史记·匈奴列传原文、注释与翻译
简析:
本(ben)文(wen)是(shi)记述(shu)匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)与中国(guo)关(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)传文(wen)。全文(wen)共四(si)段,首段记述(shu)匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)历史演变及其同(tong)中国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)历史关(guan)系(xi)(xi),以(yi)及他们的(de)(de)(de)(de)民族风俗、社会组织形态等;第二段写汉(han)朝初年,匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)与汉(han)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)和亲关(guan)系(xi)(xi)和反复无(wu)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)现;第三段是(shi)本(ben)文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中心,记述(shu)汉(han)武帝时代,汉(han)朝与匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)之间长期的(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)战(zhan)争为主的(de)(de)(de)(de)紧张关(guan)系(xi)(xi)。第四(si)段记述(shu)太史公对武帝同(tong)匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)战(zhan)争的(de)(de)(de)(de)看法。
同匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)战(zhan)(zhan)争(zheng)是汉武(wu)(wu)帝(di)一(yi)生政治生涯中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)件大事,从元光二年(nian)到元狩四(si)(si)年(nian)的(de)四(si)(si)十四(si)(si)年(nian)当中(zhong),汉与匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)始终处于(yu)(yu)时(shi)(shi)战(zhan)(zhan)时(shi)(shi)休、战(zhan)(zhan)多于(yu)(yu)休的(de)敌对(dui)状(zhuang)态(tai)。在作(zuo)者的(de)客观叙述中(zhong),对(dui)于(yu)(yu)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)奴(nu)(nu)隶主的(de)不守(shou)信义,不遵礼法、侵扰边境,破坏和(he)(he)平、好杀成性(xing)等(deng),都做了(le)含(han)蓄的(de)批(pi)评和(he)(he)指责(ze);同时(shi)(shi)也对(dui)汉武(wu)(wu)帝(di)不停地进行征(zheng)战(zhan)(zhan),耗费(fei)人力(li)物(wu)力(li),特别是对(dui)他(ta)的(de)不知(zhi)择贤(xian)、任(ren)人失当等(deng),做了(le)含(han)蓄的(de)讥讽,显示(shi)了(le)作(zuo)者对(dui)汉武(wu)(wu)帝(di)这位雄才大略的(de)政治家的(de)公允的(de)态(tai)度,和(he)(he)对(dui)历(li)史的(de)深刻认识。
因为本文涉及对当时政治的评述,论述的又是一些敏感的政治问题,所以作者采用了寓论于叙的写法,又在“大史公曰”中连用两句“唯在择任将相哉”,“隐然言外”(何焯《义门读书记·史记》),“微旨实寓讥”(《史记评林》引余有(you)丁语),使本文在《史记》中显示出不同的(de)(de)叙事(shi)言志的(de)(de)特色。
另外本文(wen)较详细(xi)地记述了匈(xiong)奴的世俗风情,文(wen)字简约,颇似一篇风俗书,很(hen)有(you)文(wen)献史料(liao)的价值,是《史记》的名篇。
原文、注释与翻译:
匈奴,其先祖夏后氏之苗裔也①,曰淳维。唐虞以上有山戎、猃狁、荤粥②,居于北蛮,随畜牧而转移。其畜之所多则马、牛、羊,其奇畜则橐駞③、驴、④、駃騠⑤、騊駼⑥、騨騱⑦。逐水草迁徙,毋城郭常处耕田之业⑧,然亦各有分地。毋文书⑨,以言语为约束。儿能骑羊,引弓射鸟鼠,少长则射狐兔,用为食。士力能毌弓⑩,尽为甲骑。其俗,宽则随畜(11),因射猎禽兽为生业,急则人习战攻以侵伐,其天性也。其长兵则弓矢,短兵则刀铤(12)。利则进,不利则退,不羞遁走。苟利所在,不知礼义。自君王以下,咸食畜肉,衣其皮革,被旃裘(13)。壮者食肥美,老者食其余,贵壮健,贼老弱。父死,妻其后母;兄弟死,皆取其妻妻之(14)。其俗有名不讳,而无姓字。
①苗裔:后代子(zi)孙。②唐:陶唐氏,即尧。虞(yu):即虞(yu)舜(shun)。③橐駞(tuó tuó,驼(tuo)驼(tuo)):同“橐驼(tuo)”,即骆驼(tuo)。④(luó,罗):通(tong)“骡”,母(mu)马与(yu)公驴(lv)杂交而生者。⑤駃(kuai)騠(jué tí,决提(ti)):母(mu)驴(lv)与(yu)公马杂交而生的驴(lv)骡。⑥騊(tao)駼:一种良马。⑦騨(tuo)騱(xi)(tuó xí,驼(tuo)席):野马名。⑧毋(wu):通(tong)“无”。处:居。⑨文书:文字书籍。⑩毌弓(gong):通(tong)“贯弓(gong)”,拉开弓(gong)。(11)宽:不(bu)打(da)仗(zhang)之(zhi)时(shi)。(12)亶(chán,馋):铁把小矛。(13)被(bei):通(tong)“披”。旃(zhān,沾)裘:用兽毛兽皮所制之(zhi)衣。(14)取:同“娶”。
匈奴的(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先(xian)是(shi)夏后氏的(de)(de)(de)后代子(zi)(zi)孙,叫(jiao)淳维。唐尧、虞舜以前就有(you)(you)山戎、猃狁(yun)、荤粥居住在北方蛮荒之(zhi)地(di),随着畜牧(mu)活(huo)动而(er)迁(qian)移。他(ta)(ta)(ta)们的(de)(de)(de)牲畜较多是(shi)马(ma)、牛、羊(yang),他(ta)(ta)(ta)们的(de)(de)(de)奇(qi)特牲畜是(shi)骆驼、驴、骡(luo)、駃騠、騊駼、騨騱。他(ta)(ta)(ta)们追寻着水草(cao)而(er)迁(qian)徙,没有(you)(you)城郭和(he)经常居住的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,不搞农业(ye)生产,但是(shi)也有(you)(you)各自分占的(de)(de)(de)土地(di)。没有(you)(you)文字(zi)和(he)书籍(ji),用言语来约束人(ren)(ren)们的(de)(de)(de)行动。儿(er)童即能(neng)骑羊(yang),拉弓(gong)(gong)射(she)击鸟和(he)鼠,稍微长大就能(neng)射(she)击狐兔,用作食(shi)物(wu)(wu)。成年(nian)男子(zi)(zi)都能(neng)拉开弓(gong)(gong),全都披(pi)挂(gua)铠甲,骑着战(zhan)(zhan)马(ma)。匈奴的(de)(de)(de)风俗(su),平常无战(zhan)(zhan)事时,则(ze)(ze)随意游牧(mu),以射(she)猎飞禽走兽为(wei)职业(ye);形(xing)势紧急时,则(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)练(lian)习(xi)攻战(zhan)(zhan)本领,以便侵袭掠(lve)夺,这是(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)们的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)性(xing)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)们的(de)(de)(de)长兵器有(you)(you)弓(gong)(gong)和(he)箭(jian),短兵器有(you)(you)刀和(he)铤。形(xing)势有(you)(you)利就进(jin)攻,不利就后退,不以逃跑为(wei)羞耻之(zhi)事。只要有(you)(you)利可得,就不管礼义是(shi)否允许(xu)。自君王以下,都以牲畜之(zhi)肉为(wei)主食(shi),皆穿皮革衣(yi)服,披(pi)着带(dai)毛的(de)(de)(de)皮袄。强壮的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)吃肥美食(shi)物(wu)(wu),老(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)则(ze)(ze)吃剩(sheng)馀之(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)们看重壮健之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),轻视老(lao)弱者(zhe)。父亲死去,儿(er)子(zi)(zi)则(ze)(ze)以后母为(wei)妻(qi);兄(xiong)弟死去,活(huo)着的(de)(de)(de)兄(xiong)弟就娶(qu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)为(wei)妻(qi)。匈奴人(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)名(ming)却(que)不避讳(hui),但没有(you)(you)姓和(he)字(zi)。
夏道衰(shuai)(shuai),而(er)(er)(er)公刘失(shi)其(qi)(qi)稷官(guan),变于(yu)西戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),邑(yi)于(yu)豳(bin)①。其(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)三百(bai)(bai)(bai)有(you)余(yu)(yu)岁,戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)攻大王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)亶(dan)父(fu)②,亶(dan)父(fu)亡走岐(qi)下(xia)③,而(er)(er)(er)豳(bin)人悉从亶(dan)父(fu)而(er)(er)(er)邑(yi)焉,作周(zhou)。其(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)百(bai)(bai)(bai)有(you)余(yu)(yu)岁,周(zhou)西伯昌(chang)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)畎夷氏④。后(hou)(hou)十(shi)有(you)余(yu)(yu)年(nian),武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)纣而(er)(er)(er)营(ying)洛邑(yi)⑤,复居(ju)(ju)于(yu)酆鄗(hao),放逐(zhu)(zhu)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)夷泾、洛之(zhi)(zhi)北,以(yi)时入贡,命(ming)曰“荒服(fu)”⑥。其(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)二百(bai)(bai)(bai)有(you)余(yu)(yu)年(nian),周(zhou)道衰(shuai)(shuai),而(er)(er)(er)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)犬(quan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)⑦,得(de)四白狼四白鹿以(yi)归。自是(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),荒服(fu)不至(zhi)(zhi)。于(yu)是(shi)周(zhou)遂作《甫刑》之(zhi)(zhi)辟⑧。穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)二百(bai)(bai)(bai)有(you)余(yu)(yu)年(nian),周(zhou)幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)用宠(chong)姬褒姒之(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)⑨,与(yu)(yu)申侯有(you)郤⑩。申侯怒而(er)(er)(er)与(yu)(yu)犬(quan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)共攻杀周(zhou)幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)于(yu)骊山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),遂取周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)焦获,而(er)(er)(er)居(ju)(ju)于(yu)泾、渭之(zhi)(zhi)间,侵暴(bao)中(zhong)国(11)。秦襄公救(jiu)周(zhou),于(yu)是(shi)周(zhou)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)去(qu)酆鄗(hao)而(er)(er)(er)东徙洛邑(yi)。当是(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)时,秦襄公伐(fa)(fa)(fa)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)至(zhi)(zhi)岐(qi),始列为诸(zhu)侯。是(shi)后(hou)(hou)六十(shi)有(you)五年(nian)。而(er)(er)(er)山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越燕而(er)(er)(er)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)齐(qi),齐(qi)釐公与(yu)(yu)战于(yu)齐(qi)郊。其(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)四十(shi)四年(nian),而(er)(er)(er)山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)燕。燕告急于(yu)齐(qi),齐(qi)桓(huan)公北伐(fa)(fa)(fa)山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),山(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)走(12)。其(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)二十(shi)有(you)余(yu)(yu)年(nian),而(er)(er)(er)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)至(zhi)(zhi)洛邑(yi),伐(fa)(fa)(fa)周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)奔于(yu)郑(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)氾邑(yi)。初(chu),周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)欲伐(fa)(fa)(fa)郑(zheng)(zheng),故(gu)(gu)(gu)娶戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)女(nv)为后(hou)(hou),与(yu)(yu)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)兵共伐(fa)(fa)(fa)郑(zheng)(zheng)。已而(er)(er)(er)黜狄(di)(di)后(hou)(hou)(13),狄(di)(di)后(hou)(hou)怨,而(er)(er)(er)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)母曰惠(hui)后(hou)(hou),有(you)子(zi)子(zi)带,欲立(li)之(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)是(shi)惠(hui)后(hou)(hou)与(yu)(yu)狄(di)(di)后(hou)(hou)、子(zi)带为内应(ying),开戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(14),戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)以(yi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)得(de)入,破逐(zhu)(zhu)周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),而(er)(er)(er)立(li)子(zi)带为天子(zi)。于(yu)是(shi)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)或居(ju)(ju)于(yu)陆浑,东至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)卫(wei),侵盗(dao)暴(bao)虐(nve)中(zhong)国。中(zhong)国疾之(zhi)(zhi)(15),故(gu)(gu)(gu)诗人歌之(zhi)(zhi)曰“戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)是(shi)应(ying)”(16),“薄(bo)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)猃狁(yun),至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)大原”(17),“出舆彭彭,坡彼朔(shuo)方(fang)”(18)。周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)既居(ju)(ju)外四年(nian),乃使使告急于(yu)晋(jin)(jin)。晋(jin)(jin)文公初(chu)立(li),欲修(xiu)霸业,乃兴师(shi)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)逐(zhu)(zhu)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翟(zhai)(19),诛子(zi)带,迎(ying)内周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(20),居(ju)(ju)于(yu)洛邑(yi)。
①邑(yi):聚居之(zhi)地。此指建立都(dou)邑(yi)。②大(tài,太(tai))王(wang)(wang)(wang)亶(dan)父:即(ji)(ji)古公亶(dan)父。③亡走:逃(tao)跑。④西伯(bà,坝):通(tong)“西霸”,西方(fang)(fang)诸侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)长。昌(chang):即(ji)(ji)周文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)姬昌(chang)。⑤营:建造(zao)。⑥荒服(fu)(fu):离王(wang)(wang)(wang)都(dou)最远之(zhi)地。按:《尚书·禹贡(gong)》把(ba)古代王(wang)(wang)(wang)都(dou)以(yi)外的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)分为(wei)(wei)五服(fu)(fu),即(ji)(ji)甸服(fu)(fu)、侯(hou)(hou)服(fu)(fu)、绥(sui)服(fu)(fu)、要服(fu)(fu)、荒服(fu)(fu)。每服(fu)(fu)五百(bai)里,则荒服(fu)(fu)离王(wang)(wang)(wang)都(dou)二(er)千五百(bai)里。⑦穆(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang):即(ji)(ji)周穆(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)姬满。⑧《甫刑(xing)》:《尚书》作《吕刑(xing)》,乃周穆(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)命其(qi)相吕侯(hou)(hou)所制定的(de)(de)刑(xing)律。吕侯(hou)(hou)后(hou)来为(wei)(wei)甫侯(hou)(hou),故又(you)称(cheng)《甫刑(xing)》辟:法。⑨用:因(yin)。⑩申(shen)侯(hou)(hou):西周末年申(shen)国之(zhi)君。其(qi)女为(wei)(wei)周幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)后(hou),后(hou)幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)宠爱(ai)褒姒,废申(shen)后(hou)及太(tai)子宜臼。申(shen)侯(hou)(hou)便(bian)暗结缯国与(yu)犬戎(rong)(rong)(rong),攻(gong)杀了幽王(wang)(wang)(wang),俘获了褒姒,拥立平(ping)王(wang)(wang)(wang)为(wei)(wei)帝(di)。见卷四《周本纪》。郤:通(tong)“隙(xi)”,私仇。(11)侵暴:侵犯。中(zhong)国:指中(zhong)原地区(qu)。(12)走:逃(tao)跑。(13)黜:废除。(14)开戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di):打开城(cheng)门,放进戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)。(15)疾:痛恨。(16)诗(shi)(shi)人:指《诗(shi)(shi)经》的(de)(de)作者。此处(chu)所引“戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)是应”诗(shi)(shi)句引自《诗(shi)(shi)经·鲁颂·宫》,原文(wen)“应”作“膺”,打击之(zhi)意。全(quan)句意思是“打击戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)”。(17)薄(bo)伐:讨伐。“薄(bo)”为(wei)(wei)语首(shou)助动词。此句引自《诗(shi)(shi)经·小雅·六月》。(18)彭彭:通(tong)“(peng,朋)”,马(ma)盛多的(de)(de)样子。城(cheng):筑(zhu)城(cheng)。朔(shuo)方(fang)(fang):北(bei)方(fang)(fang)。(19)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)翟:通(tong)“戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)”。(20)内(nei):同“纳”。
夏朝政(zheng)治(zhi)衰(shuai)微时(shi),公(gong)刘失(shi)去他的(de)(de)稷官之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)职,改变(bian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)风俗(su),在(zai)(zai)豳地(di)(di)建(jian)起都(dou)邑(yi)住(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)下来(lai)。这(zhei)(zhei)以(yi)后三百(bai)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)族(zu)进(jin)攻(gong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)太王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)亶父,亶父逃跑(pao)到(dao)(dao)歧山(shan)(shan)脚下,而(er)豳地(di)(di)民众都(dou)跟随亶父来(lai)到(dao)(dao)歧山(shan)(shan)下,在(zai)(zai)此营造城(cheng)邑(yi),创建(jian)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)国(guo)。这(zhei)(zhei)以(yi)后又(you)过了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)西(xi)伯姬昌讨伐(fa)畎夷氏。其后十(shi)(shi)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)讨伐(fa)商纣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),并(bing)营建(jian)洛(luo)邑(yi),重又(you)回(hui)到(dao)(dao)酆(feng)(feng)京(jing)、镐(hao)京(jing)居住(zhu),把戎(rong)(rong)(rong)夷驱(qu)逐到(dao)(dao)泾(jing)水(shui)和洛(luo)水(shui)以(yi)北,让他们(men)(men)按时(shi)向(xiang)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)进(jin)贡,叫(jiao)做“荒服”。其后二百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝政(zheng)治(zhi)衰(shuai)微,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)讨伐(fa)大戎(rong)(rong)(rong),获(huo)得四条白狼和四只(zhi)白鹿就(jiu)回(hui)来(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。从此以(yi)后,荒服的(de)(de)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)夷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)不再(zai)来(lai)镐(hao)京(jing)进(jin)贡。于(yu)是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)朝就(jiu)制定了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)《甫刑》的(de)(de)法(fa)规。穆王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)以(yi)后二百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)因为(wei)宠幸(xing)褒姒的(de)(de)缘(yuan)故,与申侯有了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)仇怨。申侯动怒,就(jiu)和犬戎(rong)(rong)(rong)一起在(zai)(zai)骊(li)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下攻(gong)击并(bing)杀死了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),犬戎(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)夺得了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)朝的(de)(de)焦获(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di),居住(zhu)到(dao)(dao)泾(jing)水(shui)和渭水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间,侵犯中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)地(di)(di)区(qu)。这(zhei)(zhei)时(shi)秦(qin)襄(xiang)公(gong)援救(jiu)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)朝,于(yu)是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)离开(kai)(kai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)酆(feng)(feng)京(jing)、镐(hao)京(jing),向(xiang)东(dong)迁徙(xi)到(dao)(dao)洛(luo)邑(yi)。就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)这(zhei)(zhei)时(shi),秦(qin)襄(xiang)公(gong)攻(gong)打(da)(da)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)人(ren)(ren)来(lai)到(dao)(dao)歧山(shan)(shan),开(kai)(kai)始被封为(wei)诸侯。此后六十(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)越(yue)过燕国(guo)进(jin)攻(gong)齐国(guo),齐釐公(gong)同山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)在(zai)(zai)齐国(guo)城(cheng)外交(jiao)战。其后四十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)进(jin)攻(gong)燕国(guo)。燕国(guo)向(xiang)齐国(guo)告急(ji)(ji),齐桓(huan)公(gong)北上讨伐(fa)山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong),山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)逃跑(pao)。这(zhei)(zhei)以(yi)后二十(shi)(shi)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)来(lai)到(dao)(dao)洛(luo)邑(yi),攻(gong)打(da)(da)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)逃奔到(dao)(dao)郑国(guo)的(de)(de)氾邑(yi)。最初,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)想(xiang)讨伐(fa)郑国(guo),所以(yi)娶了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)姑(gu)娘作王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后,同戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵一起讨伐(fa)郑国(guo)。不久,襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)废黜了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)后,狄(di)(di)(di)(di)后怨恨(hen);襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)后母叫(jiao)惠(hui)后,有个儿(er)子叫(jiao)子带(dai)(dai),想(xiang)立他为(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),于(yu)是(shi)惠(hui)后同狄(di)(di)(di)(di)后、子带(dai)(dai)为(wei)内应,为(wei)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)打(da)(da)开(kai)(kai)城(cheng)门,因此戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)才(cai)能(neng)进(jin)城(cheng),打(da)(da)败周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)军,赶走周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),而(er)立子带(dai)(dai)为(wei)天子。于(yu)是(shi)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)一些人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)住(zhu)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)陆浑(hun),东(dong)部到(dao)(dao)达(da)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)卫(wei)国(guo),侵犯虐(nve)害(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)人(ren)(ren)民,中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)人(ren)(ren)痛恨(hen)他们(men)(men),所以(yi)《诗(shi)经》的(de)(de)作者们(men)(men)作诗(shi)说(shuo)“打(da)(da)击戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)”,“讨伐(fa)猃狁,到(dao)(dao)达(da)大原(yuan)”,“出动军车,战马盛多(duo)”,“在(zai)(zai)北方筑城(cheng)”。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)外住(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),于(yu)是(shi)派(pai)使者向(xiang)晋国(guo)告急(ji)(ji)。当时(shi)晋文公(gong)刚(gang)刚(gang)即(ji)位执政(zheng),想(xiang)要创建(jian)霸业,就(jiu)发兵讨伐(fa)并(bing)驱(qu)逐了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)(di)(di),杀了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)子带(dai)(dai),迎回(hui)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),居住(zhu)在(zai)(zai)洛(luo)邑(yi)。