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纪昀《阅微草堂笔记》卷十八 姑妄听之四 在线阅读

[移动版] 作者:纪昀

黄叶道人潘(pan)斑,尝与(yu)一(yi)(yi)林下(xia)巨公(gong)连坐,屡呼巨公(gong)为(wei)兄,巨公(gong)怒且笑曰(yue):老(lao)夫今(jin)七十余矣。时潘(pan)已被酒,昂(ang)首曰(yue):兄前朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)年(nian)(nian)岁(sui),当与(yu)前朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)人序齿,不应(ying)阑入本朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。若(ruo)本朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)年(nian)(nian)岁(sui),则仆以顺(shun)(shun)治二年(nian)(nian)九月生(sheng)(sheng),兄以顺(shun)(shun)治元年(nian)(nian)五月入大清,仅(jin)差十余月耳。唐诗(shi)曰(yue):与(yu)兄行(xing)年(nian)(nian)较一(yi)(yi)岁(sui)。称兄自是(shi)古礼(li),君(jun)(jun)何过责耶?满(man)座为(wei)之咋舌。论(lun)者谓潘(pan)生(sheng)(sheng)狂士,此(ci)语太伤忠厚(hou),宜其坎壈(lan)终身,然(ran)不能(neng)(neng)谓其无理也(ye)。余作(zuo)四库全书总目明代集部,以练子(zi)宁至金川(chuan)门卒龚诩(xu)八(ba)(ba)人,列(lie)(lie)解缙、胡广诸人前,并附案语曰(yue):谨案练子(zi)宁以下(xia)八(ba)(ba)人,皆惠(hui)宗旧臣也(ye),考其通籍之年(nian)(nian),盖有在解缙等后者,然(ran)一(yi)(yi)则效死(si)于(yu)故君(jun)(jun),一(yi)(yi)则邀恩于(yu)新(xin)主(zhu),枭鸾异性,未可同居,故分别(bie)编之,使各从其类(lei)。至龚诩(xu)卒于(yu)成(cheng)化辛丑(chou),更远在缙等后,今(jin)亦升列(lie)(lie)于(yu)前,用以昭(zhao)名(ming)教是(shi)非,千秋论(lun)定(ding),于(yu)青(qing)(qing)拖紫之荣,竟不能(neng)(neng)与(yu)荷戟老(lao)兵,争此(ci)一(yi)(yi)纸(zhi)之先(xian)后也(ye)。黄泉易逝,青(qing)(qing)史难诬,潘(pan)生(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)言,又安可以佻(tiao)薄废乎?

曾映(ying)华言(yan),有(you)数书(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)赴乡试,长(zhang)夏溽(ru)暑,趁月(yue)夜行(xing),倦投(tou)一(yi)(yi)废祠(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前,就阶小憩。或(huo)睡或(huo)醒,一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)闻祠(ci)后有(you)人(ren)声,疑为(wei)(wei)守瓜枣者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),又疑为(wei)(wei)盗(dao),屏息细听,一(yi)(yi)人(ren)曰(yue)(yue):先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)何来(lai)?一(yi)(yi)人(ren)曰(yue)(yue):顷与邻冢争地界,讼(song)于社公,先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)老(lao)于幕府(fu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),请揣(chuai)其(qi)胜(sheng)负(fu)。一(yi)(yi)人(ren)笑曰(yue)(yue):先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)真(zhen)(zhen)书(shu)痴耶?夫(fu)胜(sheng)负(fu)乌(wu)(wu)有(you)常也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),此事可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使后讼(song)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)胜(sheng),诘先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)讼(song)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):彼不(bu)(bu)讼(song)而(er)(er)尔(er)(er)(er)讼(song),是(shi)(shi)尔(er)(er)(er)兴戎(rong)侵(qin)彼也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)讼(song)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)胜(sheng),诘后讼(song)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):彼讼(song)而(er)(er)尔(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)讼(song),是(shi)(shi)尔(er)(er)(er)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)侵(qin)彼,知理曲(qu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使后至(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)胜(sheng),诘先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)至(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):尔(er)(er)(er)乘其(qi)未来(lai),早(zao)占(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)至(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)胜(sheng),诘后至(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):久定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界,尔(er)(er)(er)忽翻旧局(ju),是(shi)(shi)尔(er)(er)(er)无故(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)衅(xin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使富者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)胜(sheng),诘贫(pin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):尔(er)(er)(er)贫(pin)无赖,欲(yu)使畏讼(song)赂尔(er)(er)(er)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使贫(pin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)胜(sheng),诘富者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):尔(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)富不(bu)(bu)仁,兼并不(bu)(bu)已(yi),欲(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)财势压孤茕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使强(qiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)胜(sheng),诘弱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):人(ren)情抑强(qiang)而(er)(er)扶弱,尔(er)(er)(er)欲(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)肤受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诉耸(song)听也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使弱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)胜(sheng),诘强(qiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):天下有(you)强(qiang)凌弱,无弱凌强(qiang),彼非(fei)真(zhen)(zhen)枉,不(bu)(bu)敢冒险(xian)撄(ying)尔(er)(er)(er)锋也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使两胜(sheng),曰(yue)(yue):无券无证(zheng),纠结安穷,中分以(yi)(yi)(yi)息讼(song),亦可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)已(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使两败,曰(yue)(yue):人(ren)有(you)阡陌,鬼(gui)宁有(you)疆畔,一(yi)(yi)棺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,皆人(ren)所有(you),非(fei)尔(er)(er)(er)辈所有(you),让为(wei)(wei)闲田(tian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)种(zhong)种(zhong)胜(sheng)负(fu),乌(wu)(wu)有(you)常乎?一(yi)(yi)人(ren)曰(yue)(yue):然则究竟当何如?一(yi)(yi)人(ren)曰(yue)(yue):是(shi)(shi)十说者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)各有(you)词(ci)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)执,又名有(you)词(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)解,纷纭反(fan)覆,终古不(bu)(bu)能己也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。城隍社公不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)知,若(ruo)夫(fu)冥吏鬼(gui)卒(zu),则长(zhang)拥两美庄(zhuang)矣。语讫(qi)遂(sui)寂,此真(zhen)(zhen)老(lao)于幕府(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

蛇能(neng)报冤,古记有(you)之(zhi),他毒物(wu)则不能(neng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然闻故老(lao)之(zhi)言曰:凡遇毒物(wu),无杀(sha)害心则终不遭(zao)螫,或见(jian)即杀(sha)害,必(bi)有(you)一(yi)日受其(qi)(qi)毒。验之(zhi)颇信。是非物(wu)之(zhi)知报,气机相感耳(er)。狗(gou)见(jian)屠(tu)狗(gou)者群吠(fei),非识其(qi)(qi)人,亦(yi)感其(qi)(qi)气也(ye)(ye)(ye)。又有(you)生(sheng)啖毒虫(chong)者,云(yun)能(neng)益力(li),毒虫(chong)中(zhong)人或至死,全贮其(qi)(qi)毒于腹中(zhong),乃反(fan)无恙(yang),此(ci)又何理(li)欤?崔(cui)庄(zhuang)一(yi)无赖少年习此(ci)术,尝见(jian)其(qi)(qi)握一(yi)赤练蛇,断其(qi)(qi)首而生(sheng)啮(nie),如(ru)有(you)余味,殆其(qi)(qi)刚悍鸷忍(ren)之(zhi)气,足以胜之(zhi)乎?力(li)何必(bi)益,即益力(li),方药亦(yi)颇多,又何必(bi)是也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

贾公霖言,有贸易来往于樊屯(tun)者(zhe),与(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)狐(hu)友。狐(hu)每邀之(zhi)至(zhi)所(suo)居,房舍一(yi)(yi)(yi)如(ru)人(ren)(ren)家(jia)(jia),但出(chu)门后(hou)(hou)回顾则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)见耳。一(yi)(yi)(yi)夕饮狐(hu)家(jia)(jia),妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)出(chu)行酒(jiu),色甚研丽,此(ci)人(ren)(ren)醉后(hou)(hou)心荡(dang),戏捘其(qi)腕(wan)。妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)目(mu)狐(hu),狐(hu)侧睨笑(xiao)曰:弟乃欲(yu)作(zuo)陈平耶?亦殊不(bu)(bu)怒,笑(xiao)谑如(ru)平时。此(ci)人(ren)(ren)归(gui)后(hou)(hou),一(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)忽家(jia)(jia)中(zhong)客作(zuo),控一(yi)(yi)(yi)驴(lv)(lv)送其(qi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)来,云得(de)急信,君暴(bao)中(zhong)风,故(gu)借(jie)驴(lv)(lv)仓皇连夜(ye)至(zhi),此(ci)人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)骇,以(yi)为(wei)同(tong)伴相戏也(ye)。旅舍无(wu)地容(rong)眷(juan)属,呼客作(zuo)送归(gui),客作(zuo)已(yi)自去,距(ju)家(jia)(jia)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)程,时甫辰(chen)已(yi),乃自控送妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),中(zhong)途(tu)遇少(shao)年(nian)与(yu)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)摩肩过,手触妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)足,妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)怒詈(li)少(shao)年(nian),惟笑(xiao)谢,语涉轻(qing)薄,此(ci)人(ren)(ren)愤与(yu)相搏,致驴(lv)(lv)惊逸入歧路,蜀秫方茂,斯须(xu)不(bu)(bu)见。此(ci)人(ren)(ren)舍少(shao)年(nian)追妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),寻蹄迹行一(yi)(yi)(yi)二里,驴(lv)(lv)陷淖中(zhong),妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)则(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)知所(suo)往矣(yi)。野田连陌(mo),四无(wu)人(ren)(ren)踪,彻(che)夜(ye)奔驰,彷徨(huang)至(zhi)晓,姑骑(qi)驴(lv)(lv)且返,再商觅(mi)妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),未(wei)及数里,闻路旁大(da)(da)呼,曰:贼得(de)矣(yi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)邻村驴(lv)(lv)昨夜(ye)被窃,方四出(chu)缉捕也(ye)。众(zhong)相执(zhi)缚,大(da)(da)受捶(chui)楚,赖(lai)遇素识,多(duo)方辩说(shuo)始得(de)免(mian)。懊丧至(zhi)家(jia)(jia),则(ze)(ze)(ze)纺车皍然,妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)方引线,问(wen)以(yi)昨事,茫然不(bu)(bu)知。始悟妇(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)与(yu)客作(zuo)及少(shao)年(nian),皆狐(hu)所(suo)幻,惟驴(lv)(lv)为(wei)真耳。狐(hu)之(zhi)报复(fu)恶矣(yi),然衅则(ze)(ze)(ze)此(ci)人(ren)(ren)自启也(ye)。

壬子春(chun),滦阳采木(mu)者数十(shi)人,夜宿山坳,见隔涧(jian)坡(po)上,有数鹿散游,又(you)(you)有二(er)人,往来林下相对泣,共(gong)诧人入(ru)鹿群,鹿何不(bu)惊,疑为仙鬼(gui),又(you)(you)不(bu)应对泣,虽(sui)崖高水(shui)急,人径不(bu)通,然月明如昼,了然可见,有微辨其中一人,似旧(jiu)木(mu)商某者,俄山风陡作,木(mu)叶乱(luan)鸣,一虎(hu)自林突出(chu),搏(bo)二(er)鹿殪焉(yan)。知顷所见乃其生魂矣(yi)。东坡(po)诗曰(yue):未死神(shen)先泣,是之谓乎?闻木(mu)商亦无大恶,但(dan)心计深密,事事务得便(bian)宜耳。阴(yin)谋者道(dao)家所忌,良(liang)有以(yi)夫。

又闻巴公彦(yan)弼言(yan),征乌什时,一日(ri)攻(gong)城急,一人(ren)方奋力酣战,忽有飞矢自旁来,不(bu)及见(jian)也,一人(ren)在侧见(jian)之(zhi),急举刀代格,反自贯颅死。此(ci)人(ren)感而哀奠之(zhi),夜梦死者曰(yue):尔我前世为(wei)同官,凡(fan)任劳任怨之(zhi)事(shi)(shi),吾皆卸尔,凡(fan)见(jian)功见(jian)长之(zhi)事(shi)(shi),则(ze)抑尔不(bu)得前,以(yi)是因缘,冥(ming)司注今生代尔死。自今以(yi)往,两无(wu)恩仇。我自有赏(shang)恤,毋(wu)庸(yong)尔祭也。此(ci)与木商(shang)事(shi)(shi)相(xiang)近,木商(shang)阴(yin)谋故(gu)谴(qian)重,此(ci)人(ren)小智故(gu)谴(qian)轻耳。然则(ze)所谓巧(qiao)者,非正其拙欤。

门人(ren)(ren)郝瑷(ai),孟县人(ren)(ren),余(yu)己(ji)卯典试所(suo)取士也。成进士,授(shou)(shou)进贤令,菲衣恶食,视民事(shi)如(ru)家事(shi),仓库出入,月(yue)月(yue)造一(yi)册(ce),预(yu)储归途舟车费,扃(jiong)一(yi)笥中,虽窘(jiong)急(ji)不(bu)用铢两,囊箧皆结束室中,如(ru)治装状,盖(gai)无(wu)日不(bu)为(wei)去(qu)官计。人(ren)(ren)见(jian)(jian)其(qi)(qi)日日可去(qu)官,亦无(wu)如(ru)之(zhi)何,后患(huan)病乞归,不(bu)名(ming)一(yi)钱,以授(shou)(shou)徒终于家。闻其(qi)(qi)少时(shi),值春社(she)游人(ren)(ren)如(ru)织,见(jian)(jian)一(yi)媪(ao)将二(er)女村(cun)妆野服,而姿致(zhi)天然,瑷(ai)与(yu)同行,未尝侧盼,忽(hu)见(jian)(jian)妪与(yu)二(er)女踏(ta)乱(luan)石,横行至(zhi)绝(jue)涧(jian),鹄立树下,怪(guai)其(qi)(qi)不(bu)由人(ren)(ren)径,若有所(suo)避。转(zhuan)凝(ning)睇视之(zhi),媪(ao)从容(rong)前致(zhi)词曰(yue):节物暄研,率儿辈踏(ta)青(qing),各(ge)觅眷属(shu),以公(gong)正人(ren)(ren)不(bu)敢近,亦乞公(gong)毋近儿辈,使刺促不(bu)宁。瑷(ai)悟为(wei)狐(hu)魅(mei),掉臂去(qu)之(zhi)。然则花月(yue)之(zhi)妖,为(wei)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)自召,明(ming)矣。

木(mu)兰伐官木(mu)者,遥(yao)见(jian)对山有数(shu)虎(hu)(hu),悬崖(ya)削壁,非迂回数(shu)里不能(neng)至(zhi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)不畏虎(hu)(hu),虎(hu)(hu)亦(yi)不畏人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。俄见(jian)别(bie)队伐木(mu)者,冲虎(hu)(hu)径过(guo),众顿足危栗(li),然(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)如不见(jian)虎(hu)(hu),虎(hu)(hu)如不见(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。数(shu)日(ri)(ri)后,相晤话(hua)及。别(bie)队者曰(yue):是日(ri)(ri)亦(yi)遥(yao)见(jian)众人(ren)(ren)(ren),亦(yi)似遥(yao)闻呼噪声,然(ran)所见(jian)乃数(shu)巨(ju)石(shi),无一虎(hu)(hu)也(ye)。是殆命不遭咥(xi)乎。然(ran)命何能(neng)使虎(hu)(hu)化石(shi),其(qi)必有司(si)命者矣。司(si)命者空虚无朕,冥漠(mo)无知(zhi),又何能(neng)使虎(hu)(hu)化石(shi),其(qi)必天与(yu)鬼神矣。天与(yu)鬼神能(neng)司(si)命,而顾谓天即理(li)也(ye),鬼神二气之(zhi)良(liang)能(neng)也(ye)。然(ran)则理(li)气浑沦,一屈一伸,偶遇斯人(ren)(ren)(ren)怒而搏者,遂峙而嶙峋(xun)乎?吾无以测之(zhi)矣。

景州高冠瀛,以梦高江村而生,故亦名士奇。笃学能文,小试必第一,而省闱辄北,竟坎壈以终。年二十余时,日者推其命,谓天官文昌魁星贵人,皆集于一宫,于法当以鼎甲入翰林,而是岁只得食饩,计其一生遭遇,亦无更得志于食饩者。盖其赋命本薄,故虽极盛之运,所得不过如是也。田白岩曰:张文和公八字,日者以其一生仕履,较量星度,其开坊仅抵一衿耳。此与冠瀛之命可以互勘,术家宜以此消息,不可徒据星度,遽断休咎也。又尝见一术士,云凡阵亡将士,推其死绥之岁月,运必极盛。盖尽节一时,垂名千古,馨香百世,荣逮子孙,所得有在王侯将相之上者故也。立论极奇,而实有至理。此又法外之意,不在李虚中等格局中矣。

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