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韩非子·二柄原文与翻译

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韩非子·二柄原文与翻译

明主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)导制其(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe),二(er)柄(bing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)已矣。二(er)柄(bing)者(zhe)(zhe),刑(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)也(ye)。何谓刑(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)?曰:杀(sha)戮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓刑(xing)(xing),庆赏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓德(de)(de)。为人(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)畏诛(zhu)罚(fa)(fa)而(er)(er)(er)(er)利庆赏,故(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)自(zi)用(yong)其(qi)(qi)刑(xing)(xing)德(de)(de),则群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)畏其(qi)(qi)威而(er)(er)(er)(er)归其(qi)(qi)利矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奸臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)则不然(ran),所(suo)恶,则能(neng)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);所(suo)爱,则能(neng)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)赏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);今人(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)非使(shi)(shi)赏罚(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威利出于已也(ye),听(ting)其(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)其(qi)(qi)赏罚(fa)(fa),则一国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)皆畏其(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)易其(qi)(qi)君(jun),归其(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)去其(qi)(qi)君(jun)矣。此人(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)失(shi)刑(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)也(ye)。夫虎(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)能(neng)服(fu)狗者(zhe)(zhe),爪(zhua)牙也(ye)。使(shi)(shi)虎(hu)释其(qi)(qi)爪(zhua)牙而(er)(er)(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)狗用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则虎(hu)反服(fu)于狗矣。人(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)刑(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)制臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。今君(jun)人(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)释其(qi)(qi)刑(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)而(er)(er)(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则君(jun)反制于臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)田常(chang)上(shang)请爵禄而(er)(er)(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen),下大斗斛而(er)(er)(er)(er)施(shi)于百(bai)(bai)姓,此简(jian)(jian)公(gong)(gong)失(shi)德(de)(de)而(er)(er)(er)(er)田常(chang)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)简(jian)(jian)公(gong)(gong)见弑(shi)。子(zi)罕(han)谓宋(song)(song)(song)君(jun)曰:"夫庆赏赐予者(zhe)(zhe),民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)喜也(ye),君(jun)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);杀(sha)戮刑(xing)(xing)罚(fa)(fa)者(zhe)(zhe),民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)恶也(ye),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)请当(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。"于是宋(song)(song)(song)君(jun)失(shi)刑(xing)(xing)百(bai)(bai)子(zi)罕(han)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)宋(song)(song)(song)君(jun)见劫(jie)(jie)。田常(chang)徒用(yong)德(de)(de)而(er)(er)(er)(er)简(jian)(jian)公(gong)(gong)弑(shi),子(zi)罕(han)徒用(yong)刑(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)宋(song)(song)(song)君(jun)劫(jie)(jie)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)今世为人(ren)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)兼刑(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)而(er)(er)(er)(er)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则是世主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危甚于简(jian)(jian)公(gong)(gong)、宋(song)(song)(song)君(jun)也(ye)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)劫(jie)(jie)杀(sha)拥蔽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)非失(shi)刑(xing)(xing)德(de)(de)而(er)(er)(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)不危亡者(zhe)(zhe),则未(wei)尝有也(ye)。

明君(jun)(jun)(jun)用来(lai)(lai)控制(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)过(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)两(liang)种(zhong)权(quan)(quan)(quan)柄罢了(le)。两(liang)种(zhong)权(quan)(quan)(quan)柄就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)刑(xing)和(he)德。什么(me)叫(jiao)刑(xing)、德?回答是(shi)(shi)(shi):杀戮叫(jiao)做刑(xing),奖(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)叫(jiao)做德。做臣(chen)(chen)(chen)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)害(hai)怕刑(xing)罚(fa)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)贪图奖(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)亲自(zi)掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)刑(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)权(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)(li),群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)会害(hai)怕他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)威势而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)追求他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)奖(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)励。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)现在的(de)(de)(de)(de)奸臣(chen)(chen)(chen)却不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)这(zhei)样(yang)(yang)。他(ta)们对(dui)所(suo)(suo)(suo)憎(zeng)(zeng)恶(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人,能够从(cong)(cong)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)那(nei)里(li)取得权(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)(li)予(yu)以(yi)惩罚(fa);对(dui)所(suo)(suo)(suo)喜爱的(de)(de)(de)(de)人,能够从(cong)(cong)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)那(nei)里(li)取得权(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)(li)予(yu)以(yi)奖(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。假(jia)如君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)让(rang)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)罚(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)威严和(he)利益(yi)掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)在自(zi)己手里(li),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)听任他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)去施行(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)罚(fa),那(nei)么(me)全国的(de)(de)(de)(de)人就(jiu)(jiu)都(dou)会害(hai)怕权(quan)(quan)(quan)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)轻视君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu),就(jiu)(jiu)都(dou)会归附(fu)权(quan)(quan)(quan)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)背离(li)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)失(shi)(shi)去刑(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)权(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)祸害(hai)。老虎能制(zhi)(zhi)服狗(gou),靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)爪牙;假(jia)使老虎去掉它的(de)(de)(de)(de)爪牙而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)让(rang)狗(gou)使用,那(nei)么(me)老虎反而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)会被(bei)(bei)狗(gou)所(suo)(suo)(suo)制(zhi)(zhi)服。君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要靠刑(xing)德来(lai)(lai)制(zhi)(zhi)服臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de),如果做君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)丢掉刑(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)权(quan)(quan)(quan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)让(rang)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)使用,那(nei)么(me)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)反而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)会被(bei)(bei)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)所(suo)(suo)(suo)控制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)田(tian)常向君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)请求爵禄而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)赐(ci)给(ji)群臣(chen)(chen)(chen),对(dui)下(xia)(xia)用大(da)(da)(da)(da)斗出小斗进的(de)(de)(de)(de)办法(fa)把粮食施舍(she)给(ji)百(bai)(bai)姓,这(zhei)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)齐(qi)简公失(shi)(shi)去奖(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)权(quan)(quan)(quan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)由田(tian)常掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo),简公因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)遭到杀害(hai)。子罕(han)告诉宋(song)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)侯(hou)说:“奖(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)恩(en)赐(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)百(bai)(bai)姓喜欢的(de)(de)(de)(de),君(jun)(jun)(jun)王自(zi)己施行(xing);杀戮刑(xing)罚(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)百(bai)(bai)姓憎(zeng)(zeng)恶(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de),请让(rang)我(wo)来(lai)(lai)掌(zhang)管(guan)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)宋(song)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)侯(hou)失(shi)(shi)去刑(xing)罚(fa)大(da)(da)(da)(da)权(quan)(quan)(quan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)由于(yu)罕(han)掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)。宋(song)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)侯(hou)因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)遭到挟(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)。田(tian)常仅仅掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)了(le)奖(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)权(quan)(quan)(quan),齐(qi)简公就(jiu)(jiu)遭到了(le)杀害(hai);子罕(han)仅仅掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)了(le)刑(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)权(quan)(quan)(quan),宋(song)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)侯(hou)就(jiu)(jiu)遭到了(le)挟(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)当代做臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)如果统摄(she)了(le)刑(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)权(quan)(quan)(quan),那(nei)么(me)这(zhei)代君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)将会遭受到比(bi)齐(qi)简公、宋(song)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)侯(hou)更大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危险(xian)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)被(bei)(bei)劫杀被(bei)(bei)蒙蔽的(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu),一旦(dan)同(tong)时失(shi)(shi)去刑(xing)赏(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)权(quan)(quan)(quan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)由臣(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)执掌(zhang),这(zhei)样(yang)(yang)还不(bu)导(dao)致危亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)情况,是(shi)(shi)(shi)从(cong)(cong)来(lai)(lai)没有过(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

人主将欲(yu)禁奸,则(ze)(ze)审合(he)刑名(ming)(ming)者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)异事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。为(wei)(wei)人臣(chen)者(zhe)(zhe)陈而(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan),君(jun)以其(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)授(shou)之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),专(zhuan)以其(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)责(ze)其(qi)功(gong)(gong)。功(gong)(gong)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),事(shi)(shi)(shi)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan),则(ze)(ze)赏;功(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),事(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan),则(ze)(ze)罚。故(gu)群(qun)臣(chen)其(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)大而(er)功(gong)(gong)小者(zhe)(zhe)则(ze)(ze)罚,非罚小功(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye),罚功(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye);群(qun)臣(chen)其(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)小而(er)功(gong)(gong)大者(zhe)(zhe)亦罚,非不(bu)(bu)说于(yu)大功(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye),以为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)害(hai)(hai)甚于(yu)有大功(gong)(gong),故(gu)罚。昔者(zhe)(zhe)韩(han)昭候醉而(er)寝,典(dian)冠(guan)(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)见(jian)君(jun)之(zhi)寒也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)加衣(yi)于(yu)君(jun)之(zhi)上,觉寝而(er)说,问左右曰:"谁加衣(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)?"左右对曰:"典(dian)冠(guan)(guan)。"君(jun)因兼罪(zui)典(dian)衣(yi)与典(dian)冠(guan)(guan)。其(qi)罪(zui)典(dian)衣(yi),以为(wei)(wei)失(shi)其(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye);其(qi)罪(zui)典(dian)冠(guan)(guan),以为(wei)(wei)越(yue)其(qi)职也(ye)(ye)(ye)。非不(bu)(bu)恶寒也(ye)(ye)(ye),以为(wei)(wei)侵官之(zhi)害(hai)(hai)甚于(yu)寒。故(gu)明主之(zhi)畜臣(chen),臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)得越(yue)官而(er)有功(gong)(gong),不(bu)(bu)得陈言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)不(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)。越(yue)官则(ze)(ze)死,不(bu)(bu)当(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)则(ze)(ze)罪(zui)。守业(ye)其(qi)官,所言(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)贞也(ye)(ye)(ye),则(ze)(ze)群(qun)臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)得朋党相为(wei)(wei)矣(yi)。

君主(zhu)要(yao)想禁止(zhi)奸邪(xie),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)去审核形(xing)名。形(xing)名是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)言(yan)(yan)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和(he)(he)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事。做(zuo)臣(chen)下(xia)的(de)发表一(yi)定的(de)言(yan)(yan)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),君主(zhu)根(gen)据他(ta)(ta)的(de)言(yan)(yan)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)授予相应的(de)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,专就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)他(ta)(ta)的(de)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事责求他(ta)(ta)的(de)功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)。功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)赏(shang);功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事不(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)罚(fa)(fa)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)群臣(chen)言(yan)(yan)大功(gong)(gong)小的(de)要(yao)罚(fa)(fa);这不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)罚(fa)(fa)小功(gong)(gong),而是(shi)(shi)要(yao)罚(fa)(fa)功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。群臣(chen)言(yan)(yan)小功(gong)(gong)大的(de)也(ye)要(yao)罚(fa)(fa);这不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)对大功(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)喜欢。而是(shi)(shi)认(ren)为功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)危(wei)害(hai)超过了(le)(le)所(suo)(suo)建大功(gong)(gong),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)要(yao)罚(fa)(fa)。从前韩昭(zhao)侯(hou)喝醉酒睡着了(le)(le),掌(zhang)帽官(guan)(guan)见他(ta)(ta)冷(leng),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)给他(ta)(ta)身上盖了(le)(le)衣服。韩昭(zhao)侯(hou)睡醒后很高兴,问近侍说:“盖衣服的(de)是(shi)(shi)谁?”近侍回答说:“掌(zhang)帽官(guan)(guan)。”昭(zhao)侯(hou)便同时(shi)处罚(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)掌(zhang)衣官(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)掌(zhang)帽官(guan)(guan)。他(ta)(ta)处罚(fa)(fa)掌(zhang)衣官(guan)(guan),是(shi)(shi)认(ren)为掌(zhang)衣官(guan)(guan)失(shi)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);他(ta)(ta)处罚(fa)(fa)掌(zhang)帽官(guan)(guan),是(shi)(shi)认(ren)为掌(zhang)帽官(guan)(guan)越(yue)权(quan)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)担(dan)心(xin)寒冷(leng),而是(shi)(shi)认(ren)为越(yue)权(quan)的(de)危(wei)害(hai)超过了(le)(le)寒冷(leng)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)明君驾驭(yu)臣(chen)下(xia),臣(chen)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能越(yue)权(quan)去立功(gong)(gong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能说话不(bu)(bu)(bu)恰(qia)当。超越(yue)职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)权(quan)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)该处死,言(yan)(yan)行(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)该治罪。司守本职(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)(yan)而有信,群臣(chen)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可能结党营私了(le)(le)。

人主(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)二患(huan):任贤(xian)(xian)(xian),则(ze)(ze)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)将乘于贤(xian)(xian)(xian)以劫其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun);妄举,则(ze)(ze)事沮不(bu)(bu)胜。故(gu)(gu)(gu)人主(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)贤(xian)(xian)(xian),则(ze)(ze)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)饰行以要群(qun)欲,则(ze)(ze)是(shi)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)不(bu)(bu)效(xiao);群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)不(bu)(bu)效(xiao),则(ze)(ze)人主(zhu)(zhu)无以异其(qi)(qi)(qi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)越王好(hao)(hao)(hao)勇而民(min)多轻(qing)死(si);楚灵(ling)王好(hao)(hao)(hao)细腰而国中多饿人;齐桓(huan)公妒外而好(hao)(hao)(hao)内(nei),故(gu)(gu)(gu)竖刁(diao)自宫(gong)以治内(nei);桓(huan)公好(hao)(hao)(hao)味,易牙蒸其(qi)(qi)(qi)子首而进之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);燕(yan)子哙(kuai)好(hao)(hao)(hao)贤(xian)(xian)(xian),故(gu)(gu)(gu)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)不(bu)(bu)受国。故(gu)(gu)(gu)君(jun)见恶,则(ze)(ze)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)匿端;君(jun)见好(hao)(hao)(hao),则(ze)(ze)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)诬能(neng)。人主(zhu)(zhu)欲见,则(ze)(ze)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)态得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)资矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)托于贤(xian)(xian)(xian)以夺其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye),竖刁(diao)、易牙,因君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欲以侵其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)卒,子哙(kuai)以乱死(si),桓(huan)公虫流出户而不(bu)(bu)葬。此(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)何也(ye)(ye)(ye)?人君(jun)以情(qing)(qing)借臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。人臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)非必能(neng)爱其(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye),为重利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今(jin)人主(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)(bu)掩其(qi)(qi)(qi)情(qing)(qing),不(bu)(bu)匿其(qi)(qi)(qi)端,而使人臣(chen)(chen)(chen)有(you)(you)缘以侵其(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu),则(ze)(ze)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)为子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、田(tian)常不(bu)(bu)难矣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰:"去好(hao)(hao)(hao)去恶,群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)见素(su)。"群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)见素(su),则(ze)(ze)大(da)君(jun)大(da)蔽(bi)矣。

君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)有两种(zhong)祸患:任用(yong)贤(xian)人(ren),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)就会(hui)(hui)依仗贤(xian)能(neng)(neng)来威逼君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu);随便(bian)推举,就会(hui)(hui)败坏事情(qing)而(er)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)成功。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)喜(xi)好(hao)贤(xian)能(neng)(neng),群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)就粉(fen)饰行为来迎合君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欲望(wang)(wang),这(zhei)样群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)实情(qing)便(bian)不(bu)会(hui)(hui)显露;群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)实情(qing)不(bu)显露,君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)便(bian)无(wu)法识别(bie)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)了(le)(le)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)越王喜(xi)好(hao)勇敢,以(yi)(yi)致民(min)众(zhong)大都轻视死(si)亡。楚灵(ling)王喜(xi)爱细腰,结果国内有许多甘(gan)愿挨饿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。齐桓公(gong)(gong)心性妒忌而(er)爱好(hao)女色,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)竖(shu)刁(diao)自(zi)行阉割以(yi)(yi)便(bian)掌官内宫(gong)。齐桓公(gong)(gong)爱好(hao)美味,易牙蒸了(le)(le)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)儿子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脑(nao)袋去(qu)进(jin)献。燕王子(zi)(zi)(zi)哙喜(xi)欢(huan)贤(xian)名(ming),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)表(biao)面上不(bu)接受君(jun)(jun)位。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)流露出厌(yan)恶情(qing)绪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)就会(hui)(hui)迅速掩(yan)盖;君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)流露出喜(xi)好(hao)情(qing)绪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)就会(hui)(hui)假装能(neng)(neng)力(li)。君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欲望(wang)(wang)表(biao)现出来,群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)态表(biao)示就有了(le)(le)依托。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)假托贤(xian)名(ming)来篡夺君(jun)(jun)位,竖(shu)刁(diao)易牙借着(zhe)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欲望(wang)(wang)来侵害君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)。其(qi)结果,子(zi)(zi)(zi)哙因兵舌(she)而(er)死(si),齐桓公(gong)(gong)死(si)后直到(dao)蛆虫爬出门外也得不(bu)到(dao)安葬。这(zhei)是(shi)什(shen)么(me)原因呢?是(shi)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)把真(zhen)情(qing)流露给(ji)了(le)(le)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)招致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祸害。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)情(qing)不(bu)一定就是(shi)爱戴他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu),而(er)是(shi)为了(le)(le)重利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缘故。如今君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)不(bu)掩(yan)盖自(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)情(qing),不(bu)隐(yin)藏(zang)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意图,而(er)使臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)有机会(hui)(hui)来侵害自(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji),那么(me)群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)充当子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)、田常这(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)色就不(bu)难了(le)(le)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)说:去(qu)掉喜(xi)好(hao)厌(yan)恶,群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)暴露本(ben)色。群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)暴露本(ben)色,国君(jun)(jun)就不(bu)会(hui)(hui)受蒙(meng)蔽了(le)(le)。

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