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韩非子·问辩原文与翻译

[移动版] 作者:佚名

韩非子·问辩原文与翻译

或(huo)问曰:“辩安生乎?”

对(dui)曰:“生(sheng)于上之不明也。”

问者曰:“上之不明因生辩也,何哉?”

有人(ren)问(wen)道(dao):“辩(bian)说是怎么产(chan)生的(de)呢?”

韩非(fei)回答说:“产(chan)生于君主的不(bu)明智(zhi)。”

问话(hua)的人说:“君(jun)主不明(ming)智就产生辩(bian)说,为什么呢?”

对(dui)曰:“明主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国,令(ling)者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)最(zui)贵者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);法(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe),事最(zui)适(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)无(wu)二贵,法(fa)(fa)不两适(shi),故(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)不轨于法(fa)(fa)令(ling)者(zhe)(zhe)必禁。若其无(wu)法(fa)(fa)令(ling)而(er)(er)(er)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)接(jie)诈、应变、生利(li)、揣事者(zhe)(zhe),上必采其言(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)责其实。言(yan)(yan)当,则(ze)(ze)(ze)有大利(li);不当,则(ze)(ze)(ze)有重(zhong)罪(zui)。是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)愚者(zhe)(zhe)畏罪(zui)而(er)(er)(er)不敢言(yan)(yan),智者(zhe)(zhe)无(wu)以(yi)(yi)讼(song)。此(ci)所以(yi)(yi)无(wu)辩(bian)(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)。乱世则(ze)(ze)(ze)不然:主(zhu)有令(ling),而(er)(er)(er)民(min)以(yi)(yi)文(wen)学(xue)(xue)非之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);官府有法(fa)(fa),民(min)以(yi)(yi)私行(xing)(xing)(xing)矫(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。人主(zhu)顾(gu)渐其法(fa)(fa)令(ling)而(er)(er)(er)尊学(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智行(xing)(xing)(xing),此(ci)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)多文(wen)学(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)。夫言(yan)(yan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)功用为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的彀者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。夫砥砺杀矢(shi)而(er)(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)妄发,其端未(wei)尝(chang)不中(zhong)秋毫(hao)(hao)也(ye)(ye),然而(er)(er)(er)不可(ke)谓善(shan)射者(zhe)(zhe),无(wu)常仪的也(ye)(ye)。设五寸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的,引十步之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)远,非羿、逢(feng)蒙(meng)不能必中(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe),有常仪的也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)有常,则(ze)(ze)(ze)羿、逢(feng)蒙(meng)以(yi)(yi)五寸的为(wei)巧;无(wu)常,则(ze)(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)妄发之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)秋毫(hao)(hao)为(wei)拙。今听言(yan)(yan)观行(xing)(xing)(xing),不以(yi)(yi)功用为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的彀,言(yan)(yan)虽(sui)至察,行(xing)(xing)(xing)虽(sui)至坚(jian),则(ze)(ze)(ze)妄发之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)乱世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)听言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)难知为(wei)察,以(yi)(yi)博文(wen)为(wei)辩(bian)(bian);其观行(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)离群(qun)为(wei)贤(xian),以(yi)(yi)犯上为(wei)抗。人主(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)说(shuo)辩(bian)(bian)察之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),尊贤(xian)抗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),故(gu)(gu)夫作法(fa)(fa)术之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,立取舍(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),别辞争之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)论,而(er)(er)(er)莫为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正。是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)儒服(fu)、带剑者(zhe)(zhe)众,而(er)(er)(er)耕战之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)寡;坚(jian)白、无(wu)厚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)词章,而(er)(er)(er)宪(xian)令(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)息。故(gu)(gu)曰:上不明,则(ze)(ze)(ze)辩(bian)(bian)生焉。  

韩(han)非(fei)回答说:“在(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)君的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)国家里,命令(ling)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最尊(zun)贵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)(yan)辞,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)处理政事(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最高准(zhun)则(ze)(ze)。除(chu)命令(ling)外,没(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)第(di)二种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尊(zun)贵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)(yan)辞;除(chu)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)外,没(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)第(di)二种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)准(zhun)则(ze)(ze);所以言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun)和(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)动(dong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合乎(hu)法(fa)(fa)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)须禁止。如果言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun)没(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)令(ling)作(zuo)依(yi)据(ju),但(dan)可(ke)(ke)以对付(fu)诡诈、适应事(shi)(shi)(shi)变、谋得利益(yi)、推断事(shi)(shi)(shi)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),君主(zhu)(zhu)必(bi)须采纳这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun)并进(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)责求(qiu)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun)和(he)实效(xiao)相符(fu),就(jiu)给(ji)重赏(shang);言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun)和(he)实效(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu),就(jiu)给(ji)重罚。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)愚笨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)畏罪(zui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)说话(hua),聪明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)没(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)什么可(ke)(ke)争论(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)没(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)辩(bian)说存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。乱(luan)世就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)了(le)(le)(le)。君主(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)命令(ling),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)平(ping)民可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)学(xue)术主(zhu)(zhu)张加(jia)以反(fan)对;官(guan)府有(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)平(ping)民可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)私人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)为(wei)加(jia)以违反(fan)。君主(zhu)(zhu)反(fan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)放弃法(fa)(fa)令(ling)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)尊(zun)崇学(xue)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)慧和(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)为(wei),这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)世上有(you)(you)那么多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)从事(shi)(shi)(shi)学(xue)术活动(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)要(yao)以功用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)为(wei)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。磨快猎(lie)箭,用(yong)(yong)来无(wu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地乱(luan)射,箭头(tou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曾不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)射中(zhong)细(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西,但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能称为(wei)善于射箭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)为(wei)没(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。设立直(zhi)径五寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)箭靶(ba)(ba)(ba),拉(la)开十步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)离,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)羿和(he)逢蒙不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能一(yi)定(ding)(ding)射中(zhong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)为(wei)有(you)(you)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。所以有(you)(you)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)子(zi)(zi)(zi),羿和(he)逢蒙射中(zhong)五寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)子(zi)(zi)(zi)就(jiu)算是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)艺高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);没(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)子(zi)(zi)(zi),胡乱(luan)发射而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)射中(zhong)微小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东西,仍然(ran)算是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)艺差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。现在(zai)(zai)听(ting)取言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun),观(guan)察(cha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)为(wei),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)把(ba)(ba)功用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)为(wei)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun)虽然(ran)很明(ming)(ming)(ming)察(cha)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)为(wei)虽然(ran)很刚直(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)些胡发乱(luan)射的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)在(zai)(zai)乱(luan)世里,听(ting)取言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun)时把(ba)(ba)隐微难辨作(zuo)为(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)察(cha),把(ba)(ba)博学(xue)多文作(zuo)为(wei)雄辩(bian);观(guan)察(cha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)为(wei)时把(ba)(ba)远离社会作(zuo)为(wei)贤(xian)能,把(ba)(ba)违抗君主(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)为(wei)刚直(zhi)。做君主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)欢这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)察(cha),雄辩(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)(yan)论(lun),尊(zun)重这(zhei)(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)贤(xian)能、刚直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)为(wei),所以那些制订法(fa)(fa)术的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),虽然(ran)确(que)定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)行(xing)(xing)(xing)为(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标准(zhun),分清(qing)了(le)(le)(le)争辩(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei),但(dan)没(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)加(jia)以肯定(ding)(ding)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)儒生(sheng)(sheng)、游侠多了(le)(le)(le),耕战的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)少了(le)(le)(le);‘坚白’‘无(wu)厚’的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诡辩(bian)风(feng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)起来,宪章法(fa)(fa)令(ling)就(jiu)会遭到(dao)破(po)坏而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)消亡。所以说君主(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)察(cha),辩(bian)说就(jiu)产生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)。”

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