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《苏武传》原文

[移动版] 作者:gaotian_009

苏武传

班固

武(wu),字(zi)子卿(qing)。少以父(fu)任,兄弟(di)并(bing)为郎(lang)。稍迁至栘中厩监。时汉(han)(han)连(lian)伐(fa)胡,数(shu)通使(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)窥观。匈(xiong)(xiong)奴留汉(han)(han)使(shi)(shi)(shi)郭吉、路(lu)(lu)充(chong)国等,前后(hou)十余辈。匈(xiong)(xiong)奴使(shi)(shi)(shi)来,汉(han)(han)亦留之(zhi)以相(xiang)当。天汉(han)(han)元年,且鞮(di)侯单(dan)(dan)于(yu)(yu)初立,恐汉(han)(han)袭之(zhi),乃曰:“汉(han)(han)天子我丈人行也(ye)。”尽归汉(han)(han)使(shi)(shi)(shi)路(lu)(lu)充(chong)国等。武(wu)帝嘉其义,乃遣武(wu)以中郎(lang)将使(shi)(shi)(shi)持节(jie)送匈(xiong)(xiong)奴使(shi)(shi)(shi)留在(zai)汉(han)(han)者,因(yin)厚赂单(dan)(dan)于(yu)(yu),答其善(shan)意。武(wu)与副中郎(lang)将张胜及假吏常惠等募士斥(chi)候(hou)百(bai)余人俱,既至匈(xiong)(xiong)奴,置币(bi)遗单(dan)(dan)于(yu)(yu);单(dan)(dan)于(yu)(yu)益骄,非汉(han)(han)所望也(ye)。

方欲发使送武等(deng)(deng),会(hui)缑王与长水虞常(chang)等(deng)(deng)谋反匈奴(nu)(nu)中。缑王者(zhe),昆邪王姊子也,与昆邪王俱降汉(han);后(hou)随浞野侯没胡中,及卫律所(suo)将(jiang)降者(zhe),阴相(xiang)(xiang)与谋劫(jie)单于母(mu)阏氏(shi)归汉(han)。会(hui)武等(deng)(deng)至匈奴(nu)(nu),虞常(chang)在(zai)汉(han)时,素与副张胜(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)知,私候(hou)胜(sheng)曰:“闻(wen)汉(han)天子甚怨(yuan)卫律,常(chang)能为汉(han)伏弩射杀之(zhi),吾(wu)母(mu)与弟在(zai)汉(han),幸蒙其赏赐。”张胜(sheng)许之(zhi),以货物与常(chang)。

后月余(yu),单(dan)(dan)于出猎,独阏氏子(zi)弟(di)在。虞(yu)常等(deng)七十余(yu)人欲发(fa),其一人夜亡,告之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。单(dan)(dan)于子(zi)弟(di)发(fa)兵与战。缑王等(deng)皆死,虞(yu)常生(sheng)得。单(dan)(dan)于使卫律(lv)治其事(shi)(shi),张(zhang)胜(sheng)闻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),恐前语发(fa),以(yi)状(zhuang)语武。武曰(yue):“事(shi)(shi)如此(ci),此(ci)必(bi)及我,见犯(fan)乃死,重负国。”欲自(zi)杀,胜(sheng)、惠共止之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。虞(yu)常果引张(zhang)胜(sheng)。单(dan)(dan)于怒,召诸(zhu)贵(gui)人议,欲杀汉使者。左伊(yi)秩訾曰(yue):“即(ji)谋(mou)单(dan)(dan)于,何以(yi)复加?宜皆降之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。” 单(dan)(dan)于使卫律(lv)召武受辞。武谓惠等(deng):“屈节辱(ru)命,虽(sui)生(sheng),何面目以(yi)归汉!”引佩刀自(zi)刺。卫律(lv)惊(jing),自(zi)抱持(chi)武,驰召医。凿地(di)为坎,置煴火,覆武其上,蹈(dao)其背以(yi)出血。武气绝,半(ban)日复息。惠等(deng)哭,舆归营。单(dan)(dan)于壮其节,朝夕遣(qian)人候问武,而(er)收系张(zhang)胜(sheng)。

武(wu)益愈。单于使使晓武(wu),会论虞(yu)常,欲因(yin)此(ci)(ci)时降(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)。剑(jian)斩虞(yu)常已,律(lv)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“汉使张胜(sheng)谋(mou)杀单于近臣(chen),当死。单于募降(jiang)(jiang)者赦罪。”举剑(jian)欲击之(zhi)(zhi),胜(sheng)请(qing)降(jiang)(jiang)。律(lv)谓武(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“副有罪,当相坐(zuo)。”武(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“本(ben)无谋(mou),又非亲属(shu),何谓相坐(zuo)?”复(fu)举剑(jian)拟之(zhi)(zhi),武(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)动。律(lv)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“苏(su)君(jun)(jun),律(lv)前(qian)负汉归匈奴,幸蒙大恩(en),赐号称王。拥(yong)众数万,马(ma)畜弥(mi)山,富贵如此(ci)(ci)!苏(su)君(jun)(jun)今日(ri)降(jiang)(jiang),明日(ri)复(fu)然(ran)。空以(yi)身膏草野,谁(shei)复(fu)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)!”武(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)应。律(lv)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君(jun)(jun)因(yin)我降(jiang)(jiang),与君(jun)(jun)为(wei)兄弟(di);今不(bu)(bu)(bu)听吾计,后(hou)虽复(fu)欲见(jian)我,尚可得(de)乎?”武(wu)骂(ma)律(lv)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“汝为(wei)人(ren)(ren)臣(chen)子,不(bu)(bu)(bu)顾恩(en)义,畔主背亲,为(wei)降(jiang)(jiang)虏于蛮夷,何以(yi)汝为(wei)见(jian)?且单于信汝,使决人(ren)(ren)死生,不(bu)(bu)(bu)平心持正(zheng),反欲斗两(liang)主,观祸败。若知(zhi)我不(bu)(bu)(bu)降(jiang)(jiang)明,欲令两(liang)国相攻,匈奴之(zhi)(zhi)祸,从我始(shi)矣。”

律知武(wu)(wu)终(zhong)不(bu)可胁(xie),白单(dan)于。单(dan)于愈益欲降之。乃(nai)(nai)幽武(wu)(wu)置大窖中,绝不(bu)饮食。天雨雪(xue),武(wu)(wu)卧啮(nie)雪(xue),与(yu)旃毛并(bing)咽之,数(shu)日不(bu)死(si)。匈奴以为神。乃(nai)(nai)徙(xi)武(wu)(wu)北海(hai)(hai)上无人处,使牧(mu)羝,羝乳乃(nai)(nai)得(de)归。别其官属常(chang)惠等各(ge)置他所(suo)。武(wu)(wu)既至(zhi)海(hai)(hai)上,廪食不(bu)至(zhi),掘野(ye)鼠去(qu)草实而(er)食之。杖(zhang)汉节(jie)(jie)牧(mu)羊(yang),卧起操持,节(jie)(jie)旄尽落。积五六年,单(dan)于弟於靬(jian)王(wang)弋射海(hai)(hai)上。武(wu)(wu)能网纺缴,檠(qing)弓弩(nu),於靬(jian)王(wang)爱之,给其衣食。三岁余(yu),王(wang)病,赐(ci)武(wu)(wu)马(ma)畜(chu)、服匿、穹(qiong)庐。王(wang)死(si)后,人众徙(xi)去(qu)。其冬,丁令(ling)盗武(wu)(wu)牛羊(yang),武(wu)(wu)复穷厄。

初(chu),武(wu)与李陵(ling)(ling)俱(ju)为(wei)侍中。武(wu)使(shi)匈奴,明(ming)年(nian)(nian),陵(ling)(ling)降,不(bu)敢求武(wu)。久之,单(dan)于(yu)使(shi)陵(ling)(ling)至(zhi)海上(shang),为(wei)武(wu)置酒设(she)乐。因谓(wei)武(wu)曰(yue)(yue):“单(dan)于(yu)闻陵(ling)(ling)与子卿素厚,故使(shi)陵(ling)(ling)来说足下(xia),虚(xu)心欲相(xiang)待。终(zhong)不(bu)得归(gui)汉(han),空自(zi)苦(ku)亡(wang)(wang)(wang)人(ren)之地,信(xin)义(yi)安所见乎?前(qian)长君(jun)为(wei)奉车,从至(zhi)雍棫阳宫(gong),扶辇下(xia)除,触(chu)柱折辕,劾大(da)(da)不(bu)敬,伏剑自(zi)刎,赐钱二百万以葬。孺(ru)卿从祠(ci)河东后土,宦骑(qi)与黄(huang)门驸马争船(chuan),推堕驸马河中溺(ni)死,宦骑(qi)亡(wang)(wang)(wang),诏(zhao)使(shi)孺(ru)卿逐捕,不(bu)得,惶恐饮药而死。来时太(tai)夫人(ren)已不(bu)幸,陵(ling)(ling)送(song)葬至(zhi)阳陵(ling)(ling)。子卿妇年(nian)(nian)少,闻已更嫁(jia)矣(yi)。独有(you)女(nv)弟二人(ren),两女(nv)一(yi)男,今复十(shi)余年(nian)(nian),存亡(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)可知(zhi)。人(ren)生如朝(chao)露,何久自(zi)苦(ku)如此!陵(ling)(ling)始降时,忽忽如狂,自(zi)痛(tong)负汉(han),加(jia)以老(lao)母系保(bao)宫(gong)。子卿不(bu)欲降,何以过陵(ling)(ling)?且陛下(xia)春(chun)秋高,法令(ling)亡(wang)(wang)(wang)常(chang),大(da)(da)臣(chen)亡(wang)(wang)(wang)罪(zui)夷灭者数十(shi)家,安危不(bu)可知(zhi)。子卿尚复谁(shei)为(wei)乎?愿(yuan)(yuan)听(ting)陵(ling)(ling)计,勿复有(you)云(yun)。”武(wu)曰(yue)(yue):“武(wu)父(fu)子亡(wang)(wang)(wang)功德,皆为(wei)陛下(xia)所成就(jiu),位(wei)列将,爵通侯,兄弟亲(qin)近,常(chang)愿(yuan)(yuan)肝(gan)脑(nao)涂(tu)地。今得杀身自(zi)效,虽蒙斧钺(yue)汤(tang)镬,诚甘乐之。臣(chen)事君(jun),犹(you)子事父(fu)也,子为(wei)父(fu)死,亡(wang)(wang)(wang)所恨,愿(yuan)(yuan)勿复再言!”

陵(ling)与武饮数日,复(fu)曰:“子卿壹听陵(ling)言!”武曰:“自分(fen)已死久矣!王必(bi)欲降(jiang)武,请(qing)毕今(jin)日之驩(huan),效死于前!”陵(ling)见其(qi)至诚(cheng),喟(kui)然叹(tan)曰:“嗟乎,义士!陵(ling)与卫(wei)律之罪上通于天(tian)!”因泣下霑衿,与武决去。

昭(zhao)帝即(ji)位,数年,匈(xiong)奴与汉和亲。汉求武(wu)等,匈(xiong)奴诡言武(wu)死。后汉使(shi)复至匈(xiong)奴,常惠请其(qi)守者与俱,得(de)夜见汉使(shi),具自陈道。教使(shi)者谓单于(yu)(yu),言“天子(zi)射上林中(zhong),得(de)雁,足有系帛书,言武(wu)等在某泽中(zhong)。”使(shi)者大喜,如惠语以让(rang)单于(yu)(yu)。单于(yu)(yu)视(shi)左(zuo)右(you)而惊,谢汉使(shi)曰(yue):“武(wu)等实(shi)在。”

单(dan)于召会武(wu)官属,前以(yi)降及物故,凡随武(wu)还者九人。武(wu)以(yi)始(shi)元六年春至京师。武(wu)留匈奴凡十九岁,始(shi)以(yi)强壮出,及还,须(xu)发尽白。

(阿盐逐字逐标点校对,请放心)

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