义曰:此章重於劳民也。“鲁人为长府”者,藏财货曰府。长,其藏名也。为,作也。言鲁人新改作之也。“闵子骞曰:仍旧贯,如之何?何必改作”者,子骞见鲁人劳民改作长府,而为此辞。仍,因也。贯,事也。言因旧事则亦可矣,何必乃复更改作也。“子曰:夫人不言,言必有中”者,孔子闻子骞之言而善之也。夫人,谓子骞。言夫此人,其唯不言则已,若其发言,必有中於理。此言何必改作,是中理之言也。善其不欲劳民,故以为中。
○注“郑曰”至“改作”。
○正义曰(yue):云“长(zhang)府(fu)(fu)(fu),藏(zang)(zang)名”者(zhe),言(yan)鲁藏(zang)(zang)财(cai)货(huo)(huo)之府(fu)(fu)(fu)名长(zhang)府(fu)(fu)(fu)也(ye)。云“藏(zang)(zang)财(cai)货(huo)(huo)曰(yue)府(fu)(fu)(fu)”者(zhe),布(bu)帛曰(yue)财(cai),金(jin)玉曰(yue)货(huo)(huo)。《周(zhou)礼·天官》有大府(fu)(fu)(fu)为(wei)王(wang)治藏(zang)(zang)之长(zhang),玉府(fu)(fu)(fu)掌王(wang)之金(jin)玉玩(wan)好(hao),内(nei)府(fu)(fu)(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)良货(huo)(huo)贿藏(zang)(zang)在(zai)内(nei)者(zhe),外府(fu)(fu)(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)泉藏(zang)(zang)在(zai)外者(zhe),是藏(zang)(zang)财(cai)货(huo)(huo)曰(yue)府(fu)(fu)(fu)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)犹聚也(ye),言(yan)财(cai)货(huo)(huo)之所聚也(ye)。“仍,因;贯,事”,皆《释(shi)诂》文。
子(zi)曰:“由之(zhi)(zhi)瑟,奚为於丘之(zhi)(zhi)门(men)?”(马(ma)曰:“子(zi)路(lu)鼓瑟,不合(he)《雅(ya)》、《颂(song)》。”)门(men)人不敬子(zi)路(lu)。子(zi)曰:“由也升堂(tang)(tang)矣(yi),未(wei)入於室也。”(马(ma)曰:“升我堂(tang)(tang)矣(yi),未(wei)入於室耳。门(men)人不解(jie),谓孔子(zi)言为贱子(zi)路(lu),故复(fu)解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“室也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):苏拢言(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)学分限也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):由(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)瑟,奚(xi)为於(wu)丘之(zhi)(zhi)门”者,由(you)(you),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)名。奚(xi),何也(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)性(xing)刚,鼓瑟不(bu)合《雅》、《颂(song)》,故孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)非之(zhi)(zhi)云:“由(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)鼓瑟,何为於(wu)丘之(zhi)(zhi)门乎?”所以(yi)抑其(qi)刚也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“门人不(bu)敬(jing)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)”者,门人不(bu)解孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)意,谓孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)为贱子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu),故不(bu)敬(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):由(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)升堂矣,未入於(wu)室也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者,以(yi)门人不(bu)解,故孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)复(fu)解之(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)学识深浅,譬如(ru)自(zi)外(wai)入内(nei),得其(qi)门者。入室为深,颜(yan)渊是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。升堂次之(zhi)(zhi),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)既升我堂矣,但未入於(wu)室耳,岂(qi)可(ke)不(bu)敬(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)?
子贡问:“师(shi)与商(shang)也(ye)孰贤?”子曰:“师(shi)也(ye)过(guo),商(shang)也(ye)不(bu)及。”(孔曰:“言俱不(bu)得中。”)曰:“然则师(shi)愈与?”子曰:“过(guo)犹不(bu)及。”(愈犹胜也(ye)。)
[疏]“子贡”至“犹不及”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此章明子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)才性优劣(lie)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)问(wen):师(shi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)商也(ye)(ye)(ye)孰(shu)贤”者(zhe),师(shi),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张名(ming)(ming)。商,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)名(ming)(ming)。孰(shu),谁(shei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)问(wen)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张与(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)二人谁(shei)为贤才?”“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):师(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)过(guo),商也(ye)(ye)(ye)不及(ji)”者(zhe),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答言:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张所为过(guo)当(dang)而不已,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)则不及(ji)而止。”言俱不得中也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue):然则师(shi)愈(yu)与(yu)(yu)(yu)”者(zhe),愈(yu)犹(you)胜也(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)未(wei)明夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之旨,以为师(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)过(guo)则是贤才,过(guo)於子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia),故复问(wen)曰(yue)(yue):“然则子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张胜於子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(xia)与(yu)(yu)(yu)?”与(yu)(yu)(yu)为疑辞。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):过(guo)犹(you)不及(ji)”者(zhe),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)不解,故复解之,曰(yue)(yue):“过(guo)当(dang)犹(you)如不及(ji)。”俱不中理也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
季(ji)氏富(fu)於(wu)周公(gong),(孔曰(yue):“周公(gong),天子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)宰、卿士。”)而(er)求也(ye)为之(zhi)(zhi)聚敛而(er)附益之(zhi)(zhi)。(孔曰(yue):“冉求为季(ji)氏宰,为之(zhi)(zhi)急赋税。”)子(zi)曰(yue):“非吾徒也(ye)。小(xiao)子(zi)鸣(ming)鼓(gu)(gu)而(er)攻之(zhi)(zhi),可也(ye)。”(郑曰(yue):“小(xiao)子(zi),门人也(ye)。鸣(ming)鼓(gu)(gu)声其(qi)罪以责(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)。”)
[疏]“季氏”至“可也”。
○正义曰:此章夫子责冉求重赋税也。“季氏富於周公”者,季氏,鲁臣,诸侯之卿也。周公,天子之宰、卿士,鲁其後也。孔子之时,季氏专执鲁政,尽征其民。其君蚕食深宫,赋税皆非已有,故季氏富於周公也。“而求也为之聚敛而附益之”者,时冉求为季氏家宰,又为之急赋税,聚敛财物而陪附助益季氏也。“子曰:非吾徒也,小子鸣鼓而攻之可也”者,小子,门人也。冉求亦夫子门徒,当尚仁义。今为季氏聚敛,害於仁义,故夫子责之曰:非我门徒也。使其门人鸣鼓以声其罪而攻责之,可也。
○注“孔曰:周公,天子之宰卿士”。
○正义曰:何(he)休云:“宰犹治也(ye)(ye),三公之职号尊(zun)名也(ye)(ye)。”杜预(yu)注《左传》曰:“卿士,王之执政者也(ye)(ye)。”
柴(chai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)愚,(弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)高柴(chai),字(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)羔。愚,愚直之愚。)参也(ye)(ye)(ye)鲁,(孔曰:“鲁,钝也(ye)(ye)(ye)。曾子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)性迟钝。”)师也(ye)(ye)(ye)辟,(马曰:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)张才过人,失(shi)在邪辟文过。”)由也(ye)(ye)(ye)彦。(郑曰:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路之行,失(shi)於(wu)畔彦。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:“回(hui)也(ye)(ye)(ye),其庶乎!屡(lv)(lv)空。赐不(bu)(bu)受命(ming),而货殖焉,亿(yi)则屡(lv)(lv)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。”(言回(hui)庶几(ji)圣道(dao),虽(sui)数(shu)空匮,而乐在其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。赐不(bu)(bu)受教命(ming),唯(wei)财(cai)货是殖,亿(yi)度(du)是非。盖美回(hui),所以(yi)励(li)赐也(ye)(ye)(ye)。一曰:“屡(lv)(lv)犹(you)每也(ye)(ye)(ye)。空犹(you)虚中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)圣人之善道(dao),教数(shu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之庶几(ji),犹(you)不(bu)(bu)至(zhi)於(wu)知道(dao)者(zhe),各(ge)内有此害(hai)。其於(wu)庶几(ji)每能(neng)虚中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe),唯(wei)回(hui)。怀道(dao)深远,不(bu)(bu)虚心,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)知道(dao),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡虽(sui)无数(shu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之病,然亦不(bu)(bu)知道(dao)者(zhe),虽(sui)不(bu)(bu)穷(qiong)理而幸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),虽(sui)非天命(ming)而偶富(fu),亦所以(yi)不(bu)(bu)虚心也(ye)(ye)(ye)。)
[疏]“柴也愚”至“屡中”。
○正义曰:此章孔子历评六弟子之德行中失也。“柴也愚”者,高柴性愚直也。“参也鲁”者,曾参性迟钝也。“师也辟”者,子张才过人,失在邪辟文过也。“由也彦”者,子路之行失於畔彦也。“子曰:回也,其庶乎!屡空。赐不受命,而货殖焉,亿则屡中”者,此盖孔子美颜回,所以励赐也。其说有二:一曰:“屡,数也。空,匮也。亿,度也。言回庶几圣道,虽数空匮贫窭,而乐在其中。是美回也。赐不受命,唯货财是殖,若亿度是非则数中。言此所以勉励赐也”。一曰“屡犹每也。空犹虚中也。言孔子以圣人之善道,教数子之庶几,犹不至於知道者,各内有此害故也。其於庶几每能虚中者,唯有颜回怀道深远。若不虚心,不能知道也。子贡虽无数子之病,然亦不知道者,虽不穷理而幸中,虽非天命而偶富,有此二累,亦所以不虚心也。
○注“弟子高柴,字子羔”。
○正义曰:《史记·弟子传》云:“高柴,字子羔。”郑玄曰:“卫人。”“少孔子三十岁”。《左传》亦作子羔,《家语》作子高,《礼记》作子皋,三字不同,其实一也。
○注“郑曰子路之行,失於畔彦”。
○正义曰:旧注作“反彦”,字书“反彦,失容也”。言子路性行刚强,常反彦失於礼容也。今本反作畔。王弼云:“刚猛也。”
○注“言回”至“心也”。
○正义曰(yue):云(yun)(yun)“言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)几圣(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《易(yi)·下系辞》云(yun)(yun):“颜氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)其殆庶(shu)(shu)(shu)几乎?”是回(hui)(hui)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)慕几微(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。云(yun)(yun)“虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)数空匮,而(er)乐在(zai)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即“箪食瓢饮,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)其乐”是也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“赐(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受教命(ming)(ming)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)礼教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)。云(yun)(yun)“惟财(cai)货是殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)唯务使货财(cai)生殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蕃息也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“亿(yi)度(du)是非(fei)(fei)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)又用心亿(yi)度(du)人事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是非(fei)(fei)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“盖美回(hui)(hui),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)励赐(ci)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,美颜回(hui)(hui)贫而(er)乐道(dao)(dao)(dao),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)劝励子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡,言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)汝既富矣(yi),又能(neng)(neng)亿(yi)则屡(lv)(lv)(lv)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),何(he)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受教命(ming)(ming)乎?云(yun)(yun)“一(yi)曰(yue)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)下者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),何(he)晏又为一(yi)说也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)道(dao)(dao)(dao),教数子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)几”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人庶(shu)(shu)(shu)几之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)道(dao)(dao)(dao),并教六子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“犹(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至於(wu)(wu)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),各内有(you)此(ci)害(hai)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)圣(sheng)(sheng)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)倦,并教诲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)犹(you)尚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)至於(wu)(wu)知(zhi)几微(wei)善(shan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其各自内有(you)愚(yu)、鲁、辟(pi)、彦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)害(hai)故也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“其於(wu)(wu)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)几每能(neng)(neng)虚(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),唯回(hui)(hui)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)唯颜回(hui)(hui)每能(neng)(neng)虚(xu)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,知(zhi)於(wu)(wu)庶(shu)(shu)(shu)几之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“怀道(dao)(dao)(dao)深(shen)远,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虚(xu)心,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)解虚(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由,由其至道(dao)(dao)(dao)深(shen)远,若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虚(xu)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)无数子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)无愚(yu)、鲁、辟(pi)、彦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)也(ye)。“然亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)亦(yi)如四子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穷理而(er)幸(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)非(fei)(fei)天(tian)命(ming)(ming)而(er)偶富,亦(yi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虚(xu)心也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)解子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),由於(wu)(wu)有(you)此(ci)二累(lei)也(ye)。虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穷理而(er)幸(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),释经(jing)“亿(yi)则屡(lv)(lv)(lv)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”,言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穷理尽性(xing),但亿(yi)度(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),幸(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)其言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)。《左传》“定十五年春,邾隐公来(lai)朝。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡观焉。邾子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)执玉高,其容仰;公受玉卑,其容俯。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡曰(yue):‘以(yi)(yi)(yi)礼观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),二君者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆有(you)死(si)亡焉。’夏(xia)五月(yue)壬(ren)申,公薨。仲尼(ni)曰(yue):‘赐(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)幸(xing)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。’”哀七年,“以(yi)(yi)(yi)邾子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)益(yi)来(lai)”,是其屡(lv)(lv)(lv)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)。“虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)非(fei)(fei)天(tian)命(ming)(ming)而(er)偶富”,释经(jing)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受命(ming)(ming)而(er)货殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”也(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)致富之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),当由天(tian)命(ming)(ming)与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爵(jue)(jue)禄,今(jin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)因天(tian)命(ming)(ming)爵(jue)(jue)禄,而(er)能(neng)(neng)自致富,故曰(yue)“偶富”。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)亿(yi)度(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劳,富有(you)经(jing)营之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)累(lei),以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)二事(shi),何(he)暇虚(xu)心以(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)?故云(yun)(yun)“亦(yi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虚(xu)心也(ye)”。
子张问善人(ren)之(zhi)道。子曰(yue):“不(bu)践迹,亦不(bu)入於室。”(孔曰(yue):“践,循也。言(yan)善人(ren)不(bu)但(dan)循追旧迹而已,亦少能(neng)创(chuang)业,然亦不(bu)入於圣人(ren)之(zhi)奥室。”)子曰(yue):“论笃(du)是与,君子者乎(hu)?色庄(zhuang)者乎(hu)?(论笃(du)者,谓口无(wu)择言(yan)。君子者,谓身无(wu)鄙(bi)行。色庄(zhuang)者,不(bu)恶(e)而严(yan),以(yi)远小人(ren)。言(yan)此三(san)者,皆可以(yi)为善人(ren)。)
[疏]“子张”至“者乎”。
○正义曰:此章论善人所行之道也,“子张问善人之道”者,问行何道可谓善人。“子曰:不践迹,亦不入於室”者,孔子答其善人之道也。践,循也。迹,已行旧事之言。善人不但循追旧迹而已,当自立功立事也,而善人好谦,亦少能创业,故亦不能入於圣人之奥室也。“子曰:论笃是与,君子者乎?色庄者乎”者,此亦善人之道也,故同为一章,当是异时之语,故别言“子曰”也。“论笃是与”者,笃,厚也。谓口无择言,所论说皆重厚,是善人与。“君子者乎”者,言身无鄙行之君子,亦是善人乎?“色庄者乎”者,言能颜色庄严,使小人畏威者,亦是善人乎?孔子谦,不正言,故云“与”、“乎”以疑之也。
○注“论笃”至“善人”。
○正(zheng)义曰:云“口无择言(yan)”,《孝经》文也(ye)(ye)。所(suo)言(yan)皆善,故无可择也(ye)(ye)。云“身无鄙行”者,所(suo)以并(bing)美,无鄙恶(e)也(ye)(ye)。“以远小人,不恶(e)而严”者,《周易·Т卦·象(xiang)辞》也(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)路问(wen):“闻(wen)(wen)斯(si)(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu)?”(包曰(yue)(yue):“赈穷(qiong)救(jiu)乏(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“有父兄在(zai),如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何其闻(wen)(wen)斯(si)(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”(孔曰(yue)(yue):“当白父兄,不(bu)得自专(zhuan)。”)冉有问(wen):“闻(wen)(wen)斯(si)(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu)?”子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“闻(wen)(wen)斯(si)(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”公西(xi)华(hua)曰(yue)(yue):“由也问(wen)闻(wen)(wen)斯(si)(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu),子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)‘有父兄在(zai)’。求也问(wen)闻(wen)(wen)斯(si)(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu),子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)‘闻(wen)(wen)斯(si)(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)’。赤也惑(huo),敢问(wen)。”(孔曰(yue)(yue):“惑(huo)其问(wen)同而答异。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“求也退(tui),故进之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。由也兼人(ren),故退(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”(郑曰(yue)(yue):“言冉有性(xing)谦退(tui),子(zi)路务在(zai)胜尚(shang)人(ren),各因其人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失而正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”)
[疏]“子路”至“退之”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):此(ci)(ci)章论施予(yu)之(zhi)礼(li),并孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)问(wen)(wen)同答(da)异之(zhi)意也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)路问(wen)(wen):闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu)”者(zhe)(zhe),诸(zhu),之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)路问(wen)(wen)於(wu)(wu)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“若(ruo)闻(wen)人穷(qiong)乏当赈救之(zhi)事(shi)於(wu)(wu)斯(si),即(ji)得(de)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)乎?”“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):有(you)父(fu)(fu)兄(xiong)(xiong)在(zai)(zai),如之(zhi)何其闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),言当先白父(fu)(fu)兄(xiong)(xiong),不得(de)自专也(ye)(ye)。“冉(ran)有(you)问(wen)(wen):闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu)?子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)问(wen)(wen)与子(zi)(zi)路同,而所答(da)异也(ye)(ye)。“公西华曰(yue)(yue)(yue):由也(ye)(ye)问(wen)(wen)闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu),子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)有(you)父(fu)(fu)兄(xiong)(xiong)在(zai)(zai)。求也(ye)(ye)问(wen)(wen)闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)诸(zhu),子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)闻(wen)斯(si)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)。赤也(ye)(ye)惑,敢问(wen)(wen)”者(zhe)(zhe),赤,公西华名也(ye)(ye)。见其问(wen)(wen)同而答(da)异,故(gu)疑惑而问(wen)(wen)於(wu)(wu)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):求也(ye)(ye)退,故(gu)进之(zhi)。由也(ye)(ye)兼人,故(gu)退之(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)言其答(da)异之(zhi)意也(ye)(ye)。冉(ran)有(you)性(xing)谦退,子(zi)(zi)路务(wu)在(zai)(zai)胜尚人,各因其人失(shi)而正(zheng)之(zhi),故(gu)答(da)异也(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)畏於(wu)匡(kuang),颜(yan)渊後。(孔(kong)曰(yue):“言与(yu)孔(kong)子(zi)相失,故在(zai)後。”)子(zi)曰(yue):“吾以女为死矣。”曰(yue):“子(zi)在(zai),回何敢死?”(包(bao)曰(yue):“言夫子(zi)在(zai),已无(wu)所敢死。”)
[疏]“子畏”至“敢死”。
○正义曰:此章言仁(ren)者必有勇也。“子(zi)(zi)畏於(wu)匡,颜(yan)渊後”者,言孔子(zi)(zi)畏於(wu)匡时,与颜(yan)回相失。既免(mian),而回在(zai)後,方(fang)至也。“子(zi)(zi)曰:吾以女(nv)为(wei)死(si)矣”者,孔子(zi)(zi)谓颜(yan)渊曰:“吾以女(nv)为(wei)致(zhi)死(si)与匡人斗也。”“子(zi)(zi)在(zai),回何敢死(si)”者,言夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)若(ruo)陷(xian)於(wu)危(wei)难,则回必致(zhi)死(si)。今夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)在(zai),已则无所敢死(si)。言不敢致(zhi)死(si)也。
季子(zi)(zi)然(ran)问(wen)(wen):“仲由(you)、冉求可谓大(da)臣(chen)与(yu)(yu)?”(孔(kong)曰:“子(zi)(zi)然(ran),季氏子(zi)(zi)弟。自(zi)多得臣(chen)此(ci)二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi),故问(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)。”)子(zi)(zi)曰:“吾以子(zi)(zi)为(wei)异(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)问(wen)(wen),曾由(you)与(yu)(yu)求之(zhi)(zhi)问(wen)(wen)。(孔(kong)曰:“谓子(zi)(zi)问(wen)(wen)异(yi)事耳。则此(ci)二(er)(er)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)问(wen)(wen),安足大(da)乎?”)所(suo)谓大(da)臣(chen)者,以道事君,不(bu)可则止(zhi)。今(jin)由(you)与(yu)(yu)求也(ye),可谓具(ju)臣(chen)矣。”(孔(kong)曰:“言备(bei)臣(chen)数(shu)而已。”)曰:“然(ran)则从之(zhi)(zhi)者与(yu)(yu)?”(孔(kong)曰:“问(wen)(wen)为(wei)臣(chen)皆当从君所(suo)欲(yu)邪?”)子(zi)(zi)曰:“弑(shi)父与(yu)(yu)君,亦不(bu)从也(ye)。”(孔(kong)曰:“言二(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)虽从其主,亦不(bu)与(yu)(yu)为(wei)大(da)逆(ni)。”)
[疏]“季子”至“从也”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章明(ming)为(wei)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)事(shi)(shi)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)。“季(ji)子(zi)然问(wen):仲由(you)(you)、冉求(qiu)可谓(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)与(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe),季(ji)子(zi)然,季(ji)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)弟也(ye)(ye)。自多得臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)此(ci)二(er)(er)子(zi),故(gu)(gu)问(wen)於夫子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“仲由(you)(you)、冉求(qiu)才能为(wei)政,可以谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)与(yu)?”疑而未定,故(gu)(gu)云“与(yu)”也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):吾以子(zi)为(wei)异之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)问(wen),曾由(you)(you)与(yu)求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)问(wen)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)孔子(zi)抑其(qi)自多也(ye)(ye)。曾,则也(ye)(ye)。吾以子(zi)为(wei)问(wen)异事(shi)(shi)耳,则此(ci)二(er)(er)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)问(wen),安足多大(da)(da)乎?言(yan)所(suo)问(wen)小也(ye)(ye)。“所(suo)谓(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe),以道(dao)(dao)事(shi)(shi)君,不(bu)(bu)可则止(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)孔子(zi)更(geng)为(wei)子(zi)然陈(chen)说(shuo)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)所(suo)可谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe),以正道(dao)(dao)事(shi)(shi)君,君若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)用已道(dao)(dao),则当(dang)退止(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“今由(you)(you)与(yu)求(qiu)也(ye)(ye),可谓(wei)(wei)具臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe),既陈(chen)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti),乃言(yan)二(er)(er)子(zi)非(fei)(fei)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)也(ye)(ye)。具,备也(ye)(ye)。今二(er)(er)子(zi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)於季(ji)氏(shi),季(ji)氏(shi)不(bu)(bu)道(dao)(dao)而不(bu)(bu)能匡救,又不(bu)(bu)退止(zhi),唯可谓(wei)(wei)备臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)数而已,不(bu)(bu)可谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue):然则从(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)与(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)然既闻孔子(zi)言(yan)二(er)(er)子(zi)非(fei)(fei)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen),故(gu)(gu)又问(wen)曰(yue)(yue):然则二(er)(er)子(zi)为(wei)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen),皆当(dang)从(cong)君所(suo)欲(yu)邪?“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):弑父与(yu)君,亦不(bu)(bu)从(cong)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),孔子(zi)更(geng)为(wei)说(shuo)二(er)(er)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行,言(yan)二(er)(er)子(zi)虽(sui)从(cong)其(qi)主(zhu),若(ruo)其(qi)主(zhu)弑父与(yu)君,为(wei)此(ci)大(da)(da)逆,亦不(bu)(bu)与(yu)也(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)(zi)路使子(zi)(zi)羔(gao)为费宰。子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“贼(zei)夫人之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)。”(包曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)羔(gao)学未熟习,而使为政,所(suo)以(yi)为贼(zei)害。”)子(zi)(zi)路曰(yue):“有(you)民人焉(yan),有(you)社稷焉(yan),何必读(du)书,然後(hou)为学?”(孔(kong)曰(yue):“言(yan)治民事神,於是而习之(zhi),亦学也。”)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“是故恶(e)夫佞(ning)者。”(孔(kong)曰(yue):“疾其以(yi)口给(ji)应,遂已非而不知穷。”)
[疏]“子路”至“佞者”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此章(zhang)勉人学(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)使(shi)子(zi)(zi)羔(gao)为(wei)费宰”者,子(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)臣(chen)季(ji)氏(shi),故任举子(zi)(zi)羔(gao),使(shi)为(wei)季(ji)氏(shi)费邑(yi)(yi)宰也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰:贼夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人之子(zi)(zi)”者,贼,害也(ye)(ye)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人之子(zi)(zi),指(zhi)子(zi)(zi)羔(gao)也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)之意以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei),子(zi)(zi)羔(gao)学(xue)(xue)未(wei)熟习(xi),而使(shi)为(wei)政,必(bi)累其身(shen),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)贼害也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)曰:有(you)民人焉(yan)(yan),有(you)社(she)稷焉(yan)(yan),何必(bi)读书(shu),然後为(wei)学(xue)(xue)”者,子(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)辩答孔(kong)子(zi)(zi),言费邑(yi)(yi)有(you)人民焉(yan)(yan)而治之,有(you)社(she)稷之神焉(yan)(yan)而事之,治民事神,於是(shi)而习(xi)之,是(shi)亦学(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)。何必(bi)须读书(shu)然後乃(nai)谓为(wei)学(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰:是(shi)故恶夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)佞(ning)”者,言人所以(yi)(yi)(yi)憎恶夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)佞(ning)者,为(wei)口才捷给,文过饰非(fei)(fei)故也(ye)(ye)。今子(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)口给应,遂已非(fei)(fei)而不知(zhi)穷(qiong)已,是(shi)故致人恶夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)佞(ning)者也(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)、曾(ceng)(ceng)皙、(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“皙,曾(ceng)(ceng)参(can)父,名点(dian)(dian)。”)冉有(you)(you)、公(gong)西(xi)华侍坐。子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)吾一(yi)日长乎(hu)尔,毋吾以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“言(yan)我(wo)问女(nv),女(nv)无以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)我(wo)长故(gu)(gu)(gu)难(nan)对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)。”)居则曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘不(bu)(bu)吾知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。’(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“女(nv)常(chang)居云人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)己。”)如(ru)(ru)(ru)或知(zhi)尔,则何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)哉?”(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“如(ru)(ru)(ru)有(you)(you)用(yong)女(nv)者,则何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)治。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)率尔而(er)(er)对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui),(率尔,先三(san)(san)人(ren)(ren)对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)。)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“千(qian)乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国,摄(she)乎(hu)大国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间,加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)师(shi)旅,因之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饥馑,(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“摄(she),迫(po)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。迫(po)於大国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间。”)由也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),比及三(san)(san)年(nian),可(ke)使有(you)(you)勇,且知(zhi)方也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”(方,义(yi)方。)夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)哂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“哂,笑(xiao)。”)“求(qiu),尔何(he)(he)如(ru)(ru)(ru)?”对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“方六(liu)(liu)(liu)七(qi)十(shi),如(ru)(ru)(ru)五(wu)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi),(求(qiu)性谦(qian)退,言(yan)欲(yu)得方六(liu)(liu)(liu)七(qi)十(shi)、如(ru)(ru)(ru)五(wu)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)里小(xiao)国治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)已。)求(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),比及三(san)(san)年(nian),可(ke)使足(zu)民。如(ru)(ru)(ru)其礼(li)乐,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)俟(si)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)。”(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“求(qiu)自(zi)云能(neng)足(zu)民而(er)(er)已。谓(wei)衣食足(zu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若礼(li)乐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化,当以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)待君子(zi)(zi)(zi)。谦(qian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)“赤(chi)(chi),尔何(he)(he)如(ru)(ru)(ru)?”对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“非(fei)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)能(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),原(yuan)学焉。宗庙(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),如(ru)(ru)(ru)会(hui)同(tong)(tong),端章甫,原(yuan)为(wei)小(xiao)相(xiang)焉。”(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“我(wo)非(fei)自(zi)言(yan)能(neng),原(yuan)学为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。宗庙(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),谓(wei)祭祀也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)时(shi)见(jian)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)会(hui)。殷(yin)ぽ曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)同(tong)(tong)。端,玄端也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。衣玄端,冠章甫,诸(zhu)侯(hou)日视朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)。小(xiao)相(xiang),谓(wei)相(xiang)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)。”)“点(dian)(dian),尔何(he)(he)如(ru)(ru)(ru)?”鼓瑟(se)希(xi)(xi),(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“思所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui),故(gu)(gu)(gu)音(yin)希(xi)(xi)。”)铿尔,舍瑟(se)而(er)(er)作,对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“异乎(hu)三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撰。”(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“置瑟(se)起对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)。撰,具(ju)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),为(wei)政之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)。铿者,投瑟(se)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“何(he)(he)伤(shang)乎(hu)?亦各(ge)言(yan)其志也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“各(ge)言(yan)己志,於义(yi)无伤(shang)。”)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“莫春者,春服(fu)既成,冠者五(wu)六(liu)(liu)(liu)人(ren)(ren),童(tong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)七(qi)人(ren)(ren),浴乎(hu)沂,风乎(hu)舞雩(yu),咏而(er)(er)归。”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“莫春者,季春三(san)(san)月也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。春服(fu)既成,衣单袷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)。我(wo)欲(yu)得冠者五(wu)六(liu)(liu)(liu)人(ren)(ren),童(tong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)七(qi)人(ren)(ren),浴乎(hu)沂水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,风凉於舞雩(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下,歌咏先王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,而(er)(er)归夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)门。”)夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)喟然叹曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾与(yu)点(dian)(dian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)!”(周曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“善(shan)点(dian)(dian)独知(zhi)时(shi)。”)三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)者出(chu),曾(ceng)(ceng)皙後。曾(ceng)(ceng)皙曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“夫(fu)三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)何(he)(he)如(ru)(ru)(ru)?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“亦各(ge)言(yan)其志也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)已矣。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)何(he)(he)哂由也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“为(wei)国以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li),其言(yan)不(bu)(bu)让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),是(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)哂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“为(wei)国以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li),礼(li)贵让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),子(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)言(yan)不(bu)(bu)让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),故(gu)(gu)(gu)笑(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”)“唯(wei)求(qiu)则非(fei)邦也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)与(yu)?”“安(an)见(jian)方六(liu)(liu)(liu)七(qi)十(shi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)五(wu)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)而(er)(er)非(fei)邦也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)者?”“唯(wei)赤(chi)(chi)则非(fei)邦也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)与(yu)?”“宗庙(miao)会(hui)同(tong)(tong),非(fei)诸(zhu)侯(hou)而(er)(er)何(he)(he)?(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“明皆诸(zhu)侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),与(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)同(tong)(tong),徒笑(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)不(bu)(bu)让(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)。”)赤(chi)(chi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao),孰能(neng)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大?”(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“赤(chi)(chi)谦(qian)言(yan)小(xiao)相(xiang)耳(er),谁能(neng)为(wei)大相(xiang)?”)
[疏]“子路”至篇末。
○正义曰:此章孔子乘间四弟子侍坐,因使各言其志,以观其器能也。“子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐”者,时孔子坐,四子侍侧,亦皆坐也。“子曰:以吾一日长乎尔,毋吾以也”者,孔子将发问,先以此言诱掖之也。言女等侍吾,以吾年长於女,谦而少言,故云一日。今我问女,女等毋以吾长而惮难其对也。“居则曰:不吾知也。如或知尔,则何以哉”者,此问辞也。言女常居则云已有才能,人不我知。设如有人知女,将欲用之,则女将何以为治?“子路率尔而对”者,子路性刚,故率尔先三人而对也。“千乘之国,摄乎大国之间,加之以师旅,因之以饥馑,由也为之,比及三年,可使有勇,且知方也”者,此子路所志也。千乘之国,公侯之六国也。摄,迫也。不熟为饥,蔬不熟为馑。方,义方也。言若有公侯之国,迫於大国之间,又加之以师旅侵伐,复因之以饥馑民困,而由也治之,比至三年以来,可使其民有勇敢且知义方也。“夫子哂之”者,哂,笑也。夫子笑之也。“求,尔何如”者,子路既对,三子无言,故孔子复历问之。冉求,尔志何如?“对曰:方六七十,如五六十,求也为之,比及三年,可使足民。如其礼乐,以俟君子”者,此冉求之志也。俟,待也。求性谦退,言欲得方六七十如五十里小国治之而已。求也治此小国,比及三年以来,使足民衣食。若礼乐之化,当以待君子。此谦辞也。“赤,尔何如”者,又问公西华也。“对曰,非曰能之,原学焉。宗庙之事,如会同,端章甫,原为小相焉”者,此赤也之志也。曰,言也。我非自言能之,原学为焉。宗庙祭祀之事,如有诸侯会同,及诸侯衣玄端,冠章甫,日视朝之时,已原为其小相君之礼焉。“点,尔何如”者,又问曾皙也。“鼓瑟希”者,时曾皙方鼓瑟,承师之问,思所以对,故音希也。“铿尔,舍瑟而作”者,作,起也。舍,置也。铿,投瑟声也。思得其对,故置瑟起对,投置其瑟而声铿然也。“对曰:异乎三子者之撰”者,撰,具也。未敢言其志,先对此辞,言已之所志,异乎三子者所陈为政之具也。“子曰:何伤乎?亦各言其志也”者,孔子见曾皙持谦,难其对,故以此言诱之曰,於义何伤乎?亦各言其志也。欲令任其所志而言也。“曰:莫春者,春服既成,冠者五六人,童子六七人,浴乎沂,风乎舞雩,咏而归”者,此曾点所志也。莫春,季春也。春服既成,衣单袷之时也。我欲得与二十以上冠者五六人,十九以下童子六七人,浴乎沂水之上,风凉於舞雩之下,歌咏先王之道,而归夫子之门也。“夫子喟然叹曰:吾与点也”者,喟然,叹之貌。夫子闻其乐道,故喟然而叹曰:吾与点之志。善其独知时,而不求为政也。“三子者出,曾皙後”者,子路、冉有、公西华三子先出,曾皙後,犹侍坐於夫子也。“曾皙曰:夫三子者之言何如”者,曾皙在後,问於夫子曰:“夫三子者各言其志,其言是非何如也?”“子曰:亦各言其志也已矣”者,言三子亦各言其所志而已,无他别是非也。“曰:夫子何哂由也”者,曾皙又问夫子曰:既三子各言其志,何独笑仲由也?“曰:为国以礼,其言不让,是故哂之”者,此夫子为说哂之意,言为国以礼,礼贵谦让,子路言不让,故笑之也。“唯求也则非邦也与?安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者,唯赤则非邦也与?宗庙会同,非诸侯而何”者,此夫子又言不哂其子路欲为诸侯之事,故举三子所言,明皆诸侯之事,与子路同,其言让,故不笑之,徒笑其子路不让耳。“赤也为之小,孰能为之大”者,此夫子又言,公西华之才堪为大相,今赤谦言小相耳。若赤也为之小相,更谁能为大相?
○注“孔曰:皙,曾参父,名点”。
○正义曰:《史记·弟子传》曰:“曾╀(音点),字皙”是也。
○注“方,义方”。
○正义曰:义,宜也。方,道也。言能教之使知合宜之道也。《左传》曰:“爱子教之以义方。”
○注“郑曰”至“之礼”。
○正义曰:云“宗庙之事,谓祭祀也”者,谓礻龠、祠、、尝及追享、朝享、、之类皆是也。云“诸侯时见曰会。殷ぽ曰同”者,《周礼·春官·大宗伯职》文,但彼作殷见,此作殷ぽ,ぽ则见也。郑玄注云:“此礼以诸侯见王为文。”时见者,言无常期。诸侯有不顺服者,王将有征讨之事。则既朝觐,王为坛於国外,合诸侯南命事焉。《春秋传》曰“有事而会,不协而盟”是也。殷犹众也。十二岁,王始不巡守,则六服尽朝。朝礼既毕,王亦为坛,合诸侯以命政焉。所命之政,如王巡守殷见,四方四时分来,终岁则遍,是也。云“端,玄端也。衣玄端,冠章甫,诸侯日视朝之服”者,其衣正幅染之玄色,故曰玄端。案《王制》云:“周人玄衣而养老。”注云:“玄衣,素裳。”天子之燕服,为诸侯朝服。彼云玄衣,则此玄端也。若以素为裳,即是朝服。此朝服素裳皆得谓之玄端,故此注云“端,玄端”,诸侯朝服。若上士以玄为裳,中士以黄为裳,下士以杂色为裳,天子、诸侯以朱为裳,则皆谓之玄端,不得名为朝服也。云“小相,谓相君之礼”者,案《周礼·秋官·司仪职》云:“掌九仪之宾客摈相之礼,以诏仪容辞令揖让之节。”注云:“出接宾曰摈,入礼曰相。”又曰:“凡诸公相为宾。及将币交摈,三辞,车逆拜辱,宾车进答拜,三揖三让,每门止一相。”注曰:“相为主君摈者及宾之介也。谓之相者,於外传辞耳,入门当以礼诏侑也。介绍而传命者,君子於其所尊不敢质,敬之至也。每门上一相,弥相亲也。”是相谓相君之礼也。《聘礼》云:“卿为上摈,大夫为承摈,士为绍摈。”《玉藻》曰:“君入门,介拂,大夫中枨与之间,上介拂枨。”则卿为上介,大夫为次介,士为末介也。此云原为小相者,谦,不敢为上摈上介之卿,原为承摈绍摈次介末介之大夫士耳。
○注“包曰”至“之门”。
○正义曰:云“我欲得冠者五六人,童子六七人”者,意在取其朋友十馀人耳。云:“浴于沂水之上,风凉於舞雩之下”者,杜预云“鲁城南自有沂水”,此是也。夫沂水出盖县,南至下邳入泗。雩者,祈雨之祭名。《左传》曰“龙见而雩”是也。郑玄曰:“雩者,吁也,吁嗟而请雨也。”杜预曰:“雩之言远也,远为百祈膏雨也。使童男女舞之。”《春官·女巫职》曰:“旱则舞雩。”因谓其处为舞雩。舞雩之处有坛单树木,可以休息,故云“风凉於舞雩之下”也。
○注“周曰:善点独知时”。
○正义曰:仲(zhong)尼祖述尧、舜(shun),宪(xian)章(zhang)文武,生值(zhi)乱时(shi)而君不用。三子(zi)(zi)不能相时(shi),志在为政。唯曾皙独能知时(shi),志在澡(zao)身浴德,咏怀乐道,故夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)与(yu)之也(ye)。