卷七下·离娄章句上
孟子曰:“桀、纣之失天下也,失其民也。失其民者,失其心也。(失其民之心,则天下畔之,箪食壶浆以迎武王之师是也。)
得天下有道,得其民,斯得天下矣。得其民有道,得其心,斯得民矣。得其心有道,所欲与之聚之,所恶勿施尔也。(欲得民心,聚其所欲而与之。尔,近也。勿施行其所恶,使民近,则民心可得矣。)
民之归仁也,犹水之就下、兽之走广也。故为渊驱鱼者獭也,为丛驱爵者也。为汤、武驱民者,桀与纣也。今天下之君有好仁者,则诸侯皆为之驱矣。虽欲无王,不可得已。(民之思明君,犹水乐卑下,兽乐广野,驱之则归其所乐。獭,犭宾也。,土也。故云诸侯好为仁者,驱民若此也。汤、武行之矣,如有则之者,虽欲不王,不可得也。)
今之欲王者,犹七年之病求三年之艾也。苟为不畜,终身不得。苟不志于仁,终身忧辱,以陷于死亡。(今之诸侯欲行王道,而不积其德。如至七年病,而却求三年时艾,当畜之乃可得,以三年时不畜藏之,至七年欲卒求之,何可得乎?艾可以为灸人病,乾久益善,故以为喻志仁者亦久行之,不行之,则忧辱以陷死亡,桀、纣是也。)
《诗》云:‘其何能淑?载胥及溺。’此之谓也。(《诗·大雅·桑柔》之篇。淑,善也。载,辞也。胥,相也。刺时君臣何能为善乎?但相与为沉溺之道也。)
[疏]“孟子曰桀纣”至“此之谓也”。
○正义曰:此章指言水性趋下,民乐归仁;桀纣之驱,使就其君;三年之艾,畜而可得;一时欲仁,犹将沉溺。所以明鉴戒也,是可哀伤也。“孟子曰:“桀纣之失天下也”至“心也”者,孟子言桀纣失亡天下,是失其民。失其民,乃是失其民之心也。“得天下有道”至“勿施尔也”者,言人君所以得天下有其道也,得其民,斯为得天下矣;所以得其民有道者,得其民之心,斯为得民矣;所以得其心有道,在民所欲,而与之聚之,民之所恶,而勿施于民,则近得其民心矣。“民之归仁也”至“不可得已”者,言民之归亲于仁人之君,如水之归就于下,兽之乐趋于广野矣。故为渊而驱聚其鱼而归之渊者,是獭为之驱矣。为丛木而驱聚其爵而归之丛者,是鹰为之驱也。为汤王、武王而驱聚其民而归之汤、武者,是桀与纣也。今夫天下为之君者,有能好行其仁政,则天下之诸侯皆为驱聚其民而归之,亦如獭为渊驱鱼,为丛驱爵者而归之矣。如此,虽欲不为王,不可得而不为耳。“今之欲王者,犹七年之病”至“于死亡”者,言今之国君欲为王者,如七年之病,欲卒而求讨三年之艾草也。苟为已前不积,虽终身而死,亦不得此三年之艾也。若苟不志仁于久,虽终一身忧辱,亦以陷于死亡之地矣。“诗云:‘其何能淑,载胥及溺’,此之谓也”,盖《诗》之《大雅·桑柔》之篇文也。盖言何能为之善乎,但相与及其沉溺于患难也。孟子所以言此者,欲时君在于久行其仁,不但欲为之王然后乃行之耳。
○注“獭,犭宾也。,土也”。
○正义曰:案《释名》云:“獭形如猫,居水,食鱼者也。”犭宾,獭之属也。,鹞之属也,能食鸟雀。
○《诗·大雅·桑柔》之篇。
○正义(yi)曰:此诗(shi)盖芮(rui)伯刺厉王(wang)之诗(shi)也。
孟子曰:“自暴者不可与有言也,自弃者不可与有为也。言非礼义,谓之自暴也。吾身不能居仁由义,谓之自弃也。(言人尚自暴自弃,何可与有言、有为。)
仁,人之安宅也。义,人之正路也。旷安宅而弗居,舍正路而不由,哀哉!”(旷,空。舍,纵。哀,伤也。弗由居是者,是可哀伤也。)
[疏]“孟子(zi)曰(yue)”至“哀(ai)哉(zai)”。正义(yi)(yi)曰(yue):此(ci)(ci)(ci)章指言(yan)(yan)旷仁舍义(yi)(yi),自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)暴(bao)弃之(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孟子(zi)曰(yue):自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)暴(bao)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)与(yu)有(you)言(yan)(yan),自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弃者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)与(yu)有(you)为也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),孟子(zi)言(yan)(yan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)为自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)暴(bao)者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)议(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye);有(you)为自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弃者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)与(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)所为也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)(yan)非(fei)礼义(yi)(yi),谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)暴(bao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。吾身(shen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能居仁由(you)义(yi)(yi),谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弃也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)盖孟子(zi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)解(jie)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)暴(bao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弃之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“仁,人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)安(an)宅(zhai)(zhai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”至“哀(ai)哉(zai)”者(zhe),孟子(zi)言(yan)(yan)仁道乃人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所安(an)之(zhi)(zhi)宅(zhai)(zhai)舍也(ye)(ye)(ye),义(yi)(yi)乃为人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)正路也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今有(you)空旷其此(ci)(ci)(ci)宅(zhai)(zhai)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)安(an)居之(zhi)(zhi),舍去此(ci)(ci)(ci)正路而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)行之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),是可(ke)得而(er)(er)哀(ai)伤(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)孟子(zi)所以(yi)有(you)是而(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)于当(dang)世(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
孟子曰:“道在迩而求诸远,事在易而求诸难。人人亲其亲,长其长,而天下平。”(迩,近也。道在近,而患人求之远也。事在易,而患人求之难也。谓不亲其亲,以事其长,故其事远而难也。)
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):此章指言亲(qin)亲(qin)敬长(zhang)(zhang),近取(qu)诸己,则迩(er)而易者也(ye)。“孟子曰(yue)(yue)”至(zhi)“天(tian)下平”者,孟子言道在近,而人乃求远,事在易,而人乃求之于难。但人人亲(qin)爱其(qi)所(suo)亲(qin),敬长(zhang)(zhang)其(qi)所(suo)长(zhang)(zhang),则天(tian)下即(ji)(ji)太平大治(zhi)矣。亲(qin)亲(qin)即(ji)(ji)仁也(ye),长(zhang)(zhang)长(zhang)(zhang)即(ji)(ji)义(yi)也(ye)。
孟子曰:“居下位而不获于上,民不可得而治也。获于上有道,不信于友,弗获于上矣。信于友有道,事亲弗悦,弗信于友矣。悦亲有道,反身不诚,不悦于亲矣。诚身有道,不明乎善,不诚其身矣。(言人求上之意,先从己始,本之于心,心不正而得人意者,未之有也。)
是故诚者,天之道也。思诚者,人之道也。至诚而不动者,未之有也。不诚,未有能动者也。”(授人诚善之性者,天也,故曰天道。思行其诚以奉天者,人道也。至诚则动金石,不诚则鸟兽不可亲狎,故曰不诚未有能动者也。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“未有能动者也”。正义曰:此章指言事上得君,乃可临民;信友悦亲,本在于身:是以曾子三省,大雅矜矜,以诚为贵也。“孟子曰:居下位而不获于上,民不可得而治也”者,孟子言居下位而为君上之臣者,而不见获于上,则民故不可得而治之也。以其上之所以得民者,乃治也。“获于上有道”至“不诚其身”者,言获于上者有其道,如不信于友,则弗获于上矣,以其君之所以愿乎臣者,忠也,如臣弗信于友,则其忠不足称矣,此所以弗获于上矣。信于友有其道,如事其亲而弗悦其亲,则亦弗信于友矣,以其友之所以资于己者仁也,如事亲弗悦,则其仁不足称矣,此所以弗信于友矣。悦亲有其道,如反己而不诚,则弗悦于亲矣,以其亲之所望于己者孝也,如反身不诚,则其孝不足称矣,此所以不悦于亲。诚身有其道,如不能明乎善,则不诚其身矣,以其所谓诚者,亦明乎在我之善而已,如不明其善,则在我之善有所未明,又安知所谓诚?故不明乎善,则不诚其身矣。由此推之,则信于友,是获于上之道也,悦亲是信于友之道也,诚身是悦亲之道也,而明乎善者是又诚身之道也。“是故诚者,天道也。思诚者,人道也。至诚而不动者,未之有也。不诚,未有能动者也”者,孟子言此故诚者是天授人诚善之性者也,是为天之道也;思行其诚以奉天,是为人之道也。然而至诚而有不感动者,必无也,故曰未之有也。不至诚而能感动之者,亦必无也。故曰未有能动者也。
○注“曾子三省,大雅矜矜”。
○正义曰:《论(lun)语》云:“曾子(zi)曰:吾日(ri)三省吾身,为人谋(mou)而不忠乎(hu),与朋友交而不信乎(hu),传不习乎(hu)?”是曾子(zi)三省之(zhi)事也(ye)。大雅矜(jin)(jin)矜(jin)(jin),此(ci)盖荀(xun)卿(qing)之(zhi)言然。
孟子曰:“伯夷辟纣,居北海之滨,闻文王作兴,曰:‘盍归乎来!吾闻西伯善养老者。’(伯夷让国,遭纣之世,辟之,隐遁北海之滨,闻文王起兴王道,“盍归乎来”,归周也。)
太公辟纣,居东海之滨,闻文王作兴,曰:‘盍归乎来!吾闻西伯善养老者。’(太公,吕望也,亦辟纣世,隐居东海,曰闻西伯养老。二人皆老矣,往归文王也。)
二老者,天下之大老也,而归之,是天下之父归之也。天下之父归之,其子焉往?(此二老犹天下之父也,其馀皆天下之子耳。子当随父,二父往矣,子将安如?言皆归往也。)
诸侯有行文王之政者,七年之内,必为政于天下矣。”(今之诸侯,如有能行文王之政者,七年之间,必足以为政矣。天以七纪,故云七年。文王时难故久,衰周时易故速也。上章言大国五年者,大国地广人众,易以行善,故五年足以治也。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“必为政于天下矣”。
○正义曰:此章指言养老尊贤,国之上务,文王勤之,二老远至。父来子从,天之顺道。七年为政,以勉诸侯,欲使庶几行善也。“孟子曰:伯夷辟纣”至“养老者”,孟子言伯夷辟纣之世,乃辟纣而逃遁,居于北海之畔,后闻文王作兴而起王道,乃曰:盍归乎来,归周也,我闻之西伯善养其耆老者也。“太公辟纣”至“养老者”,孟子又言太公辟纣之乱,而辟居于东海之畔,后闻文王兴起,乃曰:盍归乎来,归周也,我闻西伯善养其耆老者也。“二老者,天下之大老也”至“其子焉往”者,言伯夷、太公二老,乃天下之太老也,犹父也,而皆归之,是天下之父归之。天下之父既归之,其为天下之子又焉往,是必皆归之也。
○注“伯夷让国”至“归周也”。
○正义曰:案太史公云:其传曰伯夷、叔齐、孤竹君之二子也。父欲立叔齐,及父卒,叔齐让伯夷。伯夷曰:父命也。遂逃去。叔齐亦不肯立,而逃之。国人立其中子。于是伯夷、叔齐闻西伯昌善养老,盍往归焉。后因叩马谏武王。武平殷乱,二人耻食周粟,隐于首阳山,且饿死焉。孔子云“伯夷叔齐,饿于首阳山之下”是也。又云:太公望,东海之上人也,或云处士,隐海滨。周西伯招吕尚,吕尚亦曰:吾闻西伯贤,又善养老,盍往焉。
○注云“天以七纪,故云七年”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue)(yue):《书》云五纪,曰(yue)(yue)岁(sui)、月、日、星,辰、历数,今云七(qi)纪者(zhe),案鲁昭公十(shi)年《左(zuo)传》云:“天以七(qi)纪。”杜注云:二十(shi)八宿,四七(qi)。是其(qi)旨也。
孟子曰:“求也为季氏宰,无能改于其德,而赋粟倍他日。孔子曰:‘求非我徒也,小子鸣鼓而攻之可也。’(求,孔子弟子冉求。季氏,鲁卿季康子。宰,家臣。小子,弟子也。孔子以冉求不能改季氏使从善,为之多敛赋粟,故欲使弟子鸣鼓以声其罪,而攻伐责让之。曰“求非我徒”,疾之也。)
由此观之,君不行仁政而富之,皆弃于孔子者也,况于为之强战?争地以战,杀人盈野;争城以战,杀人盈城:此所谓率土地而食人肉,罪不容于死。(孔子弃富不仁之君者,况于争城争地而杀人满之乎?此若率土地使食人肉也,言其罪大,死刑不足以容之。)
故善战者服上刑,连诸侯者次之,辟草莱、任土地者次之。”(孟子言天道重生,战者杀人,故使善战者服上刑。上刑,重刑也。连诸侯,合从者也,罪次善战者。辟草莱,任土地,不务德而富国者,罪次合从连横之人也。)
[疏]“孟子曰求也”至“次之”。
○正义曰:此章指言聚敛富君,弃于孔子,冉求行之,同闻鸣鼓。以战杀人,土食人肉,罪不容死,以为大戮,重人命之至也。“孟子曰求也为季氏宰”至“攻之可也”者,孟子言冉求为季氏之家臣,不能佐君改于其德,以为治国,而乃聚敛其粟,倍过于他日。孔子责之曰:求非我之徒弟也。乃令弟子鸣鼓,以声其罪而攻之可也。“由此观之,君不行仁政”至“罪不容于死”者,孟子言由此冉求赋敛观之以孔子所攻,则今之国君不行仁政而富之,是皆弃之于孔子者也。又况为之强战?争地以战,而杀人至于盈满其野,争城以战,而杀人至于盈满其城,此所谓率土地而食人之肉也,其罪必不容于死。以其罪大,虽死刑不足以容之也。“故善战者服上刑”至“任土地者次之”者,孟子又言故善能为陈而战者,服于上刑。上刑,重刑也。合纵连横之诸侯,罪次之,以其罪次于善战之上刑也。务广开辟草莱,而任土地,不务德者,又次之,以其又次连横合纵之诸侯者刑也。
○注“求,孔子弟子”至“疾之也”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):案《史记·弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)传》云(yun):“冉求字子(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)。”郑氏(shi)(shi)曰(yue)(yue):“鲁(lu)国人。”又案《论(lun)语》云(yun):“季氏(shi)(shi)富于周公,而求也(ye)为(wei)之(zhi)聚敛(lian)而附益之(zhi)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):‘非吾徒(tu)也(ye),小(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鸣鼓(gu)而攻之(zhi)可(ke)也(ye)。’”孔安(an)国云(yun):“冉求为(wei)季氏(shi)(shi)宰(zai),为(wei)之(zhi)急赋税。”郑注云(yun):“小(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi),门人也(ye)。”云(yun)“季氏(shi)(shi),鲁(lu)卿季康(kang)(kang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”者,案《左传》云(yun):“季康(kang)(kang)子(zi)(zi)(zi),鲁(lu)卿,季孙肥(fei),谥(shi)曰(yue)(yue)康(kang)(kang)。”《谥(shi)法》曰(yue)(yue):“安(an)乐抚民曰(yue)(yue)康(kang)(kang)。”
孟子曰:“存乎人者,莫良于眸子。眸子不能掩其恶。(眸子,瞳子也。存人,存在人之善心也。)
胸中正则眸子了焉,胸中不正则眸子毛焉。(了,明也。毛者,蒙蒙目不明之貌。)
听其言也,观其眸子,人焉哉!”(,匿也。听言察目,言正视端,人情可见,安可匿之哉。)
[疏]“孟子曰存乎人者”至“人焉哉”。
○正义曰:此章指言目为神候,精之所在,存而察之,善恶不隐,知人之道,斯为审矣。“孟子曰:存乎人者,莫良于眸子。眸子不能掩其恶”者,孟子言存在于人者,莫贵乎眸子。眸子,目瞳子也。眸子不能盖掩人之恶也。“胸中正则眸子了焉,胸中不正则眸子毛焉”者,言人胸中正而不邪,则眸子于是乎明。了,明也。胸中不正,则眸子蒙蒙而不明。毛,不明也。“听其言也,观其眸,子人焉哉”者,言知人之道,但听其言,观其眸子明与不明,则人可见,又安可匿之哉?此孟子言知人之道,但观人之眸子耳。
○注“眸,瞳子。了,明。毛,不明之貌”。
○正义曰:是皆蒙《释文》而言(yan)之也。
孟子曰:“恭者不侮人,俭者不夺人。侮夺人之君,惟恐不顺焉,恶得为恭俭?”(为恭敬者,不侮慢人。为廉俭者,不夺取人。有好侮夺人之君,有贪陵之性,恐人不顺从其所欲,安得为恭俭之行也?)
“恭、俭岂可以声音笑貌为哉?”(恭、俭之人,俨然无欲,自取其名,岂可以和声音笑貌强为之哉。)
[疏]“孟子曰恭者”至“为哉”。
○正义曰(yue):此章指言(yan)人君(jun)恭(gong)(gong)俭(jian),率下移(yi)风,人臣恭(gong)(gong)俭(jian),明其廉忠。侮(wu)(wu)夺(duo)之(zhi)(zhi)恶,何由(you)干(gan)之(zhi)(zhi),而错其心。“孟子曰(yue):恭(gong)(gong)者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)侮(wu)(wu)人”至“岂可以声(sheng)音笑貌(mao)为(wei)哉”者(zhe),孟子言(yan)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)恭(gong)(gong)俭(jian)者(zhe),则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)侮(wu)(wu)慢于(yu)(yu)人,亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能僭夺(duo)于(yu)(yu)人,盖以恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing)则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)侮(wu)(wu),俭(jian)约则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)奢故也。如(ru)有侮(wu)(wu)夺(duo)人之(zhi)(zhi)君(jun),惟恐其民(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顺(shun)己之(zhi)(zhi)所欲,安得为(wei)恭(gong)(gong)俭(jian)者(zhe)焉(yan),为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)恭(gong)(gong)俭(jian),又岂可以声(sheng)音笑貌(mao)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)恭(gong)(gong)俭(jian)哉?言(yan)人为(wei)恭(gong)(gong)俭(jian),在(zai)心之(zhi)(zhi)所存(cun),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)声(sheng)音与其笑貌(mao)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)矣。
淳于髡曰:“男女授受不亲,礼与?”(淳于髡,齐人也。问礼男女不相亲授。)
孟子曰:“礼也。”(礼不亲授。)
曰:“嫂溺,则援之以手乎?”(髡曰:见嫂溺水,则当以手牵援之否邪?)
曰:“嫂溺不援,是豺狼也。(孟子曰:人见嫂溺,不援出,是为豺狼之心也。)
男女授受不亲,礼也。嫂溺援之以手者,权也。”(孟子告髡曰:此权也。权者,反经而善也。)
曰:“今天下溺矣,夫子之不援,何也?”(髡曰:今天下之道溺矣,夫子何不援之乎?)
曰:“天下溺,援之以道。嫂溺,援之以手。子欲手援天下乎?”(孟子曰:当以道援天下,而道不得行,子欲使我以手援天下乎?)
[疏]“淳于髡曰”至“子欲手援天下乎”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):此章指言(yan)权(quan)(quan)时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),嫂(sao)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)手(shou),君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)大行,拯(zheng)世以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指也(ye)(ye)。“淳(chun)于髡(kun)(kun)(kun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):男(nan)女授受(shou)(shou)不亲,礼与”者(zhe)(zhe),淳(chun)于髡(kun)(kun)(kun),齐(qi)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人也(ye)(ye),问(wen)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):男(nan)女授受(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际,不相亲授,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼然与否?“孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)礼也(ye)(ye)”,孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼然也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)嫂(sao)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)则援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)乎(hu)”者(zhe)(zhe),髡(kun)(kun)(kun)又(you)问(wen)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),如是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)则嫂(sao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沉(chen)(chen)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)于水,当(dang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)牵(qian)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)乎(hu)?“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)嫂(sao)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)不援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)豺狼也(ye)(ye)”,孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)如嫂(sao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沉(chen)(chen)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)于水,而(er)不牵(qian)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)豺狼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其豺狼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为兽,其心常(chang)有(you)害物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)暴,故以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)喻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“男(nan)女授受(shou)(shou)不亲,礼也(ye)(ye)。嫂(sao)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)者(zhe)(zhe),权(quan)(quan)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)告(gao)淳(chun)于髡(kun)(kun)(kun),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)谓(wei)(wei)男(nan)女授受(shou)(shou)不亲,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礼当(dang)然也(ye)(ye),嫂(sao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沉(chen)(chen)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)权(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。夫权(quan)(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为道(dao)(dao)(dao),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)济变(bian)事也(ye)(ye),有(you)时乎(hu)然,有(you)时乎(hu)不然,反经而(er)善(shan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)谓(wei)(wei)权(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。故权(quan)(quan)云为量,或轻(qing)或重,随物(wu)而(er)变(bian)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):今天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)矣,夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),何也(ye)(ye)”,髡(kun)(kun)(kun)复(fu)问(wen)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),言(yan)今天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)沉(chen)(chen)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不拯(zheng)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)溺(ni)(ni)(ni),援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),嫂(sao)溺(ni)(ni)(ni),援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲手(shou)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)乎(hu)”,孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沉(chen)(chen)溺(ni)(ni)(ni),当(dang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)拯(zheng)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),嫂(sao)溺(ni)(ni)(ni)则当(dang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),今子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)欲使(shi)我(wo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)乎(hu)?此言(yan)不可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia),当(dang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。斯亦(yi)明淳(chun)于髡(kun)(kun)(kun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蔽(bi)也(ye)(ye)。
公孙丑曰:“君子之不教子,何也?”(问父子不亲教,何也?)
孟子曰:“势不行也。教者必以正。以正不行,继之以怒。继之以怒,则反夷矣。夫子教我以正,夫子未出于正也,则是父子相夷也。父子相夷,则恶矣。”(父亲教子,其势不行。教以正道,而不能行,则责怒之。夷,伤也。父子相责怒,则伤义矣。一说云:父子反自相非,若夷狄也。子之心责于父,云:夫子教我以正道,而夫子之身未必自行正道也。执此意则为反夷矣,故曰恶也。)
古者易子而教之,父子之闻不责善,责善则离,离则不祥莫大焉。(易子而教,不欲自相责以善也。父子主恩,离则不祥莫大焉。)
[疏]“公孙丑曰”至“不祥莫大焉”。
○正义曰:此章指言父子至亲,相责则离。易子而教,相成以仁,教之义也。“公孙丑曰:君子之不教子,何也”,公孙丑问孟子,言君子以不自教诲其子,是如之何。“孟子曰:势不行也”至“父子相夷则恶矣”者,孟子答公孙丑,以谓君子所以不教子者,是其势之不行,所以不自教也。教之者,必以正道而教之,以正道而教之而子不行,则续之愤怒。既续之以愤怒,则反伤其为父子之恩矣。夷,伤也。父子之恩,则父慈子孝,是为父子之恩也。今继之以怒,是非父之慈也。且以子比之,夫子既教我以正道,而子之身自未能出行其正道也,如父子之间,子以是言而反父,是则父子相伤矣。父子既以相伤其恩,则父子必相疾恶也。故云则恶矣。“古者易子而教之,父子之间不责善。责善则离,离则不祥莫大焉”者,孟子又言古之时,人皆更易其子而教之者,以其父子之间不相责让其善也。如父子自相责让,则父子之恩必离之矣。父子恩离,则不祥之大者也。所谓易子而教者,如己之子与他人教,他人之子与己而教之,是易子而教也。所谓不祥之大者,则祸之大者矣。
○注:夷有二说(shuo),一说(shuo)则以夷训伤,一说(shuo)以夷为(wei)夷狄,其(qi)义皆通(tong)矣(yi)。
孟子曰:“事孰为大?事亲为大。守孰为大?守身为大。不失其身而能事其亲者,吾闻之矣。失其身而能事其亲者,吾未之闻也。(事亲,养亲也。守身,使不陷于不义也。失不义,则何能事父母乎?)
孰不为事?事亲,事之本也。孰不为守?守身,守之本也。(先本后末,事、守乃立也。)
曾子养曾晳,必有酒肉。将彻,必请所与。问:‘有馀?’必曰:‘有。’曾晳死,曾元养曾子,必有酒肉。将彻,不请所与。问:‘有馀?’曰:‘亡矣。’将以复进也。此所谓养口体者也。若曾子,则可谓养志也。事亲若曾子者可也。”(将彻,请所与,问曾晳所欲与子孙所爱者也。必曰有,恐违亲意也,故曰养志。曾元曰“无”,欲以复进曾子也,不求亲意,故养口体也。事亲之道,当如曾子之法,乃为至孝。)
[疏]“孟子曰事孰为大”至“可也”。
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章指言(yan)上孝(xiao)养(yang)志(zhi)(zhi),下孝(xiao)养(yang)体(ti),曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)参事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin),可(ke)(ke)(ke)谓(wei)(wei)至矣。孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),欲令后人(ren)则(ze)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孰(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)?事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)。守(shou)(shou)孰(shu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)?守(shou)(shou)身(shen)(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)”至“吾(wu)未之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)闻(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)何事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)?以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)守(shou)(shou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)何守(shou)(shou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)?以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)守(shou)(shou)己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)身(shen)(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)失其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身(shen)(shen),而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin),则(ze)我(wo)(wo)(wo)尝闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣;如失其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身(shen)(shen),而(er)(er)能(neng)(neng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin),则(ze)我(wo)(wo)(wo)未之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)闻(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。盖(gai)以(yi)己身(shen)(shen)尚不(bu)能(neng)(neng)守(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),况能(neng)(neng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)乎。“孰(shu)不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)?事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin),事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孰(shu)不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)守(shou)(shou)?守(shou)(shou)身(shen)(shen),守(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)人(ren)谁不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),凡有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)于彼者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)皆(jie)(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),然而(er)(er)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin),是(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫人(ren)谁不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)守(shou)(shou),凡有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)守(shou)(shou)于我(wo)(wo)(wo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)皆(jie)(jie)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)守(shou)(shou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),然而(er)(er)守(shou)(shou)身(shen)(shen),是(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)守(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)身(shen)(shen)安而(er)(er)国家可(ke)(ke)(ke)保(bao),事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao),故忠可(ke)(ke)(ke)移于君,此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),岂(qi)非(fei)(fei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)、守(shou)(shou)身(shen)(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)守(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)欤?“曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)养(yang)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)晳(xi)”至“事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)若曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)言(yan)昔日曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)奉养(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)晳(xi),必(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酒肉(rou),将(jiang)欲彻去(qu),曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)必(bi)(bi)请(qing)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲与者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),如曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)晳(xi)问复(fu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)馀剩(sheng),曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)必(bi)(bi)应(ying)(ying)曰(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)馀剩(sheng)。曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)晳(xi)已死,曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)元奉养(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)元,曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),必(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酒肉(rou),将(jiang)欲彻去(qu),曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)元不(bu)请(qing)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲与者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),如曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)复(fu)问有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)馀剩(sheng),曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)元乃(nai)应(ying)(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)无矣,遂将(jiang)以(yi)酒食(shi)复(fu)进曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),如此(ci),是(shi)谓(wei)(wei)养(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口体(ti)而(er)(er)已。必(bi)(bi)若曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)养(yang)父(fu)(fu),乃(nai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)谓(wei)(wei)养(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin),若曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin),则(ze)可(ke)(ke)(ke)矣。盖(gai)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)知父(fu)(fu)欲有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)馀者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)爱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孙(sun),故徇而(er)(er)请(qing)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)与,问有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)馀,故复(fu)应(ying)(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。是(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遂其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)意,而(er)(er)不(bu)违(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故曰(yue)养(yang)志(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)元反此(ci),盖(gai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)违(wei)逆(ni)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi)意,但为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)养(yang)口体(ti)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),非(fei)(fei)养(yang)志(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)言(yan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)(qin)(qin)若曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),则(ze)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孝(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。
孟子曰:“人不足与也,政不足与间也。惟大人为能格君心之非。(,过也。《诗》云:“室人交遍我。”,非。格,正也。时皆小人居位,不足过责也。政教不足复非讠尤,独得大人为辅臣,乃能正君之非法度也。)
君仁莫不仁,君义莫不义,君正莫不正,一正君而国定矣。”(正君之身,一国定矣。欲使大人正之。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“一正君而国定矣”。
○正义曰:此章指言小人为政,不足间非;贤臣正君,使握道机。君正国定,下不邪侈,将何间者也?“孟子曰:人不足与也”至“为能格君心之非”者,孟子言小人在位,不能事君,不足责之也,所行政教亦不足间非也,惟大人之为臣而事其君,故能格正君心之非也。
○注“《诗》云室人交遍我”。
○正义曰:盖《诗·国风(feng)·北(bei)门》之(zhi)篇(pian)文也(ye)(ye),云我(wo)入自外,室人交遍(bian)谪我(wo)。笺云:“我(wo)从外入,在室之(zhi)人,更迭遍(bian)来责我(wo),使(shi)己去也(ye)(ye)。言室人亦不知己志(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”
孟子曰:“有不虞之誉,有求全之毁。”(虞,度也。言人之行,有不虞度其时有名誉而得者,若尾生本与妇人期于梁下,不度水之卒至,遂至没溺,而获守信之誉。求全之毁者,陈不瞻将赴君难,闻金鼓之声,失气而死,可谓欲求全其节,而反有怯弱之毁者也。)
[疏]正义曰:此章指言不虞获誉,不可为戒;求全受毁,未足惩咎:君子正行,不由斯二者也。孟子言人有不虞度其功而终获其名誉,又有欲求全其行而终反受其人之毁者。以言其君子之人,于毁、誉不容心于其间,但务为善之实而不期人之誉,务去其不善之实而不愠人之毁,是皆行义以俟命而已矣。
○注尾生与陈不瞻之事。
○正义曰:此皆据《史(shi)记》之文而言之也。其事烦,故不(bu)重述耳。
孟子曰:“人之易其言也,无责耳矣。”(人之轻易其言,不得失言之咎责也。一说人之轻易不肯谏正君者,以其不在言责之位者也。)
[疏(shu)]正义曰(yue):此章(zhang)指(zhi)言言出于身,驷(si)不(bu)及舌(she),不(bu)惟其责,则易之张。
孟子曰:“人之患,在好为人师。”(人之所患,患于不知己未有可师而好为人师者,乃惑也。)
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):此章指言君子(zi)好谋而成,临事(shi)而惧,时然后言,畏(wei)失(shi)言也。故曰(yue)师(shi)哉(zai)师(shi)哉(zai),桐(tong)子(zi)之命,不慎则(ze)有(you)患矣(yi)。言君子(zi)之患,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)好为人(ren)师(shi)也。“孟子(zi)曰(yue):人(ren)之患,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)好为人(ren)师(shi)”者,孟子(zi)言人(ren)之有(you)患,非他(ta),特(te)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)好为人(ren)之师(shi)也。盖(gai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)患在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于不知己,未有(you)可(ke)师(shi)耳,如务在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)好为人(ren)师(shi),则(ze)惑也。
乐正子从于子敖之齐。乐正子见孟子。(鲁人乐正克,孟子弟子也,从于齐之右师子敖。子敖使而之鲁,乐正子随之来之齐也。孟子在齐,乐正子见之也。)
孟子曰:“子亦来见我乎?”(孟子见其来见迟,故云亦来也。)
曰:“先生何为出此言也?”(乐正子曰:先生何为非克而出此言也。)
曰:“子来几日矣?”(孟子问子来几日乎?)
曰:“昔者。”(克曰:昔者来至。昔者,往也。谓数日之间也。)
曰:“昔者,则我出此言也,不亦宜乎?”(孟子曰:昔者来至,而今乃来,我出此言,亦其宜也。孟子重爱乐正子,欲亟见之,深思望重也。)
曰:“舍馆未定。”(克曰:所止舍馆未定,故不即来也。馆,客舍。)
曰:“子闻之也,‘舍馆定然后求见长者’乎?”(孟子曰:子闻见长者之礼当须舍馆定乃见之乎?)
曰:“克有罪。”(乐正子谢过服罪也。)
[疏]“乐正子”至“克有罪”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此章指言尊师重(zhong)道(dao),敬贤事长,人(ren)之大纲。乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)好善,故孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)讥(ji)之,责贤者(zhe)备也(ye)。“乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)从(cong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)敖(ao)之齐(qi)”,乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)从(cong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)敖(ao)往齐(qi),而见(jian)(jian)孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。“孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亦(yi)来见(jian)(jian)我(wo)乎(hu)”,孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)见(jian)(jian)乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)来迟,故曰(yue)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亦(yi)来见(jian)(jian)我(wo)乎(hu)?”“曰(yue)先(xian)生何为出(chu)(chu)此言也(ye)”,乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)问孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),何为于(yu)我(wo)而出(chu)(chu)此言也(ye)。“曰(yue)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)来几日(ri)矣”,孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)问乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)从(cong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)敖(ao)到齐(qi)以(yi)几日(ri)乎(hu)?“曰(yue)昔(xi)者(zhe)”,乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):往日(ri)来至,若数日(ri)之间(jian)也(ye)。“曰(yue)昔(xi)者(zhe),则(ze)我(wo)出(chu)(chu)此言也(ye),不(bu)亦(yi)宜乎(hu)”,孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)言子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)到数日(ri),而今乃(nai)(nai)(nai)来见(jian)(jian)我(wo),则(ze)我(wo)出(chu)(chu)此言,是其(qi)宜也(ye)。“曰(yue)舍(she)馆(guan)未定(ding)”,乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)曰(yue):为客馆(guan)所止未定(ding),故不(bu)能即来也(ye)。“曰(yue)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)闻之也(ye),舍(she)馆(guan)定(ding)然后(hou)求见(jian)(jian)长者(zhe)乎(hu)”,孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)言子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曾闻见(jian)(jian)长者(zhe)之礼,必待舍(she)馆(guan)定(ding)然后(hou)乃(nai)(nai)(nai)见(jian)(jian)长者(zhe)乎(hu)!“曰(yue)克(ke)有(you)罪”,乐正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)是无所答,乃(nai)(nai)(nai)对孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):是克(ke)有(you)罪也(ye)。以(yi)其(qi)待舍(she)馆(guan)定(ding)然后(hou)见(jian)(jian),非尊师重(zhong)道(dao)者(zhe)也(ye)。宜孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)此责之。
孟子谓乐正子曰:“子之从于子敖来,徒啜也。我不意子学古之道,而以啜也。”(子敖,齐之贵人右师王者也。学而不行其道,徒食饮而已,谓之啜也。乐正子本学古圣人之道,而今随从贵人,无所匡正,故言不意子但啜也。)
[疏]“孟子谓乐正子曰”至“而以啜”。
○正义曰:此章指言学优则仕,仕以行道,否则隐逸,啜沉浮,君子不与。是以孟子咨嗟乐正子者也。“孟子谓乐正子曰:子之从于子敖来,徒啜也。我不意子学古之道,而以啜也”者,孟子谓乐克曰:子随右师来至齐,是徒以食饮而已。我不意有如子本学古圣人之道,而且今随右师之游,而以徒为其饮食也。孟子所以言此,盖谓子敖我未尝与之学古者,而今子乃随之游,是诎道以从人之谓也。
○注云“子敖,齐之贵人右师王者”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此盖以经文推而为(wei)解也(ye)。《公(gong)孙丑》篇云:“孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)为(wei)卿于(yu)齐,出吊于(yu)滕王。使盖大夫王为(wei)辅行,王朝暮见,反齐、滕之路,未尝与(yu)(yu)(yu)之言(yan)行事也(ye)。”下卷言(yan):“公(gong)行有(you)子(zi)之丧。右(you)师往吊,入门,有(you)进而与(yu)(yu)(yu)右(you)师言(yan)者(zhe),有(you)就右(you)师之位(wei)而与(yu)(yu)(yu)右(you)师言(yan)者(zhe)。孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)不与(yu)(yu)(yu)右(you)师言(yan)。右(you)师不悦,曰:‘诸君子(zi)皆与(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan),孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)独不与(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan),是简(jian)也(ye)。’孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)闻之,曰:‘礼也(ye),子(zi)敖以我为(wei)简(jian),不亦(yi)异乎?’”是知(zhi)为(wei)齐之贵人右(you)师王者(zhe)也(ye)。
孟子曰:“不孝有三,无后为大。(于礼有不孝者三事,谓阿意曲从,陷亲不义,一不孝也。家穷亲老,不为禄仕,二不孝也。不娶无子,绝先祖祀,三不孝也。三者之中,无后为大。)
舜不告而娶,为无后也,君子以为犹告也。”(舜惧无后,故不告而娶。君子知舜告焉不得而娶,娶而告父母,礼也;舜不以告,权也:故曰犹告,与告同也。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“君子以为犹告也”。
○正义曰:此章指言量其轻重,无后不可,是以大舜受尧二女,夫三不孝,蔽者所暗,至于大圣,卓然匪疑,所以垂法也。“孟子曰:不孝有三,无后为大”者,言不孝于礼有三,惟先祖无以承,后世无以继,为不孝之大者,而阿意曲从,陷亲于不义,家贫亲老,不为禄仕,特不孝之小而已。“舜以不告而娶,为无后也,君子以为犹告也”,故孟子乃言此,以谓舜受尧之二女,所以不告父母而娶,是为其无后也,告之则不得娶故也。君子于舜不告而娶,是亦言舜犹告而娶之也。以其反礼而合义,故君子以为不告犹告也。
○注“尧二女”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):案古史云(yun):舜有二妃(fei),一曰(yue)娥皇,二曰(yue)女英,并尧(yao)之女。
孟子曰:“仁之实,事亲是也。义之实,从兄是也。智之实,知斯二者弗去是也。(事皆有实。事亲、从兄,仁、义之实也。知仁、义所用而不去之,则智之实也。)
礼之实,节文斯二者是也。乐之实,乐斯二者。(礼义之实,节文事亲从兄,使不失其节,而文其礼敬之容,故中心乐之也。)
乐则生矣,生则恶可已也。恶可已,则不知足之蹈之,手之舞之。”(乐此事亲从兄,出于中心,则乐生其中矣。乐生之至,安可已也,岂能自觉足蹈节、手舞曲哉!)
[疏]“孟(meng)子曰”至(zhi)(zhi)“足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蹈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),手之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。正义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)曰:此章指言(yan)仁(ren)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)在(zai)于(yu)孝(xiao)弟,孝(xiao)弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)通于(yu)神明,况(kuang)于(yu)歌舞(wu)不(bu)(bu)能自知,盖有(you)诸中、形于(yu)外也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孟(meng)子曰:仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实,事(shi)(shi)亲(qin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”至(zhi)(zhi)“知斯(si)二者(zhe)弗去(qu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),孟(meng)子言(yan)仁(ren)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)实在(zai)事(shi)(shi)亲(qin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)实在(zai)从兄(xiong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)其事(shi)(shi)亲(qin),孝(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);从兄(xiong),悌也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。能孝(xiao)、悌,是(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)仁(ren)、义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)矣。智(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)实在(zai)知事(shi)(shi)亲(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孝(xiao)、从兄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟而(er)(er)(er)弗去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实,节文斯(si)二者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实,乐(le)(le)斯(si)二者(zhe)”,言(yan)礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)实使事(shi)(shi)亲(qin)从兄(xiong)者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。由(you)此言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)事(shi)(shi)亲(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孝(xiao),为(wei)(wei)仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实,凡(fan)移之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)事(shi)(shi)君者(zhe),则(ze)为(wei)(wei)仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)华也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。从兄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悌,为(wei)(wei)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实,则(ze)知凡(fan)移于(yu)从长者(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)华也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。知义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)智(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实,则(ze)知前识者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)智(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)华也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实,在(zai)仁(ren)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),则(ze)威仪为(wei)(wei)礼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)华也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实,在(zai)仁(ren)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),则(ze)节奏为(wei)(wei)乐(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)华也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡(fan)此是(shi)(shi)(shi)皆从而(er)(er)(er)可(ke)知矣。“乐(le)(le)则(ze)生(sheng)矣,生(sheng)则(ze)恶可(ke)已(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。恶可(ke)已(yi)(yi),则(ze)不(bu)(bu)知足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蹈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),手之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,言(yan)由(you)仁(ren)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实充之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)乐(le)(le)则(ze)流通而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)郁(yu),日进而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)已(yi)(yi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)其乐(le)(le)则(ze)生(sheng),生(sheng)则(ze)乌(wu)可(ke)已(yi)(yi)。乌(wu)可(ke)已(yi)(yi),则(ze)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)心,而(er)(er)(er)形之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)四体(ti),故(gu)不(bu)(bu)知手舞(wu)足蹈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。盖当(dang)时有(you)夷子不(bu)(bu)知一本(ben),告(gao)子以(yi)义(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)外,故(gu)孟(meng)子宜(yi)以(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)救当(dang)时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
孟子曰:“天下大悦而将归己,视天下悦而归己犹草芥也,惟舜为然。(舜不以天下将归己为乐,号泣于天。)
不得乎亲,不可以为人。不顺乎亲,不可以为子。舜尽事亲之道,而瞽瞍豫。瞽瞍豫,而天下化。瞽瞍底豫,而天下之为父子者定。此之谓大孝。”(舜以不顺亲意为非人子。,致也。豫,乐也。瞽瞍,顽父也。尽其孝道,而顽父致乐,使天下化之,为父子之道者定也。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“此之谓大孝”。
○正义曰:此章指言以天下富贵为不若得意于亲,故能怀协顽器,豫而欣,天下化之,父子加亲,故称盛德者,必百世祀,无与比崇。“孟子曰:天下大悦而将归己,视天下悦而归己犹草芥也,惟舜为然”者,孟子言天下之人皆大悦乐而将归向己,视天下悦而归己但若一草芥,不以为意者,惟大舜为能如此也。“不得乎亲,不可以为人。不顺乎亲,不可以为子”至“此之谓大孝”者,孟子又言人若不得事亲之道,则不可以为人;若得事亲之道,而不能顺事亲之志,故不可以为人之子。惟舜能尽其事父母之道,而瞽瞍顽へ,且亦致乐。瞽瞍既以致乐而先天下,而天下亦从而化之。瞽瞍致乐,故天下父子者亲亲之道定,此所以为舜之大孝矣。故曰此之谓大孝。
○注“瞽瞍顽父也”。
○正义曰(yue):瞽瞍者,案孔安国(guo)《尚书》传云:“无目曰(yue)瞽。”舜父有(you)目,不(bu)能分别好恶,故时人谓之瞽。配字曰(yue)瞍,瞍,无目之称。顽者,《左传》云:“心不(bu)则德(de)义之经为顽。”
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