●卷三·八佾第三
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):前(qian)篇论为(wei)(wei)政。为(wei)(wei)政之善,莫善礼(li)乐(le),礼(li)以安(an)上治民,乐(le)以移风易俗,得(de)之则安(an),失之则危,故此篇论礼(li)乐(le)得(de)失也。
孔子谓季氏,“八(ba)佾舞於庭,是可(ke)(ke)忍也(ye),孰(shu)不可(ke)(ke)忍也(ye)?”(马曰(yue):“孰(shu),谁也(ye)。佾,列(lie)也(ye)。天子八(ba)佾,诸侯六(liu),卿大夫四(si),士二。八(ba)人为(wei)列(lie),八(ba)八(ba)六(liu)十四(si)人。鲁以周公故受(shou)王(wang)者礼乐(le),有八(ba)佾之舞。季桓子僭於其家庙舞之,故孔子讥(ji)之。”)
[疏]“孔子”至“忍也”。
○正义曰:此章论鲁卿季氏僭用礼乐之事。“孔子谓季氏,八佾舞於庭”者,谓者,评论之称。季氏,鲁卿,於时当桓子也。佾,列也。舞者八人为列,八八六十四人。桓子用此八佾舞於家庙之庭,故孔子评论而讥之。“是可忍也,孰不可忍也”者,此孔子所讥之语也。孰,谁也。人之僭礼,皆当罪责,不可容忍。季氏以陪臣而僭天子,最难容忍,故曰:“若是可容忍,他人更谁不可忍也?”
○注“马曰”至“讥之”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):“孰,谁(shei)”,《释(shi)诂》文(wen)(wen)。“佾(yi)(yi)(yi),列”,书传(chuan)(chuan)通训也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi),诸侯(hou)六(liu),大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)四(si)(si)(si),士(shi)二(er)(er)”者(zhe)(zhe),隐五(wu)年《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)》文(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)列,八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),杜预、何(he)(he)休说如此。其(qi)(qi)(qi)诸侯(hou)用(yong)(yong)六(liu)者(zhe)(zhe),六(liu)六(liu)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)四(si)(si)(si),四(si)(si)(si)四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。士(shi)二(er)(er),二(er)(er)二(er)(er)四(si)(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。服(fu)虔(qian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)六(liu)为(wei)(wei)六(liu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren),大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)四(si)(si)(si)为(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)(si)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren),士(shi)二(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。今以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)势宜方,行列既减,即每行人(ren)(ren)(ren)数(shu)(shu)亦(yi)宜减,故(gu)(gu)(gu)同何(he)(he)、杜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说。天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),案隐五(wu)年《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)》:“考仲子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宫将万焉(yan)。公问羽(yu)数(shu)(shu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)众仲,对曰(yue):‘天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba),诸侯(hou)用(yong)(yong)六(liu),大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)四(si)(si)(si),士(shi)二(er)(er)。’夫(fu)(fu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)音(yin)(yin)而行八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)风(feng),故(gu)(gu)(gu)自八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下。”杜预云(yun):“唯天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)尽(jin)物数(shu)(shu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)为(wei)(wei)列,诸侯(hou)则不(bu)(bu)敢用(yong)(yong)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)。”所(suo)(suo)谓八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)音(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe),金(jin)、石、土(tu)、革(ge)、丝(si)(si)、木、匏(pao)(pao)、竹也(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑玄云(yun):“金(jin),锺也(ye)(ye)(ye)。石,磬也(ye)(ye)(ye)。土(tu),埙也(ye)(ye)(ye)。革(ge),鼓(gu)鼗(tao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。丝(si)(si),琴瑟(se)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。木,也(ye)(ye)(ye)。匏(pao)(pao),笙(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。竹,管箫也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”所(suo)(suo)谓八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)风(feng)者(zhe)(zhe),服(fu)虔(qian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)卦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng):“乾音(yin)(yin)石,其(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)。坎(kan)音(yin)(yin)革(ge),其(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)广莫。艮音(yin)(yin)匏(pao)(pao),其(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)融,震音(yin)(yin)竹,其(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)明(ming)庶。巽音(yin)(yin)木,其(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)清(qing)明(ming)。离音(yin)(yin)丝(si)(si),其(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)景(jing)。坤音(yin)(yin)土(tu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)凉(liang)。兑音(yin)(yin)金(jin),其(qi)(qi)(qi)风(feng)阊阖(he)。”又(you)《易纬·通卦验》云(yun):“立春(chun)调风(feng)至(zhi),春(chun)分明(ming)庶风(feng)至(zhi),立夏清(qing)明(ming)风(feng)至(zhi),夏至(zhi)景(jing)风(feng)至(zhi),立秋凉(liang)风(feng)至(zhi),秋分阊阖(he)风(feng)至(zhi),立冬不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)风(feng)至(zhi),冬至(zhi)广莫风(feng)至(zhi)。”是则天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)节(jie)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)音(yin)(yin)而行八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)风(feng),故(gu)(gu)(gu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“鲁(lu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)(zhou)公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)受王者(zhe)(zhe)礼(li)乐(le)(le),有八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”者(zhe)(zhe),此释(shi)季氏(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)得(de)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you),由(you)鲁(lu)得(de)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。案《礼(li)记·祭(ji)统》云(yun):“昔者(zhe)(zhe),周(zhou)(zhou)公且有勋(xun)劳於(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)下,成王、康王赐(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)重(zhong)(zhong)祭(ji),朱干玉戚以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)《大(da)(da)武》,八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)《大(da)(da)夏》。此天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乐(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye),重(zhong)(zhong)周(zhou)(zhou)公,故(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)赐(ci)鲁(lu)。”又(you)《明(ming)堂位》曰(yue):“命鲁(lu)公世世祀周(zhou)(zhou)公以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)乐(le)(le)。”是受王者(zhe)(zhe)礼(li)乐(le)(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然王者(zhe)(zhe)礼(li)乐(le)(le)唯得(de)於(wu)(wu)(wu)文(wen)(wen)王、周(zhou)(zhou)公庙用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),若用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)他庙,亦(yi)为(wei)(wei)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)昭二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年《公羊传(chuan)(chuan)》称昭公谓子(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)(jia)驹曰(yue):“吾何(he)(he)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)哉?”答曰(yue):“朱干玉戚以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)《大(da)(da)夏》,八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)佾(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)《大(da)(da)武》,此皆(jie)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”是昭公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,僭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)他庙也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“季桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)家(jia)(jia)庙舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)讥(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),案《经》但云(yun)季氏(shi)(shi),知(zhi)是桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)与桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)同时,亲(qin)见(jian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)事而讥(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)知(zhi)桓(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。何(he)(he)休云(yun):“僭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),齐(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),下效(xiao)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞。”季氏(shi)(shi),陪臣(chen)也(ye)(ye)(ye),而效(xiao)君於(wu)(wu)(wu)上,故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)称家(jia)(jia)。《祭(ji)法》:“大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)三庙。”此《经》又(you)言“於(wu)(wu)(wu)庭(ting)”。鲁(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)乐(le)(le),见(jian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)经传(chuan)(chuan)者(zhe)(zhe),皆(jie)据庙中祭(ji)祀时,知(zhi)此亦(yi)僭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)於(wu)(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)家(jia)(jia)庙舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)讥(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
三(san)(san)家(jia)者以《雍(yong)》彻。(马曰:“三(san)(san)家(jia),谓仲孙(sun)(sun),叔孙(sun)(sun),季孙(sun)(sun)。《雍(yong)》,《周颂·臣工》篇(pian)名。天子(zi)祭(ji)於宗(zong)庙,歌之以彻祭(ji)。今(jin)三(san)(san)家(jia)亦作此乐。”)子(zi)曰:“‘相维辟公,天子(zi)穆(mu)穆(mu)’,奚(xi)取於三(san)(san)家(jia)之堂?”(包曰:“辟公,谓诸侯及(ji)二王之後。穆(mu)穆(mu),天子(zi)之容貌。《雍(yong)》篇(pian)歌此者,有(you)诸侯及(ji)二王之後来(lai)助祭(ji)故也。今(jin)三(san)(san)家(jia)但家(jia)臣而(er)已,何取此义而(er)作之於堂邪(xie)?”)
[疏]“三家”至“之堂”。
○正义曰:此章讥三家之僭也。“三家者以《雍》彻”者,此弟子之言,将论夫子所讥之语,故先设此文以为首引。三家,谓仲孙、叔孙、季孙。《雍》,《周颂·臣工》篇名。天子祭於宗庙,歌之以彻祭。今三家亦作此乐以彻祭,故夫子讥之。“子曰:‘相维辟公,天子穆穆’,奚取於三家之堂”者,此夫子所讥之语也。先引《诗》文,後言其不可取之理也。“相维辟公,天子穆穆”者,此《雍》诗之文也。相,助也;维,辞也;辟公,谓诸侯及二王之後;穆穆,天子之容貌。《雍》篇歌此者,有诸侯及二王之後来助祭故也。今三家但家臣而已,何取此义而作之於堂乎?
○注“马曰”至“此乐”。
○正义曰:三孙同是鲁桓公之後。桓公子庄公为君,庶子公子庆父、公子叔牙、公子季友。仲孙是庆父之後,叔孙是叔牙之後,季孙是季友之後。其後子孙皆以其仲、叔、季为氏,故有此氏。并是桓公子孙,故俱称孙也。至仲孙氏後世改仲曰孟。孟者,庶长之称也。言已是庶,不敢与庄公为伯仲叔季之次,故取庶长为始也。云:《雍》,《周颂·臣工》篇名”者,即《周颂·臣工之什》第七篇也。“天子祭於宗庙,歌之以彻祭”者,案《周礼·乐师》云:“及彻,帅学士而歌彻。”郑玄云:“彻者,歌《雍》。”又《小师》云:“彻歌。”郑云:“於有司彻而歌《雍》。”是知天子祭於宗庙,歌之以彻祭也。今三家亦作此乐,故夫子讥之也。
○注“包曰”至“堂邪”。
○正义曰(yue):云(yun):“辟公,谓诸侯(hou)及二(er)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後(hou)(hou)”者(zhe),此与《毛传》同。郑(zheng)玄以“辟为(wei)卿士,公谓诸侯(hou)”为(wei)异,馀亦同也。云(yun)“穆(mu)穆(mu),天(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)貌”者(zhe),《曲礼》云(yun):“天(tian)子(zi)穆(mu)穆(mu)。”《尔雅·释诂》云(yun):“穆(mu)穆(mu),美也。”是(shi)天(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)貌,穆(mu)穆(mu)然美也。云(yun)“《雍(yong)》篇(pian)歌此者(zhe),有诸侯(hou)及二(er)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後(hou)(hou)来助祭(ji)故也”者(zhe),将言无诸侯(hou)及二(er)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後(hou)(hou)助祭(ji),则不(bu)可歌也。云(yun)“今三家(jia)(jia)但家(jia)(jia)臣而(er)已,何取此义而(er)作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於堂邪”者(zhe),卿大(da)夫称家(jia)(jia)。家(jia)(jia)臣,谓家(jia)(jia)相邑(yi)宰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属来助祭(ji)耳,何取此《雍(yong)》诗(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义而(er)奏作(zuo)於堂邪?邪,语辞。鲁用天(tian)子(zi)礼乐(le)以《雍(yong)》彻,由是(shi)三家(jia)(jia)僭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也。
子曰:“人而(er)不(bu)仁(ren),如(ru)礼(li)何?人而(er)不(bu)仁(ren),如(ru)乐何?”(包曰:“言人而(er)不(bu)仁(ren),必(bi)不(bu)能(neng)行礼(li)乐。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“乐何”。
○正义曰(yue):此章(zhang)言礼乐(le)(le)资仁(ren)而(er)(er)行也(ye)。“人而(er)(er)不(bu)仁(ren),如礼何(he)?人而(er)(er)不(bu)仁(ren),如乐(le)(le)何(he)”者(zhe),如,奈也(ye)。言人而(er)(er)不(bu)仁(ren),奈此礼乐(le)(le)何(he)?谓必不(bu)能行礼乐(le)(le)也(ye)。
林(lin)放(fang)问礼之本。(郑(zheng)曰:“林(lin)放(fang),鲁人。”)子曰:“大哉问!礼,与其奢也(ye),宁俭(jian)(jian)。丧,与其易(yi)也(ye),宁戚。”(包曰:“易(yi),和易(yi)也(ye)。言礼之本意,失於奢,不如俭(jian)(jian);丧,失於和易(yi),不如哀戚。”)
[疏]“林放”至“宁戚”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此章明礼之(zhi)本(ben)意(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。“林(lin)放问(wen)礼之(zhi)本(ben)”者(zhe),林(lin)放,鲁人也(ye)(ye)。问(wen)於(wu)(wu)(wu)夫(fu)子(zi),礼之(zhi)本(ben)意(yi)(yi)如何?“子(zi)曰(yue):大哉问(wen)”者(zhe),夫(fu)子(zi)将(jiang)答礼本(ben),先(xian)叹美之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。礼之(zhi)末节,人尚不(bu)(bu)(bu)知,林(lin)放能问(wen)其本(ben),其意(yi)(yi)非(fei)小,故(gu)曰(yue)“大哉问(wen)”也(ye)(ye)。“礼,与(yu)其奢(she)也(ye)(ye),宁(ning)俭(jian)(jian)。丧(sang),与(yu)其易(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye),宁(ning)戚(qi)”者(zhe),此夫(fu)子(zi)所答礼本(ben)也(ye)(ye)。奢(she),汰侈(chi)也(ye)(ye)。俭(jian)(jian),约省(sheng)也(ye)(ye)。易(yi)(yi)(yi),和易(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)。戚(qi),哀戚(qi)也(ye)(ye)。与(yu),犹等也(ye)(ye)。奢(she)与(yu)俭(jian)(jian)、易(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)戚(qi)等,俱不(bu)(bu)(bu)合礼,但(dan)礼不(bu)(bu)(bu)欲失(shi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)奢(she),宁(ning)失(shi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)俭(jian)(jian);丧(sang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)欲失(shi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)易(yi)(yi)(yi),宁(ning)失(shi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)戚(qi)。言(yan)礼之(zhi)本(ben)意(yi)(yi),礼失(shi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)奢(she)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如俭(jian)(jian),丧(sang)失(shi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)和易(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如哀戚(qi)。
子(zi)曰:“夷狄之有君,不(bu)如诸夏(xia)之亡(wang)也。”(包曰:“诸夏(xia),中国。亡(wang),无也。”)
[疏]“子曰:夷狄之有君,不如诸夏之亡也”。
○正义曰:此章言中国礼义之盛,而夷狄无也。举夷狄,则戎蛮可知。诸夏,中国也。亡,无也。言夷狄虽有君长而无礼义,中国虽偶无君,若周、召共和之年,而礼义不废,故曰:“夷狄之有君,不如诸夏之亡也。”
○注“包曰:诸夏,中国”。
○正义曰:此及闵元年《左(zuo)氏传》皆言诸夏(xia)(xia)。襄四年《左(zuo)传》:“魏(wei)绛云(yun):‘诸夷必(bi)叛(pan)。’”华(hua)(hua)夏(xia)(xia)皆谓(wei)中国,而谓(wei)之华(hua)(hua)夏(xia)(xia)者,夏(xia)(xia),大也。言有(you)礼(li)仪(yi)之大,有(you)文章之华(hua)(hua)也。
季氏旅於泰山(shan)(shan)。子谓冉有(you)曰:“女弗能救与(yu)?”(马曰:“旅,祭(ji)名也。礼,诸侯祭(ji)山(shan)(shan)川在其封内者。今陪臣祭(ji)泰山(shan)(shan),非礼也。冉有(you),弟子冉求,时仕於季氏。救,犹止也。”)对曰:“不(bu)(bu)能。”子曰:呜呼!曾谓泰山(shan)(shan)不(bu)(bu)如林(lin)放(fang)乎?(包曰:“神(shen)(shen)不(bu)(bu)享非礼。林(lin)放(fang)尚知问(wen)礼,泰山(shan)(shan)之神(shen)(shen)反(fan)不(bu)(bu)如林(lin)放(fang)邪?欲诬而祭(ji)之。”)
[疏]“季氏”至“放乎”。
○正义曰:此章讥季氏非礼祭泰山也。“季氏旅於泰山”者,旅,祭名也。礼,诸侯祭山川在其封内者。今陪臣祭泰山,非礼也。“子谓冉有曰:女弗能救与”者,冉有,弟子冉求,时仕於季氏。救,犹止也。夫子见季氏非礼而祭泰山,故以言谓弟子冉有曰:“汝既臣於季氏,知其非礼,即合谏止。女岂不能谏止与?”与,语辞。“对曰:不能”者,言季氏僭滥,已不能谏止也。“子曰:呜呼!曾谓泰山不如林放乎”者,孔子叹其失礼,故曰呜呼。曾之言则也。夫神不享非礼。林放尚知问礼,况泰山之神,岂反不如林放乎?而季氏欲诬罔而祭之也?言泰山之神必不享季氏之祭。若其享之,则是不如林放也。
○注“马曰”至“止也”。
○正义曰:云:“旅,祭(ji)名(ming)”者(zhe)(zhe),《周礼·太(tai)宗伯职》云:“国(guo)有(you)大故(gu)(gu)(gu),明旅上帝及四(si)望。”郑(zheng)注(zhu)云:“故(gu)(gu)(gu),谓(wei)凶(xiong)。旅,陈也(ye)(ye),陈其(qi)(qi)祭(ji)事以(yi)祈焉,礼不(bu)如祀(si)之(zhi)备也(ye)(ye)。”故(gu)(gu)(gu)知“旅,祭(ji)名(ming)”也(ye)(ye)。云“礼,诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)祭(ji)山川(chuan)在其(qi)(qi)封内者(zhe)(zhe)“,《王制》云“诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)祭(ji)名(ming)山大川(chuan)之(zhi)在其(qi)(qi)地者(zhe)(zhe)”是也(ye)(ye)。云“今陪(pei)(pei)臣(chen)祭(ji)泰(tai)山,非礼也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),陪(pei)(pei),重也(ye)(ye)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)既为(wei)(wei)天(tian)子之(zhi)臣(chen),故(gu)(gu)(gu)谓(wei)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之(zhi)臣(chen)为(wei)(wei)陪(pei)(pei)臣(chen)。泰(tai)山在鲁封内,故(gu)(gu)(gu)鲁得祭(ji)之(zhi)。今季氏亦(yi)祭(ji),故(gu)(gu)(gu)云非礼。云“冉有(you),弟子冉求”者(zhe)(zhe),《史记·弟子传》云:“冉求字(zi)子有(you),少(shao)孔(kong)子二十九(jiu)岁(sui)。”郑(zheng)玄曰:“鲁人。”
子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“君子(zi)(zi)无所(suo)(suo)争(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。必也射(she)乎!(孔曰(yue):“言(yan)於(wu)射(she)而後有争(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。”)揖让而升,下而饮(yin)。(王曰(yue):“射(she)於(wu)堂,升及下皆揖让而相饮(yin)。”)其争(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)也君子(zi)(zi)。”(马曰(yue):“多饮(yin)少,君子(zi)(zi)之所(suo)(suo)争(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“君子”。
○正义曰:此章言射礼有君子之风也。“君子无所争”者,言君子之人,谦卑自牧,无所竞争也。“必也射乎”者,君子虽於他事无争,其或有争,必也於射礼乎!言於射而後有争也。“揖让而升,下而饮”者,射礼於堂,将射升堂,及射毕而下,胜饮不胜,其耦皆以礼相揖让也。“其争也君子”者,射者争中正鹄而已,不同小人厉色援臂,故曰“其争也君子”。
○注“孔曰:言於射而後有争”。
○正义曰:郑注《射义》云:“饮射爵者亦揖让而升降。胜者袒,决遂,执张弓。不胜者袭,说决拾,左手,右加弛弓於其上而升饮。君子耻之,是以射则争中。”是於射而後有争。
○注“王曰”至“相饮”。
○正义曰:云“射於堂,升及下皆揖让而相饮”者,《仪礼·大射》云:“耦进,上射在左并行,当阶北面揖,及阶揖,升堂揖,皆当其物,北面揖,及物揖。射毕,北面揖,揖如升射。”是射时升降揖让也。《大射》又云:“饮射爵之时,胜者皆袒,决遂,执张弓,不胜者皆袭,说决拾,左手,右加弛弓于其上,遂以执付,揖如始升射。及阶,胜者先升,升堂少右,不胜者进北面坐,取丰上之觯,立,卒觯,坐奠於丰下。兴揖,不胜者先降。”是饮射爵之时揖让升降也。
○注“马曰多”至“所争”。
○正义曰(yue):云:“多饮少(shao)”者,,筹也。《乡射(she)记》曰(yue)“箭筹八十,长尺有握,握素”是也。多谓胜者,少(shao)谓不(bu)胜者,胜饮不(bu)胜而(er)相揖让,故曰(yue)君子之所争也。
子(zi)夏(xia)问曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“‘巧笑倩(qian)兮,美(mei)目(mu)盼(pan)兮,素(su)(su)以(yi)为绚(xuan)兮。’何谓也(ye)?”(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“倩(qian),笑貌(mao)。盼(pan),动目(mu)貌(mao)。绚(xuan),文貌(mao)。此上(shang)二句在(zai)《卫风·硕人(ren)》之二章,其(qi)下(xia)一句逸也(ye)。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“绘(hui)事後素(su)(su)。”(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“绘(hui),画文也(ye)。凡绘(hui)画先布众(zhong)色,然後以(yi)素(su)(su)分布其(qi)间(jian),以(yi)成(cheng)其(qi)文,喻美(mei)女虽有倩(qian)盼(pan)美(mei)质,亦须礼(li)以(yi)成(cheng)之。”)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“礼(li)後乎(hu)?”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)言(yan)(yan)绘(hui)事後素(su)(su),子(zi)夏(xia)闻而解(jie),知以(yi)素(su)(su)喻礼(li),故曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)礼(li)後乎(hu)。”)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“起予者商(shang)也(ye)!始可与言(yan)(yan)《诗(shi)》已矣。”(包曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“予,我也(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)言(yan)(yan),子(zi)夏(xia)能(neng)发明我意,可与共言(yan)(yan)《诗(shi)》。”)
[疏]“子夏”至“《诗》己矣”。
○正义曰:此章言成人须礼也。“子夏问曰:‘巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以为绚兮,何谓也”者,倩,笑貌;盼,动目貌;绚,文貌。此《卫风·硕人》之篇,闵庄姜美而不见答之诗也。言庄姜既有巧笑、美目、倩盼之容,又能以礼成文绚然。素,喻礼也。子夏读《诗》,至此三句,不达其旨,故问夫子何谓也。“子曰:绘事後素”者,孔子举喻以答子夏也。绘,画文也。凡绘画先布众色,然後以素分布其间,以成其文,喻美女虽有倩盼美质,亦须礼以成之也。“曰:礼後乎”者,此子夏语。子夏闻孔子言绘事後素,即解其旨,知以素喻礼,故曰礼後乎。“子曰:起予者商也!始可与言《诗》已矣”者,起,发也;予,我也;商,子夏名。孔子言,能发明我意者,是子夏也,始可与共言《诗》也。
○注“马曰”至“逸也”。
○正义曰:云:“此上二句在《卫风·硕人》之二章”者,案今《毛诗·硕人》四章,章七句,其二章曰“手如柔荑,肤如凝脂,倾如蝤蛴,齿如瓠犀。螓首蛾眉,巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮”是也。云“其下一句逸”者,今《毛诗》无此一句,故曰逸,言亡逸也。
○注“郑曰”至“成之”。
○正(zheng)义曰:案《考工记》云“画(hua)(hua)绘之(zhi)事,杂五色”,下云:“画(hua)(hua)缋之(zhi)事,後素(su)功”,是(shi)知凡(fan)绘画(hua)(hua)先(xian)布众色,然後以素(su)分布其间,以成(cheng)其文章也。
子曰(yue)(yue):“夏(xia)(xia)礼(li),吾(wu)能(neng)言之(zhi)(zhi),不足徵也(ye)(ye)(ye)。殷礼(li),吾(wu)能(neng)言之(zhi)(zhi),宋不足徵也(ye)(ye)(ye)。(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“徵,成也(ye)(ye)(ye)。杞(qi)、宋,二国名,夏(xia)(xia)、殷之(zhi)(zhi)後。夏(xia)(xia)、殷之(zhi)(zhi)礼(li),吾(wu)能(neng)说之(zhi)(zhi),杞(qi)、宋之(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)不足以成也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)文献(xian)不足故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。足,则(ze)吾(wu)能(neng)徵之(zhi)(zhi)矣。”(郑曰(yue)(yue):“献(xian),犹贤(xian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。我不以礼(li)成之(zhi)(zhi)者,以此二国之(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)文章(zhang)贤(xian)才不足故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“徵之矣”。
○正义曰:此章言夏、商之後不能行先王之礼也。“夏礼吾能言之,杞不足徵也。殷礼,吾能言之,宋不足徵也”者,徵,成也。杞、宋二国,言夏、殷之後也。孔子言,夏、殷之礼,吾能说之,但以杞、宋之君ウ弱,不足以成之也。“文献不足故也。足,则吾能徵之矣”者,此又言不足徵之意。献,贤也。孔子言,我不以礼成之者,以此二国之君文章贤才不足故也。
○注“包曰”至“成也”。
○正义曰(yue):“徵,成”,《释诂》文。云“杞、宋(song)(song)二国名,夏(xia)、殷(yin)之(zhi)後”者,《乐记》云:“武王克(ke)殷(yin),下车而封夏(xia)后氏之(zhi)後於(wu)杞,封殷(yin)之(zhi)後於(wu)宋(song)(song)”是也。
子曰:“自既灌(guan)而往(wang)者(zhe),吾不欲(yu)观(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。”(孔曰:“、之(zhi)(zhi)礼,为序(xu)昭(zhao)穆(mu),故毁庙(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)及群庙(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)皆(jie)合食於(wu)太(tai)祖。灌(guan)者(zhe),酌郁鬯灌(guan)於(wu)太(tai)祖,以降神(shen)也(ye)。既灌(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)後,列尊卑(bei),序(xu)昭(zhao)穆(mu)。而鲁逆祀,跻僖公(gong),乱(luan)昭(zhao)穆(mu),故不欲(yu)观(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。”)
[疏]“子曰:自既灌而往者,吾不欲观之矣”。
○正义曰:此章言鲁祭非礼之事。者,五年大祭之名。灌者,将祭,酌郁鬯於太祖,以降神也。既灌之後,列尊卑,序昭穆。而鲁逆祀,跻僖公,乱昭穆,故孔子曰:“祭自既灌己往,吾则不欲观之也。”
○注“孔曰”至“观之”。
○正义曰:云:“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼,为(wei)序昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu),故(gu)毁(hui)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)及(ji)群庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)皆(jie)合(he)(he)食於(wu)(wu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)”者(zhe)(zhe),郑玄曰:“鲁(lu)礼,三(san)年(nian)(nian)丧(sang)毕,而於(wu)(wu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)。明(ming)年(nian)(nian),春於(wu)(wu)群庙(miao)(miao)(miao)。自尔(er)(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後五年(nian)(nian)而再殷祭,以(yi)远主(zhu)(zhu)初(chu)始入祧,新死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)又(you)当(dang)与(yu)先君相接,故(gu)礼因是而为(wei)大(da)祭,以(yi)审序昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu),故(gu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。者(zhe)(zhe),谛也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)(yan)使昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)审谛而不乱也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”者(zhe)(zhe),合(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。文(wen)二(er)年(nian)(nian)《公(gong)(gong)羊传(chuan)》曰“大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)何(he)(he)(he)(he)?合(he)(he)祭也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其合(he)(he)祭奈何(he)(he)(he)(he)?毁(hui)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)陈(chen)于太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu),未(wei)毁(hui)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)皆(jie)升(sheng)合(he)(he)食於(wu)(wu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)”是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云“灌者(zhe)(zhe),酌郁(yu)(yu)(yu)鬯灌於(wu)(wu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu),以(yi)降(jiang)神”者(zhe)(zhe),《郊特牲》云:“周人(ren)尚(shang)(shang)臭,灌用(yong)鬯臭,郁(yu)(yu)(yu)合(he)(he)鬯,臭阴达於(wu)(wu)渊泉(quan),灌以(yi)圭(gui)璋(zhang),用(yong)玉气也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。既(ji)(ji)灌,然後迎(ying)牲,致阴气也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”郑注云:“灌,谓(wei)以(yi)圭(gui)瓒酌鬯,始献神也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”郁(yu)(yu)(yu),郁(yu)(yu)(yu)金(jin)草,酿为(wei)酒(jiu),煮郁(yu)(yu)(yu)金(jin)草和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其气芬芳调畅,故(gu)曰郁(yu)(yu)(yu)鬯。言(yan)(yan)未(wei)杀(sha)牲,先酌郁(yu)(yu)(yu)鬯酒(jiu)灌地(di),以(yi)求神於(wu)(wu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云“既(ji)(ji)灌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後,列尊(zun)卑,序昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)既(ji)(ji)灌地(di)降(jiang)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)後,始列木主(zhu)(zhu),以(yi)尊(zun)卑陈(chen)列太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)前。太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)东乡,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)南(nan)乡,穆(mu)(mu)(mu)北(bei)乡。其馀(yu)孙从王父(fu),父(fu)曰昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao),子(zi)(zi)曰穆(mu)(mu)(mu)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)取其乡明(ming),穆(mu)(mu)(mu)取其北(bei)面尚(shang)(shang)敬。三(san)年(nian)(nian)一(yi),五年(nian)(nian)一(yi),所(suo)以(yi)异(yi)於(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe),毁(hui)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu),陈(chen)於(wu)(wu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)(zu)(zu),与(yu)同(tong);未(wei)毁(hui)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu),则各就其庙(miao)(miao)(miao)而祭也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云“而鲁(lu)逆祀(si),跻僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong),乱昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu),故(gu)不欲观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),《春秋》“文(wen)二(er)年(nian)(nian)秋八月丁卯,大(da)事于太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)庙(miao)(miao)(miao),跻僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)”。《公(gong)(gong)羊传(chuan)》曰:“跻者(zhe)(zhe)何(he)(he)(he)(he)?升(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。何(he)(he)(he)(he)言(yan)(yan)乎升(sheng)僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)?讥(ji)。何(he)(he)(he)(he)讥(ji)尔(er)(er)?逆祀(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”何(he)(he)(he)(he)休云:“升(sheng),谓(wei)西(xi)上(shang)礼。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu),指父(fu)子(zi)(zi)。近取法《春秋》惠公(gong)(gong)与(yu)庄(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)当(dang)同(tong)南(nan)面西(xi)上(shang),隐、桓与(yu)闵(min)、僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)亦当(dang)同(tong)北(bei)面西(xi)上(shang),继闵(min)者(zhe)(zhe)在下。文(wen)公(gong)(gong)缘僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)於(wu)(wu)闵(min)公(gong)(gong)为(wei)庶(shu)兄,置僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)於(wu)(wu)闵(min)公(gong)(gong)上(shang),失先後之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,故(gu)讥(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”是知当(dang)闵(min)在僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)上(shang)。今(jin)升(sheng)僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)先闵(min),故(gu)云逆祀(si)。二(er)公(gong)(gong)位次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逆,非昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)乱也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此注云“乱昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)”,及(ji)《鲁(lu)语》云“将(jiang)跻僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong),宗有司曰:‘非昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。’弗忌(ji)曰:‘我(wo)为(wei)宗伯(bo),明(ming)者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao),其次(ci)为(wei)穆(mu)(mu)(mu),何(he)(he)(he)(he)常之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有?’”如彼所(suo)言(yan)(yan),又(you)似闵(min)、僖(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)异(yi)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe)(zhe),位次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逆,如昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱,假昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)以(yi)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非谓(wei)异(yi)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若兄弟相代,即异(yi)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)(mu)(mu),设今(jin)兄弟四人(ren)皆(jie)立为(wei)君,则祖(zu)(zu)(zu)父(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)即己从毁(hui),知其理必不然,故(gu)先儒(ru)无(wu)作此说。以(yi)此逆祀(si)失礼,故(gu)孔子(zi)(zi)不欲观之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
或问之(zhi)说(shuo)。子(zi)曰(yue):“不知(zhi)也(ye)。(孔曰(yue):“答以不知(zhi)者,为鲁(lu)讳。”)知(zhi)其(qi)说(shuo)者之(zhi)於(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)也(ye),其(qi)如(ru)(ru)示(shi)诸斯乎!”指其(qi)掌。(包曰(yue):“孔子(zi)谓或人,言知(zhi)礼(li)之(zhi)说(shuo)者,於(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)事(shi),如(ru)(ru)指示(shi)掌中之(zhi)物,言其(qi)易了。”)
[疏]“或问”至“其掌”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此(ci)(ci)章(zhang)言(yan)讳国(guo)恶(e)之(zhi)礼(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“或(huo)问之(zhi)说”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),或(huo)人问孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),祭之(zhi)礼(li)其(qi)(qi)(qi)说何(he)如?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答(da)(da)言(yan),不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)礼(li)之(zhi)说。答(da)(da)以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),为鲁讳。讳国(guo)恶(e),礼(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)说之(zhi),当云“之(zhi)礼(li),序昭(zhao)穆”。时(shi)(shi)鲁跻(ji)僖公,乱昭(zhao)穆,说之(zhi)则彰国(guo)之(zhi)恶(e),故但(dan)言(yan)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)说者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)於天下(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),其(qi)(qi)(qi)如示诸(zhu)斯(si)乎也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),诸(zhu),於也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);斯(si),此(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)既(ji)答(da)(da)或(huo)人以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)礼(li)之(zhi)说,若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)更说,恐或(huo)人以(yi)(yi)为己实不(bu)(bu)知(zhi),无(wu)以(yi)(yi)明(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)讳国(guo)恶(e),且(qie)恐後(hou)世以(yi)(yi)为,祭之(zhi)礼(li),圣人不(bu)(bu)知(zhi),而(er)致(zhi)废绝,更为或(huo)人言(yan)此(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)我知(zhi)礼(li)之(zhi)说者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),於天下(xia)之(zhi)事中,其(qi)(qi)(qi)如指(zhi)示於此(ci)(ci)掌(zhang)中之(zhi)物。言(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)易了(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“指(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)掌(zhang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)句(ju)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)作《论语(yu)》时(shi)(shi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。当时(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)举一手伸掌(zhang),以(yi)(yi)一手指(zhi)之(zhi),以(yi)(yi)示或(huo)人,曰(yue):“其(qi)(qi)(qi)如示诸(zhu)斯(si)乎!”弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)等恐人不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)示诸(zhu)斯(si)谓指(zhi)示何(he)等物,故著此(ci)(ci)一句(ju),言(yan)是时(shi)(shi)夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)指(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)掌(zhang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
祭(ji)(ji)如在,(孔(kong)曰:“言(yan)事(shi)死(si)如事(shi)生。”)祭(ji)(ji)神(shen)如神(shen)在。(孔(kong)曰:“谓祭(ji)(ji)百神(shen)。”)子曰:“吾(wu)不(bu)与祭(ji)(ji),如不(bu)祭(ji)(ji)。”(包(bao)曰:“孔(kong)子或(huo)出或(huo)病而(er)不(bu)自亲祭(ji)(ji),使摄者为之,不(bu)致肃敬於心,与不(bu)祭(ji)(ji)同。”)
[疏]“祭如在”至“不祭”。
○正义曰:此章言孔子重祭礼。“祭如在”者,谓祭宗庙必致其敬,如其亲存。言事死如事生也。“祭神如神在”者,谓祭百神亦如神之存在而致敬也。“子曰:吾不与祭,如不祭”者,孔子言,我若亲行祭事,则必致其恭敬。我或出或病,而不自亲祭,使人摄代己为之,不致肃敬於心,与不祭同。
○注“谓祭百神”。
○正(zheng)义曰:百神谓宗庙之外皆是。言百神,举成数。
王(wang)孙(sun)贾(jia)问曰(yue):“与(yu)其媚於奥,宁媚於灶(zao),何谓也?”(孔曰(yue):“王(wang)孙(sun)贾(jia),卫大夫。奥,内(nei)也。以喻近(jin)臣。灶(zao),以喻执政。贾(jia),执政者,欲使孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)求昵之(zhi),微以世俗之(zhi)言感动之(zhi)也。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“不然。获罪於天,无(wu)所祷也。”(孔曰(yue):“天,以喻君。孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)拒之(zhi)曰(yue):如获罪於天,无(wu)所祷於众神。”)
[疏]“王孙”至“祷也”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章言(yan)(yan)夫(fu)子(zi)守礼,不(bu)求(qiu)(qiu)媚(mei)(mei)於(wu)(wu)(wu)人也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“王孙贾(jia)(jia)”者(zhe)(zhe),卫执(zhi)(zhi)政大夫(fu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“问曰(yue)(yue):与(yu)其(qi)媚(mei)(mei)於(wu)(wu)(wu)奥(ao),宁媚(mei)(mei)於(wu)(wu)(wu)灶,何谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),媚(mei)(mei),趣乡也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);奥(ao),内(nei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),谓(wei)室内(nei)西(xi)南隅也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)其(qi)隐奥(ao),故尊者(zhe)(zhe)居之(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)处虽(sui)尊,而闲(xian)静无(wu)(wu)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)喻(yu)(yu)近臣(chen)虽(sui)尊,不(bu)执(zhi)(zhi)政柄,无(wu)(wu)益於(wu)(wu)(wu)人也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。灶者(zhe)(zhe),饮食之(zhi)(zhi)所由(you),虽(sui)处卑(bei)亵(xie),为家之(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)用,以(yi)(yi)喻(yu)(yu)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)执(zhi)(zhi)政,位虽(sui)卑(bei)下(xia),而执(zhi)(zhi)赏(shang)罚之(zhi)(zhi)柄,有(you)益於(wu)(wu)(wu)人也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)二句(ju),世俗之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)与(yu)其(qi)趣於(wu)(wu)(wu)静之(zhi)(zhi)处,宁若(ruo)趣於(wu)(wu)(wu)急(ji)用之(zhi)(zhi)灶,以(yi)(yi)喻(yu)(yu)其(qi)求(qiu)(qiu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)近臣(chen),宁若(ruo)求(qiu)(qiu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)用权之(zhi)(zhi)执(zhi)(zhi)政。王孙贾(jia)(jia)时(shi)执(zhi)(zhi)国(guo)政,举於(wu)(wu)(wu)二句(ju),佯若(ruo)不(bu)达(da)其(qi)理,问於(wu)(wu)(wu)孔子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“何谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?”欲使(shi)孔子(zi)求(qiu)(qiu)媚(mei)(mei)亲(qin)昵於(wu)(wu)(wu)己,故微以(yi)(yi)世俗之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)感动之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):不(bu)然。获罪(zui)(zui)於(wu)(wu)(wu)天,无(wu)(wu)所祷也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),孔子(zi)拒贾(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然,如(ru)此(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)我(wo)则不(bu)如(ru)世俗之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。天,以(yi)(yi)喻(yu)(yu)君(jun)。获,犹得也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。我(wo)道之(zhi)(zhi)行否(fou),由(you)於(wu)(wu)(wu)时(shi)君(jun),无(wu)(wu)求(qiu)(qiu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)众臣(chen)。如(ru)得罪(zui)(zui)於(wu)(wu)(wu)天,无(wu)(wu)所祷於(wu)(wu)(wu)众神。
子曰(yue):“周(zhou)(zhou)监(jian)於(wu)(wu)二(er)代,郁郁乎文(wen)(wen)哉(zai)!吾从(cong)周(zhou)(zhou)。”(孔曰(yue):“监(jian),视也。言周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)章备於(wu)(wu)二(er)代,当从(cong)之。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“从周”。
○正义(yi)曰:此章(zhang)(zhang)言(yan)周(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)礼文(wen)犹(you)备也。“周(zhou)(zhou)监(jian)於二(er)代(dai)(dai),郁(yu)(yu)(yu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)乎文(wen)哉(zai)(zai)”者(zhe),监(jian),视也。二(er)代(dai)(dai),谓(wei)夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)。郁(yu)(yu)(yu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu),文(wen)章(zhang)(zhang)貌(mao)。言(yan)以今周(zhou)(zhou)代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)礼法文(wen)章(zhang)(zhang),回视夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)二(er)代(dai)(dai),则(ze)周(zhou)(zhou)代(dai)(dai)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)乎有文(wen)章(zhang)(zhang)哉(zai)(zai)。“吾从周(zhou)(zhou)”者(zhe),言(yan)周(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)文(wen)章(zhang)(zhang)备於二(er)代(dai)(dai),故从而行之(zhi)也。
子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)入太(tai)庙(miao)(miao),(包曰(yue):“太(tai)庙(miao)(miao),周公庙(miao)(miao)。孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)仕鲁(lu),鲁(lu)祭周公而助祭也。”)每事问(wen)。或曰(yue):“孰谓(wei)鄹人之子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)知(zhi)礼(li)乎?入太(tai)庙(miao)(miao),每事问(wen)。”(孔曰(yue):“鄹,孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)父叔(shu)梁(liang)纥所治邑。时人多(duo)言孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)知(zhi)礼(li),或人以(yi)为,知(zhi)礼(li)者(zhe)不当复问(wen)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)闻之,曰(yue):“是礼(li)也。”(孔曰(yue):“虽知(zhi)之,当复问(wen),慎之至(zhi)也。”)
[疏]“子入”至“礼也”。
○正义曰:此章言夫子慎礼也。“子入太庙”者,子,谓孔子。太庙,周公庙。孔子仕鲁,鲁祭周公而助祭,故得入之也。“每事问”者,言太庙之中,礼器之属,每事辄问於令长也。“或曰:孰谓鄹人之子知礼乎?入太庙,每事问”者,孰,谁也。鄹人,鲁鄹邑大夫孔子父叔梁纥也。或有人曰:“谁谓鄹大夫之子知礼者也?”时人多言孔子知礼,或人以为,知礼者不当复问,何为入太庙而每事问乎?意以为孔子不知礼。“子闻之,曰:是礼也”者,孔子闻或人之讥,乃言其问之意,以宗庙之礼当须重慎,不可轻言,虽已知之,更当复问,慎之至也。
○注“包曰”至“助祭也”。
○正义曰:云“太庙,周公庙”者,文十三年《公羊传》曰:“周公称太庙,鲁公称世室,群公称宫。”故知“太庙,周公庙也”。云“孔子仕鲁”者,《史记·孔子世家》云:“孔子贫且贱。及长,尝为季氏吏,料量平。尝为司职吏而畜蕃息。由是为司空。其後定公以孔子为中都宰,一年,四方皆则之。由中都宰为司空,由司空为大司寇,摄相事。”是仕鲁,由是故得与助祭也。
○注“孔曰”至“复问”。
○正义曰(yue):云“鄹,孔(kong)子父叔梁(liang)纥(he)所(suo)治(zhi)邑(yi)(yi)”者,古谓(wei)大夫(fu)守(shou)(shou)邑(yi)(yi)者,以邑(yi)(yi)冠之,呼(hu)为(wei)某(mou)人(ren)。孔(kong)子父,鄹邑(yi)(yi)大夫(fu),《左(zuo)(zuo)传》称鄹人(ren)纥(he),故此谓(wei)孔(kong)子为(wei)鄹人(ren)之子也。《左(zuo)(zuo)传》成二年云:“新(xin)筑人(ren)仲叔于(yu)奚。”杜注云:“于(yu)奚守(shou)(shou)新(xin)筑大夫(fu)。”即此类也。
子曰(yue)(yue):“射(she)不主皮,(马曰(yue)(yue):“射(she)有五(wu)善焉:一曰(yue)(yue)和志,体和。二曰(yue)(yue)和容,有容仪。三(san)曰(yue)(yue)主皮,能中质。四曰(yue)(yue)和颂(song),合《雅(ya)》、《颂(song)》。五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)兴武,与舞(wu)同。天子三(san)侯(hou),以熊虎豹皮为之,言射(she)者(zhe)不但(dan)以中皮为善,亦兼(jian)取和容也。”)为力不同科(ke),古之道也。”(马曰(yue)(yue):“为力,力役之事。亦有上中下(xia),设三(san)科(ke)焉,故曰(yue)(yue)不同科(ke)。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“古之道也”。
○正义曰:此章明古礼也。“射不主皮”者,言古者射礼,张布为侯,而栖熊虎豹之皮於中而射之。射有五善焉,不但以中皮为善,亦兼取礼乐容节也。周衰礼废,射者无复礼容,但以主皮为善,故孔子抑之云:“古之射者不主皮也。”“为力不同科”者,言古者为力役之事,亦有上中下,设三科焉。周衰政失,力役之事,贫富兼并,强弱无别,而同为一科,故孔子非之云:“古之为力役,不如今同科也。”“古之道也”者,结上二事,皆前古所行之道也。
○注“马曰”至“和容也”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):云(yun)(yun):“射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)善焉(yan)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)礼(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)种之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善。下所(suo)(suo)引(yin)是(shi)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“一(yi)曰(yue)(yue)和(he)”至(zhi)“五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)兴舞”,皆(jie)(jie)《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)·乡(xiang)(xiang)大(da)(da)夫(fu)职(zhi)(zhi)》文也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“志体和(he)”至(zhi)“与(yu)(yu)(yu)舞同”,皆(jie)(jie)马融辞义语。案彼云(yun)(yun):“退而(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)乡(xiang)(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)五(wu)物(wu)询(xun)众庶:一(yi)曰(yue)(yue)和(he),二(er)曰(yue)(yue)容(rong)(rong),三(san)曰(yue)(yue)主皮(pi)(pi),四曰(yue)(yue)和(he)容(rong)(rong),五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)兴舞。”注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)“以(yi)(yi)(yi),用(yong)也(ye)。行(xing)(xing)乡(xiang)(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li),而(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)物(wu)询(xun)於(wu)(wu)(wu)众民。郑司农(nong)云(yun)(yun):询(xun),谋也(ye)。问於(wu)(wu)(wu)众庶,宁(ning)复(fu)有(you)(you)(you)贤(xian)能者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。和(he),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)闺门之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。容(rong)(rong),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)容(rong)(rong)貌也(ye)。主皮(pi)(pi),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)善射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)观(guan)(guan)士(shi)(shi)也(ye)。故书舞为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)(wu)。杜子(zi)(zi)(zi)春读和(he)容(rong)(rong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)颂,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乐也(ye)。无(wu)(wu)读为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)舞,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)舞。玄谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)载(zai)六(liu)德,容(rong)(rong)包六(liu)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。庶民无(wu)(wu)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)礼(li)(li)(li),因(yin)田猎分禽(qin)则(ze)(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)(you)主皮(pi)(pi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),张皮(pi)(pi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),无(wu)(wu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)也(ye)。主皮(pi)(pi)、和(he)容(rong)(rong)、兴舞,则(ze)(ze)(ze)六(liu)艺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)与(yu)(yu)(yu)礼(li)(li)(li)与(yu)(yu)(yu)乐”是(shi)也(ye)。今(jin)此注(zhu)二(er)曰(yue)(yue)和(he)容(rong)(rong),衍和(he)字。五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)兴武(wu),武(wu)当为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)舞,声之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)误(wu)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),以(yi)(yi)(yi)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)虎豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)皮(pi)(pi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《周(zhou)礼(li)(li)(li)·天(tian)官·司裘职(zhi)(zhi)》云(yun)(yun):“王大(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),则(ze)(ze)(ze)共(gong)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、虎侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),设(she)其(qi)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)则(ze)(ze)(ze)共(gong)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)、豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),卿大(da)(da)夫(fu)则(ze)(ze)(ze)共(gong)麋侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),皆(jie)(jie)设(she)其(qi)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)。”注(zhu)云(yun)(yun):“大(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祭祀射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。王将有(you)(you)(you)郊庙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)择(ze)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及群臣与(yu)(yu)(yu)邦国所(suo)(suo)贡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)祭者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)观(guan)(guan)德行(xing)(xing),其(qi)容(rong)(rong)体比(bi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)(li),其(qi)节比(bi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)乐,而(er)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)得与(yu)(yu)(yu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)祭。诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)公及王子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟封於(wu)(wu)(wu)畿内(nei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。卿大(da)(da)夫(fu)亦(yi)皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)采地焉(yan)。其(qi)将祀其(qi)先祖,亦(yi)与(yu)(yu)(yu)群臣射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)以(yi)(yi)(yi)择(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。凡大(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)各(ge)於(wu)(wu)(wu)其(qi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)宫。侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)所(suo)(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)也(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)虎熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)麋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi)(pi)饰其(qi)侧(ce),又方(fang)(fang)制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei){高芋},谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu),著於(wu)(wu)(wu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)皮(pi)(pi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),虎侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),王所(suo)(suo)自(zi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)也(ye);熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)所(suo)(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she);豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),卿大(da)(da)夫(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下所(suo)(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)所(suo)(suo)自(zi)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she);豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),群臣所(suo)(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。卿大(da)(da)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),麋侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),君(jun)臣共(gong)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)焉(yan)。凡此侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)道,虎九十(shi)(shi)弓(gong),熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)七十(shi)(shi)弓(gong),豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)麋五(wu)十(shi)(shi)弓(gong),列国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)大(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),大(da)(da)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)亦(yi)九十(shi)(shi),参七十(shi)(shi),干五(wu)十(shi)(shi),远(yuan)尊得伸可(ke)(ke)(ke)同耳。所(suo)(suo)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)正谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)能服诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)得为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)诸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。郑司农(nong)云(yun)(yun):‘鹄(hu)(hu)(hu),鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)毛也(ye)。方(fang)(fang)十(shi)(shi)尺曰(yue)(yue)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),四尺曰(yue)(yue)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu),二(er)尺曰(yue)(yue)正,四寸曰(yue)(yue)质。’玄谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)小(xiao),取数(shu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)道。《乡(xiang)(xiang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)记》曰(yue)(yue):‘弓(gong)二(er)寸以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。’则(ze)(ze)(ze)九十(shi)(shi)弓(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)广(guang)丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)八尺;七十(shi)(shi)弓(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)广(guang)丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)四尺;五(wu)十(shi)(shi)弓(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)广(guang)一(yi)丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。尊卑异等,此数(shu)明矣。《考工记》曰(yue)(yue):‘梓(zi)人(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),广(guang)与(yu)(yu)(yu)崇方(fang)(fang),参分其(qi)广(guang),而(er)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)居一(yi)焉(yan)。’然则(ze)(ze)(ze)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)八尺者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)六(liu)尺,侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)四尺者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)四尺六(liu)寸大(da)(da)半寸,侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)丈(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)三(san)尺三(san)寸少半寸。谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),取名(ming)於(wu)(wu)(wu)干鹄(hu)(hu)(hu),干鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)小(xiao)鸟而(er)难中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)隽。亦(yi)取鹄(hu)(hu)(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言较(jiao),较(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)直也(ye)。射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)直己志。用(yong)虎熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)豹(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)麋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi)(pi),示服猛讨(tao)迷士(shi)(shi)惑者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)大(da)(da)礼(li)(li)(li),故取义众也(ye)。士(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),士(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)臣,祭无(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)择(ze)也(ye)。”
子贡欲去(qu)告(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)饩(xi)羊,(郑曰(yue):“牲生曰(yue)饩(xi)。礼(li),人(ren)君每月告(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo),於庙(miao)有祭,谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)朝享。鲁自(zi)文(wen)公始不(bu)视朔(shuo)(shuo)。子贡见其礼(li)废,故欲去(qu)其羊。”)子曰(yue):“赐也!尔爱其羊,我爱其礼(li)。”(包曰(yue):“羊存犹以识其礼(li),羊亡(wang)礼(li)遂废。”)
[疏]“子贡”至“其礼”。
○正义曰:此章言孔子不欲废礼也。“子贡欲去告朔之饩羊”者,牲生曰饩。礼,人君每月告朔於庙,因有祭,谓之朝享。鲁自文公怠於政礼,始不视朔,废朝享之祭。有司仍供备其羊。子贡见其礼废,故欲并去其羊也。“子曰:赐也!尔爱其羊,我爱其礼”者,此孔子不许子贡之欲去羊,故呼其名而谓之曰:“赐也!尔以为既废其礼,虚费其羊,故欲去之,是爱其羊也。我以为羊存犹以识其礼,羊亡礼遂废,所以不去其羊,欲使後世见此告朔之羊,知有告朔之礼,庶或复行之,是爱其礼也。”
○注“郑曰”至“其羊”。
○正(zheng)义曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“牲(sheng)生曰饩(xi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),僖三(san)十三(san)年(nian)《左(zuo)传》曰:“饩(xi)牵(qian)竭矣。”饩(xi)与牵(qian)相(xiang)对(dui),牵(qian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)牲(sheng),可牵(qian)行(xing),则(ze)饩(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)杀(sha),杀(sha)又(you)(you)非熟,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)解者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)腥曰饩(xi),谓(wei)(wei)生肉未煮者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)实(shi)饩(xi)亦是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生。哀二(er)十四年(nian)《左(zuo)传》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“晋(jin)师乃(nai)还(hai)。饩(xi)臧石牛(niu)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生牛(niu)赐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)及《聘礼(li)(li)(li)》注皆(jie)(jie)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)牲(sheng)生曰饩(xi),由(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)与牵(qian)相(xiang)对(dui),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)为(wei)(wei)生也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“礼(li)(li)(li),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),有(you)祭(ji),谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案《周礼(li)(li)(li)》:“大(da)史颁告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)于(yu)(yu)邦国。”郑(zheng)玄(xuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)颁朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)于(yu)(yu)诸(zhu)侯(hou),诸(zhu)侯(hou)藏(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖(zu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),至(zhi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)于(yu)(yu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)而(er)(er)受行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”此(ci)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡欲去(qu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饩(xi)羊,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用生羊告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)即(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)日(ri)听(ting)(ting)视(shi)(shi)此(ci)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng),谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)视(shi)(shi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。文(wen)十六(liu)年(nian)“公(gong)(gong)四不(bu)(bu)(bu)视(shi)(shi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”,僖五年(nian)《传》曰“公(gong)(gong)既(ji)视(shi)(shi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。视(shi)(shi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),听(ting)(ting)治此(ci)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng),亦谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。《玉(yu)藻(zao)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)于(yu)(yu)南(nan)门之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)日(ri)又(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)祭(ji)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)宗庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),《周礼(li)(li)(li)》谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)。《司尊彝》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“追享(xiang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)岁首为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)正(zheng)。襄(xiang)二(er)十九年(nian)正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),公(gong)(gong)在(zai)楚,《传》曰“释(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)正(zheng)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、视(shi)(shi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)正(zheng),二(er)礼(li)(li)(li)各有(you)三(san)名,同日(ri)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。必(bi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)为(wei)(wei)此(ci)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),杜(du)预(yu)《春秋释(shi)例》曰:“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),设官(guan)分(fen)职以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)民极(ji),远(yuan)细事(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)全委任之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)责,纵诸(zhu)下以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尽知(zhi)力之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用,成(cheng)败以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)效(xiao)能否,执八柄以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明诛赏,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)自非机事(shi)(shi)(shi),皆(jie)(jie)委任焉。诚(cheng)信足以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)感,事(shi)(shi)(shi)实(shi)尽而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)拥,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)受位居职者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)思效(xiao)忠善,日(ri)夜自进而(er)(er)无(wu)所(suo)(suo)顾(gu)忌也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)细事(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)数,一(yi)(yi)日(ri)二(er)日(ri)万(wan)端,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明有(you)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)照(zhao),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力有(you)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)堪,则(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)借问近习,有(you)时而(er)(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。如此(ci),则(ze)六(liu)乡六(liu)遂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长(zhang),虽躬履(lv)此(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi),躬造(zao)此(ci)官(guan),当皆(jie)(jie)移听(ting)(ting)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)内官(guan),回(hui)心於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)左(zuo)右。政(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秕乱,常必(bi)由(you)此(ci)。圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)简其(qi)(qi)节,敬其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),因月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),迁坐(zuo)正(zheng)位,会群吏而(er)(er)听(ting)(ting)大(da)政(zheng),考(kao)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)行(xing)而(er)(er)决其(qi)(qi)烦疑,非徒议将(jiang)然(ran)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。乃(nai)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)考(kao)已(yi)然(ran),又(you)(you)恶其(qi)(qi)审听(ting)(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乱公(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)显(xian)众以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)断之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)下交(jiao)泰,官(guan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理,万(wan)民以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)察,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。每月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),必(bi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),因听(ting)(ting)政(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)敬而(er)(er)礼(li)(li)(li)成(cheng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)特(te)羊。然(ran)则(ze)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)正(zheng)、告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、视(shi)(shi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)皆(jie)(jie)同日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),所(suo)(suo)从(cong)言(yan)(yan)异耳(er)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《玉(yu)藻(zao)》说天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)南(nan)门之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外。诸(zhu)侯(hou)皮弁(bian),听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太(tai)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。”郑(zheng)玄(xuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei),明堂(tang)(tang)在(zai)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阳。南(nan)门之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,谓(wei)(wei)明堂(tang)(tang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)羊,则(ze)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)牛(niu)与?天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用特(te)牛(niu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)其(qi)(qi)帝(di)及其(qi)(qi)神,配(pei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)、武王(wang)(wang)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)用特(te)羊告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)太(tai)祖(zu)而(er)(er)。已(yi)杜(du)预(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明堂(tang)(tang)与祖(zu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi),但(dan)明堂(tang)(tang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祭(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),虽杜(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,亦应(ying)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)帝(di)。朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)即(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)祭(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《祭(ji)法》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“王(wang)(wang)立七庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),曰考(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),王(wang)(wang)考(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),皇(huang)考(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),皆(jie)(jie)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);二(er)祧,享(xiang)尝(chang)(chang)乃(nai)止(zhi)。诸(zhu)侯(hou)立五庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),曰考(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),王(wang)(wang)考(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),皇(huang)考(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),皆(jie)(jie)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);显(xian)考(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),祖(zu)考(kao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),享(xiang)尝(chang)(chang)乃(nai)止(zhi)。”然(ran)则(ze)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)明堂(tang)(tang),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)五庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao);诸(zhu)侯(hou)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)享(xiang)自皇(huang)考(kao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下三(san)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)耳(er)。皆(jie)(jie)先告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),後朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)小於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。文(wen)公(gong)(gong)废其(qi)(qi)大(da)而(er)(er)行(xing)其(qi)(qi)小,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)《春秋》文(wen)公(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)经云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),犹(you)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)于(yu)(yu)庙(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。”《公(gong)(gong)羊传》曰:“犹(you)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),可止(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)玄(xuan)冕以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)视(shi)(shi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),皮弁(bian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)视(shi)(shi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao);诸(zhu)侯(hou)皮弁(bian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)服以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)视(shi)(shi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)。其(qi)(qi)闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)则(ze)听(ting)(ting)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)明堂(tang)(tang),阖门左(zuo)扉,立於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)中,听(ting)(ting)政(zheng)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)路寝门,终月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)文(wen),王(wang)(wang)在(zai)门为(wei)(wei)闰。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“鲁自文(wen)公(gong)(gong)始(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)视(shi)(shi)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即(ji)文(wen)六(liu)年(nian)“闰月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)告(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)朔(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子曰:“事(shi)君(jun)尽礼(li),人以(yi)为谄也。”(孔曰:“时事(shi)君(jun)者多无礼(li),故(gu)以(yi)有礼(li)者为谄。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“谄也”。
○正义曰:此(ci)章疾时臣事(shi)(shi)君(jun)多(duo)无礼也。言若(ruo)有(you)人(ren)事(shi)(shi)君(jun)尽(jin)其臣礼,谓(wei)“将顺其美”及(ji)“善则称君(jun)”之类,而无礼之人(ren)反以为(wei)谄佞也。
定(ding)公问:“君使臣,臣事君,如(ru)之何?”(孔曰:“定(ding)公,鲁(lu)君谥。时臣失(shi)礼,定(ding)公患之,故(gu)问之。”)孔子(zi)对(dui)曰:“君使臣以(yi)礼,臣事君以(yi)忠(zhong)。”
[疏]“定公问”至“以忠”。
○正义曰:此章明君臣之礼也。“定公问:君使臣,臣事君,如之何”者,定公,鲁君也。时臣失礼,君不能使,定公患之,故问於孔子曰:“君之使臣,及臣之事君,当如之何也?”“孔子对曰:君使臣以礼,臣事君以忠”者,言礼可以安国家,定社稷,止由君不用礼,则臣不竭忠,故对曰:“君之使臣以礼,则臣必事君以忠也。”
○注“孔曰”至“问之”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):云“定(ding)公(gong),鲁君谥”者,《鲁世家(jia)》云:“定(ding)公(gong)名(ming)宋,襄公(gong)之子,昭公(gong)之弟。以(yi)敬王十一(yi)年即位。”《谥法》:“安民(min)大虑曰(yue)(yue)定(ding)。”
子曰(yue):“《关雎》乐(le)而不淫,哀(ai)而不伤。”(孔曰(yue):“乐(le)不至淫,哀(ai)不至伤,言其和(he)也。”)
[疏]“子(zi)曰”至“不(bu)(bu)(bu)伤(shang)”。正义曰:此章言(yan)(yan)正乐(le)之和(he)也(ye)。“《关雎》”者,《诗·国(guo)风(feng)·周南》首篇名,兴后妃之德也(ye)。《诗序》云:“乐(le)得(de)淑女以配(pei)君子(zi),忧(you)在(zai)进贤(xian),不(bu)(bu)(bu)淫其色。”是乐(le)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)淫也(ye)。“哀(ai)窈窕,思贤(xian)才,而无伤(shang)善之心焉(yan)。”是哀(ai)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)伤(shang)也(ye)。乐(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)至淫,哀(ai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)至伤(shang),言(yan)(yan)其正乐(le)之和(he)也(ye)。
哀公问社(she)於宰(zai)(zai)我(wo)。宰(zai)(zai)我(wo)对(dui)曰:“夏后氏以松,殷人以柏(bo),周人以栗(li),曰使民(min)战栗(li)。”(孔(kong)曰:“凡建(jian)邦(bang)立社(she),各(ge)以其土(tu)所宜之(zhi)(zhi)木。宰(zai)(zai)我(wo)不(bu)本其意,妄(wang)为之(zhi)(zhi)说,因周用(yong)栗(li),便云使民(min)战栗(li)。”)子闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi),曰:“成事(shi)不(bu)说,(包曰:“事(shi)已(yi)(yi)成,不(bu)可(ke)复(fu)解说。”)遂事(shi)不(bu)谏,(包曰:“事(shi)已(yi)(yi)遂,不(bu)可(ke)复(fu)谏止。”)既往不(bu)咎。”(包曰:“事(shi)已(yi)(yi)往,不(bu)可(ke)复(fu)追咎。孔(kong)子非宰(zai)(zai)我(wo),故(gu)历言此(ci)三者,欲使慎其後。”)
[疏]“哀公”至“不咎”。
○正义曰:此章明立社所用木也。“哀公问社於宰我”者,哀公,鲁君也;社,五土之神也。凡建邦立社,各以其土所宜木。哀公未知其礼,故问於弟子宰我也。“宰我对曰:夏后氏以松,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰使民战栗”者,三代立社,各以其土所宜木,故宰我举之以对哀公也。但宰我不本其土宜之意,因周用栗,便妄为之说,曰周人以栗者,欲使其民战栗故也。“子闻之,曰:成事不说,遂事不谏,既往不咎”者,孔子闻宰我对哀公使民战栗,知其非妄,无如之何,故曰:事已成,不可复解说也;事已遂,不可复谏止也;事已往,不可复追咎也。历言此三者,以非之,欲使慎其後也。注“孔曰”至“战栗”。
○正义曰(yue):云“凡(fan)建邦(bang)立(li)社(she),各以其(qi)土所(suo)(suo)宜(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)木(mu)(mu)”者,以社(she)者,五土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)总神,故凡(fan)建邦(bang)立(li)国(guo),必立(li)社(she)也(ye)。夏(xia)都安(an)邑(yi),宜(yi)松;殷都亳(bo),宜(yi)柏;周都丰镐,宜(yi)栗。是各以其(qi)土所(suo)(suo)宜(yi)木(mu)(mu)也(ye)。谓用其(qi)木(mu)(mu)以为社(she)主(zhu)。张、包、周本以为哀公问主(zhu)於(wu)宰(zai)我(wo),先儒(ru)或以为宗(zong)庙(miao)主(zhu)者,杜元凯、何休用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以解(jie)《春秋(qiu)》,以为宗(zong)庙(miao)主(zhu),今(jin)所(suo)(suo)不取。
子曰(yue)(yue):“管(guan)(guan)仲之(zhi)(zhi)器小(xiao)哉!”(言(yan)其器量小(xiao)也。)或曰(yue)(yue):“管(guan)(guan)仲俭(jian)乎?”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“或人(ren)(ren)见(jian)孔子小(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)为谓之(zhi)(zhi)大俭(jian)。”)曰(yue)(yue):“管(guan)(guan)氏(shi)有(you)三归,官事不摄,焉(yan)得(de)(de)俭(jian)?”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“三归,娶三姓女。妇人(ren)(ren)谓嫁(jia)曰(yue)(yue)归。摄,犹兼(jian)也。礼(li)(li)(li),国君(jun)(jun)事大,官各有(you)人(ren)(ren);大夫(fu)兼(jian)并。今(jin)管(guan)(guan)仲家臣备职,非(fei)为俭(jian)。”)“然则管(guan)(guan)仲知(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)乎?”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“或人(ren)(ren)以(yi)俭(jian)问(wen),故答以(yi)安(an)得(de)(de)俭(jian)。或人(ren)(ren)闻不俭(jian),便谓为得(de)(de)礼(li)(li)(li)。”)曰(yue)(yue):“邦(bang)君(jun)(jun)树塞(sai)门(men),管(guan)(guan)氏(shi)亦树塞(sai)门(men)。邦(bang)君(jun)(jun)为两君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)好,有(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)坫,管(guan)(guan)氏(shi)亦有(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)坫。(郑曰(yue)(yue):“反(fan)(fan)(fan)坫,反(fan)(fan)(fan)爵之(zhi)(zhi)坫,在两楹(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)间。人(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)别(bie)内外於门(men),树屏以(yi)蔽之(zhi)(zhi)。若与邻国为好会,其献酢之(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)更酌,酌毕则各反(fan)(fan)(fan)爵於坫上。今(jin)管(guan)(guan)仲皆僭为之(zhi)(zhi),如是(shi),是(shi)不知(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)。”)管(guan)(guan)氏(shi)而知(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li),孰(shu)不知(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)?”
[疏]“子曰”至“之礼”。
○正义曰:此章言管仲僭礼也。“子曰:管仲之器小哉”者,管仲,齐大夫管夷吾也。孔子言其器量小也。“或曰:管仲俭乎”者,或人见孔子言管仲器小,以为谓其大俭,故问曰:“管氏俭乎?”“曰:管氏有三归,官事不摄,焉得俭”者,孔子答或人以管仲不俭之事也。妇人谓嫁曰归。摄,犹兼也。焉,犹安也。礼,大夫虽有妾媵,嫡妻唯娶一姓。今管仲娶三姓之女,故曰有三归。礼,国君事大,官各有人,大夫虽得有家臣,不得每事立官,当使一官兼摄馀事。今管仲家臣备职,奢豪若此,安得为俭也?“然则管仲知礼乎”者,或人闻孔子言管仲不俭,便谓为得礼,故又问曰:“然则管仲是知礼之人乎?”“曰:邦君树塞门,管氏亦树塞门。邦君为两君之好,有反坫,管氏亦有反坫”者,此孔子又为或人说管仲不知礼之事也。邦君,诸侯也。屏,谓之树。人君别内外於门,树屏以蔽塞之。大夫当以帘蔽其位耳。今管仲亦如人君,树屏以塞门也。反坫,反爵之坫,在两楹之间。人君与邻国为好会,其献酢之礼更酌,酌毕则各反爵於坫上。大夫则无之。今管仲亦有反爵之坫。僭滥如此,是不知礼也。“管氏而知礼,孰不知礼”者,孔子举其僭礼於上,而以此言非之。孰,谁也。言若谓管氏而为知礼,更谁为不知礼!言唯管氏不知礼也。
○注“包曰”至“为俭”。
○正义曰:云“妇人谓嫁曰归”者,隐二年《公羊传》文。何休曰:“妇人生以父母为家,嫁以夫为家,故谓嫁曰归,明有三归之道也。”
○注“郑曰”至“知礼”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):云(yun)“反(fan)(fan)坫(dian)(dian)(dian),反(fan)(fan)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坫(dian)(dian)(dian),在两楹(ying)(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间”者(zhe),以(yi)乡(xiang)饮(yin)酒是乡(xiang)大夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li),於(wu)(wu)(wu)房户间,燕礼(li)是燕已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)子,故(gu)尊於(wu)(wu)(wu)东(dong)楹(ying)(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)。若两君相敌,则(ze)尊於(wu)(wu)(wu)两楹(ying)(ying)间,故(gu)其(qi)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)在两楹(ying)(ying)间也。云(yun)“人君别内外於(wu)(wu)(wu)门(men),树(shu)(shu)屏(ping)以(yi)蔽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),《释宫》云(yun):“屏(ping)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)树(shu)(shu)。”郭璞曰(yue):“小墙当(dang)门(men)中。”《郊特牲(sheng)》云(yun):“台门(men)而旅树(shu)(shu)。”郑(zheng)玄云(yun):“此(ci)皆诸(zhu)侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)也。”旅,道也。屏(ping),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)树(shu)(shu),树(shu)(shu)所以(yi)蔽行道。管氏(shi)(shi)树(shu)(shu)塞门(men),塞犹(you)蔽也。礼(li),“天子外屏(ping),诸(zhu)侯(hou)内屏(ping),大夫以(yi)帘(lian),士以(yi)帷”是也。云(yun):“若与邻国为(wei)好会,其(qi)献酢(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)更酌(zhuo)(zhuo),酌(zhuo)(zhuo)毕(bi)则(ze)各反(fan)(fan)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)”者(zhe),熊(xiong)氏(shi)(shi)云(yun):“主(zhu)(zhu)君献宾(bin)。宾(bin)筵前受爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue),饮(yin)毕(bi),反(fan)(fan)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)虚(xu)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang),於(wu)(wu)(wu)西(xi)阶(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)拜(bai)。主(zhu)(zhu)人於(wu)(wu)(wu)阼(zuo)阶(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)答(da)拜(bai),宾(bin)於(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)取爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue),洗爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue),酌(zhuo)(zhuo),以(yi)酢(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)人。主(zhu)(zhu)人受爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue),饮(yin)毕(bi),反(fan)(fan)此(ci)虚(xu)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)。主(zhu)(zhu)人阼(zuo)阶(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)拜(bai),宾(bin)答(da)拜(bai)。”是宾(bin)主(zhu)(zhu)饮(yin)毕(bi),反(fan)(fan)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)也。而云(yun)“酌(zhuo)(zhuo)毕(bi),各反(fan)(fan)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)於(wu)(wu)(wu)坫(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)”者(zhe),文不具耳,其(qi)实当(dang)饮(yin)毕(bi)。
子语鲁大师(shi)乐,曰:“乐其可知也:始作,翕如(ru)也;(大师(shi),乐官(guan)名。五(wu)音(yin)始奏,翕如(ru),盛。)从之,纯如(ru)也,(从读(du)曰纵,言(yan)五(wu)音(yin)既发,放纵尽其音(yin)声。纯如(ru),和(he)谐也。)如(ru)也,(言(yan)其音(yin)节明也。)绎如(ru)也,以(yi)成(cheng)。”(纵之,以(yi)纯如(ru)、如(ru)、绎如(ru)言(yan)。乐始作翕如(ru),而成(cheng)於三(san)。)
[疏]“子语”至“以成”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义曰:此章明(ming)乐(le)。“子语鲁(lu)(lu)大(da)师乐(le)”者(zhe)(zhe),大(da)师,乐(le)官名(ming),犹《周礼》之(zhi)大(da)司乐(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。於时鲁(lu)(lu)国礼乐(le)崩坏,故孔子以正(zheng)(zheng)乐(le)之(zhi)法语之(zhi),使(shi)知也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰:乐(le)其(qi)可(ke)知也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)翕(xi)(xi)(xi)然(ran)盛(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。翕(xi)(xi)(xi),盛(sheng)貌。如(ru)(ru),皆语辞。“从(cong)之(zhi),纯(chun)如(ru)(ru)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),从(cong)读曰纵,谓放(fang)纵也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。纯(chun),和也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)(yan)五(wu)音(yin)既发,放(fang)纵尽(jin)其(qi)音(yin)声(sheng),纯(chun)纯(chun)和谐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“如(ru)(ru)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),,明(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)(yan)其(qi)音(yin)节分明(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“绎如(ru)(ru)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)其(qi)音(yin)落绎然(ran)相(xiang)续不(bu)绝(jue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“以成(cheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)乐(le)始作翕(xi)(xi)(xi)如(ru)(ru),又纵之(zhi)以纯(chun)如(ru)(ru)、如(ru)(ru)、绎如(ru)(ru),则正(zheng)(zheng)乐(le)以之(zhi)而成(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
仪(yi)封人请(qing)见,(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“仪(yi),盖卫邑(yi)。封人,官名(ming)。”)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君子(zi)(zi)之至於斯(si)也(ye),吾未(wei)尝不得见也(ye)。”从者见之。(包曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“从者,弟子(zi)(zi)随孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)行者,通使得见。”)出曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“二三子(zi)(zi)何(he)患(huan)於丧(sang)乎?天下之无道也(ye)久矣(yi),(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“语诸弟子(zi)(zi)言,何(he)患(huan)於夫子(zi)(zi)圣德(de)之将(jiang)丧(sang)亡(wang)邪?天下之无道已(yi)久矣(yi),极衰必盛。”)天将(jiang)以(yi)夫子(zi)(zi)为木铎(duo)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“木铎(duo),施政教时(shi)所振(zhen)也(ye)。言天将(jiang)命孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)制作法(fa)度(du),以(yi)号(hao)令於天下。”)
[疏]“仪封”至“木铎”。
○正义曰:此章明夫子之德,天将命之使其定礼乐也。“仪封人请见”,卫国仪邑典封疆之人请告於孔子从者欲见孔子也。“曰:君子之至於斯也,吾未尝不得见也”者,此所请辞也。尝,曾也。言往者有德之君子至於我斯地也,吾尝得见之,未曾有不得见者也。“从者见之”者,从者,谓弟子随孔子行者。既见其请,故为之绍介通使得见也。“出曰:二三子何患於丧乎”者,仪封人既请见夫子,出门乃语诸弟子曰:“二三子何须忧患於夫子圣德之将丧亡乎?”“天下之无道也久矣”者,此封人又说孔子圣德不丧之由也。言事不常一,盛必有衰,衰极必盛。今天下之衰乱无道亦已久矣,言拯弱兴衰属在夫子。“天将以夫子为木铎”者,木铎,金铃木舌,施政教时所振也。言天将命孔子制作法度,以号令於天下,如木铎以振文教也。
○注“郑曰仪盖”至“官名”。
○正义曰:云“仪,盖卫邑”者,以《左传》“卫侯入於夷仪”,疑与此是一,故云“盖卫邑”也。云“封人,官名”者,《周礼》:“封人掌为畿封而树之。”郑玄云:“畿上有封,若今时界也。天子封人职典封疆,则知诸侯封人亦然也。《左传》言颍谷封人,祭仲足为祭封人,宋高哀为萧封人,此云仪封人,皆以地名。封人盖职典封疆,居在边邑,颍谷、仪、祭皆是国之边邑也。
○注“包曰”至“得见”。
○正义曰:云“通使得见”者,见,谓为之绍介,使之见也。若《左传》云“乃见专设诸焉”,“齐豹见宗鲁於公孟”亦然。
○注“孔曰”至“天下”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):云(yun)“木(mu)(mu)铎(duo)(duo)(duo),施政(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)也(ye)”者,礼(li)有金铎(duo)(duo)(duo)、木(mu)(mu)铎(duo)(duo)(duo)、铎(duo)(duo)(duo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)铃也(ye),其体以(yi)金为之,明舌(she)有金、木(mu)(mu)之异,知木(mu)(mu)铎(duo)(duo)(duo),是(shi)(shi)(shi)木(mu)(mu)舌(she)也(ye)。《周礼(li)》教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓人“以(yi)金铎(duo)(duo)(duo)通鼓”。《大司马》:“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)旅,两司马执铎(duo)(duo)(duo)。”《明堂位(wei)》云(yun):“振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木(mu)(mu)铎(duo)(duo)(duo)於朝。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)武事振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)金铎(duo)(duo)(duo),文事振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木(mu)(mu)铎(duo)(duo)(duo)。此云(yun)“木(mu)(mu)铎(duo)(duo)(duo),施政(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)”者,所(suo)以(yi)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)文教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)。
子谓《韶(shao)》:“尽美矣,又尽善(shan)也(ye)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“《韶(shao)》,舜乐(le)名,谓以圣德(de)受(shou)禅,故尽善(shan)。”)谓《武(wu)》:“尽美矣,未(wei)尽善(shan)也(ye)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“《武(wu)》,武(wu)王乐(le)也(ye)。以征(zheng)伐取天下,故未(wei)尽善(shan)。”)
[疏]“子谓”至“善也”。
○正义曰:此章论《韶》、《武》之乐。“子谓《韶》,尽美矣,又尽善也”者,《韶》,舜乐名。韶,绍也,德能绍尧,故乐名《韶》。言《韶》乐其声及舞极尽其美,揖让受禅,其圣德又尽善也。“谓《武》,尽美矣,未尽善也”者,《武》,周武王乐,以武得民心,故名乐曰《武》。言《武》乐音曲及舞容则尽极美矣,然以征伐取天下,不若揖让而得,故其德未尽善也。
○注“孔曰”至“尽善”。
○正义曰:云“《韶》,舜乐名”者,《乐记》云:“《韶》,继也。”注云:“韶,绍也,言舜之道德继绍於尧也。”《元命包》曰:“舜之时,民乐绍尧业。”其《书·益稷》云:“《萧韶》九成,凤皇来仪。”是《韶》为舜乐名也。云“谓以圣德受禅,故尽善”者,《书序》云:“昔在帝尧,聪明文思,光宅天下,将逊于位,让于虞舜。”孔安国云:“若使摄,遂禅之。”禅即让也。是以圣德受禅也。
○注“孔曰”至“未尽善”。
○正(zheng)义曰:云“《武》,武王(wang)乐(le)(le)(le)也”者(zhe)(zhe),《礼器》云:“乐(le)(le)(le)也者(zhe)(zhe),乐(le)(le)(le)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)自成。”注云:“作乐(le)(le)(le)者(zhe)(zhe),缘民所(suo)(suo)乐(le)(le)(le)於已之功。”然(ran)则以(yi)武王(wang)用武除暴,为(wei)天(tian)下所(suo)(suo)乐(le)(le)(le),故(gu)(gu)谓(wei)其(qi)乐(le)(le)(le)为(wei)《武》乐(le)(le)(le)。《武》乐(le)(le)(le)为(wei)一代(dai)大事,故(gu)(gu)历代(dai)皆称“大”也。云“以(yi)征伐取天(tian)下,故(gu)(gu)未(wei)尽(jin)善”者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)臣代(dai)君,虽曰应天(tian)顺人,不若揖(yi)让而受,故(gu)(gu)未(wei)尽(jin)善也。
子曰:“居上(shang)不宽,为礼不敬,临丧不哀(ai),吾何以观之哉(zai)!”
[疏]“子曰:居上不宽,为礼不敬,临丧不哀,吾何以观之哉!”
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章总言礼意。居(ju)上位者(zhe)宽(kuan)则得众,不宽(kuan)则失(shi)於(wu)苛刻。凡为(wei)礼事在於(wu)庄敬,不敬则失(shi)於(wu)傲(ao)惰(duo)。亲(qin)临死(si)丧当致(zhi)其哀(ai),不哀(ai)则失(shi)於(wu)和易(yi)。凡此(ci)三失(shi),皆非礼意。人或若此(ci)不足可观(guan),故曰(yue):“吾何以观(guan)之哉!”