卷八下·离娄章句下
孟子曰:“可以取,可以无取,取伤廉。可以与,可以无与,与伤惠。可以死,可以无死,死伤勇。”(三者,皆谓事可出入,不至违义,但伤此名,亦不陷于恶也。)
[疏]正义(yi)曰:此章指(zhi)言(yan)廉(lian)、惠、勇(yong),人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高行也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),丧此三名,则(ze)(ze)士病诸,故设斯科以进能者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰”至(zhi)“死(si)(si)伤勇(yong)”者(zhe),盖言(yan)凡于所(suo)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),可(ke)(ke)以取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故无(wu)伤害(hai)于为廉(lian);可(ke)(ke)以无(wu)取(qu)而(er)(er)(er)乃取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是为伤害(hai)于廉(lian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又言(yan)凡所(suo)与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),可(ke)(ke)以与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)为伤其(qi)惠;可(ke)(ke)以无(wu)与(yu)(yu)而(er)(er)(er)乃与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是为伤害(hai)于惠也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又言(yan)凡于所(suo)死(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),可(ke)(ke)以死(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)死(si)(si),不(bu)为伤害(hai)其(qi)勇(yong);可(ke)(ke)以无(wu)死(si)(si)而(er)(er)(er)乃死(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是为伤害(hai)其(qi)勇(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)受薛七十镒,是可(ke)(ke)以取(qu)则(ze)(ze)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);求也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)为聚(ju)敛而(er)(er)(er)附益之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是可(ke)(ke)以无(wu)取(qu)而(er)(er)(er)乃取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)与(yu)(yu)愿(yuan)思(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粟(su),是可(ke)(ke)以与(yu)(yu)则(ze)(ze)与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);冉(ran)子(zi)(zi)(zi)与(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)华(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粟(su)五秉,是可(ke)(ke)以无(wu)与(yu)(yu)而(er)(er)(er)乃与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。比干谏(jian)而(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si),是可(ke)(ke)以死(si)(si)则(ze)(ze)死(si)(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);荀息(xi)不(bu)能格君(jun)心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei),而(er)(er)(er)终(zhong)遽以死(si)(si)许,是可(ke)(ke)以无(wu)死(si)(si)而(er)(er)(er)乃死(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
逢蒙学射于羿,尽羿之道,思天下惟羿为愈己,于是杀羿。(羿,有穷后羿。逢蒙,羿之家众也。《春秋传》曰:“羿将归自田,家众杀之。”)
孟子曰:“是亦羿有罪焉。”(罪羿不择人也,故以下事喻之)
公明仪曰:“宜若无罪焉。”曰:“薄乎云尔,恶得无罪?郑人使子濯孺子侵卫,卫使庾公之斯追之。子濯孺子曰:‘今日我疾作,不可以执弓,吾死矣夫!’(孺子,郑大夫。庾公,卫大夫。疾作疟疾。)
问其仆曰:‘追我者谁也?’其仆曰:‘庾公之斯也。’曰:‘吾生矣。’(仆,御也。孺子曰:吾必生矣。)
其仆曰:‘庾公之斯,卫之善射者也。夫子曰吾生,何谓也?’曰:‘庾公之斯学射于尹公之他,尹公之他学射于我。夫尹公之他,端人也,其取友必端矣。’(端人,用心不邪辟。知我是其道本所出,必不害我也。)
庾公之斯至,曰:‘夫子何为不执弓?’曰:‘今日我疾作,不可以执弓。’曰:‘小人学射于尹公之他,尹公之他学射于夫子,我不忍以夫子之道反害夫子。虽然,今日之事,君事也,我不敢废。’抽矢叩轮,去其金,发乘矢而后反。”(庾公之斯至,竟如孺子之所言。而曰:我不敢废君事,故叩轮去镞,使不害人,乃以射孺子,礼射四发而去。乘,四也。《诗》云:“四矢反兮。”孟子言是以明羿之罪,假使如子濯孺子之得尹公之他而教之,何由有逢蒙之祸乎。)
[疏]“逢蒙学射”至“乘矢而后反”。
○正义曰:此章指言求交取友,必得其人,得善以全,养凶获患,是故子濯济难,夷羿以残,可以鉴也。“逢蒙学射于羿,尽羿之道,思天下惟后羿所射有强于己,于是反妒之,而杀其后羿。“孟子曰:是亦羿有罪焉”,孟子复言逢蒙所以杀其后羿,是后羿亦有可罪之道者焉。“公明仪曰:宜若无罪焉”,孟子引公明仪于往日尝曰逢蒙杀羿,宜若羿无罪而见杀焉,又鄙之公明仪之言,曰:薄乎此言尔,安得谓之无罪焉?昔郑国之君使子濯孺子为大夫,以侵伐其卫国。卫君乃使大夫庾公之斯追捉其子濯,子濯乃曰:今日我疟疾发作,不可以执弓而敌之,我必死矣。遂问其御仆曰:卫之追赶我者是谁也。其御仆乃告之曰:卫大夫庾公之斯者也。子濯即曰:我得生矣,不能死我也。其御仆乃问:庾公之斯是卫国之最善射者也,而夫子乃曰吾生矣,是何之谓也?子濯乃与之御仆曰:庾公之斯学射于尹公之他,尹公之他学射于我,夫尹公之他,端正之人也,其所友亦必端正之人然后教其射矣。庾公之斯遂追至子濯之所,见子濯不执弓矢,乃问曰:夫子何为不执弓以拒之。子濯告之曰:今日我疟疾发作,不可以执弓矣。庾公之斯乃自称己为小人,言小人学射于尹公之他,尹公之他学射于夫子,今不忍以夫子之道而反归害其夫子矣。虽然,不忍害夫子,奈以今日所追之事,乃君命之事也,我亦不敢废背其君命耳,遂不免抽取其矢,而敲之于车轮之上,乃去其镞利而发射子濯,至发其四矢,然后乃反归而不追之。盖去镞利,所以无害于子濯耳。云乘矢者,乘,四矢也,盖四马为一乘,是亦取其意也。
○注“羿有穷”至“杀之”。
○正义曰:羿有穷后羿者,说在《梁王》首篇详矣。云“逢蒙,羿之家众”至“杀之”者,案襄公四年《左传》云:“将归自田,家众杀而烹之,以食其子。子不忍食诸,死于穷门。”杜注云“子,羿之子也,不忍食,又杀之国门。”
○注“孺子,郑大夫。庾公,卫大夫”。
○正(zheng)义曰:襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)十四年《左传》云:“尹公(gong)(gong)(gong)他学(xue)射(she)于庾(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)差(cha),庾(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)差(cha)学(xue)射(she)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)孙丁。二子(zi)追(zhui)卫献公(gong)(gong)(gong),公(gong)(gong)(gong)孙丁御公(gong)(gong)(gong)。子(zi)曰:‘射(she)为背师,不射(she)为戮,射(she)为礼乎?’射(she)两钩而还。尹公(gong)(gong)(gong)他曰:‘子(zi)为师,我则远矣。’乃反之(zhi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孙丁授(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)辔(pei)而射(she)之(zhi),贯臂。”杜预曰:“子(zi)鱼(yu),庾(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)差(cha)。”然则孟子(zi)之(zhi)言,与此不同,是二说必有(you)取一焉。
孟子曰:“西子蒙不洁,则人皆掩鼻而过之。(西子,古之好女西施也。蒙不洁,以不洁汗巾帽而蒙其头面。面虽好,以蒙不洁,人过之者皆自掩鼻,惧闻其臭也。)
虽有恶人,斋戒沐浴,则可以祀上帝。(恶人,丑类者也。面虽丑而斋戒沐浴,自治洁净,可以待上帝之祀。言人当自治以仁义乃为善也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“上帝”。
○正义曰:此章指言貌好行恶,西子蒙臭,丑人洁服,供事上帝,明当修饰,惟义为常也。孟子言西施之女,其貌虽好,然加之不洁巾帽而蒙其头,则人见之亦必遮掩鼻而过之,更不顾也;如恶人虽曰至丑,然能斋戒沐浴,自洁净其身,则亦可以供事上帝矣。孟子之意,盖人能修其己,虽神犹享,而况于人乎?然知人修治其己,不可以已也。
○注“西子西施”。
○正义曰:案《史记》云:西施,越(yue)之(zhi)美(mei)女,越(yue)王(wang)勾践以献之(zhi),吴王(wang)夫(fu)差大幸之(zhi)。每入(ru)市,人愿见者,先输金钱一文。是西施也。
孟子曰:“天下之言性也,则故而已矣。故者以利为本。(今天下之言性,则以故而已矣。以言其故者,以利为本耳。若杞柳为杯卷,非杞柳之性也。)
所恶于智者,为其凿也。(恶人欲用智而妄穿凿,不顺物之性,而改道以养之。)
如智者若禹之行水也,则无恶于智矣。禹之行水也,行其所无事也。(禹之用智,决江疏河,因水之性,因地之宜,引之就下,行其空虚无事之处。)
如智者亦行其所无事,则智亦大矣。(如用智者,不妄改作,但循理,若禹之行水于无事,则为大智也。)
天之高也,星辰之远也,苟求其故,千岁之日至可坐而致也。”(天虽高,星辰虽远,诚能推求其故常,千岁日至之日可坐而致也。星辰,日月之会。致,至也。知其日至在何日也。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“可坐而致也”。
○正义曰:此章指言能修性守故,天道可知,妄智改常,必与道乖,性命之指也。“孟子曰:天下之言性也,则故而已矣。故者以利为本”至“可坐而致也”者,孟子言今夫天下之人有言其性也者,非性之谓也,则事而已矣。盖故者事也,如所谓故旧无大故之故同意。以其人生之初,万理已具于性矣,但由性而行,本乎自然,固不待于有为则可也,是则为性矣。今天下之人,皆以待于有为为性,是行其性也,非本乎自然而为性者耳,是则为事矣。事者必以利为本,是人所行事必择其利然后行之矣,是谓“故者以利为本”矣。我之所以有恶于智者,非谓其智也,为其不本性之自然之为智,但穿凿逆其自然之性而为智者矣,故曰“所恶于智者,为其凿也”。孟子言此,又恐后人因是遂以为故与智为不美,所以复为明言之,故言如为智者,若禹之治水,则我无恶于为智矣。以其大禹之治行其水也,但因水自然之性引而通之,是行其所无事者也,非逆其水性而行之也。若今之人为智,但因性之自然而为智,是亦行其无事耳,而其为智亦大智者矣。此孟子于此以为智之美,又非所谓恶之者也。且天之最高者也,星辰最远者也,然而诚能但推求其故常,虽千岁之后,其日至之日,亦可坐而计之也。孟子于此以故为美,所以又执是而言之耳,以其恐人不知已前所谓则故而已矣为事之故,遂引天与星辰而言故常之故,于此为美也。谓人之言性者,但本乎故常自然之性而为性,不以妄自穿凿改作,则身之修,亦若天与星辰之故常,而千岁日至之日,但可坐而致也:此所以明其前所谓故为事故之故,终于此云故乃故常之故,盖故义亦训常,所谓必循其故之故同。
○注“以杞柳为杯卷”。
○正义曰:经之《告子》篇文也。
○注“星辰,日月之会”。
○案孔安国《尚书传》云(yun):“星辰,日(ri)月所会也。”《书》云(yun)“辰弗(fu)集于房”是(shi)也。
公行子有子之丧。右师往吊,入门,有进而与右师言者,有就右师之位而与右师言者。(公行子,齐大夫也。右师,齐之贵臣王,字子敖者。公行之丧,齐卿大夫以君命会,各有位次,故下云朝廷也。与言者,皆谄于贵人也。)
孟子不与右师言,右师不悦,曰:“诸君子皆与言,孟子独不与言,是简也。”(右师谓孟子简其无德,故不与言,是以不悦也。)
孟子闻之曰:“礼,朝廷不历位而相与言,不逾阶而相揖也。我欲行礼,子敖以我为简,不亦异乎”(孟子闻子敖之言,曰:我欲行礼,故不历位而言,反以我为简异也。云以礼者,心恶子敖,而外顺其辞也。)
[疏]“公行子”至“不亦异乎”。
○正义曰:此章指言循理而动,不合时人,阿意事贵,胁肩所尊,俗之情也。是以万物皆流,而金石独止。“公行子有子之丧。右师往吊,人门,有进而与右师言者,有就右师之位而与右师言”者,公行子,齐国之大夫,丧其子,故有子之丧。王字子敖者,公行子家而吊慰,入公行之门,其间有进揖而与右师王言者,又有就右师王之位所而与言者。“孟子不与右师言”至“不亦异乎”者,言孟子独不与右师言。右师见孟子不与之言,乃不说而有愤愤之色,曰:诸君子之众贤皆与我言,独孟子不与我言,是孟子简略不礼于我也。孟子闻王此言,乃告之曰:不与右师言者,乃是礼然也,于礼,则朝廷之间不历位所而相与言,又不逾越阶而相揖,我欲行其溃故如是不与之言也。子敖今以我为简略而为不礼,是其言不亦乖异于礼乎。
○注“右师,齐之贵臣”。
○正义曰:古(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)天子(zi)之卿,尊者(zhe)(zhe)谓之大师(shi),卑(bei)者(zhe)(zhe)谓之少师(shi)。诸侯之卿,尊者(zhe)(zhe)谓之左(zuo)师(shi),卑(bei)者(zhe)(zhe)谓之右师(shi)故也。
孟子曰:“君子所以异于人者,以其存心也。君子以仁存心,以礼存心。仁者爱人,有礼者敬人。爱人者,人常爱之。敬人者,人常敬之(存,在也。君子之在心者,仁与礼也。爱敬施行于人,人亦必反报之于已也。)
有人于此,其待我以横逆,则君子必自反也:‘我必不仁也,必无礼也,此物奚宜至哉。’(横逆者,以暴虐之道来加我也。君子反自思省,谓己仁、礼不至也,物,事也,推此人何为以此事来加于我也。)
其自反而仁矣,自反而有礼矣,其横逆由是也,君子必自反也:‘我必不忠。’(君子自谓我必不忠。)
自反而忠矣,其横逆由是也,君子曰:‘此亦妄人也已矣。如此,则与禽兽奚择哉?于禽兽又何难焉?’(妄人,妄作之人。无知者与禽兽何择异也?无异于禽兽,又何足难矣?)
是故君子有终身之忧,无一朝之患也。乃若所忧则有之:舜,人也;我,亦人也。舜为法于天下,可传于后世,我由未免为乡人也,是则可忧也。(君子之忧,忧不如尧舜也。)
忧之如何?如舜而已矣。(忧之当如何乎?如舜而后可,故终身忧也。)
若夫君子所患则亡矣,非仁无为也,非礼无行也。如有一朝之患,则君子不患矣。”(君子之行,本自不致患,常行仁礼,如有一朝横来之患,非己愆也。故君子归天,不以为患也。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“君子不患矣”。
○正义曰:此(ci)(ci)章指(zhi)言(yan)(yan)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)责(ze)己(ji)(ji),小人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改,比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禽兽(shou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)难(nan)矣(yi)(yi),蹈仁(ren)行(xing)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)患其患,惟不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)若舜(shun)(shun),可(ke)(ke)能(neng)忧(you)也(ye)(ye)。“孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)异(yi)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”至“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)敬(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)有别(bie)于(yu)众(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)其存(cun)(cun)(cun)心与众(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)别(bie)也(ye)(ye),君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),常(chang)以(yi)仁(ren)道(dao)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎心,又(you)(you)(you)以(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎心。以(yi)仁(ren)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎心者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)爱人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);有礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎心者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)敬(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。爱人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)亦常(chang)爱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);敬(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)亦常(chang)敬(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):盖(gai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)亦常(chang)爱敬(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),抑以(yi)施报自(zi)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)。“有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)”至“又(you)(you)(you)何(he)(he)难(nan)焉(yan)”,孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)(you)(you)托言(yan)(yan),今有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在此(ci)(ci),其待我(wo)(wo)(wo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),皆以(yi)横(heng)逆(ni)暴虐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)而(er)(er)待我(wo)(wo)(wo),则(ze)为(wei)(wei)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),必(bi)自(zi)反(fan)责(ze)于(yu)已也(ye)(ye),以(yi)其是(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)必(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)仁(ren),又(you)(you)(you)无(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye),此(ci)(ci)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)待我(wo)(wo)(wo)横(heng)逆(ni),故(gu)曰“此(ci)(ci)物奚(xi)宜(yi)至哉(zai)”。言(yan)(yan)此(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)何(he)(he)为(wei)(wei)以(yi)此(ci)(ci)横(heng)逆(ni)加我(wo)(wo)(wo)哉(zai)?是(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)于(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,有无(wu)礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing),此(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)如是(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)加我(wo)(wo)(wo)矣(yi)(yi)。其自(zi)反(fan)而(er)(er)仁(ren)矣(yi)(yi),自(zi)反(fan)而(er)(er)有礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)矣(yi)(yi),其横(heng)逆(ni)加我(wo)(wo)(wo)又(you)(you)(you)由(you)此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),又(you)(you)(you)必(bi)自(zi)反(fan)责(ze)其己(ji)(ji),以(yi)为(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)必(bi)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忠(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心矣(yi)(yi)。自(zi)反(fan)既以(yi)有忠(zhong),其横(heng)逆(ni)加我(wo)(wo)(wo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)又(you)(you)(you)由(you)此(ci)(ci),君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)乃曰:此(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)横(heng)逆(ni)暴虐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)加我(wo)(wo)(wo),是(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)妄人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)矣(yi)(yi)。如此(ci)(ci)为(wei)(wei)妄人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)矣(yi)(yi),则(ze)与禽兽(shou)奚(xi)择有异(yi)哉(zai)?既为(wei)(wei)禽兽(shou),于(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)又(you)(you)(you)何(he)(he)足(zu)责(ze)难(nan)焉(yan)?此(ci)(ci)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)又(you)(you)(you)自(zi)归己(ji)(ji),而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)谴彼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪矣(yi)(yi)。“是(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有终(zhong)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忧(you)”至“君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)患矣(yi)(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)如此(ci)(ci),是(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有终(zhong)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忧(you)虑(lv),而(er)(er)无(wu)一(yi)朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患难(nan)。乃若君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有所(suo)(suo)忧(you)虑(lv),是(shi)(shi)(shi)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)无(wu)焉(yan),然(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)有忧(you)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),但忧(you)虑(lv)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)舜(shun)(shun)帝亦一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye),我(wo)(wo)(wo)亦一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye),舜(shun)(shun)帝既为(wei)(wei)法于(yu)天下,可(ke)(ke)传之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)后世,以(yi)为(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)取则(ze),而(er)(er)我(wo)(wo)(wo)犹尚未免为(wei)(wei)乡俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),此(ci)(ci)则(ze)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)可(ke)(ke)忧(you)也(ye)(ye)。既以(yi)忧(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何(he)(he)忧(you)?言(yan)(yan)忧(you)但慕(mu)如舜(shun)(shun)为(wei)(wei)法、可(ke)(ke)传于(yu)后世而(er)(er)止矣(yi)(yi)。然(ran)(ran)则(ze)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)其于(yu)有所(suo)(suo)患则(ze)无(wu)矣(yi)(yi),非仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,既以(yi)无(wu)为(wei)(wei),非礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,既以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing),然(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)如有一(yi)朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患,则(ze)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患矣(yi)(yi)。无(wu)他,以(yi)其非己(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有愆(qian)过而(er)(er)招之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。其所(suo)(suo)以(yi)有患者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),亦彼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)为(wei)(wei)我(wo)(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患也(ye)(ye)。前(qian)所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)横(heng)逆(ni)待我(wo)(wo)(wo),是(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)妄人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye),己(ji)(ji)于(yu)禽兽(shou)又(you)(you)(you)何(he)(he)足(zu)难(nan)焉(yan),正此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)。孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)亦欲人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)仁(ren)、礼(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)存(cun)(cun)(cun)心,其有横(heng)逆(ni)加己(ji)(ji),又(you)(you)(you)当反(fan)己(ji)(ji),故(gu)无(wu)患及(ji)耳(er)。
禹、稷当平世,三过其门而不入。孔子贤之。颜子当乱世,居于陋巷,一箪食,一瓢饮,人不堪其忧,颜子不改其乐。孔子贤之。孟子曰:“禹、稷、颜回同道。禹思天下有溺者,由己溺之也;稷思天下有饥者,由己饥之也:是以如是其急也。禹、稷、颜子,易地则皆然。(当平世,三过其门者,身为公卿,忧民者也;当乱世,安陋巷者,不用于世,穷而乐道者也:孟子以为忧民之道同,用与不用之宜若是也,故孔子俱贤之。禹、稷急民之难若是,颜子与之易地,其心皆然。不在其位,故劳佚异。)
今有同室之人斗者,救之,虽被发缨冠而救之可也。乡邻有斗者,被发缨冠而往救之,则惑也,虽闭户可也。”(缨冠者,以冠缨贯头也。乡邻,同乡也。同室相救,是其理也,喻禹、稷。走赴乡邻,非其事,颜子所以闭户而高枕也。)
[疏]“禹、稷当平世”至“可也”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)章指言(yan)上贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi),得(de)圣一(yi)概,颜(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,有(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),时行(xing)(xing)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)行(xing)(xing),时止则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)止,失期节则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)惑(huo)矣。“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)当平(ping)(ping)世(shi)(shi)”至(zhi)(zhi)“易地(di)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)皆(jie)然(ran)”者(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)大(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)与后稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)皆(jie)当平(ping)(ping)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi),急(ji)于(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民,三过家门而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)入(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)皆(jie)助为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),故尊贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);颜(yan)渊(yuan)当危(wei)乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)用,居(ju)处(chu)于(yu)隘(ai)陋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巷(xiang),但(dan)以(yi)一(yi)箪盛其(qi)(qi)(qi)食、一(yi)瓢盛其(qi)(qi)(qi)饮而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)饮、食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),时人(ren)(ren)皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)堪(kan)忍此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忧,颜(yan)渊(yuan)独乐于(yu)道而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)此(ci)忧,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)亦(yi)(yi)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)乃至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)此(ci),乃自曰:禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、颜(yan)回三人(ren)(ren),其(qi)(qi)(qi)道则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)同(tong)(tong)(tong)耳(er)。以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)时思(si)念天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)有(you)因洪水而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)沉溺也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),后稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)时思(si)念天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)有(you)因水土未平(ping)(ping)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)被(bei)饥(ji)饿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)已被(bei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)饥(ji)饿也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)三过家门而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)入(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)与颜(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)更(geng)易其(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)皆(jie)能如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。谓(wei)颜(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi),亦(yi)(yi)能如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急(ji);禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)颜(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi),亦(yi)(yi)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)乐:是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)(tong)道者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)异,但(dan)时之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)平(ping)(ping)一(yi)乱(luan)矣。“今(jin)(jin)有(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)室(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)”至(zhi)(zhi)“可也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又(you)以(yi)此(ci)言(yan)比喻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓(wei)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急(ji),若(ruo)(ruo)今(jin)(jin)有(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)室(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)有(you)斗争(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),救(jiu)劝(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)虽被(bei)发而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)缨冠于(yu)头而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)救(jiu)劝(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),无(wu)它,以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)情于(yu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)居(ju),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)亲(qin)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)有(you)争(zheng)斗而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)救(jiu)劝(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)疏其(qi)(qi)(qi)亲(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)当平(ping)(ping)世(shi)(shi),既达而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)上,亦(yi)(yi)急(ji)于(yu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)急(ji)于(yu)民,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)上位而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)恤民者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)固以(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)室(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)救(jiu)斗为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喻。颜(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)陋巷(xiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)乐,若(ruo)(ruo)今(jin)(jin)有(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)乡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)有(you)争(zheng)斗者(zhe)(zhe),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)被(bei)散(san)其(qi)(qi)(qi)发而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)缨冠于(yu)头而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)救(jiu)劝(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)惑(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)矣,虽闭户而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)勿救(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),无(wu)它,以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)乡邻于(yu)己为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)疏,非亲(qin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)往(wang)救(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亲(qin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)疏矣;颜(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)当危(wei)乱(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi),既穷而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)用,亦(yi)(yi)宜处(chu)陋巷(xiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)乐耳(er),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)改(gai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)乐,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)媚于(yu)世(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)非贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)故以(yi)乡邻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)救(jiu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喻。由(you)此(ci)推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、颜(yan)回同(tong)(tong)(tong)道,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)诬(wu)于(yu)后世(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰“贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)哉(zai)!回也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)颜(yan)回之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);又(you)曰“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),吾无(wu)间然(ran)矣”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);南宫适曰“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)躬(gong)(gong)稼(jia)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)”,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰“君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)哉(zai)若(ruo)(ruo)人(ren)(ren),尚(shang)德哉(zai)若(ruo)(ruo)人(ren)(ren)”,以(yi)此(ci)观(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)美南宫适云及此(ci)二人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)知(zhi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),抑亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)“三过其(qi)(qi)(qi)门”则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)主乎(hu)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),今(jin)(jin)孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)兼稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),何也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?曰:孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)躬(gong)(gong)稼(jia),其(qi)(qi)(qi)亦(yi)(yi)主于(yu)稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乃兼禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)水,非暨稷(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)播殖则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)无(wu)以(yi)奏(zou)艰(jian)食,非得(de)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)(ping)水土则(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)无(wu)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)躬(gong)(gong)稼(jia),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二者(zhe)(zhe)未常不(bu)(bu)(bu)相待(dai)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)用耳(er)。孔(kong)、孟(meng)(meng)交言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亦(yi)(yi)一(yi)道也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。盖(gai)躬(gong)(gong)稼(jia)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia),虽出(chu)乎(hu)南宫适之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),然(ran)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)美之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故云孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
公都子曰:“匡章通国皆称不孝焉。夫子与之游,又从而礼貌之,敢问何也?”(匡章齐人也,一国皆称不孝,问孟子何为与之游,又礼之以颜色喜悦之貌也?)
孟子曰:“世俗所谓不孝者五:惰其四支,不顾父母之养,一不孝也;博弈好饮酒,不顾父母之养,二不孝也;好货财,私妻子,不顾父母之养,三不孝也;从耳目之欲,以为父母戮,四不孝也;好勇斗很,以危父母,五不孝也。章子有一于是乎?(惰懈不作,极耳目之欲以陷罪,戮及父母。凡此五者,人所谓不孝之行。章子岂有一事于此五不孝中也。)
夫章子,子父责善而不相遇也。责善,朋友之道也。父子责善,贼恩之大者。(遇,得也。章子子父亲教,相责以善,不能相得,父逐之也。朋友切磋,乃当责善耳。父子相责以善,贼恩之大者也。)
夫章子岂不欲有夫妻子母之属哉?为得罪于父,不得近,出妻屏子,终身不养焉。(夫章子岂不欲身有夫妻之配,子有子母之属哉?但以身得罪于父,不得近父,故出去其妻,屏远其子,终身不为妻子所养也。)
其设心以为不若是,是则罪之大者。是则章子已矣。”(章子张设其心,执持此屏妻子之意,以为得罪于父,而不若是以自责罚,是则罪益大矣。是章子之行已矣,何为不可与言。)
[疏]“公都子曰”至“则章子而已矣”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此(ci)(ci)章(zhang)(zhang)指(zhi)言匡(kuang)章(zhang)(zhang)得(de)罪,出(chu)(chu)妻(qi)屏(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),上(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)养(yang)(yang)(yang),下(xia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)责(ze)己(ji),众曰(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao),其(qi)(qi)(qi)实则(ze)否,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)礼(li)(li)貌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“公(gong)都(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):匡(kuang)章(zhang)(zhang)通国皆(jie)称不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)焉(yan)”至(zhi)“敢问何也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),公(gong)都(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)谓孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):匡(kuang)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),遍国人(ren)皆(jie)称为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)焉(yan),夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)乃与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)游,又从而(er)(er)(er)(er)敬悦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),敢问夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?“孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):世(shi)(shi)俗(su)所(suo)谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)五(wu)”至(zhi)“于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乎(hu)”,孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答公(gong)都(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):世(shi)(shi)俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)所(suo)谓为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行有五(wu),怠(dai)惰(duo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)四支,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)作事业,而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顾父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)养(yang)(yang)(yang),为(wei)(wei)一不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye);博弈好(hao)饮(yin)酒(jiu),而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顾父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)养(yang)(yang)(yang),为(wei)(wei)三不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye);好(hao)货(huo)财,私爱(ai)妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顾父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)养(yang)(yang)(yang),为(wei)(wei)三不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye);纵其(qi)(qi)(qi)耳目之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)欲(yu),陷于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)罪,以(yi)(yi)(yi)辱及(ji)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)(mu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye);好(hao)勇暴,好(hao)争斗,好(hao)顽(wan)很(hen),以(yi)(yi)(yi)惊危父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)(mu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)岂(qi)有一事于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)五(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)孝(xiao)(xiao)乎(hu)。“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)父(fu)(fu)责(ze)善(shan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相遇也(ye)(ye)(ye)。责(ze)善(shan),朋(peng)友(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye),父(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)责(ze)善(shan),贼恩(en)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)”,孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)但失于(yu)(yu)父(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)责(ze)善(shan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相遇也(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遇者(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相得(de)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)相责(ze)于(yu)(yu)善(shan),乃朋(peng)友(you)切磋琢磨(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。如父(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)相责(ze)善(shan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贼害其(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩(en)大者(zhe)矣(yi)。“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)岂(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲(yu)有夫(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)母(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu)哉(zai)”至(zhi)“是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)则(ze)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)已(yi)矣(yi)”,孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又言夫(fu)(fu)(fu)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)与(yu)(yu)父(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相遇而(er)(er)(er)(er)离之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),岂(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲(yu)有夫(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)母(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)亲属(shu)哉(zai)?为(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)得(de)罪于(yu)(yu)父(fu)(fu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)近焉(yan),故用出(chu)(chu)去其(qi)(qi)(qi)妻(qi),屏(ping)逐其(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),终身不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)养(yang)(yang)(yang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)如或开(kai)设于(yu)(yu)心为(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)若是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),离之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父(fu)(fu),故出(chu)(chu)妻(qi)屏(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陷父(fu)(fu)于(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪者(zhe)矣(yi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)则(ze)罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)莫大者(zhe)矣(yi)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)则(ze)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行,以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)(er)(er)已(yi),我何可(ke)(ke)绝而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪?以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)论之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过,过于(yu)(yu)厚者(zhe)矣(yi),宜孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)与(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)游,又从而(er)(er)(er)(er)礼(li)(li)貌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。盖(gai)谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顾父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)养(yang)(yang)(yang)者(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有逆于(yu)(yu)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)(mu),而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顺父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意耳。《孝(xiao)(xiao)经》云:“父(fu)(fu)有争,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)则(ze)身不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)陷于(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)义(yi)。”礼(li)(li)云:“与(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)得(de)罪于(yu)(yu)州(zhou)闾乡党,宁熟谏(jian)。”然则(ze)父(fu)(fu)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)义(yi),虽熟谏(jian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)争之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye)(ye),又安可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)朋(peng)友(you)责(ze)善(shan)施于(yu)(yu)父(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间哉(zai)。故章(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)离之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),遂用出(chu)(chu)妻(qi)屏(ping)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),为(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)义(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)言耳。
曾子居武城,有越寇。或曰:“寇至,盍去诸?”(盍,何不也。曾子居武城,有越寇将来,人曰寇方至,何不去之?)
曰:“无寓人于我室,毁伤其薪木。”寇退,则曰:“我墙屋,我将反。”(寓,寄也。曾子欲去,戒其守人曰:无寄人于我室,恐其伤我薪草树木也。寇退,则曰:治墙屋之坏者,我将来反。)
寇退,曾子反。左右曰:“待先生如此其忠且敬也,寇职则先去以为民望,寇退则反,殆于不可。”(左右相与非议曾子者,言武城邑大夫敬曾子,武城人为曾子忠谋,劝使避寇,君臣忠敬如此,而先生寇至则先去,使百姓瞻望而效之,寇退安宁则复来还,殆不可如是。怪曾子何以行之也。)
沈犹行曰:“是非汝所知也。昔沈犹有负刍之祸,从先生者七十人,未有与焉。”(沈犹行,曾子弟子也。行谓左右之人曰:先生之行,非汝所能知也。先生,曾子也。往者先生尝从门徒七十人,舍吾沈犹氏,时有作乱者曰负刍,来攻沈犹氏,先生率弟子去之,不与其难。言宾师不与臣同耳。)
子思居于卫,有齐寇。或曰:“寇至,盍去诸?”子思曰:“如去,君谁与守?”(,子思名也。子思欲助卫君赴难。)
孟子曰:“曾子、子思同道。曾子,师也,父兄也。子思,臣也,微也。曾子、子思易地则皆然。”(孟子以为二人同道。曾子为武城人作师,则其父兄,故去留无毁。子思,微少也,又为臣,委质为臣当死难,故不去也。子思与曾子,易地皆然。)
[疏]“曾子居武城”至“易地则皆然”。
○正义曰:此章指言臣当营君,师在余裕,二人处义,非殊者也。是故孟子纪之,谓得其同。“曾子居武城,有越寇”至“或曰:寇至,盍去诸”者,孟子言曾子尝居于武城之邑,有南越寇贼兴,或人告之曰:寇贼来,何不去之?“曰:无寓人于我室,毁伤其薪木。寇退,则曰:修我墙屋,我将反”者,言曾子欲去,乃戒其所守之人,曰:无寓人于我此室,而毁伤我薪木。寇贼既退,则曰:修我墙屋,我将反居此。“寇退,曾子反,左右曰:待先生如此其忠且敬也”至“殆于不可”者,言寇贼已退,曾子于是乎反居此也,左右之大夫皆曰:待先生如此其忠而不敢慢也,寇贼至则先去,以使民瞻望而效之。寇退平静,则反其居,殆不可如是也。“沈犹行曰”至“未有与焉”者,言沈犹行答左右之人,曰:先生之去,非汝所能知者也,往日沈犹有寇贼,自负其刍草来攻我室,随从先生者有七十人,言曾子率弟子而去之,故未有与及此难也,故得免其祸焉。先生,曾子也。“子思居于卫,有齐寇”至“君谁与守”者,孟子又言子思居于卫邑,有齐国之寇贼兴,或人告之曰:寇贼来,何不去之。子思乃自称名,答或人曰:如使见其寇贼至则去之,卫君则谁与为守护。,子思名也。“孟子曰,曾子、子思同道”至“易地则皆然”,孟子引至于此,乃曰:曾子、子思二人其道则同也。以其曾子居于武城,则师之道也,如人之父兄也,则去留人不可毁,无它,其以无所拘也;子思居于卫,则臣之道也,其势则微小也,当赴君之难,不可去也,无它,以其有所拘也。虽然,二人如更易其地,则皆能如是也。谓子思居于曾子之所而为之师,亦未必不能如曾子去留无所拘也,曾子居于子思之所而为之臣,亦未必不能如子思赴君之难而不去也。故曰“曾子、子思同道”。案《史记·弟子传》:“曾子名参,字子舆,武城人。少孔子四十六岁,孔子以为能通孝道,故授之业,作《孝经》,死于鲁国。”
○注“,子思名也”。
○正义曰(yue):案(an)《世家》云:“子思(si)名(ming),字(zi)子思(si),伯鱼之子,孔子之孙(sun)也。六(liu)十二,尝困于宋。子思(si)作《中庸》,没于卫(wei)。”
储子曰:“王使人间夫子,果有以异于人乎?”(储子,齐人也。间,视也。果,能也。谓孟子曰:王言贤者身貌必当有异,故使人视夫子能有异于众人之容乎?)
孟子曰:“何以异于人哉!尧舜与人同耳。”(人生同受法于天地之形,我当何以异于人哉?且尧舜之貌与凡人同耳。其所以异,乃以仁义之道,在于内也。)
[疏]“储子”至“同耳”。
○正义曰:此章指言人以道殊,贤愚体别,头员足方,善恶如一。储子之言,齐王之不达也。储子谓孟子曰:齐王使人视夫子能有以异别于众人乎?以其齐王必谓孟子之贤,貌状须有异于人也。孟子答之曰:我何以有别异于众人哉?虽尧舜之盛帝亦与人同其貌状耳。但其所以有异于众人者,特以仁义之道与人异耳。孟子言此,则知齐王是为不达者也。盖古之人善观人者,不索人于形骸之外,而索之于形骸之内。今齐王乃索孟子于形骸之外,宜其过也。
○注“储子,齐人也”。
○正义曰:盖亦因经而为(wei)言之也,故孟(meng)子仕于(yu)齐,今此乃曰王使(shi)人来者,是知为(wei)齐人。
齐人有一妻一妾而处室者。其良人出,则必餍酒肉而后反。其妻问所与饮食者,则尽富贵也。(良人,夫也。尽富贵者,夫诈言其姓名也。)
其妻告其妾曰:“良人出,则必餍酒肉而后反,问其与饮食者,尽富贵也,而未尝有显者来。吾将间良人之所之也。”(妻疑其诈,故欲视其所之。)
蚤起,施从良人之所之,遍国中无与立谈者。卒之东郭番间之祭者,乞其馀;不足,又顾而之他。此其为餍足之道也。(施者,邪施而行,不欲使良人觉也。番间,郭外冢间也。乞其祭者所馀酒肉也。)
其妻归告其妾曰:“良人者,所仰望而终身也。今若此!”与其妾讪其良人,而相泣于中庭。(妻妾于中庭悲伤其良人,相对涕泣而谤毁之。)
而良人未之知也,施施从外来,骄其妻妾。(施施犹扁扁喜悦之貌。以为妻妾不知,如故骄之也。)
由君子观之,则人之所以求富贵利达者,其妻妾不羞也而不相泣者,几希矣。(由,用也。用君子之道观之,今求富贵者,皆以枉曲之道,昏夜乞哀而求之,以骄人于白日。此良人为妻妾所羞而泣伤也。几希者,言今苟求富贵,妻妾虽不羞泣者,与此良人妻妾何异也。)
[疏]“齐人”至“几希矣”。
○正义曰(yue):此章(zhang)指言小人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)苟(gou)得(de),谓(wei)不见知,君子观(guan)之(zhi)(zhi),与正道乖。妻(qi)妾(qie)(qie)犹羞,况于(yu)国(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。著以(yi)(yi)为戒,耻(chi)(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)甚(shen)焉。“齐(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)一(yi)(yi)妻(qi)一(yi)(yi)妾(qie)(qie)”至“几希(xi)矣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)子托此以(yi)(yi)讥时人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)苟(gou)贪富(fu)贵(gui)而(er)(er)骄人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也,言齐(qi)国(guo)中人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)一(yi)(yi)妻(qi)一(yi)(yi)妾(qie)(qie)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),而(er)(er)居(ju)处于(yu)室,其(qi)(qi)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)出(chu)外,则必餍(yan)饱(bao)酒肉(rou)而(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)归(gui),其(qi)(qi)妻(qi)问(wen)所与饮(yin)食(shi)酒肉(rou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)则尽以(yi)(yi)为富(fu)贵(gui)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)与之(zhi)(zhi)也。其(qi)(qi)妻(qi)遂告(gao)其(qi)(qi)妾(qie)(qie)曰(yue):良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)出(chu)门则必餍(yan)饱(bao)酒肉(rou)而(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)归(gui),问(wen)其(qi)(qi)所与者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆以(yi)(yi)为富(fu)贵(gui)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)与之(zhi)(zhi)也,而(er)(er)未(wei)尝见有(you)富(fu)贵(gui)显(xian)达者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)来家中,我将(jiang)视(shi)其(qi)(qi)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所往。妻(qi)疑(yi)之(zhi)(zhi),故欲视(shi)其(qi)(qi)所往也。明日(ri)蚤起,乃(nai)邪(xie)施(shi)其(qi)(qi)身(shen),微从良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所往,遍尽一(yi)(yi)国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)中,无有(you)与良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)立(li)谈话者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),终往齐(qi)国(guo)东(dong)郭之(zhi)(zhi)处,有(you)冢间之(zhi)(zhi)祭者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)乃(nai)就乞其(qi)(qi)馀祭之(zhi)(zhi)酒肉(rou),不饱(bao)餍(yan),又顾视(shi)而(er)(er)求之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),以(yi)(yi)此遂为餍(yan)足之(zhi)(zhi)道。其(qi)(qi)妻(qi)乃(nai)先归(gui)告(gao)其(qi)(qi)妾(qie)(qie),曰(yue):良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),所仰望而(er)(er)终身(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也,今乃(nai)若此而(er)(er)乞之(zhi)(zhi)祭者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为餍(yan)足。遂与其(qi)(qi)妾(qie)(qie)共讪良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),而(er)(er)相(xiang)对涕(ti)(ti)泣于(yu)中庭之(zhi)(zhi)间,而(er)(er)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)知其(qi)(qi)妻(qi)妾(qie)(qie)非讪其(qi)(qi)已,又施(shi)施(shi)然喜(xi)悦从外来,归(gui)复骄泰其(qi)(qi)妻(qi)妾(qie)(qie)。孟(meng)子引至此,乃(nai)曰(yue):由此齐(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)观(guan)之(zhi)(zhi),则今之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所以(yi)(yi)谄求富(fu)贵(gui)利达者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)妻(qi)与妾(qie)(qie)而(er)(er)不羞耻(chi)(chi)不相(xiang)对涕(ti)(ti)泣于(yu)中庭者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)几希(xi)矣。言其(qi)(qi)少也,皆若此齐(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)耳。盖孟(meng)子之(zhi)(zhi)言,每每及(ji)此者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),所以(yi)(yi)救时之(zhi)(zhi)弊,不得(de)不如已矣。
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