佞幸列传原文、注释与翻译
【说明与解析】
本文是(shi)记述(shu)汉(han)代(dai)(dai)佞(ning)(ning)臣邓(deng)通、赵(zhao)同(tong)和李延年等的(de)(de)合传(chuan),揭露了(le)他(ta)们(men)无才(cai)无德,却(que)善承上意,察颜(yan)观色,专以谄媚事主(zhu),甚至不惜丧失人格,吮(shun)痈取宠,以及他(ta)们(men)恃宠骄(jiao)横,*乱永巷的(de)(de)丑(chou)恶行径(jing)和肮脏(zang)的(de)(de)灵魂,进而(er)婉转(zhuan)地讽刺和鞭挞(ta)了(le)文、景(jing)、武等帝的(de)(de)任人失当,重(zhong)用*佞(ning)(ning)的(de)(de)弊(bi)端。佞(ning)(ning)臣与酷吏都是(shi)专制政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治的(de)(de)必(bi)然产物,反转(zhuan)来它对(dui)封建政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治也必(bi)然造成严重(zhong)的(de)(de)恶果,这从(cong)历代(dai)(dai)封建王朝(chao)佞(ning)(ning)人乱政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)大(da)量史实(shi)中(zhong)可以得到验证。司马迁在文章中(zhong)对(dui)此(ci)深表感(gan)慨,表现了(le)他(ta)对(dui)汉(han)代(dai)(dai)现实(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治的(de)(de)失望和对(dui)未(wei)来政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)情(qing)的(de)(de)忧(you)虑,反映了(le)他(ta)的(de)(de)敏锐的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治洞察力。
文章短小,叙事简洁而有条理,尤其是寓感慨于叙事之中的写法,以及篇末直抒胸臆的写法,使感情跌宕婉转,“通篇一气,直贯到底”(吴见思《史记论文》),很有艺(yi)术的感染力(li)。
【原文、注释(shi)与翻译】
谚曰:“力田不如(ru)逢(feng)年(nian)①,善仕不如(ru)遇合②”,固无(wu)虚言。非独女(nv)以(yi)色(se)媚,而士宦亦有(you)之(zhi)③。昔以(yi)色(se)幸者多矣。至汉兴,高祖至暴抗也(ye)④,然籍孺以(yi)佞(ning)幸⑤。孝(xiao)惠时有(you)闳孺⑥。此(ci)两人(ren)非有(you)材(cai)能,徒以(yi)婉佞(ning)贵幸,与上(shang)卧起,公卿皆因关说⑦。故(gu)孝(xiao)惠时郎侍中皆冠鵕⑧,贝带⑨,傅脂粉⑩,化闳、籍之(zhi)属也(ye)(11)。两人(ren)徙家安陵(12)。
①力田:努(nu)力种田。逢年:遇到(dao)丰收(shou)年景。②遇合:指君臣(chen)和(he)谐,国君器(qi)重大臣(chen)。③士宦:士人和(he)宦官。④暴抗:暴猛刚直。抗,通(tong)(tong)“伉(kang)”。⑤以(yi)佞(ning)幸(xing):*谄(chan)媚得到(dao)宠幸(xing)。⑥孝惠(hui):汉惠(hui)帝。⑦关说(shuo):通(tong)(tong)其说(shuo)词。关,通(tong)(tong)。⑧冠:戴帽子。鵕:鸟(niao)名,此指用(yong)鵕羽毛装饰(shi)的帽子。⑨贝带:用(yong)贝壳(qiao)装饰(shi)的腰带。⑩傅:通(tong)(tong)“敷”。抹搽。(11)化:感染、影响。(12)安陵:汉惠(hui)帝陵邑(yi)。
俗语(yu)说:“努力种(zhong)田,不如遇(yu)到丰年(nian)。好好为官,不如碰到赏(shang)识(shi)自己的君王。”这不是(shi)没(mei)有(you)根据的空话。不但是(shi)女子用美色谄媚取宠,就是(shi)士人和宦者也有(you)这种(zhong)情况(kuang)。
孝(xiao)文时中宠臣(chen)①,士人(ren)(ren)则(ze)邓通,宦者(zhe)则(ze)赵(zhao)同、北宫伯(bo)子。北宫伯(bo)子以爱人(ren)(ren)长(zhang)者(zhe)②;而(er)赵(zhao)同以星气幸③,常为(wei)文帝参乘④;邓通无伎能(neng)⑤。
邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通,蜀郡南安(an)人也,以(yi)濯船为(wei)黄(huang)头郎(lang)⑥。孝文(wen)(wen)帝(di)梦欲(yu)上(shang)天,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng),有一黄(huang)头郎(lang)从后推(tui)之(zhi)上(shang)天,顾见其(qi)(qi)(qi)衣(yi)裻带后穿⑦。觉而(er)之(zhi)渐台(tai)⑧,以(yi)梦中阴目求推(tui)者(zhe)(zhe)郎(lang)⑨,即见邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通,其(qi)(qi)(qi)衣(yi)后穿,梦中听见也。召向其(qi)(qi)(qi)名姓(xing),姓(xing)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)氏,名通,文(wen)(wen)帝(di)说焉(yan)⑩,尊幸之(zhi)日异。通亦愿谨(11),不(bu)好外交,虽(sui)赐洗沐(mu)(12),不(bu)欲(yu)出。于是(shi)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)赏赐通巨(ju)万以(yi)十数(shu)(13),官至上(shang)大夫。文(wen)(wen)帝(di)时(shi)时(shi)如邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通家游戏(14)。然邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通无他能(neng)(neng)(neng),不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有所荐(jian)士,独(du)自谨其(qi)(qi)(qi)身以(yi)媚上(shang)而(er)已(yi)。上(shang)使善(shan)相(xiang)者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)通,曰“当(dang)贫饿死”。文(wen)(wen)帝(di)曰:“能(neng)(neng)(neng)富(fu)通者(zhe)(zhe)在我也(15),何谓贫乎?”于是(shi)赐邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通蜀严道(dao)铜(tong)山,得自铸钱(qian),“邓(deng)(deng)(deng)氏钱(qian)”布天下。其(qi)(qi)(qi)富(fu)如此。
文(wen)帝(di)(di)尝病痈(16),邓通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常为帝(di)(di)唶(jie)(jie)吮之(zhi)(17)。文(wen)帝(di)(di)不(bu)乐,从容问(wen)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)曰:“天(tian)下谁(shei)最爱我者乎?”通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)曰:“宜莫如太子。”太子入问(wen)病,文(wen)帝(di)(di)使唶(jie)(jie)痈,唶(jie)(jie)痈而(er)色难之(zhi)(18)。已而(er)闻邓通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常为帝(di)(di)唶(jie)(jie)吮之(zhi),心惭,由此怨通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矣。及文(wen)帝(di)(di)崩,景(jing)帝(di)(di)立,邓通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)免,家(jia)居(ju)。居(ju)无何,人有告邓通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盗(dao)出徼(jiao)外(wai)铸(zhu)钱(qian)(19)。下吏验问(wen)(20),颇有之(zhi),遂竟案(21),尽(jin)没(mei)入邓通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)家(jia),尚负责数巨万(22)。长公主赐邓通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(23),吏辄随没(mei)入之(zhi),一(yi)簪不(bu)得著身(24)。于(yu)是(shi)长公主乃令假衣(yi)食(25)。竟不(bu)得名一(yi)钱(qian)(26),寄死人家(jia)。
①中(zhong)(zhong)宠(chong)臣:皇宫中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)受宠(chong)之臣。②爱(ai)(ai)人长者:仁(ren)慈的(de)长者。③星气(qi):观察星象和(he)望气(qi)。幸:受宠(chong)爱(ai)(ai)。④参(can)乘:陪乘。⑤伎(ji)能(neng):通“技能(neng)”。⑥濯(zhào,照)船:用桨(jiang)划船。濯:通“棹”。⑦顾(gu):回(hui)头看:裻(dū,督):衣衫和(he)横腰部分。带(dai):衣带(dai)。穿:打结(jie)。⑧觉:指梦醒。之:往。渐台(tai):建在未(wei)央宫西(xi)边苍池中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)台(tai)子(zi)。⑨阴(yin)目:暗中(zhong)(zhong)看着。⑩说:同“悦(yue)”。(11)愿谨(jin):性格老实谨(jin)慎。(12)外交:同别人交往。洗(xi)沐(mu):休假。按汉制,官吏五日一洗(xi)沐(mu)。(13)巨万:犹(you)言“上亿”。十(shi)数:十(shi)来次。(14)如(ru):往。(15)富(fu)通:使邓通富(fu)有。(16)病痈(yong):得了痈(yong)病。(17)唶吮:吮吸(xi)。(18)色难:脸上显出难为(wei)情的(de)表情。(19)徼:边境。(20)下吏:交给(ji)法(fa)官。验问:验证询(xun)问。(21)竟(jing)案:结(jie)案。(22)责:通“债”。(23)长公主:指汉景帝的(de)姐(jie)姐(jie)刘嫖。(24)簪(zan):古人插发的(de)长针,常以金玉制成。著(zhu)身:戴(dai)在身上。(25)假:借(jie)。(26)竟(jing):最终。名:犹(you)“占有”。
从前(qian)用美色取(qu)得(de)宠幸的(de)人(ren)很多。到汉朝建国时(shi),高祖(zu)为人(ren)极暴猛刚直(zhi),但却有(you)籍孺(ru)(ru)以(yi)谄媚(mei)得(de)宠。孝惠帝(di)时(shi)有(you)个闳孺(ru)(ru)也(ye)是这样。这两(liang)个人(ren)并没有(you)才能,只是*婉顺和谄媚(mei)得(de)到了显贵(gui)和宠爱,竟(jing)同(tong)皇上同(tong)起同(tong)卧,连公卿(qing)大臣都要(yao)通过他们去向皇上沟(gou)通自己的(de)说词。所以(yi)汉惠帝(di)时(shi),郎官和侍中都戴(dai)着(zhe)用鵕(xun)鸟毛装饰的(de)帽子(zi),系着(zhe)饰有(you)贝壳的(de)衣带,涂(tu)脂(zhi)抹粉,这是受了闳孺(ru)(ru)和籍孺(ru)(ru)之流感染(ran)影响的(de)结果。后来(lai),闳孺(ru)(ru)和籍孺(ru)(ru)都把(ba)家搬到了安陵。
汉文帝时的(de)宫(gong)中(zhong)宠(chong)(chong)臣,士人有邓通(tong),宦官有赵同、北宫(gong)伯子。北宫(gong)伯子因为是(shi)仁爱(ai)的(de)长(zhang)者而受(shou)到宠(chong)(chong)幸;赵同因善于(yu)观察星象和望气(qi)而受(shou)到宠(chong)(chong)幸,常(chang)常(chang)做(zuo)文帝的(de)陪(pei)乘;邓通(tong)没有技(ji)能。
邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通是(shi)(shi)蜀(shu)郡(jun)南安人(ren),因(yin)善(shan)于(yu)(yu)划(hua)船(chuan)当了黄(huang)头郎(lang)(lang)。汉文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)做梦(meng)想(xiang)升(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian),不(bu)能上(shang)(shang),有个(ge)黄(huang)头郎(lang)(lang)从背后推(tui)着他(ta)(ta)(ta)上(shang)(shang)了天(tian)(tian)(tian),他(ta)(ta)(ta)回头看(kan)(kan)见那人(ren)衣(yi)衫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)横腰部分,衣(yi)带在背后打了结。梦(meng)醒(xing)后,文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)前往渐台,按梦(meng)中所(suo)见暗自(zi)寻找推(tui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黄(huang)头郎(lang)(lang)。果(guo)然看(kan)(kan)到(dao)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通,他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衣(yi)带在身(shen)后打了结,正是(shi)(shi)梦(meng)中所(suo)见的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那人(ren)。文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)把他(ta)(ta)(ta)召(zhao)来询(xun)问他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)名,他(ta)(ta)(ta)姓(xing)(xing)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)名通,文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)喜欢他(ta)(ta)(ta),一天(tian)(tian)(tian)比一天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)更加尊重(zhong)和宠爱他(ta)(ta)(ta)。邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通也(ye)老实谨(jin)慎,不(bu)喜欢和外人(ren)交(jiao)往,虽然皇帝(di)(di)给(ji)予休假(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩赐(ci),他(ta)(ta)(ta)也(ye)不(bu)想(xiang)外出(chu)。这时皇帝(di)(di)赏(shang)赐(ci)他(ta)(ta)(ta)十多次,总共上(shang)(shang)亿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金钱(qian)(qian),官职(zhi)升(sheng)到(dao)上(shang)(shang)大夫。文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)常(chang)常(chang)到(dao)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通家玩耍。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通没有别(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)什么才能,不(bu)能推(tui)荐(jian)贤(xian)士(shi),只是(shi)(shi)自(zi)己处事(shi)谨(jin)慎,谄(chan)媚皇上(shang)(shang)而已(yi)。有一次,皇上(shang)(shang)让善(shan)于(yu)(yu)相面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)给(ji)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通相面,那人(ren)相面以(yi)后说:“邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通当贫饿而死。”文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)说:“能使邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通富有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就在我,怎(zen)能说他(ta)(ta)(ta)会贫困呢?”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)把蜀(shu)郡(jun)严道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)铜山赐(ci)给(ji)了邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通,并(bing)给(ji)他(ta)(ta)(ta)自(zi)己铸钱(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特权,从此(ci)“邓(deng)(deng)(deng)氏钱(qian)(qian)”流(liu)传全(quan)国(guo)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富有达到(dao)了这个(ge)程度。
文帝(di)曾经得(de)了(le)痈(yong)疽病,邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)常为(wei)文帝(di)吮(shun)(shun)吸(xi)脓血。文帝(di)心中不高兴,从(cong)容地问邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)说:“天(tian)下(xia)谁最爱我呢?”邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)说:“应该没(mei)有(you)谁比(bi)得(de)上太(tai)子(zi)(zi)更(geng)爱你的(de)了(le)。”太(tai)子(zi)(zi)前来看望文帝(di)病情(qing),文帝(di)让(rang)他给(ji)吮(shun)(shun)吸(xi)脓血,太(tai)子(zi)(zi)虽然吮(shun)(shun)吸(xi)了(le)脓血,可(ke)是(shi)(shi)脸(lian)上却显露出难为(wei)情(qing)的(de)样(yang)子(zi)(zi)。过(guo)后太(tai)子(zi)(zi)听说邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)常为(wei)文帝(di)吮(shun)(shun)吸(xi)脓血,心里感到惭愧,也因(yin)此(ci)而(er)怨恨邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)。等到文帝(di)死(si)去,汉景帝(di)即位,邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)被免职,在(zai)家(jia)(jia)闲居。过(guo)了(le)不久,有(you)人告发邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)偷盗了(le)境外(wai)的(de)铸钱。景帝(di)把(ba)这事(shi)(shi)交给(ji)法(fa)官审理(li),结(jie)果(guo)确(que)有(you)此(ci)事(shi)(shi),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)就结(jie)案,把(ba)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)家(jia)(jia)的(de)钱财(cai)全(quan)部(bu)没(mei)收充公,还欠好(hao)几亿(yi)钱。长公主(zhu)刘嫖赏赐邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)钱财(cai),官吏(li)就马上没(mei)收顶债,连一(yi)只簪子(zi)(zi)也不让(rang)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)戴在(zai)身上。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)长公主(zhu)就命令手下(xia)的(de)人只借给(ji)邓(deng)(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)衣食的(de)费用(yong)。竟使他不能占有(you)一(yi)个钱,寄食在(zai)别人家(jia)(jia)里,直到死(si)去。