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辛弃疾《菩萨蛮·书江西造口壁》原文、注释、翻译、在线朗读与赏析

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【赏析】:

辛弃疾(ji)此首《菩萨蛮》,用极(ji)高明之比兴艺术,写极(ji)深沉之爱国情(qing)思,无愧为(wei)词中瑰(gui)宝。

词(ci)(ci)题“书江西(xi)(xi)造口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)壁(bi)”,起写郁孤(gu)台与清江。造口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)一(yi)名皂口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou) ,在江西(xi)(xi)万(wan)安县西(xi)(xi)南(nan)六(liu)十里(《万(wan)安县志 》)。词(ci)(ci)中的郁孤(gu)台在赣(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城西(xi)(xi)北角(《嘉靖赣(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)府志图(tu) 》),因“隆(long)阜郁然,孤(gu)起平地(di)数丈”得名。“唐(tang)李(li)勉为虔州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(即(ji)赣(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou))剌史时(shi),登临北望(wang),慨然曰:‘余虽(sui)不(bu)及子(zi)牟 ,而(er)心在魏(wei)阙一(yi)也。’改郁孤(gu)为望(wang)阙。”(《方舆(yu)胜览》)清江即(ji)赣(gan)江。章(zhang)、贡(gong)二水抱赣(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城而(er)流 ,至郁孤(gu)台下(xia)汇(hui)为赣(gan)江北流,经(jing)造口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)、万(wan)安、太(tai)和、吉州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(治庐陵,今吉安)、隆(long)兴府(即(ji)洪州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今南(nan)昌市 ),入鄱阳湖注入长(zhang)江。公元(yuan)1175-1176年(nian)(淳熙二、三年(nian))间,词(ci)(ci)人提(ti)点江西(xi)(xi)刑狱,驻节赣(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),书此(ci)(ci)词(ci)(ci)于造口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)壁(bi),当在此(ci)(ci)时(shi)。

南宋罗大经《鹤林玉露·辛幼安词》条云:“其题江西造口壁词云云。盖南渡之初,虏人追隆祐太后(哲宗孟后,高宗伯母)御舟至造口,不及而还,幼安因此起兴 。”此一记载对体会此词意蕴,实有重要意义。《宋史》高(gao)宗(zong)(zong)纪及(ji)(ji)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)妃(fei)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)载:建(jian)炎三(san)(san)年(1129)八月(yue) ,“会(hui)(hui)防秋迫,命刘宁止制置(zhi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)浙,卫太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)往洪州(zhou)(zhou) ,腾(teng)康(kang)(kang)、刘珏权(quan)知(zhi)三(san)(san)省枢(shu)密院事从行(xing)。闰(run)八月(yue),高(gao)宗(zong)(zong)亦(yi)离建(jian)康(kang)(kang)(今南(nan)京(jing)市)赴浙西(xi)。时(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)两路(lu)大举南(nan)侵,十(shi)(shi)月(yue),西(xi)路(lu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)自(zi)黄(huang)州(zhou)(zhou)(今湖北(bei)黄(huang)冈)渡(du)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),直奔(ben)洪州(zhou)(zhou)追(zhui)隆(long)(long)祐太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。“康(kang)(kang)、珏奉太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)行(xing)次吉州(zhou)(zhou),金(jin)(jin)(jin)人追(zhui)急,太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)乘舟夜(ye)行(xing)。”《三(san)(san)朝(chao)北(bei)盟(meng)会(hui)(hui)编》(建(jian)炎三(san)(san)年十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月(yue)二十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)日(ri))载:“质明,至(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)和县(xian)(去(qu)(qu)吉州(zhou)(zhou)八十(shi)(shi)里(li)。《太(tai)(tai)(tai)和县(xian)志(zhi)》),又(you)(you)进至(zhi)(zhi)万(wan)安(an)县(xian)(去(qu)(qu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)和一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)里(li)。《万(wan)安(an)县(xian)志(zhi)》),兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)卫不(bu)满百(bai)(bai)人,滕康(kang)(kang)、刘珏皆窜山谷中。金(jin)(jin)(jin)人追(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)和县(xian),太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)乃自(zi)万(wan)安(an)县(xian)至(zhi)(zhi)皂口(kou)(kou),舍(she)舟而陆,遂幸虔(qian)州(zhou)(zhou)(去(qu)(qu)万(wan)安(an)凡二百(bai)(bai)四十(shi)(shi)里(li)。《赣州(zhou)(zhou)府志(zhi)》)。”《宋(song)(song)史(shi)·后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)妃(fei)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》:“太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)潘妃(fei)以农(nong)夫肩舆(yu)而行(xing)。”《宋(song)(song)史(shi)·胡铨(quan)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan) 》:“铨(quan)募(mu)乡(xiang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)助官军(jun)捍御金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing) ,太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)得脱幸虔(qian)。”史(shi)书所(suo)(suo)记金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)追(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)和,与罗(luo)氏所(suo)(suo)记追(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)口(kou)(kou)稍(shao)有(you)不(bu)合。但罗(luo)氏为南(nan)宋(song)(song)庐陵人,又(you)(you)曾(ceng)任江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)抚州(zhou)(zhou)军(jun)事推官,其所(suo)(suo)记信实(shi)与否,尚不(bu)妨存疑。况且(qie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)既至(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)和,其前锋追(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)六十(shi)(shi)里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)口(kou)(kou),也未始无此(ci)可能。无论金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)否追(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)口(kou)(kou),隆(long)(long)祐太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)被(bei)追(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)口(kou)(kou)时(shi)情势(shi)危急,以致舍(she)舟以农(nong)夫肩舆(yu)而行(xing),此(ci)是(shi)(shi)铁(tie)案,史(shi)无异辞。尤要者,应知(zhi)隆(long)(long)祐其人并建(jian)炎年间形势(shi)。当(dang)公元1127年(北(bei)宋(song)(song)靖康(kang)(kang)二年)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)入汴(bian)掳(lu)徽钦(qin)二宗(zong)(zong)北(bei)去(qu)(qu),北(bei)宋(song)(song)灭亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际,隆(long)(long)祐以废后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)幸免,垂帘听政,迎立(li)康(kang)(kang)王,是(shi)(shi)为高(gao)宗(zong)(zong)。有(you)人请立(li)皇太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi),隆(long)(long)祐拒(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《宋(song)(song)史(shi)·后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)妃(fei)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》记其言曰:“今强(qiang)敌在(zai)外,我以妇人抱三(san)(san)岁(sui)小儿听政,将何以令天下?”其告天下手诏曰:“虽举族有(you)北(bei)辕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恤,而敷(fu)天同左袒(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心。”又(you)(you)曰:“汉家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厄十(shi)(shi)世,宜光武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中兴(xing);献公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)九人,唯重耳(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)独在(zai)。”《鹤林玉露·建(jian)炎登(deng)极》条云(yun):“事词的切,读之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)动,盖中兴(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)助也 。”陈寅恪(ke)《论再生缘》亦(yi)谓:“维系人心,抵御外侮”,“所(suo)(suo)以为当(dang)时(shi)及(ji)(ji)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)世所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)诵(song)。”故(gu)史(shi)称(cheng)隆(long)(long)祐:“国(guo)有(you)事变,必此(ci)人当(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 。”建(jian)炎三(san)(san)年,西(xi)路(lu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)穷追(zhui)隆(long)(long)祐,东路(lu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)则渡(du)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)陷建(jian)康(kang)(kang)、临安(an),高(gao)宗(zong)(zong)被(bei)迫浮(fu)舟海上。此(ci)诚南(nan)宋(song)(song)政权(quan)出存亡危急之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秋。故(gu)当(dang)作者身临造(zao)(zao)口(kou)(kou),怀(huai)想隆(long)(long)祐被(bei)追(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)此(ci),“因此(ci)感(gan)兴(xing) ”,题(ti)词于壁,实(shi)情理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)必然。罗(luo)氏所(suo)(suo)记大体可信,词题(ti)六字即为本(ben)证(zheng)。

“郁(yu)孤(gu)台下(xia)(xia)清江(jiang)水。”起笔(bi)横绝。由于汉字形、声、义具体可感(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特质,尤其(qi)郁(yu)(郁(yu))有(you)(you)郁(yu)勃、沉郁(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,孤(gu)有(you)(you)巍巍独立(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan),郁(yu)孤(gu)台三(san)字劈面便凸起一(yi)座(zuo)郁(yu)然孤(gu)峙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高台。词(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)调动此(ci)(ci)(ci)三(san)字打头阵,显(xian)然有(you)(you)满(man)腔(qiang)磅礴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)激愤 ,势不能不用此(ci)(ci)(ci)突兀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)笔(bi)也(ye)。进而写(xie)(xie)出台下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清江(jiang)水。《万(wan)安(an)县志》云:“赣水入(ru)万(wan)安(an)境(jing),初(chu)落(luo)平广(guang),奔激响溜 。”写(xie)(xie)出此(ci)(ci)(ci)一(yi)江(jiang)激流(liu),词(ci)(ci)(ci)境(jing)遂从(cong)百余(yu)里外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郁(yu)孤(gu)台,顺势收至(zhi)(zhi)眼(yan)前(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造口(kou)。造口(kou),词(ci)(ci)(ci)境(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)核心也(ye)。故又(you)纵(zong)笔(bi)写(xie)(xie)出:“中间多(duo)少行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)泪(lei)。”行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)泪(lei)三(san)字,直(zhi)点造口(kou)当年事。词(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)身临隆祐(you)太后(hou)被(bei)(bei)追之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,痛感(gan)建(jian)炎国(guo)脉如缕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危,愤金兵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)猖(chang)狂,羞国(guo)耻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未雪,乃将(jiang)满(man)怀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悲(bei)愤,化为(wei)此(ci)(ci)(ci)悲(bei)凉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)句(ju)。在词(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心魂中,此(ci)(ci)(ci)一(yi)江(jiang)流(liu)水,竟为(wei)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)流(liu)不尽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)伤(shang)心泪(lei)。行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)泪(lei)意蕴深广(guang),不必专言隆祐(you)。在建(jian)炎年间四海南奔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际,自中原至(zhi)(zhi)江(jiang)淮而江(jiang)南,不知有(you)(you)多(duo)少行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)流(liu)下(xia)(xia)无数伤(shang)心泪(lei)呵(he)。由此(ci)(ci)(ci)想来(lai),便觉(jue)隆祐(you)被(bei)(bei)追至(zhi)(zhi)造口(kou),又(you)正是那一(yi)存亡危急之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)征。无疑此(ci)(ci)(ci)一(yi)江(jiang)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)泪(lei)中,也(ye)有(you)(you)词(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悲(bei)泪(lei)呵(he)。

“西北望(wang)(wang)(wang)长(zhang)安(an),可(ke)怜无数山。”长(zhang)安(an)指汴(bian)京,西北望(wang)(wang)(wang)犹(you)言(yan)直(zhi)北望(wang)(wang)(wang)。词人因回想(xiang)隆祐被追(zhui)而念及神(shen)州(zhou)陆沉,独立造(zao)口(kou)仰望(wang)(wang)(wang)汴(bian)京亦犹(you)杜老(lao)之(zhi)独立夔州(zhou)仰望(wang)(wang)(wang)长(zhang)安(an)。抬望(wang)(wang)(wang)眼(yan),遥望(wang)(wang)(wang)长(zhang)安(an),境界顿时无限高远。然而,可(ke)惜(xi)有无数青山重重遮拦,望(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)见也,境界遂一变而为具有封闭(bi)式(shi)之(zhi)意味,顿挫极(ji)有力。歇(xie)拍虽暗(an)用李勉登郁孤台望(wang)(wang)(wang)阙之(zhi)故事(shi),却写出自(zi)己之(zhi)满怀(huai)忠愤(fen)(fen)。卓人月《词统》云:“忠愤(fen)(fen)之(zhi)气,拂拂指端。”极(ji)是(shi)。

“青(qing)山(shan)遮(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住,毕竟东(dong)流(liu)(liu)去。”赣(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)流(liu)(liu),此言(yan)(yan)(yan)东(dong)流(liu)(liu),词人(ren)写(xie)胸怀,正(zheng)不(bu)(bu)必(bi)拘泥。无(wu)(wu)(wu)数(shu)(shu)青(qing)山(shan)虽可遮(zhe)(zhe)住长(zhang)安,但终究遮(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住一江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)之水向东(dong)流(liu)(liu)。换头(tou)是写(xie)眼前景,若言(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)寄(ji)托(tuo),则(ze)似难(nan)以指实(shi)。若言(yan)(yan)(yan)无(wu)(wu)(wu)寄(ji)托(tuo),则(ze)遮(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住与毕竟二语,又明显带有(you)(you)感(gan)情(qing)色(se)彩。周济《宋四家(jia)词选》云:“借(jie)水怨山(shan)。”可谓具眼。此词句句不(bu)(bu)离山(shan)水。试(shi)体(ti)味遮(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住三(san)字(zi),将(jiang)青(qing)山(shan)周匝围堵之感(gan)一笔推去,毕竟二字(zi)更见深(shen)沉有(you)(you)力。返观上阕,清江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水既为(wei)行人(ren)泪之象(xiang)喻,则(ze)东(dong)流(liu)(liu)去之江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水如有(you)(you)所(suo)喻,当(dang)喻祖国(guo)一方。无(wu)(wu)(wu)数(shu)(shu)青(qing)山(shan),词人(ren)既叹其遮(zhe)(zhe)住长(zhang)安,更道出(chu)其遮(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住东(dong)流(liu)(liu),则(ze)其所(suo)喻当(dang)指敌人(ren)。在词人(ren)潜伏意识(shi)中(zhong),当(dang)并指投(tou)降派。“东(dong)流(liu)(liu)去”三(san)字(zi)尤可体(ti)味。《尚书(shu)·禹贡(gong)》云:“江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)汉朝宗于海。”在中(zhong)国(guo)文化传统中(zhong),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河(he)行地与日月(yue)经天同为(wei)“天行健”之体(ti)现,故“君子以自强(qiang)不(bu)(bu)息(xi)”(《息(xi)·系辞》)。杜老《长(zhang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)二首》云:“朝宗人(ren)共挹,盗贼尔谁(shei)尊?”“浩浩终不(bu)(bu)息(xi),乃知东(dong)极深(shen)。众流(liu)(liu)归海意,万(wan)国(guo)奉君心。”故必(bi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)寄(ji)托(tuo),则(ze)换头(tou)托(tuo)意,当(dang)以江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水东(dong)流(liu)(liu)喻正(zheng)义所(suo)向也。然而时局(ju)并不(bu)(bu)乐(le)观,词人(ren)心情(qing)并不(bu)(bu)轻松。

“江晚(wan)正愁余(yu),山(shan)(shan)深(shen)闻鹧(zhe)(zhe)鸪(gu)。”词(ci)情(qing)词(ci)境(jing)(jing)又作一大顿挫。江晚(wan)山(shan)(shan)深(shen),此一暮色苍茫又具封闭式意味之(zhi)(zhi)境(jing)(jing)界,无异为词(ci)人(ren)沉(chen)(chen)郁苦(ku)闷之(zhi)(zhi)孤(gu)怀写(xie)(xie)照(zhao),而暗应合上阕开头之(zhi)(zhi)郁孤(gu)台意象。正愁余(yu),语本《楚(chu)辞·九歌·湘夫人(ren) 》:“目眇眇兮愁予(yu)。”楚(chu)骚(sao)哀怨要眇之(zhi)(zhi)色调,愈添意境(jing)(jing)沉(chen)(chen)郁凄迷(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)氛围。更哪堪闻乱山(shan)(shan)深(shen)处鹧(zhe)(zhe)鸪(gu)声(sheng)声(sheng):“行不(bu)得也哥(ge)哥(ge)”。《禽经》张华注:“鹧(zhe)(zhe)鸪(gu)飞必(bi)南(nan)向(xiang),其(qi)志(zhi)怀南(nan),不(bu)徂北也。”白居易《山(shan)(shan)鹧(zhe)(zhe)鸪(gu)》:“啼到晓,唯能愁北人(ren),南(nan)人(ren)惯闻如不(bu)闻。”鹧(zhe)(zhe)鸪(gu)声(sheng)声(sheng),其(qi)呼唤(huan)词(ci)人(ren)莫忘南(nan)归(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)怀抱耶(ye)(ye)?抑(yi)钩(gou)起其(qi)志(zhi)业未就之(zhi)(zhi)忠愤(fen)耶(ye)(ye)?或(huo)如山(shan)(shan)那畔中原父(fu)老同胞之(zhi)(zhi)哀告耶(ye)(ye)?实难(nan)作一指(zhi)实。但结(jie)笔写(xie)(xie)出一怀愁苦(ku)则可断(duan)言。而此一怀愁苦(ku),实朝(chao)廷(ting)一味妥协,中原久(jiu)未光复有以致(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi),亦可断(duan)言。一结(jie)悲凉无已。

梁启超云:“《菩萨蛮 》如(ru)此大声镗鞳(ta),未(wei)曾有(you)也(ye)。”(《艺蘅馆词选》)此词抒发对(dui)建炎年间国事(shi)艰危之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沉痛追怀,对(dui)靖康(kang)以来(lai)失(shi)去国土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)情萦(ying)念(nian)(nian),故此一(yi)(yi)习用(yong)已(yi)久陶写儿女(nv)柔情之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小令,竟为南宋爱(ai)国精神(shen)深(shen)沉凝(ning)聚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)绝唱。词中运(yun)用(yong)比兴(xing)(xing)手法,以眼(yan)前(qian)景(jing)道心上事(shi),达(da)到比兴(xing)(xing)传统(tong)意内言外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极高境界。其(qi)(qi)眼(yan)前(qian)景(jing)不过是清江水、无数山,心上事(shi)则包举(ju)家国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悲今昔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感种(zhong)种(zhong)意念(nian)(nian),而一(yi)(yi)并托诸眼(yan)前(qian)景(jing)写出。显(xian)有(you)寄托,又难(nan)以一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)指实(shi)。但其(qi)(qi)主要寓托则可(ke)体认,其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)怀襟抱亦可(ke)领会。此种(zhong)以全幅(fu)意境寓写整个襟抱、运(yun)用(yong)比兴(xing)(xing)寄托又未(wei)必一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)指实(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)艺术造诣,实(shi)为中国美(mei)学理(li)想之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)体现(xian)。全词一(yi)(yi)片(pian)神(shen)行(xing)又潜气内转(zhuan),兼有(you)神(shen)理(li)高绝与(yu)(yu)沉郁(yu)顿挫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei),在词史上完全可(ke)与(yu)(yu)李太白同调词相(xiang)媲美(mei)。

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